LAB REPORT

NAME: Rakan

Experiment: Titration of Hydrochloric Acid with Sodium Hydroxide

Introduction: This lab report shows the result and the analysis of the experiment of the titration of
hydrochloric acid (HCl) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The purposes of the experiment are to find the
amount of NaOH that will affect the color of the solution once it reaches the end point, to find the
unknown concentration of HCl solution, and also to apply knowledge of using glassware especially the
burette and pipette.

Hypothesis: the pH will either decrease very slowly or increase very slowly, depending on whether this is a
strong acid-strong base or strong base-weak acid reaction, initially and will make a large leap in pH at the
equivalence point(s).

Materials: To carry out a titration you will need: a pipette, a pipette filler, a conical flask, a burette, a
single indicator and the acid and alkali

Procedures:
 Gather all the necessary equipment before starting
 Rinse and purge your burette

Clean and rinse all glassware
 Fill the burette with an excess amount of titrant
 Clamp the burette carefully to a burette stand
 Tap the burette to remove any air bubbles.

Measure out a precise amount of analyte in a clean beaker or flask

Drop a small amount of color indicator into the beaker.
 Add your second chemical, if necessary.
 Agitate the beaker using a magnetic stir plate, or manually stir it using a stirring rod
 Place the beaker under the burette.

Slowly open the stopcock so that the titrant drips out of the burette
 Record your final volume from your burette.
 Calculate the concentration of the titrant

Data Recording:
Discussion: Post lab question
1) How would it affect your results if you used a beaker with residual water in it to measure out your
standardized sodium hydroxide solution? If we used a beaker with residual water, there is a possibility
that it makes the concentration and color of the solution inaccurate.

2) How would it affect your results if you used a wet Erlenmeyer flask instead of a dry one when
transferring your acid solution from the volumetric pipette? There is a chance that the Erlenmeyer flask is
coated with another solution other than water, which could also cause some mistakes or discrepancies in
the recorded data, for example: - The endpoint of the solution changes (the color will change quicker or
slower than it should be) - The solution is contaminated. - The concentration of HCl and NaOH that we
calculate will be inaccurate.

3) How do you tell if you have exceeded the equivalence point in your titration? When the color of each
solution over change - Phenolphthalein: the color change to pink (over than light pink) - Bromophenol
blue: the color change to purple (over than gray)

Error
1) We dropped NAOH a little too much, as a result, the color didn’t come out as accurate. For example, we
wanted the color of the solution to be light pink and gray green as much as possible.
2) The Burette is not vertically upright to the table, so this made us read the number wrong.
3) We were not expert, so when we mix the chemical, we do it not good enough and sometimes not
stable. 4) The HCl in the beaker was a little bit not equal to each other so the number of NaOH that we
drop will not be the same.

Conclusion: From the experiment and calculation, the solution with phenolphthalein will change color
from transparent to light pink when it reaches pH 9.
 Experiment: determining the molar volume of a gas

Introduction: The objective of this lab is to determine the molar volume of hydrogen gas in this
reaction: and the molar volume of hydrogen gas at STP.?? (?)+2𝐻𝐶? (??) → ??𝐶?2(??) + 𝐻2(?)

Hypothesis: Avogadro hypothesis says that equal volumes of gasses at the same temperature and
pressure contain the same number of particles. This hypothesis serves as the foundation for modern
gas theory.

Materials: Weighing dish

-Thermometer
-Scoopula
-Graduated cylinder
-Large graduated cylinder
-400 ml beaker
-10 ml HCl
-Magnesium piece
-distilled water
-Tube

Procedures:
1.Record the pressure and room temperature
2.Weigh a piece of magnesium ribbon
3.Roll the magnesium into a small ball and tie it to string
4.Insert the string into the hole stopper
5.Measure 10 ml HCl into a graduated cylinder
6.Put 10 ml HCl into collection tube, then fell it with distilled water
7.Insert the rubber stopper into the tube
8.Invert tube in a 400 ml beaker filled with 300 ml tap water
9.Position the tube, so stopped ends end is above the bottom of a beaker, and secure it witha clamp
10. When reaction stopped, tap the tube with your fingers
11. Transfer tube to a large graduated cylinder filled with water
12. Adjust the height of the tube until water inside the tube equals the water outside the tube.

Conclusion: We conclude that the pressure of a gas sample depends on the volume of the gas and the
temperature, but not on the composition of the gas sample.

RESULTS:
 Experiment: Enthalpy Change of a Reaction using Hess’s Law

Introduction: Enthalpy change for the decomposition of potassium hydrogen carbonate cannot be
measured directly. The reaction needs heating, so the recorded ΔT is not exclusively due to the
decomposition of the starting material. Two reactions (both with measurable enthalpy changes) can be
combined to form a desired reaction and therefore the previously unmeasurable enthalpy change can be
calculated.

Hypothesis: when two or more reactions can be added together to give a net chemical reaction, the
energy associated with each of the reactions can also be added together to give the net enthalpy (ΔH)
change

Materials: MgMg (s), MgOMgO (s), ZnZn (s), ZnOZnO (s), AlAl (s), Al2O3Al2O3 (s), 1 M HClHCl (aq), 6
M HClHCl (aq), coffee cup calorimeter with lid*, thermometer*, looped stirring rod*, slotted stopper*,
100-mL graduated cylinder, 50-mL beaker, utility clamp, stand, electronic balance, and wash bottle.

Procedures:
1. Place approximately 3g of potassium carbonate into a test tube and weigh and record its mass.
2. Put a polystyrene cup in a 250 cm3 beaker for support and then pour 30 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into the cup.
3. Place a thermometer into the cup and record the start temperature of the liquid. Then add the potassium carbonate and
monitor the temperature of the solution, recording the highest temperature reached.
4. Reweigh the test tube that contained potassium carbonate and calculate the mass transferred into the polystyrene cup.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 using potassium hydrocarbonate but instead record the lowest temperature reached.

Results:

Conclusion : the enthalpy change for the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for
each step in the reaction series.
 Experiment: Investigating the Rates of Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes

Introduction: investigate how the rate of hydrolysis of an organic halogen compound depends on the
temperature and, the nature of the carbon hydrogen skeleton

Hypothesis: the tertiary haloalkane will have the fastest rate of hydrolysis, and the higher the
temperature, the faster the rate of reaction.

Materials: 250 cm3 beaker

12 test tubes
1-chlorobutane.
1-bromobutane
1-iodobutane
2-bromobutane
2-bromo-2-methylpropane
silver nitrate solution
dropping pipettes 15 cm3 ethanol
two 10 cm3 measuring cylinders
stop clock
labels for test tubes
kettle

Procedures:
1. Set up 3 test tubes, each with 1 cm3 of ethanol and two drops of a different haloalkane
(iodo/bromo/chloro alkanes) and label which is which.
2. Place the test tubes in a water bath (60 °C), along with 3 test tubes of 5 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm−3 silver
nitrate and leave them all to reach a constant temperature.
3. Quickly add the silver nitrate solution from one test tube to the first test tube containing a haloalkane,
and start the stopwatch.
4. Measure and record the time taken for the precipitates to form (this is a measure of the rate of
reaction).
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the remaining 2 haloalkanes.

Results:

Errors:
Use water bath to control the temperature.
Use lower temperatures to reduce the rate of reaction. This will make the time difference between
haloalkanes larger, giving a lower uncertainty.

Conclusion: Silver nitrate solution can be used to find out which halogen is present in a suspected
halogenoalkane.
 Experiment: Analysis of Some Inorganic and Organic Unknowns

Flame tests for Group I and Group II metal cations

Method:
● To clean the nichrome wire
- dip the wire in a solution of concentrated HCl and then into a Bunsen burner flame.
● Dip the wire into the unknown compound and carefully place it at the top of the blue Bunsen burner
flame.
● Observe the colour:
○ Li+ = red
○ Na+ = orange/yellow
○ K+ = lilac
○ Rb+ = red
○ Cs+ = blue
○ Mg2+ = no colour
○ Ca2+ = brick-red
○ Sr2+ = crimson red
○ Ba2+ = green

Test for NH4 + ions

● Add aqueous NaOH and gently warm the mixture.
● The ammonia gas will turn moist pH indicator paper blue.
● Additionally, a pungent smell is given off.

Test for SO4 2− ions

● Add acidified barium chloride solution.

● White ppt forms (BaSO4 ).