Products Outline New
Products Outline New
Products Outline New
Via Bergamo , 39
23807 Merate (LC) - Italy
INDEX
Section 1.1
REFINERY BURNERS
®
- SRX® (Fuel Staged loNOx, Gas firing Burner) - SRG (Air Staged loNOx, Oil/Gas combination
• Principle of operation firing Burner)
• Natural Draft Burner • Principle of operation
• Forced Draft Burner • Natural Draft Burner
• Flame Chart (Width, Length) • Forced Draft Burner
• Flame Chart (Width, Length)
INDEX
Section 1.2
INDEX
Section 1.3
FLARES
- OVERVIEW
• Achievable Emission Limits/Reductions
• Typical Industrial Applications
• Emission Stream Characteristics
• Emission Stream Pre-treatment Requirements
• Theory of Operation
• Steam-Assisted Flare Packages
• Air-assisted Flare Packages
• Sonic Flare Packages (Single and MULTIARMS Solutions)
• Ground Flare System (Multi-Point and Enclosed Ground Flares)
• Advantages
• Other Considerations
Section 2.1 Section 2.3
FLARE ASSEMBLIES
FLARE SEALS
• Self-Supported
• Guy-Supported • Diode Pinecone Seal (Velocity Seal)
• Derrick-Supported • Molecular Seal
• Off-Shore
• Mobile Flares (Non-stationary) • Liquid Seal
• Ground Flare (Enclosed/Open)
Accesories
- SAMIA ITALIA, design and offer accessories and auxiliary equipment for Flare
System and Burners including:
A 106 gr b / AISI
PILOT BURNER / PILOT TIP
304
GAS BURNER “B” A 106 gr b
500
DIAMETER LENGHT
450
FORCED NATURAL FORCED NATURAL
400
HEAT LIBERATION = Kcal/h x 104
350
300 CONDITION
1.EXCESS AIR:
250
10%
200 2.FURNACE
TEMPERATURE:
150 800°C
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DIAMETER & LENGHT = Meter
Section 1.1
REFINERY BURNERS
SRG® Burner
Air-Staged loNOx (Low NOx),
Oil/Gas/Hybrid firing
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF
SRG® LoNOx GAS AND/OR OIL BURNER
Section 1.1
700
DIAMETER LENGHT
600
FORCED NATURAL FORCED NATURAL
HEAT LIBERATION = Kcal/h x 104
500
CONDITION
400 1.EXCESS AIR : 15%
2.FURNACE
TEMPERATURE : 800°C
300 3.ATOMIZING STEAM :
0.35Kg / Kg of OIL
200 4.FURNACE PRESSURE :
-6 ÷ -10 mmH2O
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DIAMETER & LENGHT= Meter
Cone-Mod Design (CMD)
Section 1.2
This includes elevated flares, steam-assisted flares, air-assisted flares, non-assisted flares, sonic flares,
enclosed ground flares and Burn Pit Horizontal Flares.
A properly operated flare can achieve a destruction efficiency of 98 percent or greater when controlling
emission streams with heat contents greater than 11 MJ/sm3.
Section 2
Flares can be used to control almost any Gas Relief, and can typically handle large fluctuations in
concentration, flow rate, heating value, and inert species content. Flaring is appropriate for continuous, batch,
and variable flow vent stream applications, but the primary use is that of a safety device used to control a
large volume of pollutant resulting from upset conditions. Flares find their primary application in the
petroleum and petrochemical industries.
The majority of chemical plants and refineries have existing flare systems designed to relieve emergency
process upsets that require the release of large volumes of gas.
These large diameter flares are designed to handle emergency releases, but can also be used to control
vent streams from various process operations. Gases flared from refineries, petroleum production, and
the chemical industry are composed largely of low molecular weight Gas Relief and have high heating values.
Flares used to control waste gases from blast furnaces consist of inert species and carbon monoxide with
a low heating value. Gases flared from coke ovens are intermediate in composition to the other two
groups and have a moderate heating value.
Emission Stream Characteristics
Section 2
a. Air Flow: The flow rate through the flare is dependent upon the properties of the waste gas stream and
the configuration of the flare. Steam, air, and pressure-assisted flares add flow to the waste stream in order
to improve flame stability. In cases where the heating value of the waste gas is too low or too high,
auxiliary fuel or additional air must be added to the flow, respectively. The maximum flow through
commercially available flares is about 500 standard cubic meters per second (sm3/sec) and the minimum
can approach zero flow.
b. Temperature: The discharge temperature is typically in the range of 500 to 1100°C (1000 to
2000°F), depending upon the composition of the waste gas flow.
c. Pollutant Loading: Depending upon the type of flare configuration (e.g., elevated or ground flares) and
the source of the waste stream, the capacity of flares to treat waste gases can vary up to about 50,000
kilograms per hour (kg/hr) of hydrocarbon gases for ground flares and about 1 million kg/hr or more for
elevated flares.
Flares are not subject to the safety concern of incinerators having a high concentration of organics in the
waste gas. This is because flaring is an open combustion process and does not have an enclosed
combustion chamber that can create an explosive environment.
d. Other Considerations: The waste gas stream must have a heating value of greater than 11 MJ/Sm3
(300 Btu/Sf3). If this minimum is not met by the waste gas, auxiliary fuel must be introduced in sufficient
quantity to make up the difference.
Emission Stream Characteristics
Section 2
Liquids that may be in the vent stream gas or that may condense out in the collection header and transfer lines
are removed by a knock-out drum. The knock-out is typically either a horizontal or vertical vessel located at or
close to the base of the flare. Liquid in the vent stream can extinguish the flame or cause irregular combustion
and smoking. In addition, flaring liquids can generate a spray of burning chemicals that could reach ground level
and create a safety hazard.
Principle of Operation 1/2
Section 2
Flaring is a Gas Reliefs combustion control process in which the Gas Reliefs are piped to a
remote, usually elevated, location and burned in an open flame in the open air, using a
specially designed burner tip, auxiliary fuel and steam or air to promote mixing for nearly
complete (> 98%) Gas Relief destruction. Completeness of combustion in a flare is governed
by flame temperature, residence time in the combustion zone, turbulent mixing of the gas
stream components to complete the oxidation reaction and available oxygen for free radical
formation. Combustion is complete if all Gas Relief are converted to carbon dioxide and water.
Incomplete combustion results in some of the Gas Reliefs being unaltered or converted to
other organic compounds such as aldehydes or acids.
Principle of Operation 2/2
Section 2
Elevating the flare can prevent potentially dangerous conditions at ground level where the open flame
(i.e., an ignition source) is located near a process unit. Elevating the flare also allows the products of
combustion to be dispersed above working areas to reduce the effects of noise, heat, Smoke, and
objectionable odours.
In most flares, combustion occurs by means of a diffusion flame. A diffusion flame is one in which air
diffuses across the boundary of the fuel/combustion product stream toward the centre of the fuel flow,
forming the envelope of a combustible gas mixture around a core of fuel gas. This mixture, on ignition,
establishes a stable flame zone around the gas core above the burner tip. This inner gas core is heated
by diffusion of hot combustion products from the flame zone.
Cracking can occur with the formation of small hot particles of carbon that give the flame its characteristic
luminosity. If there is an oxygen deficiency and if the carbon particles are cooled to below their ignition
temperature, smoking occurs. In large diffusion flames, combustion product vortices can form around
burning portions of the gas and shut off the supply of oxygen. This localized instability causes flame
flickering, which can be accompanied by soot formation. As in all combustion processes, an adequate air
supply and good mixing are required to complete combustion and minimize smoke. The various flare
designs differ primarily in their accomplishment of mixing.
Section 2
Air-assisted flares
Some flares use forced air to provide the combustion air and the mixing required for smokeless operation.
Combustion air is provided by a fan in the bottom of the cylinder. The amount of combustion air can be varied
by varying the fan speed.
The principal advantage of air-assisted flares is that they can be used where steam is not available.
Although air assistance is not usually used on large flares (because it is generally not economical when the gas
volume is large) the number of large air-assisted flares being built is increasing.
The non-assisted flare consists of a flare tip without any auxiliary provision for enhancing the mixing of air into
its flame. Its use is limited to gas streams that have a low heat content and a low carbon/hydrogen ratio that
burn readily without producing smoke. These streams require less air for complete combustion, have lower
combustion temperatures that minimize cracking reactions, and are more resistant to cracking.
Sonic Flares
Sonic flares use the vent stream pressure to promote mixing at the burner tip. Several
vendors now market proprietary, high pressure drop burner tip designs. If sufficient vent stream pressure is
available, these flares can be applied to streams previously requiring steam or air assist for smokeless
operation. They have multiple burner heads that are staged to operate based on the quantity of gas being
released. The size, design, number, and group arrangement of the burner heads depend on the vent gas
characteristics.
Steam-assisted flares
Steam-assisted flares are single burner tips, elevated above ground level for safety reasons, that burn the
vented gas in a diffusion flame. They reportedly account for the majority of the flares installed and are the
predominant flare type found in refineries and chemical plants. To ensure an adequate air supply and good
mixing, this type of flare system injects steam into the combustion zone to promote turbulence for mixing and
to induce air into the flame.
Section 2
Ground Flares
Sometimes erroneously called Ground Flares, this horizontal Flare Tips, are commonly used preferably in low
manned areas were large amounts of liquids might be carried over through the Flare Tip itself into a pit
adequately sized where these will deposit and, once reached combustible temperature, thank to flame heat of
horizontal Flares, will be destroyed by combustion.
Advantages
Advantages of flares over other types of Gas Reliefs oxidizers.
1. Can be an economical way to dispose of sudden releases of large amounts of gas;
2. In many cases do not require auxiliary fuel to support combustion
3. Can be used to control intermittent or fluctuating waste streams.
Other Considerations
Flaring is considered as a control option and a safety measure when the heating value of the emission stream
cannot be recovered because of uncertain or intermittent flow as in process upsets or emergencies.
Section 2.1
FLARE ASSEMBLIES
SELF-SUPPORTED FLARE
Section 2.1
GUY-WIRED - SUPPORTED FLARE
Section 2.1
DERRICK-SUPPORTED FLARE
Section 2.1
OFFSHORE FLARES
Section 2.1
Offshore Multi-Points Flare Tip
MOBILE FLARE & KO DRUM
Section 2.1
SAMIA® Enclosed Ground Flare
Section 2.1
Section 2.2
FLARE TIPS
BARREL FLARE TIP
Section 2.2
STEAM ASSISTED FLARE TIP
Section 2.2
AIR - ASSISTED FLARE TIP
Section 2.2
SONIC / MULTI POINTS FLARE TIP
Section 2.2
SONIC / MULTIARMS FLARE TIP
Section 2.2
Section 2.3
FLARE SEALS
SAMIA® DIODE PINECONE
Section 2.3
The purge gas required by our pinecone shown in below diagram is valid for a range of all common hydrocarbon purge gas MW
100
Flow Rate [Nm3/h]
10
0,1
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
Section 3
Accesories
- SAMIA ITALIA, design and offer accessories and auxiliary equipment for
Flare System and Burners including:
• Valves, Hoses, Pilots, Ignition Systems, Fittings, Flanges
• Air-Blowers, CO2 System, Nitrogen System and LPG System.
• Storage Tanks
• Vessels (K.O. Drums and Water Seals (Liquid Seal), Pressure Vessels)
• Seals and Prefabricated Piping.
• Monitoring System (UV and IR system or combined system)
POWERTROL PILOT/STEAM MONITOR
Section 3
SPECIFICATIONS
DISTANCE: 500 to 3,000 feet
FIELD OF VIEW: 0.7° (with standard optics)
FLARE SIGHTING: Thru the lens, adjustable focus
RANGE: 0-100% Flux Density
RESPONSE TIME: 0.1 second to 95% of final value
OUTPUT: 4-20 MA. DC. Isolated/Non-Isolated
AODR: 0.1 to 120 seconds
INPUT POWER: 110/220 VAC, 50-60 HZ, 150W
PURGE AIR: 2 PSIG, 1 CFM consumption
PRESSURE SWITCH: 120-480 VOLTS, 60 HZ AC.
TEMPERATURE RANGE: -30°F TO 120°F
(optional enclosure heating/cooling available)
CERTIFICATION