CHAPTER 2

THE CONSTRANTIVE ANALYSIS ON THE LEVEL OF PHONOLOGY (VOWELS,

DIPHTONGS AND CONSONANT)
Salwa Syabina PBI VII B
A. VOWELS
Vowels are a class of speech sounds produced with a relatively open or unobstructed
vocal tract. In the English alphabet, the vowels are the letters A, E, I, O, U, and
sometimes Y. Vowels are distinct from consonants, which are speech sounds produced
with a partial or complete constriction of the airflow by some part of the vocal tract.

Vowels play a crucial role in forming the nucleus of syllables and are typically
characterized by the absence of any significant constriction or obstruction in the oral
cavity during their production. They are essential building blocks of words and contribute
to the phonetic and phonological aspects of a language. Vowels are often classified based
on factors such as tongue height, tongue backness, and lip rounding.
1. Short Vowel
Short vowels refer to the vowels in a language that are pronounced relatively
briefly, without a prolonged or extended duration. In English, the concept of short
vowels is often associated with the length of time a vowel sound is held. The
distinction between short and long vowels can affect the meaning of words and is
an important aspect of pronunciation.
In English, the short vowels are typically the sounds associated with the letters A,
E, I, O, and U in words like "cat," "bed," "sit," "hop," and "cut," respectively.
These short vowel sounds are usually heard in unstressed or closed syllables, and
their pronunciation is generally quick and not prolonged.
The contrast between short and long vowels can be significant in English and
other languages, influencing both the meaning of words and the rhythm of speech.
Long vowels are held for a longer duration than short vowels and can sometimes
change the meaning of words.
2. Long Vowel
A long vowel refers to a vowel sound that is pronounced for a relatively extended
period compared to its short counterpart. The length of the vowel sound is a
distinguishing factor in many languages, including English, where the duration of
a vowel can affect the meaning of words.
In English, the long vowels are often associated with specific vowel letters. For
example:
- Long "A" as in "cake"
- Long "E" as in "see"
- Long "I" as in "bike"
- Long "O" as in "go"
- Long "U" as in "blue"
 Long vowels are typically found in stressed or open syllables, and their
pronunciation involves holding the vowel sound for a longer duration than the
corresponding short vowels. The distinction between short and long vowels is an
important aspect of phonetics and phonology in languages, contributing to the
overall sound patterns and meaning of words.

B. DIPHTONG
A diphthong is a complex vowel sound that begins with one vowel sound and glides into
another within the same syllable. Unlike monophthongs, which are single, pure vowel
sounds, diphthongs involve a combination of two vowel qualities within a single syllable.

In a diphthong, the tongue glides or moves from one vowel position to another. This
creates a smooth, flowing sound that is often perceived as a single, fused vowel sound.
Diphthongs can be found in many languages, and their presence can contribute to the
unique phonetic characteristics of those languages.

Examples of English diphthongs include the vowel sounds in words like "coin," "loud,"
and "ride." In each of these examples, the sound starts with one vowel quality and glides
into another within the same syllable.

C. CONSONANT
1. Definition of consonant
A consonant is a speech sound produced by obstructing or restricting the airflow
in the vocal tract. Unlike vowels, which are produced with an open vocal tract,
consonants involve some form of constriction or closure that creates turbulence or
obstruction in the airflow. In English, examples of consonants include the sounds
represented by the letters B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X,
Y, and Z.
2. Indonesian and English consonant
INDONESIAN CONSONANT
The Indonesian language has a relatively simple consonant system compared to
some other languages. The consonants in Indonesian include both stops and
nasals. Here is a list of consonants in Indonesian:

1. **Stops:**
- Voiceless stops: /p/, /t/, /k/
- Voiced stops: /b/, /d/, /g/

2. **Nasals:**
- Voiceless nasals: /m̥ /, /n̥ / (these are less common and may vary in
pronunciation across dialects)
- Voiced nasals: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
3. **Fricatives:**
- /s/, /h/ (These are the primary fricatives in Indonesian)

4. **Approximants:**
- /w/, /j/

5. **Liquids:**
- /l/, /r/

Note that the sounds /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, and /g/ are more common in everyday
Indonesian vocabulary, while other sounds, such as voiceless nasals and certain
fricatives, may be found in loanwords or specific regional dialects.

The phonetic realization of these sounds may vary slightly depending on the
specific regional dialect of Indonesian. Additionally, Indonesian orthography is
phonetic, meaning that the spelling of words generally reflects their
pronunciation.

ENGLISH CONSONANT
The English language has a diverse consonant system with a variety of sounds
produced by different manners and places of articulation. Here is a list of English
consonants, grouped by manner of articulation:

1. **Stops:**
- Voiceless stops: /p/ (as in "pat"), /t/ (as in "top"), /k/ (as in "cat")
- Voiced stops: /b/ (as in "bat"), /d/ (as in "dog"), /g/ (as in "go")

2. **Fricatives:**
- Voiceless fricatives: /f/ (as in "fish"), /s/ (as in "sun"), /θ/ (as in "think"), /h/
(as in "hat")
- Voiced fricatives: /v/ (as in "very"), /z/ (as in "zebra"), /ð/ (as in "this"), /ʒ/ (as
in "measure")

3. **Affricates:**
- Voiceless affricate: /tʃ/ (as in "chat")
- Voiced affricate: /dʒ/ (as in "judge")

4. **Nasals:**
- Voiceless nasal: /m̥ / (less common in English)
- Voiced nasals: /m/ (as in "man"), /n/ (as in "nut"), /ŋ/ (as in "sing")

5. **Approximants:**
 - /l/ (as in "light")
- /r/ (as in "run")

6. **Semivowels:**
- /w/ (as in "wet")
- /j/ (as in "yes")

The English language has a total of 24 to 26 consonant phonemes, depending on

the dialect and specific accent. Pronunciation may vary regionally, leading to
differences in the realization of certain sounds.

3. Combined English and Indonesian Consonant

While both English and Indonesian share some consonant sounds, they also have
differences in their consonant systems. Here's a comparison of some common
consonant sounds in English and Indonesian:

**Common Consonant Sounds:**

1. **Stops:**
- English: /p, t, k, b, d, g/
- Indonesian: /p, t, k, b, d, g/

2. **Nasals:**
- English: /m, n, ŋ/ (as in "sing")
- Indonesian: /m, n, ŋ/ (less common, found in loanwords)

3. **Fricatives:**
- English: /f, s, θ, h, v, z, ð, ʒ/ (as in "think," "zebra")
- Indonesian: /s, h/ (fewer fricatives in comparison)

4. **Affricates:**
- English: /tʃ, dʒ/ (as in "chat," "judge")
- Indonesian: /tʃ, dʒ/ (less common, found in loanwords)

5. **Approximants:**
- English: /l, r, w, j/
- Indonesian: /l, r, w, j/

**Differences:**
- English has a more extensive set of fricatives and affricates compared to
Indonesian.
- Voiceless nasals (/m̥ /, /n̥ /) are less common in both languages but may be found
in specific dialects or loanwords.
 - The English sound /θ/ (as in "think") and /ð/ (as in "this") is not present in
standard Indonesian.

It's important to note that while there are similarities, the distribution and usage of
certain sounds can vary between English and Indonesian. Additionally, the above
comparisons are general, and regional dialects within each language may exhibit
further variations.

4. Consonant Cluster
a Definition of consonant cluster