Medival History

Arabian and
Muslim Invasion
HISTORY
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Advent of Arabs & Muslims
Arab Invasion In India
Mohammad Bin Qasim

 The Arab conquest of Sindh was led by Muhammed Bin Qasim.
 Muhammed Bin Qasim was the nephew of Al-Hajaj, the governor of the Arab
province of Basra.
 During the Caliphate of Omar, Arab forces made fertile attempts to get Bombay.
Arabs captured Sindh in 712 AD.
Mohammad Bin Qasim
Administrative System
 Sind and Multan were separated into number of Iqtas by Muhammad-bin-Qasim

and Arab army officials headed the Iqtas (districts).
 The sub-divisions of the areas were regulated by the Hindu Officers.
 Jizya was forced on non-Muslims.
HISTORY | Arabian and Muslims Invasions PAGE 2

Battle of Rewar
 Battled between Muhammad-bin-Qasim and Dahir the leader of Sind
 Dahir lost the battle. Sind and Multan was caught.
 Muhammad-bin-Qasim called Multan as 'The City of Gold'.
End of Mohammad Bin Qasim
 Caliph Walid was thrive by Caliph Sulaiman.
 He was a rival of Al-Hajjaj, the Governor of Iraq.
 Muhammad-container Qasim was the child in-law of Al-Hajjaj, so he excused him

and sent to Mesopotamia as a detainee where he was tormented to death.
 For over 150 years, Sind and Multan kept on staying as the piece of the Caliph's
Empire.
Points to Remember
 Dahir, a Brahmin was the ruler of Punjab at that time.
 He was killed by Qasim.
 The Arabs lost control over Sindh in 779 AD.
 Arab conquest of Sindh resulted in the spread of Islam to North India.
 But Islam was first introduced in India by Malik ibn Dinar in Kerala in 644 AD.

Turkish Invasion In India
Muhammad of Ghazni
 Muhammed Ghazni was the first Turkish conqueror of North India.
 He was the son of Subuktigin.
 He attacked India 17 times between 1000 and 1027 AD. First Invasion was in 1001
AD.
 He defeated Jaipal and Anandpal of the Shahi dynasty in 1001 and 1009
respectively.
 The most important raid of Muhammed Ghazni was the Somnath expedition. It was
in 1025. He destroyed the temple. (Somnath Temple was on the coast of Gujarat).
 Muhammed Ghazni died in1030.
 The famous Persian poet Firdausi who wrote ‘Shahnama’ (The Book of Kings) lived
in his court. Alberuni, an Arab Historian, who wrote Tarikh- ul-Hind (Reality of
Hindustan), accompanied Muhammed Ghazni to India.
 Al-Firdausi is also known as ‘The Immortal Homer of the East’.
Muhammad of Ghazni

Muhammed Ghori
 Muhammed Ghori attacked India between 1175 and 1206 AD. He made his first
expedition to India and captured Multan in 1175 AD.
 In the First Battle of Tarain in 1191, Muhammed Ghori was defeated by the Rajput
forces under Prithviraj Chauhan III.
 In the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 AD) Muhammed Ghori assisted by Qutub -ud-
din Aibak a slave, defeated Prithviraj Chauhan III and killed him.
 In 1193 Muhammed Ghori attacked Jaichand at Kannauj and Jaichand was

defeated.
 Muhammed Ghori returned from India by entrusting his territories in India in the
hands of Qutub-Ud-din Aibak.
 After the death of Ghori in 1206 Aibak founded the Slave Dynasty.
 Muhammed Ghori’s Indian invasion resulted in the foundation of Islamic rule in

India.
Muhammed Ghori

Delhi
Sultanate
HISTORY
Delhi Sultanate 1206-1526
Timeline of Delhi Sultanate

Dynasty Name of Sultan Ruling Years
Qutub-Ud-din Aibek AD 1206- 1210
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish AD 1211-1230
Slave Dynasty Razia Begum AD 1236- 1240

(1206-1290)
Nasiruddin Mahmud AD 1246-1266
Ghias-ud-din Balban AD 1266-1287
Kaiqubad AD 1287-1290
Jalal-ud-din Khilji AD 1290-96
Alauddin Khilji AD1296-1316

Khilji Dynasty
(1290-1320)
Shiba-ud-din Omar AD 1316
Mubarak khilji AD 1316-1320
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq AD 1320-1325
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq AD 1325-51
Firoz Shah Tughlaq AD1351-1388
Tughlaq Dynasty Tughlaq Shah AD 1388-1398
(AD 1320-1412) Abu Bakar

During the next 14 years three
Muhammad Shah sultans ascended the throne.
Then followed Nasiruddin
Alauddin Sikander Shah Mahmud the last sultan of this
dynasty.
Nasiruddin Mahmud
HISTORY | Delhi Sultanate PAGE 2

Dynasty Name of Sultan Ruling Years
Khizr Khan AD 1414-1421
Sayyid Tughlaq Mubarak Shah AD 1421-1434
(AD 1414-1450) Muhammad Shah AD1434-1445
Alauddin Alam Shah AD 1445-1450
Bahlol Lodhi AD 1451-1489

Lodhi Dynasty
Sikander Lodhi AD 1489- 1517
(AD 1451- 1526)
Ibrahim Lodhi AD 1517-1526
Slave Dynasty
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak
 Slave Dynasty was also called Ilbari Dynasty or Mamluk
Dynasty.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave of Muhammed Ghori and he

founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206 AD. The capital of Qutub-
ud-din Aibak was at Lahore. He was known as ‘Lakh Baksh’
or ‘giver of lakhs’ for his magnanimity.
 Hasan Nizam was a famous historian in the court of the Aibak.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the construction of Qutub Minar in 1199 in Delhi in

memory of the Sufi saint Quaja Qutub-ud-din Bhaktiar Kaki. Its construction was
completed by Iltutmish. It is a five-storied building.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak died in 1210 by falling from horseback while playing Polo.
 After the death of Qutubuddin, Aram Shah ascended the throne, but he was
deposed by Iltutmish and crowned himself the Sultan.
 During the period of Iltutmish (1210-1236) Chengizkhan, the Mongolian conqueror

attacked India (1221).

Shams-ud-din Iltutmish
 Iltutmish is considered as the real founder of Delhi Sultanate
because he was the first Sultan of Delhi to get recognition of
the Khalifa of Bagdad.
 Iltutmish was also the first Sultan to make Delhi his capital.
Coins were introduced by Iltutmish, ‘Silver Thanka’ and
‘Copper Jital’ were the two basic coins of the Sultanate period.
 He organized the ‘Chalisa’ or the famous Turkish forty to help him in the
administration.
 Iltutmish completed the construction of Qutub Minar. The revenue system of the
Sultanate ‘Iqta system’, was introduced by Iltutmish.
 He was succeeded by his son Ruknuddin Firoz Shah, but he was later executed and
Razia became the sultan (daughter of Iltutmish)
Razia Begum
 After Iltutmish, Razia became the sultan (daughter of Iltutmish).
 She was the first woman to sit on the throne of Delhi.
 But the nobles revolted against her and made her brother
Mohin-ud-Din Bahram Shah sit on the throne.
 Meanwhile, Razia got married to Negro Altunia, the Governor of Bhatinda. For
capturing the throne, they both marched towards Delhi, Bahram sends his army to
capture them.
 The armies of both the parties fought near Kaithal and Razia was killed on 14th
October,1240 AD and was buried at the site of her death.
Nasiruddin Mahmud
 Nasir ud din Mahmud, Nasir ud din Firuz Shah (reigned: 1246–1266) was the
eighth sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate (Slave dynasty).

 He was the grandson of Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–36), and ascended to the
throne of Delhi Sultanate in 1246 at the tender age of 17 or 18 after the disposition
of Masud Shah.
 He succeeded Ala ud din Masud after the chiefs replaced Masud when they felt that
he began to behave as a tyrant.
Ghias-ud-din Balban
 Ghiyasuddin Balban, a slave water carreer, huntsman, noble, statesman became
the Sultan of Delhi in 1266 and continued in power till 1686 AD.
 Balban is considered as the founder of Second Ilbari Dynasty.
 Balban described himself as ‘shadow of God’ or the ‘viceregent of God on Earth’ (Zil
-i-illahi).
 Balban because of his autocratic rule is considered as a ‘typical oriental despot’.
 The Chalisa or forty established by Iltutmish was abolished by Balban.
 His Policies were ‘Draconian’. He was a patron of men of letters and showed special
favour to the poet Amir Khusrau.
Kaiqubad
 After Balban’s death in 1286, Kayqubad (1287-90) became the Sultan.
 Balban’s Tomb is situated in Delhi. It was constructed by Balban himself.
 Kayqubad was the last Slave Sultan.
 Kayumars who ruled for a term of three months was the last Slave Sultan.
 He was killed by Jalaluddin Khilji and founded the Khilji Dynasty.

Khilji Dynasty
Jalal-ud-din Khilji
 The founder of Khilji Dynasty was Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji.
 He killed the last descendent of Slave Dynasty and declared

himself the sultan of Delhi sultanate at the age of 70 years in
1290 AD.
 The Khilji clan traced their origin to Afghan village of Khalji.
 Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji’s original name was Malik Firuz.
 He was not cruel by nature.
 When Balban’s nephew Malik Chhajju imposed a war on Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji.
 The former was defeated and captured alive but was forgiven by the Sultan of Delhi.
Alauddin Khilji
 He became the Sultan in 1296 AD and ruled till 1316 AD.
 In 1303 he attacked Chittor, the capital of Mewar, to marry

Padmini the wife of Chittor king Ratan Singh.
 But Padmini and other Rajput women committed Jauhar

(Jauhar is a mass suicide by Jumping into fire, committed
by Rajput women to escape from being polluted by others).
 Padmavat is a historical kavya about Padmini episode

written by Malik Muhammed Jayasi.
 Malik Muhammed Jayasi was the court poet of Shershah Suri.
 Alauddin Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to attack South India.
 Malik Kafur was Alauddin Khilji’s Commander who attacked South India.
 Alauddin Khilji was the most famous ruler of the Khilji Dynasty.

 He was the Sultan of Delhi who banned the use of liquor.
 He had a dream of a World conquest, so he assumed the title ‘Sikhandar-i-sani’ or

Second Alexander Demitrius a Bactrian ruler is popularly known as Second
Alexander.
 Alauddin abolished the Zamindari System and imposed a tax on cattle. He was the
first Muslim ruler of Delhi to introduce the measurement of land for tax assessment.
 His market regulations were to get goods at a controlled price to the people of Delhi.
Alauddin Khilji was the first Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics.
 He was also the first to proclaim ‘‘I am the Khalifa’’.
 Alauddin constructed Alai Darwaza the gateway of Qutub Minar. He built the city of
Siri, the second of the seven cities of Delhi, near Qutub Minar.
 Alauddin Khilji was killed by his commander Malik Kafur by poisoning.
 Amir Khusru was the court poet of Alauddin Amir Khusru is known as the ‘Parrot of
India’ He is considered as the father of Urdu language and the inventor of Sitar.
Laila Majnu and Tughlaq Nama are the famous works of Amir Khusru.
 Alauddin khilji was the first Sultan to maintain a permanent standing army. Alauddin
Khilji was responsible for the introduction of the postal system in medieval India.
Shiba-ud-din Omar
 Shibab-ud-din Omar (1316) was the third Sultan of the Khalji Dynasty of Delhi
Sultanate in India.
 After the death of his father Alauddin Khalji in 1316, he ascended the throne as a
minor, with the support of Alauddin's slave-general Malik Kafur.
Mubarak khilji
 Mubarak shah khilji was the last ruler of the Khilji Dynasty.
 Khilji dynasty came to an end when the Mubarak shah Khilji was killed by Khusrau
Khan. Some historians consider Khusrau Khan as the last Khilji Sultan.

Tughlaq Dynasty
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
 Tughlaq Dynasty was founded by Ghiasuddin Tughlaq
(Real name- Ghazi Malik).
 Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded the dynasty after killing

Khuzru Khan in 1320.
 Ghiasuddin died by the collapse of a pavilion
 He built the Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi.
 Ghiasuddin Tughlaq was the first Sultan to start irrigation works.
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
 Ghiassuddin Tughlaq was succeeded by his son Jauna

Khan, popularly known as Muhammed Bin Tughlaq.
 Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is considered as the single

most responsible person for the decline of Delhi
Sultanate.
 Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was known as a mixture of

opposites, wisest fools, unfortunate idealogue and the
predecessor of Akbar in intellectual and religious
matters. Ibn Batuta called him ‘‘an ill-starred idealist’’.
 He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in 1327.
 In 1330 he introduced token currency of bronze and copper.
 Moroccan Traveler Ibn Batuta visited India during his period.
 Edward Thomas described him as ‘prince of moneyers’.
 Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was succeeded by his elderly cousin, Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq

 Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first Sultan of Delhi to impose
Jizya. It was a religious tax for the freedom of worship.
 He imposed it only upon Brahmins. He built the city of

Firozabad in Delhi. Firoz Shah Kotla was also built by him.
 The gateway of Firozshah Kotla is Khooni Darwaza, or

blood-stained gate.
 It was constructed by Shershah Suri. He transplanted two Ashokan Pillars to

Firozabad. He is the author of Fatuhat -i- Firozshahi.
 After Firozshah Tughlaq, Muhammed Shah Tughlaq or Naziruddin Muhammed

came to the throne.
 It was during the period of his reign that Timur, the Turkish conqueror of the Tartar
tribe from Samarkand attacked India in 1398.
 Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the governor of Multan his authority in India.
 During the next 14 years three sultans ascended the throne. Then followed
Nasiruddin Mahmud the last sultan of this dynasty.
Sayyid Dynasty
Khizr Khan
 Khizr Khan was the governor of Multan under Firuz Shah Tughlaq.
 When Timur invaded India, Khizr Khan, a Sayyid from Multan joined him.
 Timur appointed him the governor of Multan and Lahore.
 He then conquered the city of Delhi and started the rule of the Sayyids in 1414.
 He was ruling in the name of Timur.
 He could not assume an independent position in all respects.

Mubarak Shah
 Mubarak Shah was the child of Khizr Khan, who ruled in the year 1421.
 But, scared to made any attempt in getting back the lost regions of the realm, unlike
his dad.
Muhammad Shah
 Muhammad Shah was a nephew of Mubarak Shah. He governed from 1434–1443.
 Muhammad Shah consented to the seat with the assistance of Sarwar ul Mulk.
 After that Shah needed to liberate himself from the mastery of Sarwar ul Mulk with
the assistance of his devoted vizier Kamal ul Mulk.
 His rule was set apart by numerous uprisings and intrigues, and he kicked the
bucket in the year 1445.
 The last ruler of the Sayyid dynasty, Alauddin Alam Shah was defeated by Bahlol
Lodi, who started the Lodi dynasty.
Lodhi Dynasty
Bahlol Lodhi
 Lodhi dynasty was founded by Bahlol Lodhi in 1451.
The dynasty lasted up to 1526.
 Bahlul Khan Lodi (1451–1489) was the nephew and

son-in-law of Malik Sultan Shah Lodi, the governor
of Sirhind in (Punjab), India and succeeded him as
the governor of Sirhind during the reign of Sayyid
dynasty ruler Muhammad Shah

Sikandar Lodhi
 Sikandar Lodi (r. 1489–1517) (born Nizam Khan), the second son of Bahlul,
succeeded him after his death on 17 July 1489 and took up the title Sikandar Shah.
 He was nominated by his father to succeed him and was crowned sultan on 15 July
1489.
 He founded Agra in 1504 and built mosques.
 He shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra.
Ibrahim Lodhi
 Last Lodhi Sultan or last Delhi Sultan was Ibrahim Lodhi.
 Rana Sangram Singh of Mewar defeated him.
 His brother Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babar to India to defeat Ibrahim Lodhi in 1524.
 Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat on 1526 April 21.

Mughal
Empire
HISTORY
Mughal Empire (1526 - 1857)

 The Mughals were originally Turks and they belonged to the Chagatai branch of the
Turkish race.
 The Period of the Mughal empire is known as Second Classical Age.
 First Classical Age is the period of Guptas.
 Mughal Empire is also known as the Timurid Empire because of its relation to Amir
Timur.
Mughal Rulers Years of Ruling
Babur 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
Humayun 26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540

22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
Akbar-i-Azam 27 January 1556 – 27 October 1605
Jahangir 15 October 1605 – 8 October 1627
Shah-Jahan 8 November 1627 – 2 August 1658
Alamgir I (Aurangzeb) 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
THE LATER MUGHALS
Bahadur Shah 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
Jahandar Shah 27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
Farrukhsiyar 11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
Rafi-ud-Darajat, Rafi-ud-Dallah 28 February – 6 June 1719
Shah Jahan II 6 June 1719 – 19 September 1719
Muhammad Shah 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
Ahmad Shah Bahadur 26 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
Alamgir II 2 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
Shah Alam II 10 October 1760 – 19 November
Akbar Shah II 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
Bahadur Shah II 28 September 1837 – 23 September 1857
HISTORY | Mughal Empire PAGE 2

Name Babur
Time Period 20 April 1526 - 26 December 1530
Birth Name Zahir-ud-din Muhammad
 Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was the fifth

descendant of Timur on Father’s side and the
 fourteenth descendant of Chengiz khan on the mother’s side.
 Babur was born in Farghana in Turkey on 14 Feb 1483 as the

son of Umer Sheik Mirza ad Qulik Ni- garkhanum.
 Babur’s father Umershiek Mirza was the grandson of Amir Timur
and the ruler of Farghan.
 Babur became the ruler of Samarkhand at the Age of 11. He
captured Kabul in 1504. Then Babur attacked India 5 times for
want of wealth.
 Babur’s first Attack of India was in 1519. Bhera was the first place
captured by Babur. In 1524 Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother
invited Babur to India.
Description  On 21 April 1526, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the last Lodhi
Sulthan in the First Battle of Panipat.
 On 16 March 1527, he defeated Rana Sangha of Mewar, in the
Battle of Khanwa.
 The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini Raj of Malwa fought against
Babur in the Battle of Chanderi, but were defeated.
 In 1529 the Afghans under Muhammed Lodhi fought against
Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra but were defeated.
 In 1530 December 26, Babur died and was cremated at Kabul.
 Babur was the first to use Artillery in India.
 His memoirs or autobiography ‘Tuzuk-i-Baburi or Baburnamah'

were written in the Turkish language.
 Babur was a contemporary of Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijaya
Nagara Empire.

Name Humayun
26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540

Time Period
22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
Birth Name Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun
 Humayun was born in 1507 in Kabul as the son of Babur and

Mahim Sulthana.
 He became the Mughal Emperor on 29 December 1530 at the
age of 23.He divided the empire among his brothers - Askari,
Hindal and Kamran.
 The word ‘Humayun’ means ‘fortunate’.
 Humayun was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer.
 In 1539 by the Battle of Chausa, Humayun was defeated for the
first time by Shershah Suri.
 In the next year (1540) Shershah completely defeated Humayun
in the battle of Kanauj and founded the Sur dynasty.
 After the lapse of 15 years Humayun recaptured the Empire by
defeating the last Sur ruler Sikandar Shah Suri by the battle of
Sirhind in 1555, July.
Description  After the restoration, Humayun ruled for only six months. The
period from 1540 to 1555 is known as the period of a temporary
eclipse of the Mughal.
 Humayun died by an accidental fall from the staircase of his
Library ‘Shermandal’ at the Purana Qila in Delhi on 24 January
1556.
 The Purana Qila was constructed by Humayun but its
construction was completed by Sher- shah.
 Humayun’s biography Humayun Namah was written by
Humayun’s sister Gulbadan Begum. The language used to write
this biography was a mixture of Turkish and Persian.
 In 1533 Humayun built the City of Dinpana in Delhi.
 Humayun’s tomb is situated in Delhi (The first building in India
having double domes)
 Humayun tomb is known as predecessor of Tajmahal because
Taj was modeled after this, also known as a dormitory of the
house of Timur. Mirak Mirza Ghias is its architect.

Name Akbar-i-Azam
Time Period 27 January 1556 – 27 October 1605
Birth Name Jalal-ud-din Muhammad
 Akbar was born at Amarkot in Sindhonn 23 Nov. 1542. He came

to the throne on February 14, 1556, at the age of 14 at Kalanur.
 Hemu the Hindu Prime Minister of Muhammed Adilshah of Bihar
occupied Agra and accepted the title Ma- haraja Vikramaditya.
 Akbar killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 1556
November 2.
 Akbar became an independent ruler at the age of 18 in 1560,
after dismissing Bairamkhan. Later he married Bairam Khan's
widow Salima Begum.
 In 1561 he defeated the musician Sulthan of Malwa - Baz
Bahadur. In 1562 Akbar married Joda Bhai, the daughter of Raja
Bharmal of Amber
 In 1564, he abolished the religious tax Jizya. Jizya was imposed
for the first time by Firoz Tughlaq.
Description
 In 1572 he captured Gujarat and in memory of that he built a new
capital city Fathepur Sikri (City of Vic- tory) near Agra.
 The early name of Fathepur Sikri was the City of Sikri. Buland
Darwaza is the gateway of Fathepur Sikri, built by Akbar.
 In 1575 Akbar constructed a prayer house in Fathepur Sikri
known as Ibadatkhana.
 In 1579 he issued the Infallibility Decree by which he made
himself the supreme head in religious matters. In 1580 the first
Jesuit missionaries arrived at the court of Akbar.
 In 1585 Ralph Fitch became the first English man to reach India
reached Akbar’s court.
 Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer English man or torch bearer
Englishman. In 1582 Akbar founded a new religion for universal
peace and monotheism known as ‘Din Ilahi’ means Divine Faith.

 In 1583 he started a new Calendar called Ilahi Calendar.

 In 1576 Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap of Mewar in the battle
of Haldighat. (Haldighat is a mountain pass in the Aravalli
hills in Rajasthan.)
 The Portuguese introduced tobacco for the first time in India in
the court of Akbar in 1604. Akbar was the Mughal Emperor when
the English East India Company was being founded on 1600 De-
cember 31.
 Akbar died in 1605. His tomb is situated at Sikandra near
Agra. Akbar was an illiterate person, but he was a patron of
men of eminence. He maintained a Scholas- tic Assembly in
his court. They included the following personalities.
 Abul Fazal: Akbar’s court historian who wrote Akbar’s
biographical works - Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Namah.
 Abul Faizi: Persian poet and brother of Abul Fazal. He
translated Mahabharata into Persian in name ‘Razam Namah’
and Bhaskaracharya’s mathematical work Leelavati into
Persian.
 Mian Tansen: His original name was Ram Thanu Pande.
He was the court Musician of Akbar. He composed a Raga,
Rajdarbari in honor of Akbar.
Description
 Birbal: His real name was Mahesh Das. He is the court
jester of Akbar.
 Raja Todarmal: RajaTodarmal was Akbar’s finance or
revenue minister. He formulated Akbar’s revenue system
Zabti and Dashala systems. Raja Todarmal also translated
Bhagavatapurana into Persian.
 Maharaja Mansing: Akbar’s military commander.
 Badauni: a historian who translated Ramayana into
Persian - Tarjuma -1-Ramayan.
 Tulasidas: Hindi poet who wrote Ramacharitamanas.
 Akbar’s military system was known as the Mansabdari
system, which included Ranks from 10 - 7000. He was also
responsible for the introduction of Persian as the official
language of Mughals.
 He divided the Mughal Empire into 12 Subahs (provinces) for
the administrative conveniences.
 Akbar was also the first ruler to organize Hajj. Pilgrimage at
the government expense. The Port Cambay in Gujarat is
known as the ‘Gateway to Mecca from Mughal India’. He
was an accomplished Sitar player.Mughal - Rajput friendly
relation began during the period of Akbar.

Name Jahangir
Time Period 15 October 1605 – 8 October 1627
Birth Name Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim
 Early name of Jahangir was Salim. Akbar called him Sheika

Baba.
 Jahangir came to the throne in 1605. He was the son of Akbar

and Jodabai.
 He married Mehrunnisa, an Afghan widow in 1611. Later he

gave her the titles, Noor Mahal (light of the palace) Noor
Jahan (light of the world) and Padusha Begum.
 In 1606 Jahangir executed fifth Sikh Guru Guru Arjun Dev

because he helped Jahangir’s son Prince Khusru to rebel
against him.
 In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an envoy of King

James I of England, who reached India to obtain trade
concession.
Description
 In 1615 Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of Jahangir as the
first ambassador of James I of England in the court of
Jahangir. As a result of his efforts, the first English factory
was established at Surat in Gujarat.
 Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden Age of Mughal

Painting. Jahangir himself was a painter. Ustad Mansur and
Abul Hassan were famous painters in the court of Jahangir.
 Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in Srinagar.

Jahangir suspended a chain of Justice known as Zndiri Ada in
front of his court.
 Anarkali was Jahangair’s lover. Jahangir wrote his

autobiography Tuzukh-i-Jahangiri in the Persian language.
 Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at Shahdara in

Lahore.

Name Shah-Jahan
Time Period 8 November 1627 – 2 August 1658
Birth Name Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram
 Shah Jahan was born on 5th January 1592 at Lahore. His

mother was Jagat Gosain and his childhood name was Khurram.
 He married Arjumand Banu Begum, daughter of Asaf Khan,

brother of Noor Jahan. She later came to be known as
Mumtaz Mahal which means “Beloved of the Palace”.
 Shahjahan destroyed the Portuguese settlements at Hoogly.
Shah Jahan’s period is considered as the Golden Age of Mughal
Architecture and Shah Jahan is known as the Prince of
Builders.
 In 1631 he started the construction of Tajmahal in memory of his
wife and completed in 1653. It is situated on the banks of the
Yamuna river in Uttar Pradesh.
 Utad Iza a Turkish/ Persian was its architect. and British

administrator Furgurson called it ‘a love in marble’. In 1638 Shah
Jahan built his new capital Shah Jahanabad in Delhi and shifted
Description
the capital from Agra to there.
 In 1639 he started the construction of Red Fort in Delhi on the
model of Agra fort built by Akbar. Its construction was
completed in 1648. The Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas and the
Moti Masjid are situated inside the Red Fort. The Masjid in
Agra was constructed by Shahjahan.
 The Gateway of Redfort is the Delhi Gate. It is here at the
Delhi Gate that the Prime Minister of India hoists the
National Flag and addresses the nation on the
Independence day.
 In 1656 Shahjahan constructed the Juma Masjid in Delhi. It is
the biggest masjid in India. First masjid in India was
constructed at Kodungallur in Kerala (Cheraman Palli) in 644
A.D. by Malik Ibn Dinar. Shah Jahan’s period is known as the
Golden Age of the Mughal Empire.

 The Portuguese introduced European paintings in India during

the reign of Shah Jahan.
 In 1658 Shah Jahan was imprisoned by his son

Aurangazeb and he died in 1666, after eight years. His
daughter Jahan Ara was also kept in prison along with him
at the Agra fort.
 Shah Jahan’s son Dhara Shukoe was a famous scholar. He
translated Bhagavat Gita and Sixty Upani- shads into Persian.
Description He also wrote a book titled Mujm-ul-Bahrain (Mingling of the
Oceans) He also translated Atharva Veda into Persian.
 Shah Jahan was a famous Lyricist. He wrote Lyrics in Hindi.
 The famous Peacock Throne was built by Shah Jahan. It was

abducted from here by Nadir shah in 1739 during his Indian
invasion. Now it is kept at the London Tower Museum, Britain.
 French travelers Bernier and Tavernier and Italian
traveler Manucci visited India during Shahja- han's
period.
Name Alamgir I (Aurangzeb)
Time Period 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
Birth Name Muhy-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb
 Aurangazeb imprisoned his father and made himself

the Padushah in 1658. But his actual corona- tion was
conducted in 1659.
 Alamgir was the name adopted by Aurangazeb when he
Description became the Bashaw.
 Aurangazeb is known as ‘Zinda Pir’ or living saint because of his

simple life.
 He banned music and dance.He ousted all the artists from his
court. At the same time, he was an accomplished Veena player.

 Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal Emperor.
 In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh Guru Guru Tej Bahadur because of

his reluctance to accept Islam.
 Teg Behadur was executed at the Chandni Chauk.

 In 1679 Aurangzeb constructed the tomb of his only
wife Rubiad Daurani at Aurangabad in Maharash- tra. It
is known as Bibi ka Makabara.
 ·It is otherwise known as Mini Tajmahal as it was the blind
imitation of Tajmahal. In the same year he reimposed Jaziya
upon all the non-Muslims, which was earlier abolished by
Akbar
 Aurangazeb called Shivaji a ‘mountain rat’ and gave him
the title Raja because of his guerilla tac- tics.
Description
 In 1660 he entrusted Shaisthakhan to defeat Shivaji.
 Later in 1665 the treaty of Purandar was signed
between Maharaja Jaisingh of Amber and Shivaji.
Maharaj Jaisingh was deputed by Aurangazeb.
 The Mughal Rajput relation became worse during the period of
Aurangazeb.
 Aurangazeb was the only Mughal Emperor who was not a
drunkard.
 Aurangazeb is considered as religious fanatic. He was also a
temple breaker. He persecuted the Hindus and imposed
prohibition against the free exercise of Holi and Diwali.
 Aurangazeb died in 20 February 1717 at Ahmednagar.
 Aurangazeb’s tomb is situated at Daulatabad in Maharashtra.

The Later Mughals

Name Bahadur Shah
Time Period 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
Birth Name Qutb-ud-Din Mu'azzam Shah Alam
 Mu'azzam ascended throne in 1707 after having killed his

brothers in the battle field, under the title of Bahadur Shah ( also
known as Shah Alam-I).
Description
 A person of mild temper, learned and dignified, was too old. He
could not prevent the decline of the empire due to his sudden
death in 1712.
Name Jahandar Shah
Time Period 27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
Birth Name Mu'izz-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur
 Bahadur Shah's death followed a fresh war of succession among

his four sons, Jahandar Shah, Azim-us-Shah, Jahan
Shah and Rafi-is-Shah.
Description  The last three were killed in the course of war and Jahandar
Shah managed to ascend the throne.
 The fate did not allow him to rule, and Azim-us-Shah's
son Farrukhsiyar took his toll and ascended the throne.

Name Farrukhsiyar
Time Period 11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
Birth Name Farrukhsiyar
 Farrukhsiyar was feeble, cowardly and contemptible.

 He owed his elevation to the throne to two Sayyid brothers, who
were the real power in the state.
Description
 His attempt to assert his own power made his reign agitated and
perplexing one, ending in another imperial tragedy. He was
deposed, blinded and executed by his own Sayyid ministers.
Name Rafi-ud-Dallah
Time Period 28 February – 6 June 1719
Birth Name Rafi-ud-Darajat
 The King-makers (the Sayyid Ministers),

'Abdullah and Hussain Ali, raised to the throne two
phantom kings, Rafi-Ud-Darajat & Rafi-ud-Dallah, sons
of Rafi-us-Shan.
Description
 But within few months the Sayyids who determined to rule
through the Imperial puppets thought that a youth of
eighteen named Roshan Akhtar, son of Jahan
Shah could be a better docile agent of them.

Name Muhammad Shah
Time Period 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
Birth Name Roshan Akhtar Bahadur
 Roshan Akhtar ascended the throne as Muhammad Shah in

1719.
 The new emperor did not prove to be a docile agent of Sayyid

brothers, Sayyid brothers were soon killed by Muhammad Shah.
 Young and handsome Muhammad Shah, with all the pleasures,

addicted to inactive life.
 Though destiny granted him a long reign, he let affairs drift in

their own way, and soon province after province slipped out of
Description imperial control.
 The Marathas established their power again, Jats became

independent near Agra, the Ruhelas founded
Ruhelkand, Sikhs became active in Panjab.
 The invasion of Nadir Shah of Persia hit the empire with a

greater blow.
 The mighty Mughal empire ceased to exist within three decades

of Aurangzeb's death, and the result was a budding of numerous
independent states.

Name Bahadur Shah Zafar II
Time Period 28 September 1837 – 23 September 1857
Birth Name Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad
 With the British control, all that remained by way of an empire for
the emperors Akbar-II and Bahadur Shah-II was their shabby
residence in Delhi's Red Fort, where they allotted a home.
 A symbol of the durability of a once glorious empire, the Great

Mughal was still officially recognized as the potentate.
 British maintained the authority of the puppet dynast to legitimize

their presence. But in 1857, it backfired them, during the Sepoy
rebellion.
Description
 In order to counter the British power, the sepoys proclaimed
Bahadur Shah-II emperor of Hindustan.
 But after the mutiny at Meerut, the British emerged victorious,

and Bahadur Shah-II was accused of disruption, treason and
rebellion.
 He was condemned to exile in Burma. The descendants were

executed, and the glorious Mughal empire was swept away once
and for all.

Socio-Religious
Movements -
Medieval
History
HISTORY
Socio-Religious Movements -
Medieval History
Bhakti Movement
 An important movement that changed socio-religious status and marks cultural
makeover in medieval history is Bhakti Movement. We will explore various facets of
Bhakti Movement in this note.
 The Bhakti movement empowered those on the lowest rungs of Indian society and
provided impetus for the growth of vernacular literature. In India, the image of the
singer-songwriter manifested itself in its fullest in what came to be known later as
the Bhakti movement. The rigid caste system, the complicated ritualism that
constituted the practice of worship and the inherent need to move to a more fulfilling
method of worship and salvation perhaps spurred this movement.
 The Bhakti poets emphasized surrender to god. Equally, many of the Bhakti saints
were rebels who chose to defy the currents of their time through their writings. The
Bhakti tradition continues in a modified version even in the present day.
The Idea of a Supreme God

 The teachings of the Buddha or the Jainas according to which it was possible to
overcome social differences and break the cycle of rebirth through personal effort
were found to be uneasy with such ideas.
 While others felt attracted to the idea of a Supreme God who could deliver humans
from such bondage if approached with devotion (or bhakti ).
 This idea, advocated in the Bhagavad Gita, grew in popularity in the early centuries
of the Common Era.
HISTORY | Socio-Religious Movements - Medieval History PAGE 2

A New Kind of Bhakti in South India

 The Nayanars and Alvars were the Tamil poet-saints who played a key role in
propagating the Bhakti Movement in Southern India during the 5th-10th Centuries.
The Nayanars were a group of 63 saints devoted to Lord Shiva who lived during the
6th to 8th centuries CE.
 The Alvars are considered the twelve supreme devotees of Vishnu, who were
instrumental in popularising Vaishnavism in the Tamil-speaking regions.
 The alvars were influential in promoting the Bhagavata cult and the two Hindu epics,
namely, Ramayana and Mahabaratha. The Nayanars and Alvars led religious
movements in south India during the seventh to ninth centuries.
 They came from all castes including those considered 'untouchable' like the Pulaiyar
and the Panars. They preached the love of Shiva or Vishnu as the path to salvation.
They went from place to place composing beautiful poems in praise of the deities
enshrined in the villages they visited and set them to music.
 The best known among the 63 Nayanars were Appar, Sambandar , Sundarar and
Manikkavasagar. There are two sets of compilations of their songs - Tevaram and
Tiruvacakam.
 While there are 12 Alvars , who came from equally divergent backgrounds , the best
known being Periyalvar , his daughter Andal , Tondaradippodi Alvar and
Nammalvar. Their songs were compiled in the Divya Prabandham.
Personalities of the South Bhakti movement

 Shankara - The founder of this movement was a Keralite Brahmin named
Shankaracharya who started it in the 9th century A.D. He was an advocate of
Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God
which is the Ultimate Reality. Gradually it spread to various parts of the country. He
taught that Brahman, the only or Ultimate Reality, was formless and without any
attributes. He considered the world around us to be an illusion or maya, and
preached renunciation of the world and adoption of the path of knowledge to
understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

 Basavanna - a Hindu social reformer and a statesman to the Kalachuri king Bijjala I
of the 12th century, belonged to Lingayat community of this era of Bhakti Revolution,
and had a profound influence in spreading the message of equality and love in the
society. The lingayats belonged to the Shaivite tradition of the Bhakti Movement,
and Basavanna's ideology is said to have been closer to Shankaracharya's Advaita
philosophy.
 Basavas teachings were based on greater societal inclusion, removal of gender

based bias, removal of class based bias, importance of love and devotion,
importance of bhakti, and the venerated principle of static and the difference
between static and moving/dynamic. His message of whatever static must come to
an end, is still symptomatic to the message of Karma, since the work done by a man
stays forever. He focused on Bhakti as a means of attaining the end, the release or
liberation. He stresses on Behavior being the most important asset of a saint.
The Bhakti movement in Maharashtra -

 Bhakti movement was an important occasion in the cultural history of medieval India.
It was a muted revolution. In this era, social-religious reformers propagated godly
devotion in various ways in the society.In the development and popularity of the
medieval Bhakti movement, the saints of Maharashtra have an important
contribution. In Maharashtra, the Bhakti sect was centered around the temple of
Vithal or Vithal, the chief deity of Pandharpur, so this movement is famous as the
Patherhpur movement.
 The saint -poets rejected all forms of ritualism, outward display of piety and social
differences based on birth. In fact they even rejected the idea of renunciation and
preferred to live with their families, earning their livelihood like any other person,
while humbly serving fellow human beings in need.
 A new humanist idea emerged as they insisted that bhakti lay in sharing other’s
pain. As the famous Gujarati saint Narsi Mehta said, “ They are Vaishnavas who
understand the pain of others .”
Some major saints of Maharashtra -
 Dnyaneshwar or Gyanadev - He wrote a commentary on Bhagavad Gita in Marathi

language called Abhyudaya, which is compiled in the best mystical works of the
world. He expresses his thoughts and ideals in Marathi language. His other
compositions are: Amratanbhav and Changdeo Prashasti.

 Namdev - Namdev was born in a tailor’s family. They were the ultimate devotees of
Bithoba in Pandharpur. He had a major role in establishing the glorious tradition of
famous ideology in the form of the Varkari sect. Some of his lyrical verses are
compiled in the Guru Granth Sahib. He composed some devotional Marathi songs,
which are called the songs sung in praise of Abhang (Abhang Vithal or Vithoba). In
the 13th century, the saints of Maharashtra’s Varkari community sang songs in
regional language, They are known as Abhang.) Namdev had said – “A stone is
worshiped, the other is trampled under the feet. Wan, the other one God. “Namdev
traveled far and wide and also participated in the debates of Sufi saints in Delhi.
 Tukaram – Tukaram was born and was contemporary of Shivaji. Their teachings are
stored in the form of abhang, whose number was in thousands. Tukaram stressed
on Hindu unity and established the Varkari sect.He says – “He has neither form nor
name, nor place of abode; He is present wherever we go, Vitthal our mother and
sister. He knows neither form nor change of form. He pervades the moving and
immovable world. He is neither with nor without attributes, who, indeed can know
Him ? He will turn to none, says Tuka, who has no faith in him.”Tukaram rejects
ceremonies, Vedic sacrifices, visits to holy places, worship of stones, putting on
saints guise, fasts and other types of austerities. He also tried to reconcile Hindu
and Muslim faiths.
Islam and Sufism :

 The Turks and Mughals introduced fresh ideas and helped in giving rise to new
features in the areas of religion, philosophy and ideas.The synthesis between
different cultures gave birth to new philosophical and religious traditions, ideas.The
Sufi movement therefore was the result of the Hindu influence on Islam. The union
of the human soul with God through love and devotion was the essence of the
teachings of the Sufi Saints. The method of their realizing God was the renunciation
of the World and Worldly pleasures. They lived a secluded life.
Some Sufi saints :
 Baba Farid - He was a Sunni Muslim and was one of the founding fathers of the
Chishti Sufi order. Baba Farid received his early education at Multan, which had
become a centre for Muslim education.
 There he met his teacher Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, who was passing through Multan
on his way from Baghdad to Delhi.

 Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya - Syed Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya was one of the
most famous Sufi saints from the Indian subcontinent region. Also known as Hazrat
Nizamuddin, and Mahbub-e-Ilahi (Beloved of God), he was a Sunni Muslim scholar
and Sufi saint of the Chishti Order.
Bhakti movement in Punjab :

 The Bhakti movement in Punjab became a vehicle of social change and it was the
intensity and depth of his meaning that god can be attained while living a normal life,
which was professed by the remaining 9 gurus, that formed the very basis of
Sikhism.Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru and the founder of Sikhism, was a Bhakti
saint. He taught that the most important form of worship is Bhakti.
 Guru Nanak -Guru Nanak Dev played a crucial role in the Bhakti movement. Sufism
and bhakti contributed to Nanak's religious philosophy. He discarded retrograde
elements selfishness, hypocrisy, falsehood and violence of Hinduism and Islam. His
teachings incorporated the noblest principles of both religions.The most famous
teachings attributed to Guru Nanak are that there is only one God, and that all
human beings can have direct access to God with no need of rituals or priests. His
most radical social teachings denounced the caste system and taught that everyone
is equal, regardless of caste or gender.
 Guru Angad -After the death of Guru Nanak in 1539, Guru Angad led the Sikh
tradition. He is remembered in Sikhism for adopting and formalizing the Gurmukhi
alphabet. He began the process of collecting the hymns of Guru Nanak, contributed
62 or 63 hymns of his own.
Kabir and his teachings -
 Kabir Das is the first Indian saint who has coordinated the Hinduism and Islam by
giving a universal path which could be followed by both Hindus and Muslims.
According to him every life has a relationship with two spiritual principles (Jivatma
and Paramatma).The central teachings of Kabir are very simple.
 He laid stress on 'Bhakti'. He said that through Bhakti or devotion one would
come nearer to God; one could be released from the cycle of birth and death
only by sincere love and devotion to God, which he called Bhakti.
 Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to
salvation was through bhakti or devotion.

Impact of Bhakti Movement on the

Society
1. The most important social impact of the Bhakti movement was that the followers of
the Bhakti movement rejected the caste distinction.
2. They began to mix together on the basis of equality. They took their meals together
from the common kitchen. The movement tried to loosen the bond of caste.
3. A spirit of harmony among different sections of society and religion received

impetus.
4. The evil practice of ‘Sati’ received some set back and the status of women received
more importance.
5. Some of the rulers adopted liberal religious policies under the impact of the Bhakti
movement.
6. This movement saw the emergence of various languages like Hindi, Marathi,
Gujarati, Bengali.
Moral Influence on the Society

 The movement attempted to infuse a spirit of piety in the daily life of the people. It
emphasized earning of wealth through hard work and honest means. It encouraged
the value of social service to the poor and the needy. It developed a humanitarian
attitude. It pointed out the virtues of contentment and self control. It drew attention to
the evils of anger, greed and vanity. Thus we can say that the bhakti movement was
an important landmark in the cultural history of medieval India and was the silent
revolution in society brought about by a galaxy of socio-religious reformers, a
revolution known as the Bhakti Movement.

Medival History

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Arabian and

Advent of Arabs & Muslims

Arab Invasion In India

Mohammad Bin Qasim

Mohammad Bin Qasim

 Sind and Multan were separated into number of Iqtas by Muhammad-bin-Qasim

 The sub-divisions of the areas were regulated by the Hindu Officers.

 Jizya was forced on non-Muslims.

HISTORY | Arabian and Muslims Invasions PAGE 2

 Battled between Muhammad-bin-Qasim and Dahir the leader of Sind

 Dahir lost the battle. Sind and Multan was caught.

 Muhammad-bin-Qasim called Multan as 'The City of Gold'.

End of Mohammad Bin Qasim

 Caliph Walid was thrive by Caliph Sulaiman.

 He was a rival of Al-Hajjaj, the Governor of Iraq.

 Muhammad-container Qasim was the child in-law of Al-Hajjaj, so he excused him

 He was killed by Qasim.

 The Arabs lost control over Sindh in 779 AD.

 Arab conquest of Sindh resulted in the spread of Islam to North India.

HISTORY | Arabian and Muslims Invasions PAGE 3

Turkish Invasion In India

 Muhammed Ghazni was the first Turkish conqueror of North India.

 He was the son of Subuktigin.

 Muhammed Ghazni died in1030.

 Al-Firdausi is also known as ‘The Immortal Homer of the East’.

HISTORY | Arabian and Muslims Invasions PAGE 4

 In 1193 Muhammed Ghori attacked Jaichand at Kannauj and Jaichand was

 Muhammed Ghori’s Indian invasion resulted in the foundation of Islamic rule in

HISTORY | Arabian and Muslims Invasions PAGE 5

Delhi Sultanate 1206-1526

Timeline of Delhi Sultanate

Qutub-Ud-din Aibek AD 1206- 1210

Shams-ud-din Iltutmish AD 1211-1230

Slave Dynasty Razia Begum AD 1236- 1240

Ghias-ud-din Balban AD 1266-1287

Jalal-ud-din Khilji AD 1290-96

Alauddin Khilji AD1296-1316

Mubarak khilji AD 1316-1320

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq AD 1320-1325

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq AD 1325-51

Firoz Shah Tughlaq AD1351-1388

Tughlaq Dynasty Tughlaq Shah AD 1388-1398

(AD 1320-1412) Abu Bakar

HISTORY | Delhi Sultanate PAGE 2

Dynasty Name of Sultan Ruling Years

Khizr Khan AD 1414-1421

Sayyid Tughlaq Mubarak Shah AD 1421-1434

(AD 1414-1450) Muhammad Shah AD1434-1445

Alauddin Alam Shah AD 1445-1450

Bahlol Lodhi AD 1451-1489

 Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave of Muhammed Ghori and he

 Hasan Nizam was a famous historian in the court of the Aibak.

 Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the construction of Qutub Minar in 1199 in Delhi in

 During the period of Iltutmish (1210-1236) Chengizkhan, the Mongolian conqueror

HISTORY | Delhi Sultanate PAGE 3

 She was the first woman to sit on the throne of Delhi.

HISTORY | Delhi Sultanate PAGE 4

 Balban is considered as the founder of Second Ilbari Dynasty.

 Balban because of his autocratic rule is considered as a ‘typical oriental despot’.