LECTURE NOTES 1 – INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Signals
• Any physical quantity that varies with time, space,
or any other independent variable or variables.

• The term x[n] is called samples and time interval

between them is called sampling interval.
Speech Signal
Table 1. Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signal
Continuous-time Discrete-time
Sequences of values that

Definition
Functions of a continuous are defined at discrete,
variable such as time evenly spaced intervals of
time

Representation
Typically represented using
mathematical functions, Represented using
EEG / ECG / EOG Signals such as sine or cosine sequences of numbers
waves
• Mathematically describe as a function of one or
more independent variables. Can be analyzed using Can be analyzed using
continuous-time domain discrete-time domain
Analysis

𝑠1 (𝑡) = 5𝑡 → 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 techniques, such as techniques, such as z-

𝑠2 (𝑡) = 20𝑡 2 → 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Laplace transforms or transforms and discrete
𝑠(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑦 2 → 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 Fourier transforms fourier transforms
Frequency

Classification of Signals
Continuous frequency Discrete frequency
spectrum spectrum
Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals

• Signal x(t) is continuous if t is a continuous

Digital Signal

Used extensively in digital

Processing

variable Require analog-to-digital

signal processing, as they
conversion before they can
can be easily processed by
be processed digitally
computers

Require more storage

Can be easily stored and
space and cannot be
Storage

transmitted digitally, as they

transmitted digitally without
are represented by a series
Continuous-time Signal first being sampled and
of numbers
quantized
• Signal x(t) is discrete if t is a discrete variable
• Discrete-time signal is often identified as a Analog and Digital (Discrete) Signals
sequence of numbers, denoted by x[n], where • If a continuous-time signal x(t) can take on any
n=integer value in the continuous interval (a,b), where a may
be −∞ or b may be +∞, it is called an analog
signal.
• If a discrete-time signal can take only a finite
number of distinct values, then it is a digital signal.

Discrete-time Signal
𝑥[𝑛] = [0 0 1 − 2 − 2 1 0 1 0 2 0 0]
↑

• Discrete-time signal x[n] can also be obtained by

sampling a continuous-time signal x(t)

Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin

Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering
 LECTURE NOTES 1 – INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Table 2. Analog and Digital Signal Periodic and Aperiodic Signal

Analog Digital • A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be periodic
Sequences of values that with period T if there is positive nonzero value of T
Definition

Functions of a continuous are defined at discrete, for which

variable such as time evenly spaced intervals of 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑚𝑇) =
time
Range of

Analog signals have an

Values

Digital signals have a

infinite number of possible
limited number of values
values

Digital signals require • A discrete-time signal x[n] is said to periodic when

Analysis

Analog signals are easier to period N if there is positive integer N for which
specialized equipment for
measure and analyze 𝑥[𝑛 + 𝑚𝑁] = 𝑥[𝑛]
measurement and analysis
Accuracy

Analog signals are Digital signals are more

generally less accurate accurate

Analog signals are

Process

Digital signals are easier to • Any signal which is not periodic is called
generally more difficult to
process and manipulate
process nonperiodic or aperiodic signal

Deterministic and Random Signals

• Deterministic Signal x(t) that is completely
determined and predictable and it follows a fixed
pattern and can be accurately reproduced.
• Random Signal x(t) does not follow a fixed pattern
and is not predictable.

Table 4. Periodic and Aperiodic Signal

Periodic Aperiodic
Definition

Signal that repeats at

Signals that do not repeat
regular intervals
at regular intervals
Frequency

Constant frequency Varying frequencies

Table 3. Deterministic and Random Signal
Deterministic Random
Amplitude

Completely determined and

Does not follow fixed Constant or varying Constant or varying
predictable
Definition

pattern and is not amplitude amplitude

predictable
Follows a fixed pattern and
can be accurately
Waveform

Lack of order or regularity

reproduced
Repeating waveform Irregular waveform
Well-defined wavelength,
Pattern

amplitude, frequency, and Not

phase
Example

Sine waves, square waves, Audio signal, and image

sawtooth waves processing
Example

Sinusoidal signals, square

Communication signals
waves, sawtooth waves

Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin

Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering
 LECTURE NOTES 1 – INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

System Simply reprogrammed for Redesign of hardware

• Physical device that performs an operation on a other applications followed by testing and
signal that responds to a stimulus or force. verification
Easily stored memory Low or limited memory
with less deterioration or and can be store less
loss of signal amount of data
Implementations are High cost factor due to
cheaper, not repeated the cost of design, area of
design, compact design design need to be
considered
Perform signal processing Subject to noise and
algorithms interruptions, difficult to
perform mathematical
operations

Integrating Activity 1
Cite and discuss one example of how digital signal
• When the signal passed through a system , the processing is utilized in your daily life, ensuring that
signal is said to have been processed. there are no repeated answers or ideas among the
entire class. Collaborate with the entire class to avoid
Signal Processing duplication of responses.
• Operation performed on signal by the system
Integrating Activity 2
• Process of operation in which the characteristic of
Research for a device that utilizes both digital and
signal amplitude, shape, phase, frequency, etc.
analog signal processing. Conduct a comparison of the
undergoes change
advantages of DSP over ASP using the table provided
in the lecture. Please ensure there are no repeated
answers or ideas.

Digital Signal Processing

• Digital – operating by use of discrete signals to
represent data in the form of numbers

• Signal – parameter that can be varied in such a

way to convey information
• Processing – series of operation performed
according to programmed instructions

DSP is changing or analyzing information which is

measured as discrete sequences of numbers.

Advantages of DSP over ASP

Digital Signal Analog Signal

Processing Processing
Control of exact value Control of measurement

Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin

Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering