CHRIST KING HR. SEC.

SCHOOL KOHIMA
CLASS: 11
SUBJECT: HISTORY
Chapter- 9
Three Orders – Western Europe
(13th – 16th Century)
1. What was Charlemagne?
Ans: Charlemagne was the founder of the Frankish Empire.
2. What is the meaning of feudalism?
Ans: Feudalism means the system of society where land holding is the basis of the whole society on
condition of service rendering to a superior.
3. Who were Villains?
Ans: Villains were serfs, whose position under the feudal system was very deplorable and they were bound
to the soil.
4. What service was compulsory for the tenant-in-chief?
Ans: a. suit at his court
b. military or any other service on certain occasions.
c. personal services on certain occasions.
5. Who were Knights?
Ans: Knights were trained Military man under the Lords. They rendered their services to the Lord in
returned to his service, a piece of land were given to them by the lords called fief and promised to protect it.
6. Describe two features of feudal society in France?
Ans: a. the church had its own laws and owned lands endowed by the king.
b. the king of France was not linked with the people directly but through the system of Vassalage.
7. What were the functions of medieval monastery?
Ans: The monasteries were large buildings with landed estates. Schools or colleges and hospitals were also
attached to the monasteries. They also contributed to the development of the arts like music. Some groups
of monks called friars chose to move from place to place preaching their faith and living on charity.
8. Name the important countries of Europe in which the feudal system was established?
Ans: Spain, Italy, Germany and England.
9. Who introduced Feudalism in England?
Ans: William, Duke of Normandy.
10. Give one important defect of Feudalism?
Ans: Feudalism was a centrifugal force. The king was the king of vassals and not the king of all the people.
11. Which two events destroyed the socio-economic basis of feudalism?
Ans: The Black Death and the Peasant Revolts.
12. When did feudal system come to an end in France?
Ans: 4th August 1789.
13. When did feudalism disappear in Russia?
Ans: In 1917.
14. During which period feudalism was popular in Europe?
Ans: During 10th to 14th century.
15. When did feudal practices first come into existence in china?
Ans: 11000 BC.
16. Give one merit of feudalism.
Ans: It suited the times. The best system considering the circumstances in which medieval kings were to act.
17. How feudalism come to existence in Europe?
Ans: Feudalism spread from France to Spain, Italy and later Germany and Eastern Europe. In England, the
Frankish form was imposed by William I after 1066 AD, although most of the elements of feudalism
were already present in England. It was extended eastward into Slavic lands to the Marches (frontier
provinces). It was adopted partially in Scandinavian countries. The important features of feudalism were
similar throughout but there existed definite national differences. Feudalism continued to exist in all parts
of Europe until the end of 19th century.
18. Why did the knights become a distinct group, and when did they decline?
Ans: During the 19th century, the need for professional warriors due to frequent localized wars in Europe
increased the importance of a new section of people-the knights. The knights were linked to the lords.
The lords gave the knights a piece of land called „Fiefs‟. The knights also paid regular fees and also
promised to fight for him in war. The kings also introduced their own armies which were professionally
trained and equipped with guns and artillery. In this way they became a distinct group. The fall of
feudalism was one of the main reasons of the decline of knights during the 15th century.
19. What was the relationship between the king and his tenant-in-chief?
Ans: Tenants-in-chiefs were the vassals of the king who rendered military service and other services
whenever demanded. The tenants received a written charter or a staff or even a clod of earth as a symbol
of land that was being given to him by his master. The tenants-in-chiefs further led their lands to sub-
tenants and extracted benefits from them. The process went on till the land was actually held by the actual
cultivator. Thus, in between the king and cultivators there were series of lords and overlords.
20. Describe the relations between the lord and a vassal?
Ans: The special warriors who pledged personal loyalty to their lords were called vassals. The lords enjoyed
a privileged status; they had full control over their property in perpetuity. He acted as a judge, military
captain and protectors of their vassals. On the other hand, the landlords owed certain duties to their
immediate lords.
21. Describe the organisation of feudalism.
Ans: Feudalism is the holding of land on conditions of service rendering to a superior. According to this
system, nobody except the king is the owner of the land. All those have land; get it from the king directly
or indirectly. Those who held directly from the king were called tenants-in-chiefs. They used to give their
land to others. When the tenant died, his successor could not succeed unless he paid relief or succession
duty. Similarly, if a tenant died without leaving an heir, the land was reverted to the lord.
A landholder in the feudal society had to provide many personal services at regular intervals at his lord.
He had to attend the knighting ceremony of the son of his lord and pay some money. He could not marry
his sons and daughters without the approval of his lord. It must be noted that land did not belong to the
landholder. He was simply having the rights over it because he had agreed to perform the services. So the
lord protected the landholder and in return, the landholder agreed to grant specific services to his lord.
22. What was the influence of Christianity on shaping the feudal system?
Ans: The feudal system in Europe was greatly influence by Christianity. The Catholic Church in France had
its own laws and owned lands endowed by the king. The Christian priest believed in the concept that
people belonged to one of the three orders depending upon the nature of work. Thus, the three orders of
the society were the clergy, nobility and the peasantry.

23. Describe the difference between Feudalism in England and other European countries.
Ans: The system of feudalism organized in England was different from the other European country. In
England the feudal lords were never allowed to become very powerful. They were not given complete
control over their tenants. In England unlike Europe no feudal lord could use his knights against the king.
The king did not depend upon the feudal army alone. He asserted his right to call the national militia at
any time. Thus, in England the force of feudalism was limited in every direction. Of all the European
countries of the middle ages, England was the least feudalised.
24. Discuss the circumstances leading to the growth of feudal system.
Ans: After the death of Charlemagne, the founder of Frankish empire, during the turmoil of invasions, the
whole structure of central government collapsed. Laws were not enforced, the strong robbed the weak and
trade collapsed. During this confusion of the centuries and since the fall of Rome, various customs had
been growing up to enable man to live despite turmoil. The martial races began to build up a new form of
society and governmental organisation based on the old nomad relationship between the tribal chiefs,
heads of tribal families, mass of the tribes and the conquered people. During this confusion period,
various customs had developed into a new pattern of society known as feudalism. Thus feudalism was
builds up under the pressure of almost continuous warfare and represented essentially a military system,
calculated to render collection of armies and easy defence while providing a peaceful and settled life on
the basis of land tenure. Feudalism was the natural outgrowth of many institutions and customs of Roman
and Teutonic origin, and grew up from both the bottom and top simultaneously.

25. Describe the main features of feudalism.

Ans: The main features of feudalism are:
a) Terra, Regis, - all land belongs to the king: According to this system, no body except the king is the
owner of the land. All those who have land, get it from the king directly or indirectly.
b) No land without its Lord: in the feudal society, every piece of land belonged to some lord. The
landholders from the bottom to top had to provide several kinds of services to their respective
immediate lords.
c) Commendation or Personal Services: A landholder in the feudal society had to provide many personal
services at intervals to his lord. He had to attend the knighting ceremony of the son of his lord and pay
some money. He could not marry his sons and daughters without the approval of his lord. The land did
not belong to the landholder. He was simply having the rights over it because he had agreed to perform
the services.
d) Lord‟s privilege of holding court for his immediate landholders: The king, the chief feudal lord, held
court. “Curia Regis” to try tenants-in-chief. Similarly, tenants-in-chiefs and the manorial lords held
courts for their dependents.
e) Services to the lords: every landholder was required to do some definite services to the immediate lord.
The great part of the European countries was held on military service.

26. How feudal system spread to important countries of the world?

Ans: Feudalism spread from France to Spain, Italy and later to Germany and Eastern Europe. In England the
Frankish form was imposed by William I after 1066, although most of the elements of feudalism were
already present in England. It was extended eastward into Slavic land, to the Marches. It was adopted
partially in Scandinavian countries. Feudalism continued to exist in all part5s of Europe until the end of
the 14th century.
The Asian countries also saw the development of feudal institution. In japan, the feudal system was
well-ordered before the 10th century and it continued with modification until the 19th century. In China,
feudal practices were in existence by 1,100 BC, society became feudalistic but not precisely feudal.
Feudalism in India and in Sassanid and Ottoman civilizations was in many ways similar to western
feudalism, but it proved less durable than the Feudal system in Europe. The existence of feudalism in
several civilizations has given rise to theories of feudalism as a necessary and inevitable stage of political
development.

27. What were the defects of the feudal system?

Ans: The defects of the feudal system are:
a) the feudal system was a centrifugal force. The king was the king of his vassals but not the king of all
the people.
b) It gave judicial powers to the lords. Each lord acted as a judge b for his tenants. For judges, it is
essential that they must be impartial and should possess high legal qualification.
c) Merit or ability was not the basis of selecting public officers in the feudal countries. Lord determined
the position of every person in society. A landless fellow, however, intelligent was not even
considered a man and hence could not find any chance to serve the society with ability.
 d) The position of the serfs under the feudal system was very deplorable. They were bound to the soil and
they could not get justice from the royal court.
e) Lastly the chief object of the feudal system was to maintain a large army without actually keeping a
large standing army. The military organisation of the feudal system was full defects. The knights were
to serve 40 days and if the king needed soldiers beyond that time, several difficulties arose. The
knights always showed more loyalty to their immediate lord than the king.

28. Describe the course of decline of feudalism.

Ans: Some of the courses of the decline of feudalism are:
a) The concentration of power in the hands of a few was always a great disruptive force in the feudal
system.
b) The rise of powerful monarchies in France, Spain and England broke down the local organization.
c) Development in the means of communication that broke down the isolated manor that helped to the
rise of towns.
d) Mostly importantly, the demographic variations and growth of trades contributed to the transformation
from feudal system to capitalism.
e) The Black Death and the Peasant Revolts destroyed the whole socio-economic basis of the feudal
system
.
29. What was the value of feudalism?
Ans: In the first place, it suited times. It was the convenient method of governing the kingdoms in the
medieval days when the collection of revenue, the maintenance of the standing army and centralised
system of justice were considered as very burdensome duties by the rulers.
Secondly, the means of transport and communication were very primitive. There was not political
consciousness or voluntary cooperation of the masses in the public matters. Under these circumstances,
this rough and ready system of giving land to the feudal lords and asking them to maintain law and order
within their areas was found to the most convenient.
Thirdly, in a way, the system satisfied the vanity of the big landlords in those days. Each noble
wanted to be a miniature king in his own place and feudalism enabled them to play their role.
Lastly, according to Devis, the greatest merit of feudalism was that it was based on the bond of
mutual love and loyalty.

CHAPTER-10
CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS
(FOCUS ON EUROPE 14TH TO 17TH CENTURY)
1. According to the scholars when did the modern age Europe begin?
Ans: The period from the 14th to 17th century.

2. Give two features of the medieval age.

Ans: Stagnant society ruled by customs and people were more inclined to religion and no efforts were made
to get individual rights.

3. Give the names of any four Italian cities which were the centres of New Learning.
Ans: Florence, Genoa, Venice and Rome.

4. Give the names of some important inventions of the renaissance period.

Ans: The invention of printing press and invention of gun powder.

5. When was Constantinople occupied by the Turks?

Ans: In 1453.
6. Describe one important effect of invention of printing press.
Ans: The invention of printing press facilitated the spread of Renaissance by giving valuable books at cheap
rates.

7. Who was Petrarch?

Ans: Petrarch was a great humanist thinker and writer.

8. Give the names of the important universities of Italy.

Ans: University of Padua, university of Pavia, Milan and Venice.

9. Who wrote “The Prince”?

Ans: Niccolo Machiavelli, the famous political thinker.

10. Name the famous book written by Geoffrey Chaucer.

Ans: The Canterbury Tales.

11. Who was Martin Luther?

Ans: Martin Luther was a monk and a university lecturer at Wittenberg who led the Protestant Reformation
Movement.

12. Who were Oxford Reformers?

Ans: An enthusiastic group of English humanists.

13. Give the names of the famous works of Leonardo Da Vinci.

Ans: Virgin of the Rocks, the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

14. Give the name of the famous sculptor of the Renaissance period.
Ans: Florantine Donatello.

15. Who began the work of construction of St. Peter‟s Church at Rome?
Ans: Michel Angelo.

16. Name the astronomer who declared that the sun, not the earth is the centre of the universe.
Ans: Polish Astronomer Copernicus.

17. Who wrote „Utopia‟?

Ans: Thomas Moore.

18. Who was Calvin?

Ans: Calvin was the leader of protestant revolution in Switzerland who organised the church member to take
part in its management.

19. Name the English king who broke with the Pope of Rome.
Ans: King Henry VIII.

20. What was Counter Reformation?

Ans: The Catholic Reformation is known as Counter Reformation.

21. Describe the way of life of the people during the Medieval Age in Europe.
Ans: The medieval society was the stagnant society ruled by customs and resisted any change. The status
and occupation of the people was fixed at birth. The merchants and craftsman could work only as guild
members. If a man were a serf he was bound to the soil and supposed to fill his accustomed place in the
community despite his o9wn desires and capabilities. They lived in an atmosphere of authority where an
individual interests and personal freedom were under control. They were inclined to religion and their
main concern was to prepare the next life.
22. Describe the differences between the ideas of the people of Europe in the medieval ages and those
of 15th and 16th centuries.
Ans: In the medieval age, the society was stagnant and ruled by customs. No efforts were made to get
individual rights and they were more inclined to religion. The average man had no liberty to express his
own views or live his own way of life. But by the 15th and 16th centuries this medieval pattern was
revolutionized. People paid more attention to beauties and problems around them, the right to live, form
one‟s opinion, etc. thus the static quality of the medieval age gave way to a new outlook on life.

23. Describe the features of humanism.

Ans: Humanism was primarily interested in the affairs of humanity, in the beauties and opportunities of life
here on earth. They believed in love and the subtle things which influenced the human art.

24. What were the causes of growth of Renaissance Movement?

Ans: The causes of growth of Renaissance Movement are:
a). the development of contacts of various civilizations and desire for change.
b). Growth and development of literature in Europe.
c). the era of discoveries and inventions paved the way for the Renaissance Movement.
d). the capture of Constantinople in 1453 AD by Turks gave impetus to the growth of Renaissance
Movement
.
24. Give the ideas of Petrarch.
Ans: Petrarch was a great a humanist. He wanted to revive classical lain and founded the school of thinkers.
His ideas were believed in the importance of this world, in the beauties of nature, in love and in the
problems of everyday life. By his ability as a scholar, Petrarch won considerable support of humanism.

25. Explain the political ideas of Machiavelli.

Ans: Niccolo Machiavelli studied the politics of Italian, Latin, and Greek. His book, “The Prince” was a
secular treaty on politics; it is the lasting work of the Italian renaissance. He emancipated politics from
the theology and moral philosophy and lay down rules as to how people should be governed. The
practices formulated by him were widely used by the politicians and the princes who were building up the
new nation-states in Europe in 15th and 16th century.

26. What was the contribution of the Arabs in science?

Ans: By the beginning of the 10th century, the Arabs had made so much progress that they could make their
own contribution to the various sciences. By making researches in geometry, algebra, geography,
astronomy, optics, chemistry, medicines, etc., they became leaders in the field of sciences.

27. Why were the Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism?
Ans: Italian towns were the first to experience the ideas of humanism because humanistic ideology was first
spread in Italy by the Italian scholars like Dante and Petrarch. The early signs of humanistic ideas were
written in Italian language and classical literature.

28. What was the importance of discovery of the individual?

Ans: The importance of the renaissance individualism has been stressed because it was one of the important
elements in the transaction from medieval to modern era. After the 14th century, men began to have faith
in their own power, eager to search for new continents and express their love in art and literature. Their
self-confidence was the vital force the subsequent religious changes and achievement in science.

29. Describe the progress of art of painting in Italy.

Ans: The Italian Renaissance is chiefly remembered for its achievements in painting, sculpture, and
architecture. The city of Florence and Venice made the greatest contribution to the renaissance painting.
Duccio and Lorenzo de Medici were the greatest of the early renaissance painters. However the first to
illustrate a new style of painting was the Florentine artist Giotto. The art of painting made a rapid
progress in Italy and the city of Florence became the art centre of Europe.
30. Describe the achievements of European architecture.
Ans: During the 14th and 17th centuries, architecture closely followed Greek and Roman styles. The
Renaissance architecture has various feature of Roman; Gothic and Byzantine were blended together in
buildings. The architecture of Michel Angelo‟s days was far more than the revival of an art of the past.
Michelangelo began the construction of St. Peter‟s Church in Rome, the largest church ever built. Both
St. Peter‟s Church and the impressive Cathedral in Florence have huge domes. Classical influences can be
seen on almost every hand in St. Peter‟s church. There are also some lovely mosaics that reveal Byzantine
influence in them. Horizontal lines are much in evidence in the typical renaissance structure in both the
palaces and the churches in Florence, Rome and Venice.

31. Why was the Christianity divided into Protestantism and Roman Catholic Church?
Ans: Renaissance played a disruptive force in the realm of religion. Many scholars were attracted by the
humanist ideas. The spiritual life of the church had sunk into low ebb. Thus Martin Luther started the
reformation. He founded the Protestantism. While the pope on the other seeing the rapid success of
protestant revolution launched a programme known as the catholic reformation. Therefore it came to be
divided.

32. Which elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the 14th and 15th centuries?
Ans: The religious, artistic, and literary elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the 14 th and
15th centuries.

33. Describe the contribution of Humanist writers to the literature.

Ans: The contribution of humanist writers to the literature is remarkable. Dante, the great Italian author
showed the early signs of humanistic inclinations in his love of classical literature. Petrarch revived the
classical Latin and spend much of his time trying to perfect his style of writing in Latin and imitating the
Polished letters. He wrote an easy of “Cicero” and the “Aeneid” of Virgil. Pico Della Mirandola, an
Italian humanist of 15th century published a list of nine hundred of his thesis. In his writings he expresses
the Renaissance belief in the limitless potentialities of man. During 14th and 15th centuries, several
universities were founded by the humanist thinkers and also encouraged the study of Latin antiquities and
cultivate the art of literature. Thus, the writings of humanist writers expressed new art and literature and it
has a great contribution to the art of literature.

34. How the transformations from Medieval Age to Modern Age come in Europe?
Ans: The Renaissance is a vital force behind the remarkable transformation from the Medieval Age to
Modern Age in Europe during the period from the 14th to 17th centuries. No doubt, the people still
remained religious but they paid much more attention to the beauties and problems of the world around
them. Europe broke the narrow geographical bonds and they were eager to search for new continents and
new trade routes.
Some European colonists and traders were travelling all over the world. Men became anxious to
discover new scientific truth truths and make new inventions. The static quality of the medieval age gave
way to a new outlook of life in which men eagerly welcomed change. During this period, a distinct urban
culture also developed. Italy towns like Florence, Venice and Rome became centres of learning of art and
learning. The invention of printing press at the same time made available books to a large number of
people. A sense of history also developed in Europe. The people now contrasted the modern world with
the ancient Greek and Roman time.

35. What were the causes of Renaissance Movement? Describe its main features.
Ans: There were various factors which contributed to the rise and growth of the Renaissance Movement:
1. Many of the causes of the renaissance lay in the developments in the period earlier than the 14th
century such as the contacts of the Europeans with the Muslims and Byzantine civilisations, the
commercial revolution with its interchange of goods and ideas, the new learning of the 13th century
that created spirit of enquiry among the people, the rise of national monarchies, and the growth of a
wealthy leisured middle class seeking prestige as patrons of art.
2. The era of discoveries and inventions which began before the Renaissance Movement also paved the
way for the movement. The invention of printing press facilitated the spread of Renaissance by
 giving valuable books at cheap rates. The discovery of the Mariner Compass encouraged maritime
activities and consequently widened the outlook of the people of Europe.
3. It was however, the captured of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 that gave great impetus to the
Renaissance Movement. The triumph of the Turks, droved the learned Greeks to seek new home in
Italy and other European countries. They brought their precious manuscripts with them. This caused
the revival of interest in the old Greek texts and in ancient law and philosophy.
The main features of the Renaissance Movement are:
1. The rise and the growth of new spirit of learning and intellectuals.
2. Inward flows of scholars into Italy.
3. Era of new discoveries.
4. Achievements in painting, sculpture and architecture.

36. Describe the growth of art of painting in Europe from 15th and 17th century.
Ans: The Italian Renaissance is chiefly remembered for its achievement in painting, sculpture and
architecture. The city of republic of Florence and Venice made the greatest contribution to the
Renaissance paintings. Duccio and Lorenzo De Medici were the greatest of the early Renaissance
painters. The first painter to illustrate a new style of painting was the Florence artist Giotto. Florence also
produced great painters like Leonardo De Vinci, Micheangelo and Raphael.
Leonardo Da Vinci works such as Virgin of Rocks, The last Supper, and The Mona Lisa, showed
mankind and nature in its universal aspects. Michelangelo on the other hand removed nature from the
centre of attention and concentrated his energies upon man alone. Titan, the greatest artist of the Venetian
school, was a master in the art of portraiture. Among his best portraits are of Pope Paul III and The Man
in a Red Cap. His famous religious paintings are the Crowning of Thorns and Tribute Money.

37. What was the position of women in Europe during the 15th to 16th century?
Ans: The ideas of dignity of individual and citizenship received no attention during this period. The man
dominated the family and make decisions. The dowries of women were invested in the family business
but they had no say. Matrimonial alliances were made to strengthen business alliances. Thus the women
had no place in the public life. She was looked upon only as a keeper of household.
But the position of the women in the families of merchants was somewhat better. These women were
allowed to help in running the business. A women scholar Cassandra Fedele was one of the few women
who questioned the idea that the women were incapable of achieving the qualities of humanist thinkers.
The writings of women scholars revealed their conviction that they should have economic power,
property, and education to show their worth in a world dominated by man.

38. What were the features of humanist thoughts?

Ans: Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance of human being, individually and collectively. It was
primarily interested in the affairs of humanity. A humanist believes that man should live the full life and
solve his problems in this world rather than wait a better life in the next world. A humanist belief in
curiosity of mankind, a free mind, a good taste and in the human race. Humanism focused on the
exploration of human beings. Art of painting and sculpture was a big part of the humanist movement.
Some of the features of humanism are given below:
1. Humanist thinkers believed in the importance of the world.
2. Humanists believed in the beauties of the nature.
3. Humanists believed in love.
4. Humanists believed in subtle things which influenced the human art.
5. Humanists believed in the problems of every day‟s life.

39. What were the causes of conflict within Christianity? Why the Christians split up into two sects?
Ans: In the realm of religion, the renaissance acted as a disruptive force when the movement spread from
Italy to the other European countries. From the 14th century, opposition to some of the church practices
and doctrines began to grow. The development of humanistic ideology and renaissance individualism
enhance the dignity of an individual and it also led to the questioning of the authority of the Christian
church.
 Protestant revolution can be said to have started in 1517. Martin Luther, a monk, gave his ninety- five
thesis or statements which attacked the sale of indulgence. He founded the Protestantism. He argued that
people did not need priests to establish contact with God. The protestant revolution spread in almost half
of the countries in Europe. The Churches in Germany and Switzerland broke their connection with Pope
and the Catholic Church. In Switzerland, Calvin organised the church that the members could take part in
its management. The teachings of Calvin penetrated silently into France. In England, the church abuses
and royal envy of pope‟s powers encouraged humanism. The beginning of reformation in England was
chiefly the result of a quarrel between King Henry VIII and Pope. He took drastic steps to break with the
Roman Catholic Church.
At first, the Pope viewed the rapid success of the revolution with indifference. But when half of the
European countries such as Germany, England, Scandinavia, Scotland and Switzerland had been won
over by the Protestants, the Roman Catholic Church tried to set its house in order. It understood a
successful programme without causing much disruption. This programme is known as the Catholic
Reformation. It was indeed a remarkable achievement of the Catholic Church that it recovered much of
its lost position.

CHAPTER-13
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(FOCUS ON ENGLAND 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY)
1. What is the meaning of the term Industrial Revolution?
Ans: The term Industrial Revolution is used to describe those spectacular changes and inventions which
revolutionized the whole industrial system of a country.

2. According to Arnold Toynbee when did the industrial revolution first come in England?
Ans: Between 1760 and 1820.

3. When did industrial revolution come in Belgium and Germany?

Ans: Belgium in 1830 and to Germany in 1850.

4. In which industry in England, the industrial revolution came first?

Ans: The textile industry.

5. What was the benefit of Hargreaves‟s Spinning Jenny?

Ans: By this machine one spinner could do the work of eight spinners.

6. What was the significance of the invention of the power loom by Cartwright?
Ans: It restored the balance between spinning and weaving.

7. Who was the inventor of steam engine?

Ans: James Watt.

8. Who invented Safety Lamp?

Ans: Devy.

9. Who is called the father of Steam Locomotive?

Ans: George Stephenson.

10. Why did the village labourers migrate to the towns?

Ans: With growth of industries, a large number of village population migrated to the towns and cities in
search of earning for their living.

11. What was factory system?

Ans: Large scale production with the application of machinery in the factories is known as factory system.
12. What changes were brought about by the industrial revolution in the habits and thoughts of the
people?
Ans: The vital effect of the industrial revolution was the development of political and economic thought. It
brought new philosophy of individualism.

13. What was the position of the industrialist capitalists in the industrial revolution?
Ans: The capitalists grew richer and richer and secured their position in the society.

14. What was the effect on Britain‟s industries in the wars with France between 1793 and 1815?
Ans: During the war period, the trade between England and Europe was disrupted. The factories were forced
to stop production, unemployment grew and the prices of essential articles of food like bread and meat
rose to heights beyond the level of average wages.

15. Was industrial revolution a revolution?

Ans: It is argued that the industrial transformation in England has actually been too gradual to be considered
a revolution. The economic changes in England in the middle of the 18th century was neither sharp nor
sudden, hence the term revolution is inaccurate. However, it is further argued that revolution transformed
the society and gave prominence to the Bourgeoisie and a new class of proletarian workers so the word
industrial is used with revolution.

16. Why did Industrial Revolution first come in England?

Ans: Industrial Revolution has first started in England because of political stability, growth in human labour
and huge capital made England a pioneer in the industrial revolution. Industrial revolution first started in
England because it had great deposits of Coal and Iron which proved essential for the industrialisation.

16. Why did some writers called the Industrial Revolution, the Industrial Evolution?
Ans: The economic changes that occurred in England in the middle of the 18th century were neither sharp
nor sudden. Thus, the writers call it so since the changes were very gradual, slow and imperceptible.

17. How did revolution come in coal, iron and steel industries?
Ans: Early in the 18th century, the revolution in coal, iron and steel was considerable. The discovery of
Abraham Darby, Henry Cort and Devy improved the used of iron, coal and steel. The rapid progress of
iron and steel industries during this period were due to following reasons:
1. The demand for iron and steel increased rapidly due to the railway development since 1821 AD.
2. In 1850, the shipping industry began to make progress and this industry further increased the demand
for iron and steel.
3. The foreign demand for British iron and steel also steadily increased.

18. Describe the condition of women and child labour in the factories?
Ans: The employers generally preferred to employ women and children particularly in the textiles industries.
In some factories, the children ranging in ages from 6 to 12 years, worked from 5 or 6 o‟clock in the
morning till eleven nights. Mills were in stench, and rooms were heated. The women and children were
paid very low wages.

19. What were the interesting features of the inventions of this period?
Ans: The interesting features of invention which revolutionized Britain‟s economy started from textile
industry with the invention of flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, the power loom, cotton gin etc.
The invention of steam engine solved over many problem. Revolution changes were made in the field of
transport and communication with the construction of railways, road, canals locomotives etc.
20. How did the working class emerge as a political force withy the coming of the Industrial
Revolution?
Ans: The Industrial Revolution created a new political force-the proletariat. Although this class was
hampered by poverty, illiteracy and lack of leadership, it developed a feeling of common consciousness.
The workers formed trade unions where they resorted to political agitation for the furtherance of their
collective and individual interest, to ensure decent conditions a standard wage and shorter hours of work.

21. How did the Industrial Revolution promote Economic Imperialism?

Ans: The enormous surplus wealth resulting from the growth of industries was concentrated in the hands of
the industrial capitalists who owned factories. With progress of Industrial Revolution, the industrial
capitalist grew richer and richer. It shaped the course of further industrialisation by investing the profits in
the new enterprises rather than sharing them with the working classes. In the latter half of the 19th century
when the domestic market had begun to reach a saturation point, the government under the pressure from
the capitalists resorted to imperialist expansion to increase influence in the under-developed countries of
the world.

22. What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transportation?
Ans: in the beginning, the canals were built to transport coal to the cities. The completion of canals made
the price of coal fell by half. The railways emerged as a new means of transportation. Which were cheap
and fast means of carrying goods and passengers.

23. Indicate how the supply of raw materials affected the nature of British industrialisation?
Ans: The supply of raw materials from different parts of the British colonies gave her growth of her
industries; England was a land where raw materials were scarce. So she collected raw materials from her
colonies. These helped her to feed the ever growing hunger of her industries. As such she tried to bring
many countries under her countries.

24. Describe the important changes brought about in the textile industry in England by the Industrial
Revolution?
Ans: 1. John Kay invented the famous Flying Shuttle machine in 1733. It speeded up the process of
weaving.
2. In 1765, James Hargreaves invented a new a new spinning machine called “Spinning Jenny”
consisted of eight spindles. By this machine one spinner could do now the work of eight spinners.
3. Artwright invented the famous “Water Frame” in 1769. These rollers could not work in small homes
but in big factories where water power was available. Arkwright‟s invention meant the coming of
the factory system.
4. Samuel Crompton invented a machine called “Mule”. By this machine, fine and strong yarn could be
easily spun. It made the production of fine muslin possible.
5. In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented a new type of weaving machine called “Power Loom”. It
marked a great change in the whole system of weaving and restored the balance between spinning
and weaving.
6. Eli Whitney in 1793 invented “Cotton gin” which made available cheap supply of raw cotton for
spinning. This machine easily removed seeds from the cotton fibres and it gave impetus to cotton
textile industry.

25. How did the industrial revolution lead to the emergence of working class? What was the condition
of the working class during the Industrial Revolution?
Ans: One of the most important results of the Industrial Revolution was the emergence of new working
class. A large working class were property less, illiterate and entirely dependent upon wages. The
workers become merely a slave for wage bound to his employers while the capitalists got the large share
in the profit of production. The working class becomes very poor and the wealth was concentrated in the
hands of the capitalists.
The workers had to work from 12 to 16 hours a day without break. They lived in dark dingy quarters
and in congestion. The employer had no concern for the welfare of the workers. The factories become
virtual prisons where men, women and the children toiled for long hours and snatched a scanty sleep
 amid bad air and foul smells, working till the unending work, developed fearful cough, consumption,
rheumatism and deformity.
Due to pathetic working condition, the workers launched different protest movement. It also created a
new political force. The workers formed trade unions where they restored the political agitation for the
collective and individual interests, to ensure decent conditions a standard wage and shorter hours of work.

26. Describe the history of Protest movements of the workers in England during 1790-1825 AD?
Ans: The different Protest Movement were launched by workers due to their pathetic working condition.
The French Revolution has awakened the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity which demonstrate the
possibility and potential of mass action for creating democratic institution.
The British Parliament passed tow combination acts which made it illegal to incite the people by speech
and writing to spread hatred or contempt of the king or government. They also banned unauthorised
public meetings. Despite these acts, protest continued against old corruption. From 1790 onwards, there
was food riots throughout the country against the high prices of bred charged by the greedy traders. In
1830, the farm labourers rose in riots when new thrashing machine were introduced which separated the
grain from husk. The rioters destroyed the machines.
The Chartist Movement was led by General Ned Ludd during 1811-17. They movement demanded
minimum wage, control over the labour of women and children, work for those who became jobless due
to the coming of machines and the rights to form trade unions.
Till 1819 AD, the workers did not use legal methods to express their anger. In August 1817, about
80,000 people assembled peacefully at St. Peter‟s Fields in Manchester demanding the right to organise
public meeting and for the freedom of press. The government ruthlessly suppressed the agitators. This
incident was known was the “Peterloo Massacre”. After this incident, the government repeal the
Combination Acts and realised the need to make the House of Common more representative.

27. How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the Industrial Revolution?
Ans: The position of women during the course of industrial revolution brought a drastic change. They were
employed in a large number in the factories instead of men because they were paid less and easier to
manage in the factories. They worked for longer duration under strict discipline and harsh form of
punishment. They were employed to serve even in hazardous working places like mining. Women were
usually paid less than men and they were not treated equally.
The favourable condition of women during industrialisation period is considerably debatable. Whether
women may have improved quality of life and raised their position in the family and in the society as
well. Industrialisation helped women to become financially independent and self-esteemed. It increased
the social status of women in particular. However women in the factories worked under humiliating terms
of employment. Women lost children at birth or during infancy were common which result high death
rate and adversely affected the family life.

CHAPTER-14
DISPLACING INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
(FOCUS ON NORTH AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA, 18TH TO20TH CENTURY)
1.Why were the Americas called “The New World”?
Ans: In the middle ages, the European thought that the world was only Europe, Asia and African continents.
When Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492, it was entirely different continent which
remain unexplored.

2. From what word was the name “Canada” derived?

Ans: It was derived from the name of a village Kanata.

3. How many colonies of North America revolted against the British government of England?
Ans: Thirteen colonies.
4. When did the English, the French and the Dutch start extending their trading activities in America?
Ans: After the 17th century.

5. The word America was derived fr4om the name of which adventurer?
Ans: Amerigo Vespucci.

6. What is the extent of the North America?

Ans: The continent of North America extends from the Arctic Circle to the tropic of cancer from the Pacific
to the Atlantic Ocean.

7. Where did the European traders first settle in North America?

Ans: USA and Canada

8. with what object the first European establish colonies in the North America?
Ans: The European powers had established their colonies for amassing the wealth and to exploit the natives.

9. Who were called “Native America” and “red Indian”?

Ans: Native American were the indigenous people of the America where as the brown complexioned native
American were known as Red Indian.

10. When was slavery abolished in USA?

Ans: In 1865.

11. Why was the history of the Australian native people left out of history books?
Ans: The European did not realize the importance of the culture of the aboriginals, so they did not take
interest in writing history.

12. Which animal was almost exterminated in America?

Ans: Bison

13. When was Australia substantially known to the British?

Ans: In 1770.

14. For what purpose were the first settlements established in Australia by the British?
Ans: The first settlements were established in Australia by the British to use the place for the banishment of
the convicts.

15. When did the Federation of Australia come into existence?

Ans: In 1901.

16. Write the early history of North America. When did man first appear in the North America?
Ans: colonization of North America by the Europeans began early in the 17th century. The inhabitants of the
continent lived in the villages situated along river valleys. They had no desire to establish a kingdom or
empire. The natives did not practice large scale agriculture. They had not written records. The first man
appeared about some 30,000 years ago.

17. How did the American colonies achieve independent from the rule of England?
Ans: The colonial policy of England was the primary cause of resentment in the American colonies. The
American was against the monarchies and aristocracies of the old world. The colonies rebellion was
inspired by the England philosophy. Thomas Jefferson encouraged their increasing desire for
independence. The colonies fought for independence from the British rule. On 4 July, 1776, American
colonies won independence.
18. What was the attitude of the French towards the aboriginals of North America?
Ans: The French treated the aboriginals of North America as uncivilized and condemned them as lazy
people. The French man who visited North America called them primitive people and they wanted them
to die out like primitive animal.

19. How did the British deprive the natives of their lands in North America?
Ans: The European settlers forced the natives to sell them their lands after signing treaties. They were paid
low price and even cheated by them. The natives were pushed westwards. When the natives found any
gold, oil or minerals, they were again evicted. They were c confined to small areas called “reservations”.
As a result many rebellions of natives occurred from 1185-2890 which was crushed by the Europeans.

20. How did the British establish their settlements in the North America?
Ans: The Europeans traders and adventurers reached the north-east coast of North America in the 17th
century. When they reached their destination after a difficult voyage of two months, they found that the
native‟s people were friendly and welcoming. The European traders thus established their colonies taking
an advantage of the pleasant nature of the native people.

21. Describe the case of the native tribe of “Cherokees”.

Ans: The Cherokee were a distinct community who occupied its own territory in which the laws of Georgia
were not applicable. The chief judge further announced the tribe had sovereignty in certain matters
whereas the US President Andrew Jackson approach in regard to the Native Americans was exactly the
opposite and ordered eviction of the Cherokees from their land. In Georgia Cherokee tribe was governed
by the state laws but were denied the rights of citizens even if they learned English and understood
European way of life.

22. H did the Europeans exploit the natives of the North American?
Ans: The Europeans settlers came to America for profit motives. These settlers exploited the natives to an
extreme point. They induced the natives to sell them their lands after signing treaties. The natives were
paid very low prices for their lands and even cheated them by taking more lands or paying less than
promised prices. The natives were also captured and make them to work in plantations and mines. These
made the natives to retreat more and more into the forest. Now the natives were pushed westwards. They
were given land elsewhere but when any minerals, lead, gold or oil was found on their lands, they were
again evicted. Many tribes were compelled to share the land originally occupied by one tribe. This led to
quarrels among them. The US forces ruthlessly suppressed a series of rebellions of the natives from 1885
to 1890. The rebellions by the Metts in Canada broke out in between 1869 and 1885.

23. Describe the history of imperialistic expansion of North America.

Ans: Colonization of North America by the European began early in the 17th century. The inhabitants of the
continent lived in the villages situated along the river valleys. The natives did not practice large scale
agriculture but minerals like oil, gas are found in many areas. It thus attracts the European traders to
establish their industries in USA and Canada. Canada is a big producer of corn and fruit.
It was at the end of the 18th century that the countries now known as Canada and the USA came into
existence. At that time; they occupied only a very small territory of North America. During the next
hundred years, they extended their control over more territory to reach the present size. The USA
acquired large territories by purchase. They bought land in the south from France and from Russia, the
Alaska. They acquired much territory from Mexico by war. No one cared to ask the consent of the natives
living in these areas. The western frontier of the USA was shifting. As it moved, the natives were
compelled to move back.

24. What was the attitude of the Europeans towards the aboriginals of North America?
Ans: The 19th century saw a drastic change in the landscape of America. The European traders found the
climate of America hot and began to employ the natives and forced them to work as slaves. The
plantation owners had enslaved the natives. The native people were compelled to relocate and alter their
traditional way of life. The Europeans were inclined to ensure complete disappearance of the primitive
man the same way as the primitive animal had disappeared. The geographical displacement and the
 disruption of the lifestyles of the indigenous people was a direct result of the European colonization. The
European considered the natives of the North America as uncivilized because they did not have towns
and cities, organized religion which was not known to them. The European occupied the land of the tribal
justified it by saying that the natives did not use the land to the maximum and they did not deserve to
occupy the land.

25. Describe the struggle of the natives of America for their political rights?
Ans: The British government took no measures to improve the condition of the native people of USA and
Canada. There was the grim picture of the terrible poor health and education facilities for the natives in
the “reservation areas”. A major step for the betterment of the Native Americans was taken when the
Indian Reorganisation Act of 1834 was passed. It gave the natives in reservation areas the right to buy
lands and take loans.
In 1950‟s and 1960‟s the US and Canadian Governments thought of abolishing ball special provisions
for the natives presuming that they would join the main stream. But the natives opposed this plan. In 1954
“the Declaration of Indian Rights” was introduced. In 1969, the Canadian Government declared that they
would not recognised aboriginal rights. The native‟s severely opposed this announcement. They held a
series of demonstrations and debates. Till 1982, the question remains unsolved. But the constitution Act
of that years accepted the existing aboriginal treaty rights of the natives. Now they were fully awakened
and forcefully asserted their rights to their own cultures.

26. What was the policy of the Government of Australia towards the emigrants?
From the 1970‟s, as was happening in the USA and Canada, there was an eagerness to understand
natives as communities with different cultures, unique ways of understanding nature and climate. It was
realise3d that these communities had vast bodies of stories, textile and painting and carving skills, which
should be understood and recorded and respected. There were agitations around these questions. It led to
enquires and two important decisions were taken: a) to recognise that the natives had strong historic
bonds with the land which was sacred to them and which should be respected, b) that while past acts
could not be undone, there should be a public apology for the injustice done to the children in an attempt
to keep white and coloured people apart.
In February 2008, Kevin Michael Rudd, the prime minister of Australia, in the parliament apologized
to the aboriginal people of Australia for the atrocities committed on them in the past. He admitted all the
wrong doings of the government in the Past and solemnly promised that in future all the people will be
given equal opportunities to make progress whether they were aboriginals or others who had settled in
Australia.

CHAPTER-15
PATHS TO MODERNISATION
(FOCUS ON EAST ASIA, LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY)
1. During which period japan was totally cut off from Europe?
Ans: From 1638 to 1853 AD.

2. Who made the first commercial treaty with japan?

Ans: USA.

3. During which period, the Meijji dynasty ruled Japan?

Ans: From 1868-1912.

4. What was the first important achievement of Meijji rule?

Ans: Abolition of feudal system in the country.

5. Give the names of any four major business houses of Japan which constituted Zaibatsu.
Ans: Mitsui, Mitsubuishi, Sumitomo and Yauda.
6. What as the effect of the First World War on the industries in Japan?
Ans: Japan increased her industrial production and captured markets in the countries like India, East Indies,
South America and Africa.

7. Give the names of some large business houses independent of Zaibatsu.

Ans: Okura, Asano and Farukawa.

8. Name the important industries controlled by the Zaibatsu.

Ans: Banking, ship building, mining, metals and mechanical engineering.

9. When did japan initiate expansionist policy?

Ans: 1894.

10. On which date Japan surrendered to the Allied Powers?

Ans: On 14th August, 1945.

11. Who controlled the administration of Japan from 1945 to 1952?

Ans: General Mac Arthur.

12. Who was the founder of Kuomintang party?

Ans: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen.

13. Who was Chiang Kai-shek?

Ans: He was a political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China from 1928-
1948.

14. Who was the founder of the Communist Party in China?

Ans: Mao Tse Tung.

15. What were Sun Yat-Sen‟s Three Principles?

Ans: The three principles are, Nationalism, Democracy and people‟s livelihood.

16. In 1924, which two political parties formed a United Front in China?
Ans: Kuomintang Party and the Communist Party.

17. What was the programme of the communist party?

Ans: Socialist transformation was the programme of the communist party.

18. Who led the Long March?

Ans: Mao Tse Tung.

19. When was the People‟s Republic of China proclaimed?

Ans: 1st October, 1949.

20. To which country Chaing-Kai-Shek escape after his defeat at the hands of the communists in
1949?
Ans: Formosa.

21. What were the results of Opening of Japan?

Ans: The results of opening of japan were rapid and astonishing: a) it gave rise to the spread of anti-foreign
sentiments, and b) the beginning of modernization of Japan.

22. What were the major developments before the Meiji restoration that made it possible for japan to
modernise rapidly?
Ans: a) The opening of Japan to the world in the mid-19th century.
b) The abolition of the shogunate system.
23. What were the effects of abolition of feudalism in Japan by the Meiji Government?
Ans: The effects are:
a) The peasants were freed from servile dues.
b) The peasants were made the owners of the land they tilled and become immediate subjects of the
empire.
c) It creates modern agricultural society with its unique tenant-landlord relations.

24. Describe the growth of industries in Japan during the Meiji rule.
Ans: The Meiji rule brought about the industrial revolution in japan. The Meiji leaders foresaw the required
of modern economy to supply the needs of the new military forces and compete with foreign products at
home and aboard. The products were designed that it would be capable of competing effectively with the
foreign products. They established mines, mills, factories, ship buildings, railways, and steamships. In
these way, factories collectively known as Zaibatsu, gained stronghold on the national economy that has
persisted to the present time.

25. What reforms were brought about by the Meiji rulers in the spheres of banking and currency?
Ans: The reforms brought about by the Meiji rulers were:
a) Paper currency and the decimal system were introduced on the American model.
b) Centralized banking system was introduced and the bank of japan alone was authorised to issue
currency notes.
c) The Yokahama Species Bank was established mainly deal with foreign exchange business.
d) Stock Exchanges and chambers of commerce were set up.

26. What was the main difference between the business combinations in japan and the USA, at the
close of the 19th century?
Ans: The main difference was that there was no specialized formation in a single market as in the case of the
USA. Instead in Japan Mitsui and Mitsubushi brought under their control of industrial and commerce
enterprises engaged in different fields of activity.

27. What functions were performed by Zaibatsu?

Ans: The Zaibatsu played a vital role in the economic rise of Japan. They dominated finance, industry,
commerce and banking. They also gave financial assistance to the government and became so powerful
that they began to influence the policies of the government.

28. What was the Japanese plan of Greater Asia Cooperative prosperity sphere?
Ans: The Japan‟s most realistic empire builders devoted their energies mainly to eastern and south-eastern
Asia and Pacific Ocean. But Japanese never officially disclosed the blue-prints of the boundaries of their
projected realm. Japan‟s ambition grew with success. But it is now reasonably clear that “East Asia
Cooperative prosperity sphere” the grandiose and misleading name given to their expanding empire was
eventually to reach deep into Asia and far into Pacific Ocean.

29. Write a brief note on Long March in China.

Ans: The Long March was one of the epic retreats in the history led by Mao Tse Tung and Chaou-En-Lai
with all the communist forces in October 1943 towards the North West. It covered 6000 miles and took
368 days to arrive in the Basrreen, improvised corner of Shansi province.

30. Describe the Achievements of Meiji rule in Japan.

Ans: The Meiji rule was one of economic liberalism with freedom of movement, enterprise, occupation and
industry. Japan was thrown open to the outside world allowing the free trade and contact between Japan
and the rest of the world.
Abolition of feudalism was the first important achievement of Meiji rule. The abolition of feudal
system opens for the dispossession of peasantry and creates the modern agricultural society in Japan with
its tenant-landlord relations. In the field of industrial development the Japan products were designed that
could be capable of competing effectively with the foreign products. Currency and banking was greatly
 reformed. The centralized banking system was introduced. Paper currency and decimal system on the
American model was replaced the old feudal character of Japanese currency.
With the development of trade and industry required an efficient means of transport and communication
increased. In 1872, railway line between Tokyo and Yokahama was constructed. Telephone system was
introduced in 1877. Thus, the Meiji rule was marked by rapid economic progress and industrial
development in Japan.

31. Describe the role of Zaibatsu in the economy of Japan.

Ans: The Zaibatsu was a financial oligarchy of Japan. It played a very vital role in the economic growth of
Japan.
a) The large business houses of Japan collectively known as Zaibatsu. There were other large business
houses in Japan which were independent of Zaibatsu, for instance Okura, Asano and Farukawa. These
business houses played a very significant role in the economy of the country.
b) Even among the four members of the Zaibatsu, there prevailed severe competition because of
overlapping interests. The rivalry among the members of the Zaibatsu extended even to the political
sphere. But when they faced a common danger, all the four members of the Zaibatsu joined hands to
put up a common front.
c) The Zaibatsu had certain peculiar and distinct features which were derived from the social
organisation of the feudal times of the Tokugawa period or the Shogunate period. The zaibatsu
organisation was essentially a family concern where appointment of executives and decisions on
business matters were taken.
d) The public opinion was essentially against Zaibatsu in the thirties of the 20 th century. The
concentration of economic resources in the hands of a few families was deplored. They were
responsible for the failure of trade union movement in the country.

32. Describe the causes of aggressive nationalism in Japan.

Ans: a) Economic Urge: There was the economic urge in japan to acquire control of sources of raw material
in order to feed her industries and to support her fast expanding population. It was generally accepted that
land utilisation in Japan had reached its limits, and the country was suffering from agrarian overpopulation.
To relieve this state of affairs, Japan had embarked upon an intensive development of light manufacturing
industries, largely for exports.
b) The Strategic Factor: Japan‟s strategic geographical position was in many respects like that of the
British Island. It was of vital interest to Japan that no hostile power should establish itself too firmly
near her seaboard.
c) Prestige Motive: Thirdly, account must be taken of the Prestige Motive reinforced by the Japanese
feelings that is to use Japanese phrase, „Japan‟s manifest destiny‟ to become the guardian of the peace
in Eastern Asia. This ambition which can be traced far back in Japanese history was openly displayed
in the famous declaration Amau Declaration of 1934.
d) Patriotic Societies: After 1930, Japan was in the deep Economic Depression and there was
overburdening of country food supply due to increasing population. The farmers were debt-ridden and
capital was concentrated into a few big families. The people blamed the government for their ills and
lost faith in their government. Hence, they demanded that Japan must return to the leadership of her
„true patriot‟.
e) The Japanese Plans of Conquest: The world depression of 1929-1932 seriously affected Japan. The Japanese
statesmen realised that if Japan could cultivate friendly relations with KMT Government of Chiang Kai-Shek, a
promising outlet for Japanese goods might be secured. But Japan‟s motive was to conquer Chinese territory.
They believed that it would bring them the necessary markets and raw materials. The Japanese harboured this
dream for many years.

f) Military Programme: The militarists in Japan seriously thought of conquering China. With all the source of
China at their disposal, the militarist of Japan wanted to press forward to the conquest of India, Asia Minor,
Central Asia and even Europe. Their programme of conquest was frankly expressed in a memorandum to the
Emperor.
33. How did the extremists (militarists) captured power in Japan?
Ans: There was a spate of political murders and assassinations. In 1932, the militants murdered Ionize Junnosuke, a
former finance minister. This was followed by the assassination of the head of the Mitsui interests. On May 15,
Prime Minister Inuka Tsuoshi was assassinated by a small group og naval officers. There was no revulsion of
popular feelings against the assassins and they were given light punishments. On Feb. 26, a group of army officers
at the heads of a picked force of 1400 men set forth in Tokyo on the coup designed to seize the capital and
overthrow the civil government. Admiral Viscount Jakahashi, the elderly finance minister, Admiral Kentora
Suzuki, Grand Chamberlin of the court and the General Jotaro Watanabe were killed in cold blood by the army
officers. For four days, the rebels held the public buildings they had seized and defied all attempts to evict them.
Finally, reliable troops were called out and the rebels surrendered without shedding further blood. As
terrorism time was not confined to acts of violence against political leaders of capitalists but had not spared even
military officers, the government moved swiftly in bringing the rebels to book. After the outburst of fanatical
militarism, the army gained the control of the national affairs. The political parties faded out of the picture. By
1937, excessive nationalism prevailed in Japan. In 1939, she joined the Berlin-Rome Axis which gave further
impetus to the programme of expansion of the militarists.
34. What were the causes of success of Communist Revolution in China?
Ans: The causes of success of Communist Revolution in China were:
a) The Russian Revolution of 1917 AD: In 1917, the people of Russia had brought an end to the despotic rule of the
Czars. The Chinese were deeply influenced by ir and established the Communist Party of China in 1921.
b) Progressive Weakening of Kuomintang: In its rule of nearly twenty years, the nationalist government had failed
to give china either power or prosperity; almost half of the time had been spent fighting against Japan, and the
remaining years in internal turmoil. These give great advantage to the success of Communist Party.
c) Communist Strategic: The communist had developed a political-military method for operating from rural bases.
By their temperate land reform tactics in the areas controlled by them, and by their active propaganda, they had
gained positive support of the masses.
d) Abled leadership of Mao-Tse-Tung and Chou-En-Lai: the communist were led by most capable leaders like
Mao-Tse-Tung and Chou-En-Lai which paved the way for the Revolution of 1949.
e) Russian Help and Communist Army: The Communists also got help from the Russians and the Communist
armed forces were under effective unified command, and beneath that command there was uniformity in military
and political strategy and tactics.
35. Describe the events of open civil war between KMT and the Communists during 1947-1949.
Ans: During the first two years of the Sino-Japanese war, both fought the enemy with some regard for each other
activities. But suspicion raised its head. The KMT leaders did not like the spread of influence of the communist
forces among the people. They sought to limit effective participation of the communists in the war only into the
north-west areas. This attitude led to friction which resulted in local fighting‟s in Kiangsi and Fukien between the
KMT and the communist troops in 1941.
Though a civil war was averted, the relations between the two parties were essentially those of an armed
peace. Without open admission on either side, the united front had come to an end. Thereafter, the Nationalist
Movement shut off the supplies of arms and ammunitions to the communist region in the north-west. The old
vendetta had been reopened; China was invaded without being divided. When the Japanese surrender took place,
following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, 1945, the KMT controlled West
China and the communists controlled North China, apart from the larger cities which the Japanese had held.
36. Describe the economic changes which have been brought about in China since 11949.
Ans: At the time of the Communist Revolution, the economic condition of China was most deplorable. The
agricultural and industrial production was very low. China was one of the poorest countries of the world. Soon after
the Communist Revolution, the government devoted its attention to the economic reconstruction of the country.
The government took measures for land reforms and promotion of agriculture. The landlords were deprived of
their lands. It was distributed among millions of actual cultivators. In the next phase of land reforms movement,
collective farming was introduced. The farmers continued to be the owner of their lands but they collectively tilled
the land and harvested the crop. They used agricultural equipment and livestock in common. By 1958, the work of
collectivisation was completed.
Next , the government established People‟s Communes for the inhabitants of the villages and towns.
Commune means the right of the people to manage their economic activities by themselves. China also established
heavy industries and nationalised banks and imposed rigid control over the foreign industries and corporations.
China also started five years plans for the economic reconstruction of the country. It established 141 industrial units
with the help of the Soviet Union in 1951. In 1958, the government launched the Great Leap Forward movement to
industrialise the country rapidly.

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