URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE

PLANNING (UIP)
Lecture I

Chair Infrastructure Design and Construction

1
Introduction to urban infrastructure planning
• understand the term infrastructure
• historical developments of infrastructure planning
• definition and classification of urban infrastructural systems
• basic requirements of good infrastructure
• concepts of urban infrastructure planning
• an Ethiopian context and available manuals and guidelines
for UIP
• elements of Infrastructure integration
Understand the term infrastructure
• What is infrastructure ?

“the physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the
operation of a society or enterprise” (Oxford English Dictionary)

“infrastructure is defined as the basic physical systems of a business,

region, or nation and often involves the production of public goods or
production processes. Examples of infrastructure include transportation
systems, communication networks, sewage, water, and school systems.”
(Investopedia)
Understand the term infrastructure
• Infrastructure is understood as an important input for urban
development. “ infra " stems from the Latin language, meaning below,
thus "infrastructure" can be taken to express "foundation“ of urban
development.
Infrastructure
• Infrastructure is the set of fundamental facilities and systems serving
a country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities
necessary for its economy to function.
• There are 2 broad classifications of infrastructures:
Understand the term infrastructure
Physical infrastructure.
• It includes physical objects like roads, bridges, water supply,
sewerage, Strom water drainage, flood protection schemes, energy
networks… list is not definitive and evolves through time. It is one of
the major assets of a city in terms of capital investment, critical
services provisioning, and sustainable and resilient urban
development. It provide the basic services upon which the city is
built.
Understand the term infrastructure
Social infrastructure.
• They concern with the supply of such services as to meet the basic
needs of a society. build on the physical ones yet constitute another
layer.
• They include, but are not limited to, health infrastructures (such as
hospitals), educational infrastructures (such as schools), cultural
infrastructures (museums, for example), penal infrastructures
(prisons), and others
Historical developments of infrastructure planning
Historical developments of infrastructure planning
Historical developments of infrastructure
planning
• Throughout history developments in infrastructure have supported
the growth of complex, integrated societies.
Ancient roads
Aqueducts and water-mains
Waterways, bridges, and ports
Lighting networks
Railways
Electrical grids
Telecommunications and radio infrastructure
The Internet
classification of urban infrastructural systems
basic requirements of good infrastructure

• Benefit sharing
• Environmental resilience
• Social acceptability
• Economic and institutional effectiveness
• Future-proofing
• Critical mass potential
Planning Concepts
A. Planning Aids
B. Basic Contexts
C. Important perspectives
D. Planning Objectives
Context of urban infrastructure planning
Ethiopian context and available manuals
and guidelines for UIP
• integrated urban infrastructure and services planning manual
• Design Manual for Low Volume Roads: Ethiopia
• Design and Construction Manual for Water Supply and sanitary
• Urban Drainage manual
• Urban Road Design Manual
• Road design Manual
Elements of Infrastructure integration
 PROJECT SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF RISKS /
VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS
Goal Preparation of NIIMP and its Reduce/ alleviate Reports / checklists / Implementer
implementation binding the resource Maps organization capacity
documents wastage occurred / finance and budget
(standards/manuals/guidelines) due to lack of
integration

Purpose To improve the current changes on Significant Report / Government

the infrastructure’s integration reduction of the unlimited budget
To develop a strategy challenge with towards the
To improve the capacity of FIIDCA occurred due to integration
to implement its mandate provided lack of integration implementation /
by the proclamation Quality of FIIDCA
Team
Result Integrated infrastructure system Approval of the Reports / Certificates Agreement from the
Integrated infrastructure master requested plans implementing organs
plan from implementing
Manuals and Standards organs
Activities Harmonization of submitted Requests from the Signed agreements Full cooperation
infrastructure implantation implementing from implementing
requests from sectoral plan organs organs
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING (UIP)
Lecture II

Chair Infrastructure Design and Construction

24
Physical Infrastructures I

Underground infrastructure
• types of underground infrastructures
• water supply system: source, treatment, distribution
• sewerage: liquid waste collection and treatment
• storm drainage system: estimation of urban runoff,
collection, and drainage
• tunnels: an introduction
Types of underground infrastructures
water supply system:
source, treatment,
distribution

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What is water supply??

•Water supply is the science of providing

potable water in enough quantity to meet the
demand necessary for the proper existence of modern
communities.

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water supply system

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Types of underground infrastructures
• Water supply network
• Sewerage
• Urban drainage
• Tunnels
Water supply network

Water Supply Standards Recommended maximum water supply levels

(lpcd ) as indicated by the manual
• Towns provided with piped water supply but without sewerage
system 60 lpcd.
• Cities provided with piped water supply where sewerage system is
existing /contemplated is 120 lpcd
• Metropolitan and Mega cities provided with piped water supply
where sewerage system is existing/contemplated is 150 lpcd
• In urban areas, where water is provided through public stand posts,
40 lpcd should be considered
Water supply network
• Unaccounted‐for Water (UFW) is the difference between the quantity
of water supplied to a city's network and the metered quantity of
water used by the customers.
• UFW has two components:
• (a) physical losses due to leakage from pipes, and
• (b) administrative losses due to illegal connections and under
registration of water meters.
• The above figures exclude UFW, which should be limited to 15% for
new proposed systems.
Land requirement for Water Supply System
• Identification of land for water infrastructure is an essential
parameter. It is necessary to earmark land for Water Treatment Plant
(WTP) in Development Plans.
• Also land for overhead reservoirs, pumping stations should be marked
at the zonal level or local area plan level. However land requirement
may vary based on the capacity of WTPs and up‐gradation of
technology.
• Below is the table, which recommends land requirement based on
different capacity.
History
• Around 3000 B.C. the first true urban settlements appeared in ancient
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley.

• Historically, settlements and communities relied on natural sources to

obtain their water.

• Supplying large quantities such as for fountains (e.g., the Treni

Fountain in Rome)
History
Functional components of a
Roman urban water distribution
system
Roman aqueduct bridge in Izmir, Turkey
Water distribution pipe in Knossos, Crete,
built around 2000 B.C. by the Minoan
Terra-cotta pipes found in Ephesus
Siphon at Laodicea, Turkey
Stone pipes in Ankara
Map of Syracuse(CICILY) during the Roman times
showing the water elements
views of the Roman aqueduct bridge in Segovia,
Spain.
Two views of the
Roman aqueduct
bridge in Segovia,
Spain. The aqueduct
was built on two
levels without the use
of any
mortar or cement.
Typical Roman urban water distribution
system
Water In General

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Domestic Water Use
• Survival= 5 L per day
• Drinking, cooking, bathing, and sanitation= 50 L
• United States = 250 ‐300 L
• Netherlands= 104 L
• Somalia = 8.9 L
100 –600 L/person/day (high‐income)
•50 –100 L/person/day (low‐income)
•10 –40 L/person/day (water scarce)

•Differences in domestic freshwater use:

–Piped or carried
–Number/type of appliances and
sanitation 50
Water Stress Index
• Based on human consumption and linked to population growth
• Domestic requirement:
• 3.65 ‐14.6 m3/person/year (water scarce)
• 36.5 ‐219 m3/person/year (high‐income)
• Non‐Domestic need:
• 20 x domestic requirement
• 73 –292 m3/person/year
• 730 –4380 m3/person/year

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Water Born diseases
• typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, and bacillary dysentery, or by virus
such as poliomyelitis and other enteric viruses.
• Sinus infections, enteric fever, skin diseases, etc, may be transmitted
by swimming pools water

•Fortunately, most of the pathogenic microorganisms loose

their vitality in natural waters, however some can exist for long
periods in natural waters in form of visus, cycts or spore.

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Water Born diseases

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Planning measures to prevent Water-Borne
diseases

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URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING (UIP)
Lecture III

Chair Infrastructure Design and Construction

55
water supply system:
source, treatment,
distribution

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Necessary Criteria for Water Supply
a) Design period, for which the proposed system and its component
structures and equipments are to be adequate.
b) Design population, to be served in the future and population
density in the different districts.
c) Design flow, in terms of per capita water consumption.
d) Fire demand.
e) Source and water quality.

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Design Period of Water Supply Structures

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Design population
Prediction of Population

Arithmetical Method

Geometrical Method

Graphical Extension Method

Graphical Comparison Method

Decreasing Rate of Increase Method

Future Consumption

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Arithmetical Method

Pn = P + ni
where:
P1 = population at period t in capita.
Pn = population at period t in capita.
tn – t1 = time increment at which population
increase happens (in years)
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Geometrical Method

P n = P 1 (1+i/100) n

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Graphical
Extension
Method
 Graphical
Comparison
Method
Decreasing Rate of Increase Method

• S = Population at saturation stage

or limiting value.
• Pn = Population at time tn in
capita.
• Po = Population at time to in
capita.
• tn‐to = time increment at which
population increase happens (in
years).
• K’d = constant coefficient

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Decreasing
Rate of
Increase
Method
 66

Exercise

• Estimate Addis Ababa population growth for next 45 years

1. Arithmetical
2. Geometrical
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING (UIP)
Lecture IV

Chair Infrastructure Design and Construction

67
WATER DEMAND
Discharge flows in water supply systems
are classified as:

• production,
• delivery,
• consumption and
• leakage.

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Factors influencing the demand
a. For which purpose the water is used?
b. Who is user of the water?
c. How precious the water is?

Answers to the above questions determine the moment when the water
will be used, generating a demand pattern.

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Answer
• For which purpose is the water used? The demand is affected by a
number of consumption categories: domestic, industrial, tourism, etc
• Who is the user? Water use within the same category may vary due to
different cultures, education, age, climate, religion, or technological
process.
• How valuable is the water? The water may be used under
circumstances that restrict the demand: scarce source
(quantity/quality), poor access (no direct connection, fetching from a
distance), low income of consumers, etc.
Consumption Categories
• Non‐Domestic
industry, agriculture, institutions and offices, tourism, etc.
• Domestic
toilet flushing, bathing & showering, laundry, dishwashing water
cooking, drinking, gardening, car washing, etc.

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Industry

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Agricultural

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Animal

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Institution

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Tourism and Hotels

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Domestic Water Demand Patterns (DWD)
• Demand variations are commonly described by the peak factors.
• These are ratios between consumption at a certain moment and the
average consumption for the observed period (hour, day, week, year,
etc.).

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DWD

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Instantaneous Demand
Instantaneous (momentaneous, simultaneous) demand is

• Instantaneous demand (in some literature simultaneous demand) is

caused by a small number of consumers during a short period of
time: a few seconds or minutes.
• Assessing this sort of demand is the starting point in building up the
demand pattern of any distribution area.

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Peak Factor
Typical domestic water consumption

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Demandcalculation
Demandcalculation
Exercise
How big is your water footprint?
https://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/interactive‐tools/product‐
gallery/

In a residential area of 10,000 inhabitants, the specific water demand is

estimated at 100 l/c/d (leakage included). During a football game
shown on the local TV station, the water meter in the area registered a
maximum flow of 24 l/s, which was 60 % above the regular use for that
period of the day. What was the instantaneous peak factor in that
case? What would be the regular peak factor on a day without a
televised football broadcast?
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING (UIP)
Lecture VI

Chair Infrastructure Design and Construction

85
Source of water
surface water,
groundwater and
collected rainwater,

all of which are

dependent on rain and
snow falling on the
Earth’s surface.
 Distribution of fresh water in Ethiopia

There are 12 major river

basins/valleys, 11 lakes, 9
saline lakes, 4 crater lakes
and more than 12 major
swamps
Source of water In Addis Ababa
Example:
• Consider an urban area with approximately 348,000 residents.
Because of the water supply and distribution system, only 38% of the
water supplied is used and the remaining is lost. To alleviate this
problem, a rehabilitation and improvement program is considered.
A. If the rehabilitation and improvement program reduced
consumption losses by 1%, calculate the volume of water that
would be saved in 1year. The maximum water demand per capita is
350m3/year.
B. (b) Calculate the size of a city that could be served with the water
saved, if the water demand is the same.
Water Supply Infrastructure
Schematic of reservoirs and watersupplystorage
facilities
Planning Issue
Planning Issue
 Ground water storage

Development of flow distribution

around a discharging well in an
unconfined aquifer:
(a) initial stage,
(b) intermediate stage, and
(c) steady-state stage
Water Treatment Plant : Surface
Water Treatment Plant: Ground
Water treatment including backwash
System’s Components
A typical branch distribution system
A typical branch distribution system
Application Tool:

• WaterGEMS
• EPANET