QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE II

In

CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology

Prepared by:

TESSIE B. NANGLIHAN
Instructor
(09755270586)

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

Module 2 Victimology & the Criminal Justice System

Competencie  Know the underlying factors of victimization and the contributory
s role of the victim in the commission of crime.
 Understand the typology of criminal victims.
 Know the dynamics of victimization.
 To know the different functions of the pillars of the criminal justice
system in the prevention and control of crimes.
 Understand the basic concept of criminal investigation.
Discussion

VICTIMOLOGY is the study about victims of crime. It is a branch of criminology that

deals purely on the underlying factors of victimization and the contributory role of the
victims in the commission of crimes.
Victimology, being the study about of “crime targets”, showed that a person becomes
a victim of crime consciously and unconsciously. A person could become a victim due to
his own action or fault. He somehow contributes to the commission of crime because of
his own making. The effects of crime differ from one person to another. Crime can result
to:
Financial loss
Physical injury
Property loss
Death
Sometimes more devastating effects are the psychological wounds after the crime,
wounds that may never heal.
In an attempt to prevent victimization, individuals may move, restrict their daily
activities, or purchase expensive security measures. Billions of moneys and man power
are being extended by governments to apprehend and punish offenders, yet we have
only started recently to focus our attention on the victims of the crime.
Criminal victims could be key actors in criminal justice process, but more often they
are kept at the discussion. The victim of the crime often become the forgotten person
of the criminal justice system while the criminal is the celebrity. Victims are only
valued for their capacity to report crimes and to appear in court as witnesses.

TYPOLOGY OF CRIMINAL VICTIMS

GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS

Based on the classification of Hans Von Hentig, a European lawyer:
1. The young- the weak by virtue of stage and immaturity.
2. The female- often less physically powerful and easily dominated by males.
3. The old- the incapable off physical defense and the common object of confidence
scheme
4. The mentally defective- those that are unable to think clearly.
5. The immigrant- those that are unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding
society
6. The minorities- racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal treatment by
the agency of justice.

PHYCHOLOGICAL TYPES OF VICTIMS

1. The depressed- submissive person by virtue of emotional condition
2. The acquisitive or greedy- person who wants more than what is sufficient makes a
natural victim of crime.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

3. The old- the incapable of physical defense and the common object of confidence
scheme.
4. The wanton or overly sensual- person who eventually become a victim by virtue of
wanting companionship or affection
5. The heartbroken- one who is emotionally disturbed by virtue of heartaches and
pains
6. The tormented- a victim who asked for it, often from his own family or friend.

OTHER TYPES OF VICTIMS

Benjamin Mendelson, a European defense attorney created his own classification of
victim types. This includes the following six categories:
1. The completely innocent victim- such a person is an ideal victim in popular
perception. In this category placed persons victimized while they are unconscious,
and the child victims.
2. Victims with only minor guilt and those victimized due to ignorance.
3. The victim who guiltier than the offender- this category was described as containing
person who provoked the criminal or actively induced their own victimization.
4. The most guilty victim “who is guilty alone”- an attacker killed by a would be victim
in the act of defending themselves were placed in this category.
5. The imaginary victim- those suffering from mental disorders or those victims due to
extreme mental abnormalities.

Benjamin Mendelson is generally credited as the initiator of VICTIMOLOGY as well

as the concept of PENAL COUPLE. Penal couple is a term that describes the
relationship between the victim and the criminal. He also coined the term VICTIMAL to
describe the victim counterpart of the criminal, and the word VICTIMITY, which
signified the opposite of criminality.
Another class of victim is the “LOSER” or one who is initially the attacker but later,
the situation is reversed. An example could be the case of a mugger or a bully who ends
up injured or a swindler becomes swindled.

DYNAMICS OF VICTIMAZATION
These are a number of procedural models which can be applied to the study of the
victimization process for the purpose of understanding the experience of victims.

1. “Victims of Crime Model” (by Bard Sangrey). According to this model, there are
three stages involved in any victimization.
a. Stage of impact and disorganization- stage during and immediately
following the criminal event.
b. Stage of Recoil- stage during which the victim formulates psychological
defenses and deals with conflicting emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance, and
desire of revenge.
c. Reorganization stage- stage during which the victim puts his/her own life
back to normal daily living.

2. “Disaster Victim’s Model”- this model was developed to explain the coping
behavior of victims of natural disasters. According to this model, there are four
stages of victimization.
a. Pre-impact- stage describe the victim’s condition prior to being victimized
b. Impact- the stage at which victimization occur.
c. Post-impact- stage which entails the degree and duration of personal and

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

disorganization.
d. Behavioral outcome- stage that describes the victim’s adjustment to the
victimization experience.

FACTORS OF VICTIMIZATION
1. Hedonism- seeking pleasure and avoiding pain
2. Materialistic culture
3. Sex values
4. Decay of discipline
5. Public morality

Criminal Justice System is the machinery of the government to prevent and control
crimes.

Pillars of the Criminal Justice System

1. Law Enforcement
 It is the prime mover of the criminal justice system.
 (Police). An agency of the government responsible in maintenance of peace
and order, protection of lives and properties, ensure public safety
enforcement of laws and ordinances, apprehension of offenders, and
investigation of cases
2. Prosecution
 It is a process whereby accusations are brought before the court of justice.
3. Court
 It is a body vested with the power to try, hear and decide cases.
 The centerpiece of the five pillars, as such, it performs perhaps the most
important in the administration of justice because it is the court where
everyone turns for justice.
4. Correction
 It is considered as the weakest pillar of the criminal justice system because of
its failure to rehabilitate the offenders.
 Concern with the custody, supervision, rehabilitation of the criminal or
offenders.

5. Community
 As the fifth pillar component of the criminal justice system, it is not limited to
individuals, private groups and public entities.

INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Police
 An agency of the government responsible in maintenance of peace and order,
protection of lives and properties, ensure public safety enforcement of laws
and ordinances, apprehension of offenders, and investigation of cases.
Organization
 A group of persons with common goals and objectives.
Police Organization

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

 A group of trained personnel working together to maintain peace and order,

ensure public safety and protect lives and properties.
Police Administration
 It refers to the cooperative human effort to achieve organizational goals and
objectives.

Legal Basis:
1. Republic Act No. 6975
 It is otherwise known as the DILG Act of 1990 or the PNP law of 1991
 It was signed into law on December 13, 1990
 It paved the way for the creation of the following agencies: Philippine National
Police; Bureau of Jail Management and Penology; Bureau of Fire Protection;
and the Philippine Public Safety College.
2. Republic Act No. 8551
 It is otherwise known as the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998.
 It was signed into law on February 25, 1998.
 It provides for the reorganization of the Philippine National Police which is
national in scope and civilian in character.
3. Republic Act No. 9708
 An Act Extending for 5 years the Reglementary Period for Complying with
the Minimum Educational Qualification for Appointment to the PNP and
Adjusting the Promotion System thereof.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION
Investigation
 Systematic examination of facts and circumstances.
 Search for truthful of factual information.
 It was derived from the Latin word “vestigare” which means to track or to trace or to
probe.
 Step by step and careful examination of something or someone.
 May be derived from the Latin word “Vestigium” which means footprints.

Criminal Investigation
 A lawful search for people and things useful in reconstructing the circumstances of
a crime and the mental state accompanying it.
 An art which deals with the identity and the location of the offender and provide
evidence of his guilt in a criminal proceeding.
 Refers to the process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying and presenting
evidence to determine what happen and who is/are responsible.
 The objective of the search is to determine the truth as far as it can be discovered in
any form of post-factum inquiry.

Criminal Investigation as an Art

 It is an art because it is not governed by rigid rules or fixed legal procedure but most
often based on intuition and sometimes by luck or chance.

Criminal Investigation as a Science

 It is a science in the sense that it applies technical knowledge on forensic sciences in
identifying, locating collecting, processing or evaluating physical evidence. Criminal
investigations primarily apply scientific knowledge, principles and methodologies in
order to discover, identify collect and process facts and evidence to promote justice.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

The three-fold aims of criminal investigation

1. To identify the guilty party.
2. To locate and apprehend the guilty party.
3. To provide evidence of guilt of person involved.

6 Cardinal Points in Criminal Investigation

1. What offense has been committed?
2. Where was the offense committed?
3. Who committed the offense?
4. When was the offense committed?
5. Why was the offense committed?
6. How was the offense committed?

Importance of Criminal Investigation

1. It is part of understanding the problem on crimes and criminals and provide for the
solutions in crime prevention.
2. It helps the five pillars of the criminal justice system in recognizing and identifying
criminals and provides clues or information in promoting social justice.
3. It is an aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and properties.

TOOLS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. Information
 Data gathered by an investigator from various sources such as persons
including the victim himself and from public records, private records and
modus operandi file.
2. Interview
 Friendly and simple questioning of a person who is willing to divulge
information.
3. Interrogation
 It is the skillful and vigorous questioning of a person who is reluctant to
divulge information.
 The formal questioning whereby aggressive and accusatory questions be
asked to the subject.
 May be used in hostile witness and accused.
4. Instrumentation
 It is the scientific examination of real evidence, applications of instruments
and methods of physical sciences in crime detection.
 The application of instruments and methods of physical sciences to detect
and investigate crimes.

The Golden Rule of Criminal Investigation

“Thou shall not touch, move nor alter anything at the crime scene unless it is
properly photographed, measured and sketched or otherwise preserved so as not to destroy
or contaminate the important criminal things.”


Rubrics for Learning Exemplary Superior (4) Satisfactory Needs
Assessment episodes (5) (3) Improvement
(2)
Learning All tasks All or nearly Nearly all Fewer than
activities were done all tasks tasks were half of the

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

with were done done with

tasks were
outstanding with high acceptable
done; or most
quality; work quality quality
objectives
exceeds were met but
expectations. need
improvement
Assignment All tasks All tasks Tasks were Tasks were
were were not not
accomplished accomplished accomplished accomplished;
completely; completely; completely; grammar and
in depth clear vaguely spelling are
answers; connection related to the unsatisfactory.
thoroughly with theories, theories;
grounded on grammar and grammar and
theories with spelling are spelling are
exemplary superior. acceptable.
grammar and
spelling.
Assessment All questions There is one Two mistakes Three
were mistake were mistakes were
answered committed. committed. committed.
with perfect
score.
Submission Submitted Submitted on Submitted a Submitted two
of learning before the the deadline. day after the days or more
episodes deadline. deadline. before the
deadline.

TRANSMUTATION OF SCORE TO GRADE/RATING

Score 20
19- 17 16 15 14 13-12 11 10 9-8 7
18 below
Grade 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.0 3.5 5.0
99 96 93 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 71
below
Grading Written/Performance activities 30% worksheets, exercises, essays,
System narrative, critics, audio/video
recordings
Major Requirements 25% term papers, research papers,
portfolio
Major Exams 45% 3 summative tests
Total 100%
Answer
Reference Tancangco, Danilo L. Theories and Causes of Crimes, 2018.
Tancangco, Danili L. Victimology, 2018.
Asalan, Jamilla Gay L. et.al Introduction to Criminology and
Psychology of Crime, 2012.
Rao, Digumarti Bhaskara. Criminology, 2012.
Kalalang, Sally S. Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of
Crimes, 2011.
Siegel, Larry J. Criminology Theories, Patterns and Typologies 9 th.ed,
2008.
Asalan, Jamilla Gay L. Fundamentals of Criminal Justice System,
2014.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”