Principles of Inheritance and Variation

CHAPTER > 05
Principles of
Inheritance and
Variation
NEET KEY NOTES
Å Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with the Inheritance of One Gene
inheritance and variation of characters from parents to their Å Mendel observed one trait or character at a time, e.g. he
offspring. crossed a tall and a dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance
of one gene.
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance Å He hybridised plants with alternate forms of a single trait
Å Gregor Mendel conducted hybridisation experiments on (monohybrid cross). The seeds produced by these crosses
garden peas for seven years (1856-1863). He applied were grown to develop into plants of Filial1 progeny or
statistical analysis and mathematical logic while studying F1-generation (F1 -plants).
inheritance patterns. Å Mendel then self-pollinated the tall F1-plants to produce
Å Mendel investigated two opposing traits of 14 characters in plants of Filial 2 progeny or F2 -generation ( F2 -plants).
true breeding pea plant (produced by continuous Å In later experiments, Mendel also crossed pea plants with
self-pollination and which showed stable trait inheritance). two contrasting characters known as dihybrid cross.
The characters selected by Mendel are tabulated below
Contrasting Traits Studied by Mendel in Pea Mendel’s Observation
Traits
Å In F1 -generation, Mendel found that all pea plants were tall
S. No. Characters and none was dwarf.
Dominant Recessive Å He also observed other pair of traits and found that F1-plant
1. Stem height Tall Dwarf always resembled either one of its parent and the trait of
other parent was not found.
2. Flower colour Violet White
Å In F2 -generation, he found that some of the offspring were
3. Flower position Axial Terminal ‘dwarf ’, i.e. the characters which were not seen in
F1-generation were expressed in F2 - generation.
4. Pod shape Inflated Constricted
Å The proportion of plants that were dwarf, were 1/4th of the
5. Pod colour Green Yellow F2 -plants, while 3/4th of the F2 -plants were tall.
6. Seed shape Round Wrinkled Å These contrasting traits (tall/dwarf) did not show any mixing
either in F1 or in F2 - generation as none was of intermediate
7. Seed colour Yellow Green
height.
Å Similar results were obtained with the other traits that he Å Punnett square is the diagrammatic representation of
studied. Only one of the parental traits was expressed in gametes produced by the parents, the formation of the
F1-generation, while in F2 - generation stage, both the traits zygotes and F1 , F2 plants. It helps to calculate the
were expressed in the ratio of 3 : 1. probability of all possible genotypes of offspring in a
Å Mendel also found identical results in dihybrid cross as in genetic cross. It was developed by British geneticist,
monohybrid cross. Reginald C Punnett.
Å Test cross is performed between the dominant
Mendel’s Inferences phenotype (obtained in F1 or F2 ) and recessive parent, so
Following inferences were made by Mendel based on his as to determine the genotype of former. The resultant
observations progeny appear in ratio 1 : 1.
Å Mendel proposed that factors or genes pass down from
ww ww Homozygous
parent to offspring through gametes over successive (White flowers) (White flowers) recessive
generations.
Å Genes are units of inheritance and they code for a pair of
w w w w
contrasting traits called alleles (different forms of the same w w w w
gene). Ww Ww W WW or Ww W Ww Ww
Interpretation Result
Å The alleles of a character are denoted as capital and small (Violet flowers)
letters, e.g. T(tall) and t(dwarf). Ww Ww W Dominant phenotype w ww ww
Å Genotype is the genetic constitution of an individual while All flowers violet (Genotype unknown) 50% flowers violet
the phenotype is the external appearance. 50% flowers white
Å Dominant allele The factor or an allele pair, which can
express itself in both homozygous and heterozygous states. Unknown flower is Unknown flower is
Å Recessive allele The factor or allele pair, which can express homozygous dominant heterozygous dominant
only in homozygous state.
Å Homozygous condition The state in which an organism has
Å Back cross The cross of an organism with the organism
two similar genes or alleles of a particular character, e.g. TT of its previous generation is known as back cross.
or tt for tallness or dwarfness. Å Reciprocal cross A cross in which same two parents are
Å Heterozygous condition In this, an organism contains two used in such a way that if in one experiment ‘A’ is used
different alleles for a particular character, e.g. Tt. as female parent and ‘B’ is used as male parent, in other
Å In a monohybrid cross, genes controlling one character (e.g.
experiment ‘A’ will be used as male parent and ‘B’ is
used as female parent is called reciprocal.
height) are considered, e.g. cross between TT × tt (Tall ×
Dwarf plant). Å Based on his observations on monohybrid crosses,
n
The resultant F1 progeny in such a cross is heterozygous Mendel proposed two general rules in order to
(Tt). consolidate his understanding of inheritance in
monohybrid crosses. Today, these rules are called the
n
In F2 -generation, the recessive parental trait is expressed
principles or laws of inheritance. These are
without any blending which represents that alleles of
parental pair segregate during gamete formation. It is a Law of Dominance (First Law)
random process.
Å Characters are controlled by discrete units called factors.
TT × tt Parental
(Tall) (Dwarf)
Å Factors occur in pairs.
Å In a dissimilar pair of factors, one member of the pair is
dominant while the other is recessive.
T t
Å This law is used to explain the expression of only one of
the parental characters in a monohybrid cross in the
Tt F1-generation F1-generation and the expression of both in the
(Tall) F2 -generation. It also explains the proportion of 3:1 ratio
obtained in the F2 -generation.
T t
Selfing Law of Segregation (Second Law)
Å This law states that, though the parents contain two
TT Tt Tt tt F2-generation
alleles during gamete formation, the factors or alleles of
Phenotypic ratio – 3 : 1 a pair segregate from each other, such that a gamete
Genotypic ratio – 1 : 2 : 1 receives only one of the two factors.
Å Hence, alleles do not show any blending and both the Å Based upon this, Mendel proposed a second set of
characters are recovered as such in the F2 -generation, though generalisations or postulates which is called law of
one of these is not seen in the F1-generation. independent assortment.
Å All the patterns of inheritance could not be explained
exclusively on the basis of Mendel’s original principles alone Law of Independent Assortment
and certain complexities were observed by later workers (Third Law)
which deviated from Mendel’s laws or Mendelism. This law states that ‘when two pairs of traits are combined
in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is
1. Incomplete Dominance independent of the other pair of characters’ at the time of
Å The F1 -progeny develop a new phenotype which do not
gamete formation. It also gets randomly rearranged in the
resemble either of the two parents and lies in between the offspring producing both parental and new combinations
two. For example, inheritance of flower colour in of characters. This can be understood from the figure
snapdragon (Antirrhinum) . given below
Å In this case, both phenotypic and genotypic ratio is 1 : 2 : 1. The
Parents
phenotypic ratio deviates from the Mendelian ratio of 3 : 1.
(Round yellow) (Wrinkled green)
Å Incomplete dominance result due to the production of RRYY rryy
non-functional enzyme or no enzyme by the recessive allele. RY ry Gametes
2. Codominance
Å The F1 -progeny resemble both the parents due to the equal
(Round yellow) F1-generation
expression of both alleles.
RrYy
Å For example, ABO blood group in humans is controlled by On
selfing
gene I which exhibit three alleles–IA , I B and i. IA and I B are
codominant alleles and these both are dominant over i.
Å Due to the presence of three different alleles, six genotype of RY RY
human ABO blood groups are possible. These are tabulated Gametes Gametes
rY RRYY rY
below
Table Showing the Genetic Basis of Blood Ry RrYY Ry
RrYY
Group in Human Population
ry ry
Allele from Allele from Genotype of Blood Group of RRYy rrYY RRYy
Parent 1 Parent 2 Offspring Offspring
IA IA IA IA A RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
IA IB IA IB AB RRyy
F2-generation
rrYy rrYy
A A
I i I i A
Rryy Rryy
IB IA IA IB AB
IB IB IB IB B rryy
B
I i IB i B
Phenotypic Ratio Round yellow : Round green :
i i ii O Wrinkled yellow : Wrinkled green = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
3. Multiple Allelism Result of dihybrid cross where the two parents differed in two
pairs of contrasting traits, i.e. seed colour and seed shape
Å More than two alleles governs the same character. These are
found during population studies. The human blood group In 1900, de Vries, Correns and von Tschermak
gene provides an example of multiple allele as well as an rediscovered Mendel’s results independently. Due to
interesting dominance relationship. microscopy, they carefully observed cell division. This led
to discovery of chromosomes (structure in the nucleus that
Inheritance of Two Genes appeared in pairs and divide just before each cell
Å To verify his results of monohybrid cross, Mendel also division).
crossed pea plants differing in two characters (dihybrid Chromosomal Theory of
cross). This helped him to understand inheritance of two
genes (i.e. two pairs of alleles) at a time. Inheritance
Å It was found that inheritance of one pair of allele (one trait) It was proposed independently by Walter Sutton and
does not interfere in the inheritance of other pair of allele Theodore Boveri in 1902. They united the knowledge of
(second trait). chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles and
called it chromosomal theory of inheritance. According to this Å Thus, linkage is a phenomenon of genetic inheritance in
theory which genes of a particular chromosome show their
Å All hereditary characters must be with sperms and egg cells tendency to inherit together.
as they provide bridge from one generation to the other. Å Morgan and his group also found that even when genes
Å The hereditary factors must be carried by the nuclear material. were grouped on the same chromosome, some genes
were tightly linked, i.e. linkage is stronger between two
Å Chromosomes are also found in pairs like the Mendelian
genes, if the frequency of recombination is low.
alleles.
Å Whereas, the frequency of recombinations is higher, if
Å The two alleles of a gene pair are located on homologous
genes are loosely linked, i.e. linkage is weak between
sites on the homologous chromosomes.
two genes.
Å The sperms and eggs have haploid sets of chromosomes, Å Recombination of linked genes is by crossing over
which fuse to re-establish the diploid state.
(exchange of corresponding parts between the
Å The genes are carried on to the chromosomes.
chromatids of homologous chromosomes).
Å Homologous chromosomes synapse during meiosis and get
separated to pass into different cells. This is the basis for
segregation and independent assortment.
Polygenic Inheritance
Å It was given by Galton in 1833. In this, traits are
Comparison between the Behaviour of
controlled by three or more genes (multiple genes).
Chromosomes and Genes
These traits are called polygenic traits.
Chromosomes Genes
Å The phenotype shows participation of each allele and is
These occur in pairs. These also occur in pairs.
also influenced by the environment and is called
Segregate at the time of gamete Segregate at gamete formation and
formation such that only one of only one of each pair is transmitted to a
quantitative inheritance as the character/phenotype
each pair is transmitted to a gamete. gamete. can be quantified. For example, human skin colour
One pair segregates independently
which is caused by a pigment melanin. The quantity of
One pair segregates independently of
of other pairs. another pairs situated on different melanin is due to three pairs of polygenes (A, B and C).
chromosome. However, segregation of Å If a black or very dark (AA BB CC) and white or very
linked genes shows dependency on
each other.
light (aa bb cc) individuals marry each other, the
offspring show intermediate colour, also called mulatto
Å It was done by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues. (Aa Ba Ca). A total of eight allele combinations are
Å Morgan carried out various dihybrid crosses in Drosophila possible in the gametes, forming 27 distinct genotypes.
with the genes that were sex-linked, i.e. the genes present on
the X-chromosome.
Å Morgan selected fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster for his Pleiotropy
experiments because Å It is the phenomenon in which a single gene product
n
They could be grown on simple artificial medium in the may produce multiple or more than one phenotypic
laboratory. effect.
n
Their life cycle is only about two weeks. Å For example, phenylketonuria, a disorder caused by
n
A single mating could produce a large number of flies. mutation in the gene coding the enzyme phenylalanine
hydroxylase. The affected individuals show hair and
n
It has four pairs of chromosomes which differ in size.
skin pigmentation and mental retardation.
n
There was a clear differentiation of the sexes, i.e. male
Å Therefore, it can be said that dominance is not an
(smaller) and female (bigger).
autonomous feature of the gene, or its product, but it
n
It has many types of hereditary variation, which can be depends on the production of a particular phenotype
easily seen through low power microscope. from the gene product.
Linkage and Recombination
Å Morgan and his group observed in Drosophila that when the
Sex-Determination
two genes in a dihybrid cross were situated on the same Å The establishment of sex through differential
chromosome, the proportion of parental gene combinations development in an individual at the time of zygote
were much higher than the non-parental type. formation is called sex-determination.
Å They attributed this due to physical association of the two Å Henking in 1891, could trace a specific nuclear structure
genes and coined the term ‘linkage’ to describe this physical all through spermatogenesis in few insects. He observed
association of genes on a chromosome and the term that 50% of sperms received this specific structure after
‘recombination’ to describe the generation of non-parental spermatogenesis, whereas the other 50% of sperms did
gene combinations. not receive it. He named this structure as X-body.
Scientists further explained that X-body was a chromosome Å The mutations are of following types
and called it as X-chromosome. Mutation
Å The chromosomal theory of sex-determination was worked
out by EB Wilson and Stevens (1902-1905). They named Gene mutations Chromosomal mutations
XY-chromosomes as allosome or sex chromosomes and
other chromosomes, which have no relation with the sex and
contain genes, which determine the somatic characters as Point Frameshift Structural variation Numerical
autosomes (AA). mutation mutation aberrations variations
Å Thus, on the basis of the type of allosome present in the
gamete, the parents can be of two types
Aneuploidy Polyploidy
n
Homogametic, i.e. producing similar gametes.
n
Heterogametic, i.e. producing different gametes.
Å Sex-determination pattern in different organisms is as Monosomy Trisomy Autopolyploidy Allopolyploidy
follows
Å Mutation occurring due to change in a single base pair
Types of sex- Features Examples of DNA. This is called point mutation, e.g. sickle-cell
determination anaemia.
mechanism
Å Deletions and insertions of base pairs of DNA cause
XX-XY method Females are homogametic as all Humans, frameshift mutation.
the chromosomes bear only Drosophila, etc.
X-chromosome. Å The loss or gain of a segment of DNA, results in
Males are heterogametic as half structural alteration in chromosomes because genes are
of the gametes have located on the chromosomes. This alteration in
X-chromosomes and the other chromosomes results in abnormalities and is common in
half bears Y-chromosomes. cancerous cells.
XX-XO method Females are homogametic as all Roundworms, Å When members of a homologous pair of chromosomes
gametes bear only insects, etc. fail to segregate during meiosis, aneuploidy occurs. It
X-chromosome.
means, there is loss or gain of one or more chromosomes.
Males are heterogametic as half
of the gametes bear
n
Monosomy, i.e. lack of one chromosome of normal
X-chromosome and the other complement.
half does not have any n
Trisomy, i.e. three instead of normal two
sex-chromosome.
chromosomes.
ZW-ZZ method Females are heterogametic Fishes, reptiles etc.
half of the gametes have
Å Polyploidy occurs when there is failure of cytokinesis
Z-chromosome and the other after telophase stage of cell division resulting in an
half have W-chromosome. increase in a whole set of chromosomes in an organism.
Males are homogametic as all In this phenomenon, the cell has loss or gain of three,
the gametes possess only
Z-chromosome.
four or more sets of chromosomes.
n
Autopolyploids are polyploids with multiple
ZO-ZZ method Females are heterogametic as Moths, butterflies,
half of the gametes have etc. chromosome sets derived from a single species.
Z-chromosome and the other n
Allopolyploids where chromosomes are derived
half has no chromosome. from different species, i.e. result of multiplying the
Males are homogametic and all
the gametes bear only
chromosome number and forming a hybrid.
Z-chromosome.
Haplodiploidy Unfertilised egg produces a Honeybees, etc.
Pedigree Analysis
haploid male. Å The analysis of traits in several generations of a human
Fertilised egg produces a family in the form of a family tree or diagram is called
diploid gamete. pedigree analysis. It serves as a strong tool, which is
utilised to trace the inheritance of a specific trait,
abnormality or disease.
Mutation Å Inheritance pattern of traits in human beings cannot be
Å It is a sudden, stable and inheritable change in genetic studied by crosses as in case of other organisms due to
material or DNA sequences of an organism. The organism, following reasons
which undergoes mutation is called mutant. n
The progeny produced is very small (usually one)
Å The chemical and physical factors that induce mutations are and therefore, takes long time.
called mutagens, e.g. UV radiations, etc. n
Controlled crosses cannot be performed.
The symbols used in pedigree analysis are given below Å Various Mendelian disorders are tabulated below
Male Disorders Characteristics
Colour blindness
Sex-linked recessive disorder caused due to
Female
mutation in genes present on X-chromosome.
Sex unspecified
Mostly females are carrier while males contract
the disease.
Affected individual
Affected person fails to discriminate red and
green colour.
Mating Haemophilia
Sex-linked recessive disorder which prevent
Heterozygous or Carrier male clotting of blood.

Heterozygote females are carrier who transmit
Heterozygous or Carrier female the disease to sons.
Mating between relatives Sickle-cell

Autosome linked recessive trait.
(consanguineous mating) anaemia
Caused due to the substitution of glutamic acid
by valine as the sixth codon of β-globin gene
Parents above and gets substituted from GAG to GUG.
children below
RBCs become sickle-shaped under low O2
(in order of birth-left to right)
tension.
Phenylketonuria
Autosomal recessive trait.
Parents with male child
Individual lack enzyme that convert
affected with disease phenylalanine into tyrosine leading to
accumulation of phenylpyruvic acid in body,
brain, etc.
Thalassemia
Autosome linked recessive trait.
Dizygous twins
α-thalassemia is caused due to the mutation in
HBA1 and HBA2 genes on chromosome 16.

β-thalassemia is caused due to the mutation in
Monozygous twins HBB gene on chromosome 11.

The rate of synthesis of α or β-chain gets
5 Five unaffected offspring reduced leading to the formation of abnormal
haemoglobin.
Symbols used in the human pedigree analysis
Chromosomal Disorders
Genetic Disorders Å It caused due to excess, the absence or abnormal
Å These are disorders or illness which caused by one or more arrangement of one or more chromosomes. These are of
abnormalities in the autosomes or sex chromosomes of the two types as follows
person. Thus, referred to as autosomal disorders or n
Autosomal abnormality or disorder, e.g. Down’s
sex-linked disorders, respectively. syndrome (Mongolian idiocy).
Å The genetic disorders are divided into n
Sex chromosome abnormality, e.g. Klinefelter’s
Genetic Disorders syndrome and Turner’s syndrome.
Å Various chromosomal disorders are tabulated below
Mendelian Disorders Chromosomal Disorders Disorders Characteristics
e.g. Haemophilia, cystic e.g. Down’s Down’s syndrome
21 trisomy (described by Langdon Down)
fibrosis, colour blindness, syndrome, Turner’s syndrome,
Cause short statured, furrowed tongue,
Sickle-cell anaemia, thalassemia, Klinefelter’s syndrome, etc. small round head, palm crease, retarded
phenylketonuria, etc. mental development and physical
appearance.
Mendelian Disorders Klinefelter’s syndrome
Presence of an additional
Å It caused due to alteration or mutation in a single gene. X-chromosome (XXY).
These are of two types

Cause sterility, gynaecomastia, overall
masuline development, etc.
n
Sex-linked recessive disorder, e.g. colour blindness and
Turner’s syndrome
Absence of one X-chromosome (XO).
haemophilia.

Sterile females, rudimentary ovaries,
n
Autosomal recessive disorder, e.g. thalassemia, lack of secondary sexual characters.
phenylketonuria and sickle-cell anaemia.
CHAPTER 05 > Principles of Inheritance and Variation 97
Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
TOPIC 1 ~ Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
1 Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with 8 How many pairs of true breeding varieties were
(a) variation (b) inheritance selected by Mendel for his experiment on pea plant?
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) study of characters (a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15
2 The inheritance of characters from parents to 9 Out of 7 contrasting trait pairs selected by Mendel,
offspring is how many traits were dominant and recessive?
(a) variation (b) heredity (a) 7 and 7
(c) inheritance (d) resemblance (b) 8 and 6
3 The tendency of offspring to differ from their parents (c) 6 and 8
is called (d) 5 and 9
(a) variation (b) heredity 10 Among the following characters, which one was not
(c) inheritance (d) resemblance considered by Mendel in his experiments on pea?
4 Mendel’s hybridisation experimental material was (a) Stem – Tall or Dwarf NEET 2017
(a) Pisum sativum (b) Lathyrus odoratus (b) Trichomes – Glandular or Non-glandular
(c) Oryza sativa (d) Mirabilis jalapa (c) Seed – Green or Yellow
(d) Pod – Inflated or Constricted
5 Which one from those given below is the period of
Mendel’s hybridisation experiments? NEET 2017 11 Which is correct about traits choosen by Mendel for
(a) 1856-1863 (b) 1840-1850 his experiment on pea plant?
(c) 1857-1869 (d) 1870-1877 (a) Terminal pod was dominant
(b) Constricted pod was dominant
6 Mendel investigated characters in garden pea plant
(c) Green coloured pod was dominant
manifested in two traits which were
(d) Tall plants were recessive
(a) similar (b) non-zygote
(c) identical (d) opposite 12 What contributed to Mendel’s success?
7 A true breeding line is characterised by the presence of I. Selection of pureline pea varieties.
(a) stable trait inheritance due to the continuous self- II. Knowledge of history.
pollination III. Selecting one character at a time.
(b) varying traits in different generations due to the cross IV. Statistical analysis and mathematical logic.
pollination
Choose the correct option.
(c) single trait in all generations due to allogamy
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) II and III
(d) varying trait inheritance in a single generation due to
geitonogamy (c) I, III and IV (d) II, III and IV
TOPIC 2 ~ Inheritance of One Gene

13 The first hybrid progeny obtained by Mendel were 15 According to Mendel’s observation, which generation
called of progeny always represents the phenotype of the
(a) F1 -progeny (b) F 0 -progeny dominant parent?
(c) F 2 -progeny (d) F 3 -progeny (a) F4 (b) F2 (c) F1 (d) F0
14 F1 -progeny of a cross between pure tall and dwarf 16 The Mendel crossed true breeding tall and dwarf plant
plant is always varieties in his experiment. Tallness was the dominant
(a) tall character and dwarfness was recessive. The recessive
(b) short character appeared in
(c) intermediate (a) F1 (b) F 2
(d) None of these (c) F3 (d) F2 and F 3
17 How did Mendel obtained recessive (dwarf) character 27 F2 -generation in a Mendelian cross showed that both
in F2 -generation? genotypic and phenotypic ratios are same as 1 : 2 : 1.
(a) By self-pollinating F1 (b) By self-pollinating F2 It represents a case of CBSE-AIPMT 2012
(c) By cross-pollinating F1 (d) By cross-pollinating F2 (a) codominance
18 The proportion of plants that were dwarf and tall, (b) dihybrid cross
respectively in F2 -generation of Mendel’s experiment (c) monohybrid cross with complete dominance
was (d) monohybrid cross with incomplete dominance
1 3 3 1 28 If the male plant has the genotype TT and the female
(a) th and th (b) th and th
4 4 4 4 plant has the genotype tt then they contribute pollen
2 1 1 4 and egg, respectively with
(c) rd and rd (d) rd and rd
3 3 3 3 (a) T and T gametes (b) tt and TT gametes
19 Mendel crossed tall and dwarf plants. In (c) TT and tt gametes (d) T and t gametes
F2 -generation both the tall and dwarf plants were 29 Graphical representation to calculate the probability
produced. This shows of all possible genotype of an offspring in genetic
(a) blending of characters cross is called
(b) atavism (a) Bunett square (b) Morgan square
(c) non-blending of characters (c) Punnett square (d) Mendel square
(d) intermediate characters
30 Test cross involves a cross between
20 During his experiments, Mendel used the term factor (a) recessive F1 -plant and dominant F2 -plant
for (b) recessive F2 -plant and dominant F3 -plant
(a) genes (b) traits (c) dominant F2 -plant and recessive parent plants
(c) characters (d) qualities (d) dominant F2 -plant and heterozygous parent plants
21 Genes which codes for a pair of contrasting characters 31 Mendel performed test cross to know the
are (a) genotype of F1 (b) genotype of F 2
(a) recessive character (b) dominant character (c) genotype of F 3 (d) genotype of F 4
(c) alleles (d) alternative gene
32 When alleles of two contrasting characters are present
22 Choose the incorrect match. together and one of the character expresses itself
(a) Phenotype – Physical appearance of an organism during the cross while the other remains hidden gives
(b) Genotype – Expressed genes the
(c) Homozygous – Identical alleles of a gene present at the (a) law of purity of gametes
same locus (b) law of segregation
(d) Heterozygous – Genes of an allelic pair are not same (c) law of dominance
23 Number of gametes produced by a homozygous and a (d) law of independent assortment
heterozygous individuals of genotype AA and Aa, 33 The allele which expresses itself in both homozygous
respectively are and heterozygous condition is called
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (a) dominant allele
(c) 3 and 5 (d) many (b) recessive allele
24 A cross in which parents differ in a single pair of (c) incomplete dominant allele
contrasting character is called (d) split allele
(a) monohybrid cross (b) dihybrid cross 34 3:1 ratio in F2 -generation is explained by
(c) trihybrid cross (d) tetrahybrid cross
(a) law of partial dominance
25 The phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross in (b) law of dominance
F2 -generation is (c) law of incomplete dominance
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 1 (d) law of purity of gametes
(c) 2 : 1 : 1 (d) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 35 The law of dominance is applicable in inheritance of
26 The genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross in (a) seed colour in pea
F2 -generation is (b) flower colour in Mirabilis jalapa
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 1 (c) starch grain size in pea
(c) 2 : 1 : 1 (d) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (d) roan coat colour in cattles
36 Mendel’s principle of segregation means that the 42 TtRr represents (heterozygous tall, heterozygous
germ cells always receive pink). If this plant is self crossed then
(a) one pair to alleles (T–dominant, t–recessive, R–dominant, r–recessive)
(b) one quarter of the genes I. 25% plants have red flowers.
(c) either one allele of father or one allele of mother II. 25% plants have white flowers.
(d) any pair of alleles
III. 50% plants have pink flowers.
37 The law based on fact that the characters do not show IV. 50% plants are tall.
any blending and both the characters are recovered as
Choose the correct option.
such in F2 -generation although one character was
(a) I and II (b) I, II and III
absent in F1 -progeny, is
(c) II, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
(a) law of purity of gametes
(b) law of independent assortment 43 Which Mendelian idea is depicted by a cross in which
(c) law of incomplete dominance the F1 -generation resembles both the parents?
(d) law of dominance NEET 2013
(a) Incomplete dominance (b) Law of dominance
38 Mendel crossed tall and dwarf plant. In F2 -generation
(c) Inheritance of one gene (d) Codominance
the observed ratio was 3:1 (tall : short). From this
result, he deduced 44 What will be the ratio of offspring in a cross between
the red coloured and pink coloured flowers of
I. law of dominance.
Mirabilis jalapa.
II. law of independent assortment. (a) Red : Pink = 1 : 1 (b) Red : Pink = 3 : 1
III. law of segregation. (c) Red : Pink = 1 : 3 (d) Red : Pink = 2 : 3
IV. incomplete dominance.
45 The recessive trait in case of incomplete dominance is
Choose the correct option. seen due to the
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) I and III (a) non-functional enzyme produced by modified gene
(c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and III (b) absence of any enzyme that may otherwise be produced
39 Correctly select the genotype and phenotype of by modified gene
F1 -generation (R = dominant and red, r = recessive (c) normal or less efficient enzyme produced by recessive
and white) from the given cross in plant snapdragon allele
showing incomplete dominance. (d) Both (a) and (b)
46 The ABO blood groups are controlled by
(a) I-gene (b) c-gene
RR rr P-generation (c) B-gene (d) n-gene
47 Out of the three alleles of gene I, the sugar polymers
R r Gametes
on the plasma membrane of RBCs is controlled by
how many alleles?
(a) All three (b) Two
F1-generation
(c) One (d) O
(a) Rr and white (b) Rr and red
(c) Rr and pink (d) cannot predict
48 In human blood group inheritance
(a) IA and IB are codominant
40 Theoretically in incomplete dominance one allele
(b) IA and IB are dominant over i
functions as normal, while another allele may
(c) IA is dominant over IB
function as
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) normal allele
(b) non-functional allele 49 If two persons with ‘AB’ blood group marry and have
(c) normal but less efficient allele sufficiently large number of children, these children
(d) All of the above could be classified as ‘A’ blood group : ‘AB’ blood
41 Incomplete dominance is similar to codominance in group : ‘B’ blood group in 1 : 2 : 1 ratio. Modern
having identical technique of protein electrophoresis reveals presence
(a) phenotypic ratio
of both ‘A’ and ‘B’ type proteins in ‘AB’ blood group
(b) genotypic ratio
individuals. This is an example of NEET 2013
(a) codominance (b) incomplete dominance
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) partial dominance (d) complete dominance
(d) None of the above
50 In a marriage between male with blood group A and I. Dominance
female with blood group B, the progeny had either II. Codominance
blood group AB or B. What could be the possible III. Multiple allele
genotype of parents? NEET (Odisha) 2019 IV. Incomplete dominance
(a) IA i (Male) : IBIB (Female) V. Polygenic inheritance
(b) IA IA (Male) : IBIB (Female) (a) I, IV and V (b) I, II and III
(c) IA IA (Male) : IBi (Female) (c) II, III and V (d) I, III and V
(d) IA i (Male) : IBi (Female) 54 When there are more than two alleles controlling the
51 Blood group of the father is ‘A’ and blood group of same character. These are called
mother is ‘B’. Then predict the blood group of the (a) pleiotropy (b) polyalleles
progeny. AIIMS 2019 (c) multiple alleles (d) All of these
(a) A, AB
55 Which of the following option (s) is/are correct for
(b) A, B, AB, O
starch synthesis in pea seeds controlled by single gene
(c) B, AB
which has two allelic forms B and b?
(d) O, A, B
(a) BB is round seed with large starch synthesis
52 The genotypes of a husband and wife are I A I B and (b) bb is wrinkled seed with large starch synthesis
I A i. Among the blood types of their children, how (c) Bb is round seed with less starch synthesis
many different genotypes and phenotypes are (d) All of the above
possible? NEET 2017 56 Starch synthesis gene in pea plant in heterozygous
(a) 3 genotypes; 3 phenotypes condition produces starch grain of intermediate size.
(b) 3 genotypes; 4 phenotypes This shows
(c) 4 genotypes; 3 phenotypes (a) complete dominance
(d) 4 genotypes; 4 phenotypes (b) incomplete dominance
53 Which of the following characteristics represents (c) codominance
‘Inheritance of blood groups’ in humans? NEET 2018 (d) None of the above
TOPIC 3 ~ Inheritance of Two Genes

57 The types of gametes formed by the genotype RrYy 61 In a cross between plants having yellow round
are (YYRR) and green wrinkled (yyrr) seeds, what will
(a) RY, Ry, rY, ry (b) RY, Ry, ry, ry be the ratio between seeds having yellow and green
(c) Ry, Ry, Yy, ry (d) Rr, RR, Yy, YY seed colour?
58 In law of independent assortment how many factors (a) 3 : 2 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 9 : 7 (d) 7 : 9
are involved (for a dihybrid cross) 62 Total number of round seed in the F2 -generation of a
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1 cross between plants having pure yellow round and
59 In Mendel’s experiments with garden pea, round seed pure green wrinkled seeds is
shape (RR) was dominant over wrinkled seeds (rr) (a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 1
and yellow colour (YY) was dominant over green 63 Ratio observed in dihybrid cross (phenotypically)
colour (yy). What are the expected phenotypes in the (a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 1
F1 -generation of the cross RRYY × rryy? (c) 9 : 7 (d) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(a) Only round seeds with yellow cotyledons
64 The number of different genotypes observed in the
(b) Only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
F2 -generation of a dihybrid cross are
(c) Only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons
(a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) 6
(d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons and wrinkled
seeds with yellow cotyledons 65 Mendel’s result on inheritance of characters were
60 In cross between pure breeding pea plants having rediscovered by
yellow round (YYRR) and green wrinkled (yyrr) (a) de Vries (b) Correns
seeds, find out the total seeds (plants) having yellow (c) von Tschermak (d) All of these
colour in F2 -generation. 66 The literal meaning of chromosome is
(a) 12 (b) 10 (a) painted body (b) coloured body
(c) 14 (d) 11 (c) doubling body (d) thread-like body
67 The concept of chromosome movement during 74 Choose the incorrect pairing among the following.
meiosis to explain Mendel’s laws was used by (a) Sutton and Boveri – Chromosome theory
(a) Sutton and Boveri (b) Walter and Boveri – Behaviour of chromosome during
(b) Malthus cell divisions
(c) Correns (c) TH Morgan – Mutation
(d) Morgan (d) Henking – Barr bodies
68 The chromosomes as well as genes occur in pair and 75 Linked genes that were observed by Morgan were
the two alleles of a gene pair are located on present on
(a) homologous chromosomes (a) X-chromosome
(b) non-homologous chromosomes
(b) different chromosome
(c) single chromosome
(d) All of the above (c) heterologous chromosome
(d) paired chromosome
69 Who proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance?
(a) Sutton and Mendel 76 Strength of the linkage between the two genes is
(b) Boveri and Morgan (a) proportionate to the distance between them
(c) Morgan and Mendel (b) inversely proportionate to the distance between them
(d) Sutton and Boveri (c) depend on the chromosomes
70 Experimental evidences of chromosomal theory of (d) depend upon the size of chromosomes
inheritance was given by 77 In Morgan’s experiment, white and yellow genes
(a) S Boveri (b) TH Morgan were linked tightly, while white and miniature wing
(c) de Vries (d) W Sutton
were loosely linked. The per cent recombination
71 Morgan’s experimental organism was shown by these genes were
(a) Drosophila melanogaster (a) 50% each
(b) Mangifera indica
(b) 72% and 8.3%, respectively
(c) Mirabilis jalapa
(d) Drosophila indica (c) 0.3% and 53%, respectively
(d) 1.3% and 37.2%, respectively
72 Both chromosome and gene (Mendelian factors)
whether dominant or recessive are transmitted from 78 In a test cross involving F1 dihybrid flies, more
generation to generation in parental-type offspring were produced than the
(a) changed form recombinant type offspring. This indicates
(b) unaltered form NEET 2016
(c) altered form
(d) disintegrated form (a) chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis
(b) the two genes are linked and present on the same
73 The figure depicts. chromosome
Possibility I Possibility II (c) Both of the characters are controlled by more than one
Two pair of gene
homologous
chromosomes (d) the genes are located on two different chromosomes
79 The frequency of recombination between gene pairs
Anaphase-I (Meiosis-I) Anaphase-I (Meiosis-I) on the same chromosome as a measure of the distance
between genes was explained by
NEET (National) 2019
(a) Gregor J Mendel (b) Alfred Sturtevant
(c) Sutton-Boveri (d) TH Morgan
Anaphase-II (Meiosis-II) Anaphase-II (Meiosis-II) 80 What map unit (centi Morgan) is adopted in the
construction of genetic maps? NEET (National) 2019
(a) A unit of distance between two expressed genes
representing 100% cross over
(b) A unit of distance between genes on chromosomes,
Germ cells Germ cells
representing 1% cross over
(a) Linkage (c) A unit of distance between genes on chromosomes,
(b) Independent assortment representing 50% cross over
(c) Law of dominance (d) A unit of distance between two expressed genes
(d) Equational division representing 10% cross over
81 Map units on linkage map cannot be relied upon to (c) sex chromosomes
calculate physical distances on a chromosome for (d) heterologous chromosomes
which of the following reasons? 84 Genetic maps can be used in human genome project
(a) The relationship between recombination frequency and (a) starting point in the sequencing of whole genome
map units is different in every individual (b) measure the distance between genes
(b) Physical distances between genes change during the (c) map the position of genes on chromosomes
coures of cell cycle (d) All of the above
(c) Linkage map distances are identical between males and 85 Genes A, B and C are linked. Genes A and B are more
females close than A and C.
(d) The frequency of crossing over varies along the length I. A might be before B and C.
of the chromosome
II. B might be between A and C.
82 Linkage group is III. C might be between A and B.
(a) linearly arranged group of linked gene IV. More crosses cannot occur between A and C than
(b) non-linearly arranged group of linked gene A and B.
(c) non-linearly arranged group of unlinked gene Find out the correct option for the given information.
(d) non-linearly arranged group of single gene (a) I and II
83 Linkage groups are always present on the (b) II and III
(a) homologous chromosomes (c) III and IV
(b) analogous chromosomes (d) I, II and IV
TOPIC 4 ~ Polygenic Inheritance and Pleiotropy

86 Polygenic traits are controlled by 90 A pleiotropic gene
(a) one gene (a) is not found in humans
(b) two genes (b) is a single gene which exhibit multiple phenotypic
(c) three or more genes expressions
(d) mutant genes (c) show effect on metabolic pathways, so as to produce
various phenotypes
87 The polygenic traits
(d) Both (b) and (c)
(a) are influenced by environment
91 Phenylketonuria is caused due to
(b) phenotype reflect the contribution of each allele
(a) pleiotropy
(c) effect of each allele is additive
(b) multiple alleles
(d) All of the above
(c) codominance
88 In human skin colour which is a polygenic trait, all
dominant and all recessive alleles show (d) incomplete dominance
(a) Darkest and lightest skin colour, respectively 92 Phenylketonuria in human
(b) Lightest and darkest skin colour, respectively (a) manifests through phenotypic expressions
(c) Only darkest skin colour (b) is characterised by mental retardation
(d) Only lightest skin colour (c) leads to hair reduction and skin pigmentation
89 In human skin colour inheritance, the genotype with (d) All of the above
three dominant and three recessive alleles will 93 Which one of the following pairs is wrongly
produce matched? NEET 2018
(a) darkest skin colour (a) XO type of sex-determination – Grasshopper
(b) lightest skin colour (b) ABO blood grouping – Codominance
(c) intermediate skin colour (c) Starch synthesis in pea – Multiple allele
(d) patches of black and white (d) TH Morgan – Linkage
TOPIC 5 ~ Sex-Determination
94 Sex-determination is controlled by … A… and the (c) Male Drosophila – Heterogametic
remaining chromosomes which are not involved in (d) None of the above
sex-determination are …B… . 99 The chromosomal denotation for heterogametic
A B female and homogametic males are
(a) Allosomes Autosomes (a) ZW and ZZ (b) ZO–ZZ
(b) Allosomes Sex-chromosomes (c) XX–XO (d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Sex-chromosomes Allosomes 100 A human male contains the karyotype of … A… and a
(d) Autosomes Sex-chromosomes human female has …B… chromosomes.
95 Choose the incorrect pair with respect to sex A B
determination in different organisms. (a) 44 + XX 44 + XY
(a) Grasshopper = XO type (b) 44 + XY 44 + XX
(b) Birds = ZZ-ZW type (c) 44 + XO 44 + XX
(c) Drosophila = XX-XO type (d) 44 + XX 44 + XO
(d) Human = XX-XY type 101 The number of chromosomes in females and males
96 In XX and XY type of sex-determination, honeybees are
(a) males are heterogametic (a) 32
(b) females are isogametic (b) 16
(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) 32 and 16, respectively
(d) None of the option is correct (d) 16 and 32, respectively
97 Male heterogamety is seen in 102 The unfertilised eggs in honeybees develop into
(a) males (b) queen
(a) Humans (b) Grasshopper
(c) worker (d) Both (a) and (c)
(c) Drosophila (d) All of these
103 In honeybees, male and female gametes are produced
98 Choose the incorrect pair amongst the following. through
(a) Male bird – Homogametic (a) mitosis (b) mitosis and meiosis, respectively
(b) Female bird – Heterogametic (c) meiosis (d) meiosis and mitosis, respectively
TOPIC 6 ~ Mutation
104 Mutation is a phenomena which results in alteration (a) Transition = 8, Transversion = 4
in sequences of (b) Transition = 4, Transversion = 4
(a) DNA (b) RNA (c) Transition = 8, Transversion = 4
(c) proteins (d) Both (a) and (b) (d) Transition = 4, Transversion = 8
105 Mutation may result in 109 Sickle-cell anaemia is a classical example of

(a) change in genotype (b) change in phenotype (a) frame-shift mutation
(c) change in metabolism (d) All of these (b) point mutation
(c) Both (a) and (b)
106 Chromosomal abberation is commonly found in the (d) None of the above
(a) cancer cells (b) normal cells
(c) healthy cells (d) autosomal cells 110 Frame-shift mutation arises due to
(a) deletion of base pair of DNA
107 Point mutation arises due to the change in (b) insertion of base pair of DNA
(a) single base DNA (c) Both (a) and (b)
(b) single base pair of DNA (d) change in single base pair of DNA
(c) segment of DNA
111 Mutagens are
(d) double base pair of DNA
(a) chemical agents which cause change in DNA
108 If there are four different types of nitrogenous bases (b) physical agents which cause mutation
(A, T, G and C) then how many different types of (c) Both (a) and (b)
transitions and transversion are possible? (d) None of the abvoe
104 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II )
TOPIC 7 ~ Genetic Disorders

112 Analysis of traits of several generation of a family in (a) character is carried by Y-chromosome
the form of diagram is called (b) character is sex-linked recessive
(a) gene analysis (b) chromosome analysis (c) character is sex-linked dominant
(c) allele analysis (d) pedigree analysis (d) character is recessive autosomal
113 Pedigree analysis is very important in human beings 118 In the following human pedigree, the filled symbols
because represent the affected individuals. Identify the type of
(a) it helps genetic counselors to avoid disorders given pedigree.
(b) it shows origin of traits
(c) it shows the flow of traits in family
114 Identify the correct choice for given symbols
(A and B).
A B
(a) A–Consanguineous mating; B–Mating
(b) A–Mating; B–Mating between relatives
(c) A–Mating; B–Consanguineous mating (a) X-linked dominant (b) Autosomal recessive
(d) Both (b) and (c) (c) Autosomal dominant (d) X-linked recessive
115 Identify the symbols given below and the correct 119 In a family, father had a trait but mother did not. All
option with respect of A, B , C and D. their sons and daughter had this trait. The same trait
was found in some grand daughters, though daughter
were married to the normal persons.
A B C D Choose the correct pedigree chart for this condition.
(a) A–Male, B–Female, C–Sex unspecified, D–Affected (a)
male
(b) A–Male, B–Female, C–Sterile, D–Carrier male
(c) A–Male, B–Female, C–Fertile, D–Affected female
(d) A–Female, B–Male, C–Sex unspecified, D–Carrier
female
116 Identify the type of inheritance in the given diagram.
(b)
(c)
(a) Dominant X-linked
(b) Recessive X-linked
(c) Dominant Y-linked
(d) Cytoplasmic or Mitochondrial inheritance
117 Following pedigree chart shows
(d)
120 Observe the pedigree chart given below. Find out the 126 A man whose father was colourblind marries a
cause of trait, i.e. it is due to woman, who had a colourblind mother and normal
father. What percentage of male children of this
couple will be colourblind ? CBSE-AIPMT 2014
(a) 25% (b) 0%
(c) 50% (d) 75%
127 A normal woman whose father was colourblind,
marries a normal man. What kinds of children can be
(a) Incompletely dominant allele expected and in what proportion ? AIIMS 2018
(b) Dominant allele (a) All daughters normal, 50% of sons colourblind
(c) Either dominant or recessive allele (b) All daughters normal, all sons colourblind
(d) Recessive allele (c) 50% daughters colourblind, all sons normal
121 The diagram given below show the inheritance of (d) All daughters colourblind, all sons normal
haemophilia in a family. What will be the genotype of 128 Which of the following most appropriately describes
the individual marked M? haemophilia? NEET 2016
(a) X-linked recessive gene disorder
(b) Chromosomal disorder
(c) Dominant gene disorder
(d) Recessive gene disorder
M
129 In haemophilia, the affected protein is a part of a
cascade of protein which is involved in the
(a) M − XY (b) M − XX (a) formation of RBCs
(c) M − X h X h (d) M − X h X (b) formation of WBCs and platelets
(c) coagulation of blood
122 Given below is a pedigree chart of a family with five (d) anticoagulation
children. It shows the inheritance of attached ear lobes
as opposed to the free ones. Which of the following 130 Sickle-cell anaemia is an autosomal linked recessive
condition can be drawn? trait that can be transmitted from parents to the
offspring when both the partners are carriers for all
the genes or heterozygous.
The disease is controlled by a single pair of allele,
Hb A and HbS . Identify X, Y and Z.
(a) Parents are heterozygous
(b) Parents are homozygous recessive GAG
Normal Hb (A) Gene
(c) Parents are homozygous dominant CTC
(d) All are incorrect
123 Colour blindness in humans mRNA GAG
(a) results in defect in either red or green cone of eyes
(b) is caused due to the mutation in gene found on
X-chromosome Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu
(c) affects males more frequently than females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HbA Peptide
124 A woman has an X-linked condition on one of her
X-chromosomes. This chromosome can be inherited by X
Sickle-cell Hb (S) Gene
NEET 2018 Y
(a) Only grand children (b) Only sons
(c) Only daughters (d) Both (b) and (c) mRNA Z
125 A normal-visioned man whose father was colourblind,
marries a woman whose father was also colourblind.
They have their first child as a daughter. What are the Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu
chances that this child would be colourblind? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(a) 100% (b) 0% CBSE-AIPMT 2012 HbS Peptide
(c) 25% (d) 50%
X Y Z 139 A disease caused by an autosomal primary
(a) GTG CAC Val (GUG) non-disjunction is NEET 2017
(b) CAC CTC Val (GUG) (a) Down’s syndrome (b) Klinefelter’s syndrome
(c) GTA GAG Val (GUG) (c) Turner’s syndrome (d) Sickle-cell anaemia
(d) GTC GAC Val (GUG)
140 Karyotype of Down’s syndrome has how many
131 In sickle-cell anaemia, chromosomes? JIPMER 2019
(a) Both parents are heterozygous carriers, but are (a) 43 (b) 46 (c) 47 (d) 45
unaffected
141 I. Short statured body with small round head.
(b) Single pair of allele controls the disease
(c) Only Hb s Hb s show diseased phenotype II. Furrowed tongue and partially opened mouth.
(d) All of the above III. Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease.
IV. Slow physical, psycomotor and mental development.
132 In individual suffering from phenylketonuria,
(a) enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is absent These are the characters of
(b) phenylalanine do not convert to tyrosine (a) Down’s syndrome (b) Turner’s syndrome
(c) phenylpyruvic acid is formed (c) Klinefelter’s syndrome (d) Edward syndrome
(d) All of the above 142 Choose the correct pair.
133 Thalassemia in humans (a) Gynacoemastia – Development of breasts
(a) is an autosome linked recessive blood disorder (b) Turner’s syndrome – Loss of an X-chromosome in
(b) can transmit from parents to offspring when both females
parents are unaffected carriers (heterozygous) (c) Polyploidy – Seen in plants
(c) caused due to the mutation or deletion of one of the α (d) All of the above
or β-globin chain
143 What is the genetic disorder in which an individual
has an overall masculine development gynaecomastia
134 α-thalassemia in humans is controlled by and is sterile? NEET (National) 2019
(a) HBA1 and HBA2 genes on chromosome 16 (a) Klinefelter’s syndrome (b) Edward syndrome
(b) HBA1 gene on chromosome 12 (c) Down’s syndrome (d) Turner’s syndrome
(c) HBA2 gene on chromosome 11
144 Klinefelter’s syndrome results from
(d) HBA1 and HBA2 genes on chromosome 9
(a) XX egg and Y from sperm
135 β-thalassemia in humans is controlled by (b) XX egg and XY sperm
(a) HBA2 gene on chromosome 16 (c) X egg and XY sperm
(b) HBB gene on chromosome 11 (d) Both (a) and (c)
(c) HBA1 gene on chromosome 15 145 In which genetic condition, each cell in the affected
(d) HBA1 and HBA2 gene on chromosome 8 person, has three sex chromosomes XXY?
136 Failure of segregation of chromatid during cell NEET (Odisha) 2019
division cycle results in the gain or loss of (a) Thalassemia (b) Klinefelter’s syndrome
chromosome which as called (c) Phenylketonuria (d) Turner’s syndrome
(a) aneuploidy (b) hypopolyploidy 146 Monosomy and trisomy are represented respectively as
(c) hyperpolyploidy (d) polyploidy (a) n − 1, n + 2 (b) 2n + 2, 2n + 1
137 A cell telophase stage is observed by a student in a (c) 2n − 1, 2n + 1 (d) 2n − 2, 2n + 1
plant brought from the field. He tells his teacher that 147 Female suffering from Turner’s syndrome possess
this cell is not like other cells at telophase stage. (a) 45 + XO
There is no formation of cell plate and thus the cell is (b) rudimentary ovaries
containing more number of chromosomes as (c) lack of secondary sexual characters
compared to other dividing cells. This would result in (d) All of the above
(a) polyploidy NEET 2016
148 Which of the following are chromosomal disorders.
(b) somaclonal variation
(c) polyteny I. Colour blindness II. Down’s syndrome
(d) aneuploidy III. Phenylketonuria IV. Turner’s syndrome
138 Non-disjunction in meiosis results in JIPMER 2018
V. Thalassaemia
(a) trisomy (b) normal diploid (a) I, II and III (b) II, IV and V
(c) gene mutation (d) None of these (c) III, IV and V (d) II and IV
NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason 158 Assertion (A) The mechanism of sex-determination
■ Direction (Q. No. 149-163) In each of the following
in honeybee is called haplodiploidy.
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed Reason (R) Female honeybees are haploid while male
by corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the honeybees are diploid.
statements, mark the correct answer as 159 Assertion (A) The non-allelic genes for red hair and
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct prickles are usually inherited together. AIIMS 2018
explanation of A
Reason (R) The genes for red hair and prickles are
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
located on the same chromosome in close
explanation of A
association.
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true 160 Assertion (A) Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s
syndrome and Turner’s syndrome are chromosomal
149 Assertion (A) Offspring have characteristics of both
disorders.
the parents.
Reason (R) In Klinefelter’s syndrome females are
Reason (R) Characters pass from the parents to their
sterile. AIIMS 2019
progeny.
161 Assertion (A) Phenylketonuria is recessive hereditary
150 Assertion (A) True breeding lines have stable trait
inheritance for several generations. disease caused by body’s failure to oxidise an amino
acid phenylalanine to tyrosine, because of defective
Reason (R) Mendel conducted cross-pollination
enzyme. AIIMS 2018
experiments on true breeding lines.
Reason (R) It is characterised by in the presence of
151 Assertion (A) In F2 -generation, the traits seen in the
phenylalanine acid in urine.
progeny were identical to their parents.
Reason (R) The progeny of the F2 -generation show 162 Assertion (A) Sickle-cell anaemia is an autosome
linked recessive trait.
no blending of traits.
Reason (R) It is controlled by a single pair of allele.
152 Assertion (A) Genes are not passed on from one
generation to the next. 163 Assertion (A) Down’s syndrome is a Mendelian
Reason (R) Genes serves as the units of inheritance. disorder.
153 Assertion (A) Gametes receives only one allele of a Reason (R) It is caused due to the presence of an
gene. additional copy of chromosome 21.
Reason (R) Mitosis occurs during gamete formation
leading to the formation of haploid gametes. II. Statement Based Questions
154 Assertion (A) In codominance, the F1 -generation 164 Which of the following statement is not true for two
resembles both the parents. genes that show 50% recombination frequency?
Reason (R) An example is different type of red blood NEET 2013
cells that determine ABO blood grouping in humans. (a) The genes may be on different chromosomes
(b) The genes are tightly linked
155 Assertion (A) Behaviour of chromosome is parallel
(c) The genes show independent assortment
to gene.
(d) If the genes are present on the same chromosome, they
Reason (R) Genes are located on the chromosome. undergo more than one cross overs in every meiosis
156 Assertion (A) Some genes tend to pass together from 165 In Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), a red flower was
one generation to another. crossed with a white flower and in F1 -generation, pink
Reason (R) Such genes are located for away from flowers were obtained.
each other on a chromosome.
When pink flowers were selfed, the F2 -generation
157 Assertion (A) Insects show female heterogamety. showed white, red and pink flowers. Choose the
Reason (R) In insects, males have XO sex incorrect statement from the following.
chromosome and females have XX sex NEET (National) 2019
chromosome.
(a) Pink colour in F1 is due to incomplete dominance (c) The possibility of a female becoming a haemophilic is
1 2 1 extremely rare
(b) Ratio of F 2 is (Red) : (Pink) : (White)
4 4 4 (d) The family pedigree of Queen Victoria shows a number
(c) Law of segregation does not apply in this experiment of haemophilic descendents
(d) This experiment does not follow the principle of 172 Thalassemia and sickle-cell anaemia are caused due
dominance to a problem in globin molecule synthesis. Select the
166 Select the incorrect statement. NEET (National) 2019 correct statement.
(a) In male grasshoppers, 50% of sperms have no (a) Both are due to a qualitative defect in global chain
sex-chromosome synthesis
(b) In domesticated fowls, sex of progeny depends on the (b) Both are due to a quantitative defect in globin chain
type of sperm rather than egg synthesis
(c) Human males have one of their sex-chromosomes much (c) Thalassemia is due to the synthesis of abnormal
shorter than the other haemoglobin molecules
(d) Male fruitfly is heterogametic (d) None of the above
167 Which one of the following conditions correctly 173 Select the incorrect statement.
describes the manner of determining the sex? (a) RBCs become sickle-shaped under low oxygen tension
AIIMS 2018 in sickle-cell anaemia
(a) Homozygous sex chromosomes (ZZ) determine female (b) Phenylpyruvic acid gets accumulated in brain and
excreted in urine due to poor absorption by kidney
sex in birds
(c) In thalassemia, α and β-globin chains are altogether
(b) XO type of sex chromosomes determine male sex in
absent in body
grasshopper
(d) Thalassemia is an autosome linked recesive disease
(c) XO condition in humans as found in Turner’s syndrome
determines female sex 174 Which of the following statement is correct with
(d) Homozygous sex-chromosomes (XX) produce males in respect to monohybrid and dihybrid cross?
Drosophila (a) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation
whereas dihybrid cross is performed for two generations
168 The following statements are regarding sex-
(b) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a
determination. Choose the incorrect one. dihybrid cross involved two parents
(a) There are two types of sex-determining mechanism (c) A monohybrid cross produces a single progeny whereas
(b) In male heterogamety, male has autosomes and sex a dihybrid cross produce two progenies
chromosome XY (d) A monohybrid cross involves individuals with one
(c) In female heterogamety, it has autosomes and one Z heterozygous character, whereas a dihybrid corss
and one W chromosomes involves individuals with two heterozygous characters
(d) Female heterogamety is found in mammals 175 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
169 Which of the following statement is incorrect? with respect to the law of segregation?
(a) X-body of Henking was given the name (a) Alleles do not show blending
X-chromosomes (b) The paired factors or alleles segregate from each other
(b) In many insects, all eggs bear an additional such that a gamete receives the two factors as in the
X-chromosomes besides autosomes original paired form
(c) X-chromosomes is a sex chromosomes as it is involved (c) Homozygous parent produce similar types of gametes
in sex-determination whereas heterozygous ones produce two types of
(d) None of the above gametes each having one allele with unequal proportion
170 Identify the incorrect statement for sex-determination
in humans. 176 Which of the following statement(s) is/are true with
(a) Humans contain 23 pairs of autosomes respect to sickle-cell anaemia?
(b) Females produce only one type of ovum (a) The mutant haemoglobin of sickle-cell anaemic
individual undergo polymerisation under low oxygen
(c) Genetic makeup of sperm determine the sex of the child tension causing sicking of RBCs
(d) In males, two types of gametes are produced (b) Sickle-cell anaemia occur due to the single base
171 Which among the following statement is not true for substitution (GAG → GUG) at the sixth codon of
haemophilia? β-globin gene
(a) It is a sex-linked dominant disease (c) Individuals heterozygous for sicke-cell anaemia
(b) It is transmitted to unaffected carrier female to male ( Hb SHb A ) are resistant towards malaria
progeny (d) All of the above
177 Which of the following statement is incorrect? 182 Consider the following statements regarding ABO
(a) Mutations provide variations on which natural selection blood group in human.
acts I. It is controlled by multiple alleles.
(b) The vast majority of mutations produce dominant II. It shows codominance.
alleles III. Codominance can be manifested phenotypically in
(c) Mutations arise spontaneously, infrequently and human.
randomly
IV. It follows the Mendel’s law of inheritance.
(d) Rate of mutation can be increased by artificial means
Which of the statments(s) given above are correct?
178 Read the following statements. (a) Only I (b) I and II
I. Mendelian factors are now called genes. (c) II and III (d) IV and II
II. Characters blend in homozygous condition only.
183 Consider the following statements.
III. All characters in human show dominance.
I. 100% parental combinations are found in
IV. Hugo de Vries was involved in rediscovery of F 2 -generation.
Mendel’s works.
II. F 2 phenotypic ratio is 3 : 1 in dihybrid cross.
Which of the above statements are true? III. Dihybrid test cross ratio is 1 : 1 inF 2 -generation.
(a) I and II (b) II and III
IV. Linked genes tends to separate frequently.
(c) I and IV (d) IV and III
Which of the statement given above are correct?
179 Which of the following is true about linkage ? (a) I, II and IV (b) I, III and IV
I. It is phenomenon in which more recombinants are (c) II, III and IV (d) I and II
produced in F2 -generation.
184 Select the incorrect statement(s) from the options
II. More parental combinations are produced in given below with respect to dihybrid cross. AIIMS 2018
F 2 -generation.
I. Tightly linked genes on the same chromosome show
III. Genotype which are present in F1 hybrid, reappear in higher recombinations.
high frequency in F2 -generation.
II. Genes far apart on the same chromosome show very
IV. It is a phenomenon in which two chromosomes are few recombinations.
linked.
III. Genes loosely linked on the same chromosome show
Choose the correct option. similar recombinations.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) I and II (b) III and II
(c) I and III (d) III and IV (c) I and III (d) All of these
180 Which of the following statements are false? 185 Consider the following statements and select the
I. A dominant allele determines the phenotype when statement(s) which are correct with respect to the
paired with a recessive allele. reasons as to why Mendel could not find out about
II. A recessive allele is weaker than a dominant allele. linkage?
III. A recessive allele do not shows its effects when paired I. Some genes are linked, but they are too far apart for
with a dominant allele. crossing over to be distinguished from independent
IV. A dominant allele is always better for an organism. assortment.
(a) II, I and IV (b) II, III and IV II. Linked genes, were never tested for the same time in
(c) I, II and III (d) I, III and IV same cross.
III. All seven genes, were present on the same
181 Which of the following statements are false? chromosomes.
I. Specific mutations are acquired and occur only when IV. All seven genes were present on 4 chromosomes, but
required. they were present far apart.
II. Inheritance of specific trait can be determined using (a) I and II (b) II and III
pedigree analysis. (c) III and IV (d) Only IV
III. Like recombination, mutations cause variations in the
186 Consider the following statement and select the
DNA sequence.
statements which are correct with respect to the
IV. Chromosomal aberrations are observed in cancer cells reasons as to why Mendel’s work remain
randomly irrespective of the alleles present. unrecognised for a long time.
Choose the correct option. I. Communication was not easy.
(a) II and III (b) Only I
II. Concept of factors which did not blend was not
(c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV
accepted.
III. Use of mathematics to explain biological problem was 192 Pick out the correct statements. NEET 2016
unacceptable. I. Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disease.
IV He could not provide any physical proof for the II. Down's syndrome is due to aneuploidy.
existance of factors.
III. Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive gene
(a) I and II (b) II and III disorder.
(c) III and IV (d) All of these IV. Sickle-cell anaemia is an X - linked recessive gene
187 Consider the following statements. disorder.
I. Henking found specific nuclear structures through (a) II and IV (b) I, III and IV
spermatogenesis in the 50% sperms of few insects. (c) I, II and III (d) I and IV
II. The sex-determination in honeybee is based on the
number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. III. Matching Type Questions
Select the correct option. 193 Match the following columns.
(a) Both I and II are true (b) I is true, II is false
Column I Column II
(c) Both I and II are false (d) I is false, II is true (Genetic crosses) (Phenotypic ratios)
188 Which of the following statements are correct reasons A. Test cross 1. 9:3:3:1
for why fruitfly is excellent model for genetics?
B. Monohybrid cross 2. 1:1
I. Small life cycle (two week).
C. Dihybrid cross 3. 3:1
II. Can be feed on simple synthetic medium.
III. Single mating produce large number of progeny. Codes
IV. Clear differentiation of sexes. A B C A B C
V. Many heredity variation can be seen with low power (a) 2 1 3 (b) 2 3 1
microscopes. (c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 2
Choose the correct option. 194 Match the following columns. AIIMS 2019
(a) I, II and III (b) III, IV and V
Column I Column II
(c) I, IV and V (d) All of these (Chromosomal (Features)
189 Consider the following statements. abberation)
I. The crosses carried out by Morgan on Drosophila were A. Inversion 1. Change in linear order of genes
sex-linked dihybrid crosses. by 180º rotation
II. The F2 -ratio in Morgan’s experiment deviated B. Duplication 2. Loss of part of chromosome
significantly from 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio. C. Deletion 3. Addition of part of chromosome
so that it is represented twice
Select the correct option.
D. Translocation 4. Shifting of a part of chromosome
(a) I is true, II is false (b) I is false, II is true to another non-homologous
(c) Both I and II are true (d) Both I and II are false chromosome
190 Consider the following statements. Codes
I. The number of chromosomes in male and female A B C D A B C D
insects is same. (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
II. The female insects are heterozygous while male insect (c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 2 1 4 3
is homozygous. 195 Match the following columns.
Select the correct option.
(a) I is true, II is false (b) Both I and II are true Column I Column II
(Genetic interactions) (Genetic cross ratios)
(c) I is false, II is true (d) Both I and II are false
A. Incomplete dominance 1. 12 : 3 : 1
191 Consider the following statements.
B. Dominant epistasis 2. 1:2:1
I. Both colour blindness and haemophilia are sex-linked
recessive traits. C. Recessive epistasis 3. 9:7
II. In sex-linked recessive traits, heterozygous or carrier D. Complementary genes 4. 9:3:4

female transmit disease to sons.
Codes
Select the correct option. A B C D A B C D
(a) Both I and II are true (b) I is true, II is false (a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) Both I and II are false (d) I is false, II is true (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 3 2 1
196 Match the following columns. 199 Match the following columns.
Column I Column II Column I Column II
(Scientists) (Discoveries) A. Non-parental gene exchange 1. Crossing over
A. Gregor Mendel 1. Chromosomal theory of B. Non-sister chromatids 2. X and Y
inheritance C. Sex chromosome 3. Polyploidy
B. Sutton and Boveri 2. Law of inheritance D. More than two sets of 4. Recombination
chromosomes
C. Henking 3. Linkage
Codes
D. Morgan 4. Discovered X-body A B C D A B C D
E. de Vries 5. Mutation (a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 4 3 1 (d) 2 4 1 3
Codes
200 Match the following columns and choose the correct
A B C D E
option from the codes given below. AIIMS 2019
(a) 4 2 1 3 5
(b) 2 1 4 3 5 Column I Column II
(c) 4 1 5 3 2 A. Pleiotropic gene 1. Both alleles express equally
(d) 2 3 4 5 1 B. Codominance. 2. Change in nucleotides
197 Match the following columns. C. Epistasis 3. One gene shows multiple
phenotypic expression
Column I Column II
D. Mutation 4. Non-allelic gene inheritance
A. ABO blood groups 1. Dihybrid cross
Codes
B. Law of segregation 2. Monohybrid cross A B C D A B C D
C. Law of independent 3. Base pairs
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 3 4 1
assortment substitution (c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 1 3 4 2
D. Gene mutation 4. Multiple allelism 201 Match the items of Column I with Column II.
NEET (Odisha) 2019
Codes Column I Column II
A B C D A. XX-XO method of 1. Turner’s syndrome
(a) 2 1 4 3 sex-determination
(b) 2 3 4 1 B. XX-XY method of 2. Female heterogamety
(c) 4 1 2 3 sex-determination
(d) 4 2 1 3 C. Karyotype-45 3. Grasshopper
198 Match the terms in Column I with their description in D. ZW-ZZ method of sex- 4. Female homogamety
Column II and choose the correct option. NEET 2016 determination
Codes
Column I Column II
(Terms) (Description)
A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 4 1 3 (b) 1 4 2 3
A. Dominance 1. Many genes govern a single character (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 2 1 3
B. Codominance 2. In a heterozygous organism only 202 Match the following columns.
one allele expresses itself
Column I Column II
C. Pleiotropy 3. In a heterozygous organism both (Animals) (Chromosome complement)
alleles express themselves fully
A. Fruitfly 1. 2n = 6 + XY
D. Polygenic 4. A single gene influences many B. Fowl 2. 2n = 14 + XX
inheritance characters
C. Grasshopper 3. 2n = 16 + XO
Codes D. Human 4. 2n = 44 + XY
A B C D
(a) 4 1 2 3 Codes
(b) 2 3 4 1 A B C D A B C D
(c) 4 3 1 2 (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 3 4 1
(d) 2 1 4 3 (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 2 1 4 3
203 Match the following columns. Codes
Column I Column II A B C D E
(Pedigree symbols) (Refers to) (a) 2 1 3 4 5
A. 1. Death
(b) 5 2 4 1 3
B. 2. Five unaffected offspring
(c) 1 5 3 4 2
C. 5
3. Sex unspecified
(d) 5 1 4 2 3
D. 5
4. Female 205 Match the following columns.
E. 5. Male Column I Column II
(Genetical trait) (Name of disorders)
Codes A. Autosomal linked recessive trait 1. Down’s syndrome

A B C D E
B. Sex-linked recessive disease 2. Phenylketonuria
(a) 1 2 5 4 3
(b) 1 2 4 3 5 C. Inborn metabolic error linked to 3. Haemophilia
(c) 1 2 3 4 5 autosomal recessive trait
(d) 5 4 3 2 1
D. Additional 21st chromosome 4. Sickle-cell anaemia
204 Match the following columns.
Column I Column II Codes
(Types of polyploid) (Chromosomes constitution) A B C D
A. Monoploidy 1. 2 n–1
(a) 3 4 1 2
B. Monosomy 2. 2 n+1
(b) 4 1 2 3
C. Nulisomy 3. 2 n+2
D. Trisomy 4. 2 n–2
(c) 2 1 4 3
E. Tetrasomy 5. n (d) 4 3 2 1
NCERT Exemplar
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
206 Which of the following is/are Mendelian disorder? 210 In the F2 -generation of a Mendelian dihybrid cross
(a) Thalassemia (b) Cystic fibrosis the number of phenotypes and genotypes are
(c) Phenylketonuria (d) All of these (a) phenotypes-4, genotypes-16
207 All genes located on the same chromosome (b) phenotypes-9, genotypes-4
(a) form different groups depending upon their relative (c) phenotypes-4, genotypes-8
distance (d) phenotypes-4, genotypes-9
(b) form one linkage group 211 Two genes ‘A’ and ‘B’ are linked. In a dihybrid cross
(c) will not form any linkage group involving these two genes, the F1 heterozygote is
(d) form interactive groups that affect the phenotype crossed with homozygous recessive parental type (aa
208 A cross between two tall plants resulted in offspring bb). What would be the ratio of offspring in the next
having few dwarf plants. What would be the generation?
genotypes of both the parents? (a) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
(a) TT and Tt (b) Tt and Tt (c) TT and TT (d) Tt and tt (b) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(c) 3 : 1
209 In a dihybrid cross, if you get 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio it (d) 1 : 1
denotes that
(a) the alleles of two genes are interacting with each 212 Mendel’s law of independent assortment holds good
other for genes situated on the
(b) it is a multigenic inheritance (a) non-homologous chromosomes
(c) it is a case of multiple allelism (b) homologous chromosomes
(d) the alleles of two genes are segregating independently (c) extra nuclear genetic element
(d) same chromosome
213 It is said that Mendel proposed that the factor 218 ZZ/ZW type of sex-determination is seen in
controlling any character is discrete and independent. (a) platypus
This proposition was based on the (b) snails
(a ) results of F3 -generation of a cross (c) cockroach
(b) observations that the offspring of a cross made between (d) peacock
the plants having two contrasting characters shows only 219 In a certain taxon of insects some have 17
one character without any blending
chromosomes and the others have 18 chromosomes.
(c) self-pollination of F1 offsprings
The 17 and 18 chromosome-bearing organisms are
(d) cross-pollination of F1 -generation with recessive parent
(a) males and females, respectively
214 Occasionally, a single gene may express more than (b) females and males, respectively
one effect. The phenomenon is called (c) all males
(a) multiple allelism (d) all females
(b) mosaicism
220 The inheritance pattern of a gene over generations
(c) pleiotropy
among humans is studied by the pedigree analysis.
(d) polygeny
Character studied in the pedigree analysis is
215 Person having genotype I A I B would show the blood equivalent to
group as AB. This is because of (a) quantitative trait
(a) pleiotropy (b) Mendelian trait
(b) codominance (c) polygenic trait
(c) segregation (d) maternal trait
(d) incomplete dominance 221 If a genetic disease is transferred from a
216 Mother and father of a person with ‘O’ blood group phenotypically normal, but carrier female to only
have ‘A’ and ‘B’ blood group, respectively. What some of the male progeny, the disease is
would be the genotype of both mother and father? (a) autosomal dominant
(a) Mother is homozygous for ‘A’ blood group and father is (b) autosomal recessive
heterozygous for ‘B’ (c) sex-linked dominant
(b) Mother is heterozygous for ‘A’ blood group and father (d) sex-linked recessive
is homozygous for ‘B’
222 In sickle-cell anaemia glutamic acid is replaced by
(c) Both mother and father are heterozygous for ‘A’ and ‘B’
blood group, respectively valine. Which one of the following triplet codes for
(d) Both mother and father are homozygous for ‘A’ and ‘B’
valine?
blood group, respectively (a) G G G (b) A A G
(c) G A A (d) G U G
217 Distance between the genes and percentage of
recombination shows 223 Conditions of a karyotype 2n ± 1 and 2n ± 2 are called
(a) a direct relationship (a) aneuploidy
(b) an inverse relationship (b) polyploidy
(c) a parallel relationship (c) allopolyploidy
(d) no relationship (d) monosomy
114 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-II )
Answers
Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (d) 7 (a) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (a) 14 (a) 15 (c) 16 (b) 17 (a) 18 (a) 19 (c) 20 (a)
21 (c) 22 (b) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (d) 28 (d) 29 (c) 30 (c)
31 (b) 32 (c) 33 (a) 34 (b) 35 (a) 36 (c) 37 (a) 38 (b) 39 (c) 40 (d)
41 (c) 42 (b) 43 (d) 44 (a) 45 (d) 46 (a) 47 (b) 48 (d) 49 (a) 50 (a)
51 (b) 52 (c) 53 (b) 54 (c) 55 (a) 56 (b) 57 (a) 58 (a) 59 (a) 60 (a)
61 (b) 62 (b) 63 (d) 64 (a) 65 (d) 66 (b) 67 (a) 68 (a) 69 (d) 70 (b)
71 (a) 72 (b) 73 (b) 74 (c) 75 (a) 76 (b) 77 (d) 78 (b) 79 (b) 80 (b)
81 (d) 82 (a) 83 (a) 84 (d) 85 (a) 86 (c) 87 (d) 88 (a) 89 (c) 90 (d)
91 (a) 92 (d) 93 (c) 94 (a) 95 (c) 96 (a) 97 (d) 98 (d) 99 (d) 100 (b)
101 (c) 102 (a) 103 (b) 104 (a) 105 (d) 106 (a) 107 (b) 108 (d) 109 (b) 110 (c)
111 (c) 112 (d) 113 (d) 114 (d) 115 (a) 116 (d) 117 (a) 118 (b) 119 (a) 120 (c)
121 (d) 122 (a) 123 (d) 124 (d) 125 (b) 126 (a) 127 (a) 128 (a) 129 (c) 130 (a)
131 (d) 132 (d) 133 (d) 134 (a) 135 (b) 136 (a) 137 (a) 138 (a) 139 (a) 140 (c)
141 (a) 142 (d) 143 (a) 144 (d) 145 (b) 146 (c) 147 (d) 148 (b)
NEET Special Types Questions
149 (a) 150 (b) 151 (a) 152 (d) 153 (c) 154 (a) 155 (b) 156 (c) 157 (d) 158 (c)
159 (a) 160 (c) 161 (b) 162 (b) 163 (d) 164 (b) 165 (c) 166 (b) 167 (b) 168 (d)
169 (d) 170 (a) 171 (a) 172 (c) 173 (c) 174 (d) 175 (a) 176 (d) 177 (b) 178 (c)
179 (a) 180 (b) 181 (b) 182 (b) 183 (d) 184 (d) 185 (a) 186 (d) 187 (a) 188 (d)
189 (c) 190 (d) 191 (a) 192 (c) 193 (b) 194 (c) 195 (a) 196 (b) 197 (d) 198 (b)
199 (a) 200 (c) 201 (c) 202 (a) 203 (d) 204 (d) 205 (d)
NCERT Exemplar Questions
206 (d) 207 (b) 208 (b) 209 (d) 210 (d) 211 (d) 212 (b) 213 (b) 214 (c) 215 (b)
216 (c) 217 (a) 218 (d) 219 (a) 220 (b) 221 (d) 222 (d) 223 (a)
Answers & Explanations

5 (a) Mendel performed his hybridisation experiment on
Pisum sativum (garden pea) for 7 years between 1856-1863. Characters Dominant traits Recessive traits
6 (d) Mendel investigated characters in the garden pea plant
that were manifested as two opposite traits, e.g. tall or dwarf Seed shape Round Wrinkled
plants, yellow or green seeds. This allowed him to set up a Seed colour Yellow Green
basic framework of rules governing inheritance, which was
expanded on by later scientists to account for all the diverse Flower colour Violet White
natural observations and the complexity inherent in them.
Pod shape Inflated Constricted
7 (a) A true breeding line is one that have undergone
continuous self-pollination, shows stable trait inheritance Pod colour Green Yellow
and expression for several generations.
9 (a) Mendel selected 7 dominant traits and 7 recessive traits Flower position Axial Terminal
out of the total 14 traits or 7 opposing pairs of traits. The
Stem height Tall Dwarf
traits have been tabulated below
10 (b) Trichomes are the epidermal tissues structure. represents the dominant phenotype, while 1 represents
These are formed when epidermal cells become the recessive phenotype.
glandular and hair like, called as trichomes. This 36 (c) Mendel’s principle of segregation means that the
character was not amongst the seven pairs of characters germ cells (gametes) always receive either one allele of
of the pea plant. Mendel selected for his hybridisation father or one allele of mother. The law of segregation
experiments. states that, hereditary characters in the form of allele
19 (c) In Mendel’s experiment dominant and recessive segregate from each other during the formation of
traits were expressed or appeared separately. This gametes. Half of the gametes carry one allele and other
shows that there was no mixing of characters, thus half carry other allele for a character.
non-blending of character in F2 -generations is observed. 37 (a) Law of purity of gametes states that the characters
22 (b) Option (b) is incorrect and can be corrected as which were hidden or masked in F1 progeny get
The genetic composition of an organism, with respect recovered in the progeny of F2 -generation.
to one or more characters whether the gene is expressed 38 (b) Option (b) is correct as the ratio of 3 : 1 helped to
or not is called genotype. deduce law of dominance and law of segregation.
23 (a) The formula to calculate the number of gametes Whereas law of independent assortement was deduced
from a given genotype is 2n . by Mendel by performing dihybrid cross ( 9 : 3 : 3 : 1).
Where, n = number of heterozygosity in the given Incomplete dominance was not deduced by Mendel.
genotype. Thus, number/types of gametes produced by 40 (d) In incomplete dominance, the two genes of an
a homozygous individual of genotype AA is 2(0) = 1 and allelomorphic pair are not related as dominant or
by heterozygous individual of genotype Aa is 2(1) = 2. recessive but each of them express themselves partially.
In this phenomenon, one allele may function normally
27 (d) Monohybrid cross with incomplete dominance and the other may either function normally, may be
shows the same genotypic and phenotypic ratio, i.e. non-functional or may perform normally, but with less
1 : 2 : 1, as depicted by the cross given below efficiency. This occurs due to some changes in the allele
AA aa which modifies the information present in it.
Parents
Red White Thus, option (d) is correct.
41 (c) Both codominance and incomplete dominance give
A a Gametes an identical genotypic and phenotypic ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
Codominance and incomplete dominance differ in the
Aa F1-generation
Pink fact that in codominance both the alleles are dominant
and express themselves at the same time. But in
incomplete dominance, the two alleles are neither
A a Gametes
dominant nor recessive to each other.
a 42 (b) On self-crossing TtRr plant, the following cross is
Aa A obtained
A Pink a
AA aa Tt Rr (heterozygous tall and pink)
Red White F2-generation
Aa ↓ (self-crossed)
Pink
Tt Rr × Tt Rr
Genotypic ratio – 1 (AA) : 2 (Aa) : 1 (aa) Gametes TR Tr tR tr
Phenotypic ratio – 1 (Red) : 2 (Pink) : 1 (White)
TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr
28 (d) Since, both the male and female parents are (Tall red) (Tall pink) (Tall red) (Tall pink)
homozygous with genotype TT and tt, respectively they Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr
will contribute only one type of gamete. The male will (Tall pink) (Tall white) (Tall pink) (Tall white)
produce gamete (pollen) of type T and the female will
tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttrR
produce a gamete (egg) of type t. (Tall red) (Tall pink) (Dwarf red) (Dwarf pink)
31 (b) Mendel performed test cross to know the genotype tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
of F2 . Test cross involves a cross between dominant F2 (Tall pink) (Tall white) (Dwarf pink) (Dwarf white)
plant with the homozygous recessive parent plant. The
ratio of monohybrid test cross is 1 : 1 between Tt and tt. Plants with pink flower = 8 = 50%
So, if the ratio of test cross comes as mentioned, then Plants with red flower = 4 = 25%
the F2 genotype is heterozygous tall and if it deviates Plants with white flower = 4 = 25%
from this, then the F2 genotype is homozygous tall. Tall plants = 75%
34 (b) 3:1 ratio in F2 -generation can be explained by the Dwarf plants = 25%
law of dominance. It states that, only dominant allele 43 (d) Option (d) is correct as in codominance, both alleles
shows its effect even in the heterozygous condition and of a pair express themselves fully in F1 -generation, so it
masks the effect of recessive allele. In the given ratio, 3 resembles both the parents.
44 (a) The cross between red flowered and pink flowered l When only one parent is homozygous
plants of Mirabilis jalapa is depicted below % & % &
Genotype A A B A B B
I I I i or I i I I
% &
RR × Rr Phenotype A B A B
Red Pink Parents l When both parents are homozygous
% &
Genotype A A B B
R R r Gametes I I I I
Phenotype A B
& F1 - generation l When both parents are heterozygous

R r
% % &
A B
Genotype I i I i
R RR Rr Phenotype A B
Thus, when blood group of father is A and of mother is B,
Thus, the ratio of offspring produce would be then the blood group of progeny will be A, B, AB and O.
Red : Pink = 1 : 1 52 (c) A cross between a husband and wife one with AB
46 (a) The ABO blood groups are controlled by the blood group and the other with A blood group will
I-gene, which has three alleles (IA , IB, i). produce four genotypes and three phenotypes. It has
47 (b) The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has been depicted by the cross given below
sugar polymers that protrude from its surface and the Husband
kind of sugar is controlled by ‘I’ gene. It has three % IA IB
alleles IA , IB and i. Out of these only two alleles IA and &
IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar, while Wife
IA IA IA IA IB
allele i does not produce any sugar. Because humans are i IA i IB i
diploid organisms, each person possesses any two of the
three I gene alleles. IA and IB are completely dominant Thus, the genotypes and the phenotypes of the offspring
over i. would be
49 (a) AB blood group is characterised by the presence of Genotypes : 4(IA IA , IA IB , IA i, IB i)
both antigen A and B, i.e. IA and IB over the surface of Phenotypes : 3 (A, B, AB)
RBCs.
Phenotype AB 53 (b) Dominance, codominance and multiple alleles are
the characteristics that represent ‘inheritance of blood
↓ groups’ in humans. ABO blood groups are determined
Genotype IA IB by the gene I.
↓ There are multiple (three) alleles; I A , I B and i of this
Antigen A + Antigen B gene. Allele I A and I B are dominant over i. However,
Here, both alleles are able to express themselves when I A and I B alleles are present together, they show
forming antigens A and B. This is called as codominance. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
codominance, a phenomenon in which both the alleles 55 (a) Option (a) is correct. This can be explained as
in a heterozygote are expressed. occasionally a single gene product may produce more
50 (a) The possible genotype of parents, male with blood than one effect. Like in starch synthesis in pea seeds
group A and female with blood group B, having controlled by one gene having two alleles (B and b).
progeny with either blood group AB or B is I A i (male) : Thus, the phenotype and genotype expressed are
I BI B (female). It can be depicted by the cross given below l BB–round seed, large starch synthesis.
I i A B
I I B l bb–wrinkled seed, less starch synthesis.
l Bb–round seed, intermediate starch synthesis.
Thus, if we take size as a phenotype, allele B shows
I AI B I AI B I Bi I Bi complete dominance over ‘b’, but if we take starch
Blood Blood Blood Blood synthesis as a phenotype, allele B and b shows
group group group group incomplete dominance.
AB AB B B
57 (a) The formula to determine the number of gametes is
51 (b) Since, it has not been specified whether the parents 2n = 2(2) = 4
are homozygous or heterozygous for the alleles of gene Thus, RrYy would produce 4 gametes of the types RY,
I the possible genotype of + and parent could be Ry, rY, ry.
59 (a) When plants bearing round yellow (RRYY) seeds taking place, scientists were able to carefully observe
are crossed with plants bearing and wrinkled green cell division.
(rryy) seeds, all the plants in F1 -generation will have This led to the discovery of structures in the nucleus
yellow round seeds. It can be depicted by the cross that appeared to double and divide just before each cell
given below division.
% & 69 (d) Sutton and Boveri proposed the chromosomal theory
RRYY rryy
Parents x of inheritance. In 1902, the chromosomal movement
(Round, yellow) (Wrinkled, green)
during meiosis was worked out. Walter Sutton and
Theodore Boveri stated that pairing and separation of a
Gametes RY ry pair of chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a
pair of factors they carried. They united the knowledge
RrYy
of chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles
F1-generation and called it chromosomal theory of inheritance.
(Round, Yellow)
60 (a) A cross between pure yellow round seeded plants 72 (b) Both genes and chromosomes (Mendelian factors)
and pure green wrinkled seeded plants is shown below wheather dominant or recessive are transmitted from
generation to generation in the pure or unaltered form. It
Parents is also called law of purity of gametes.
(Round yellow) (Wrinkled green)
rryy 74 (c) The pair given in option (c) is incorrect. It can be
RRYY
corrected as
ry
TH Morgan – Linkage
Gametes RY
×
de Vries – Mutation
Rest of the pairs are correct.
(Round yellow)
F1-generation 78 (b) When two genes in a dihybrid cross are situated on
RrYy
the same chromosome, the proportion of the parental
Selfing gene combinations are much higher than the
non-parental or recombinant type as linked genes are
RY RY inherited together in offspring.
Gametes Gametes 79 (b) Alfred Sturtevant was the first to explain the
rY RRYY rY concept of chromosomal mapping. It is constructed on
the basis of recombination frequency between gene
Ry RrYY Ry
RrYY pairs on the same chromosome. This frequency is
ry ry directly proportional to the distance between these two
RRYy rrYY RRYy genes.
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
It can be used to determine the exact location of a gene
on the chromosome.
F2-generation 80 (b) In the construction of genetic maps, map unit or
rrYy RRyy rrYy
centi Morgan is a unit or distance between genes on
Rryy Rryy chromosomes, representing 1% cross over,
i.e. 1 map unit = 1% cross over
rryy Hence, the genetic distance between genes is based on
Phenotypic ratio average number of cross over frequency between them.
Round yellow : Round green : Wrinkled yellow : Wrinkled green
85 (a) Since, genes A and B are more close than genes A
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
and C, therefore, gene A has to be present before genes
Genotypic 1 (RRYY) : 2 (RRYy) : 2 (RrYY) : 4 (RrYy) : 1 (RRyy) B and C with gene B present in between genes A and C.
ratio 2 (Rryy) : 1 (rrYY) : 2 (rrYy) : 1(rryy) Other options are incorrect and can be corrected as
Thus, the number of plants of F2 -generation having l Gene C is not between genes A and B.
yellow coloured seeds are 12 (out of 16).
l More crosses have occurred between A and C than A
64 (a) The genotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross is and B.
1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
88 (a) Human skin colour is another classic example for
Thus, we see that 9 different genotypes are observed in polygenic trait the phenotype reflects the contribution of
the F2 -generation. each allele, i.e. the effect of each allele is additive. To
65 (d) In 1900, three scientists (de Vries, Correns and von understand this better let us assume that three genes, i.e.
Tschermak) independently rediscovered Mendel’s A, B and C control skin colour in human with the
results on the inheritance of characters. Also, by this dominant forms A, B and C responsible for dark skin
time due to advancements in microscopy that were colour and the recessive forms a, b and c for light skin
colour. The genotype with all the dominant alleles T
(AABBCC) will have the darkest skin colour and that 1 3
with all the recessive alleles (aabbcc) will have the
lightest skin colour. 2 1 2 4
93 (c) In the given pairs, option (c) is wrongly matched. It 4

A G
can be corrected as 3
Starch synthesis in pea is an example of pleiotropy. 8
6
Rest of the pairs are correctly matched. 7
5
95 (c) Option (c) contains the incorrect pair. It can be
C
corrected as
(Transition → and Transversion )
In Drosophila, XX-XY type of sex-determination is
seen, i.e. same as humans. 110 (c) Deletion and insertion of one base leads to a change
Rest of the pairs are correct. in the entire DNA base pair sequence, which leads to
96 (a) In XX-XY type of sex-determination, male are frame shift mutation. Since the deletion or insertion in
heterogametic, i.e. produces two types of sperms with X DNA base pair sequence is occurring in the reading
and Y. But females are homogametic, i.e. produces only frame. This is named as frame shift mutation.
single type of ovum with X. 111 (c) Mutagens may be physical agents such as X-rays,
α-rays, etc., which cause mutation and chemical agents
101 (c) Sex-determination in honeybee is called such as mustard gas, etc., which cause changes in the
haplo-diploid sex-determination system. DNA sequence in an organism.
Parents Female Male 112 (d) The study of inheritance of genetic traits in several
32 16 generations of a family of human beings is done in the
form of a family tree diagram called the pedigree chart
Meiosis Mitosis and the method is called pedigree analysis.
116 (d) Cytoplasmic or Mitochondrial inheritance is the
Gametes inheritance in which a trait is passed only from the
16 16 16 mother to offspring. The genes involved in this mode of
inheritance are present in the cytoplasm of ova.
Male Female Since, after fertilisation, cytoplasm is contributed to the
F1 - generation
16 32 zygote by ova, the genes for a specific trait are passed
on from the mother to the offspring.
102 (a) The sex-determination in honeybee is based on the 117 (a) In the given pedigree chart only males are affected.
number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. So, it can be easily inferred that the given trait is
An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an connected to Y-chromosome.
egg develops as a female (queen or worker) and an
unfertilised egg develops as a male (drone) by means of 118 (b) The type of pedigree given is autosomal recessive.
parthenogenesis. It can be explained by the detailed pedigree chart given
104 (a) Mutation is the phenomenon which results in below
alteration of DNA sequences and consequently results Let ‘a’ be the recessive autosomal allele.
in change in the phenotype and genotype of an
organism. The term ‘mutation’ was introduced by Hugo Aa aa
de Vries in 1901 in his mutation theory of evolution.
105 (d) In most cases if there is a change in genotype than it AA
ultimately leads to change in phenotype too. Mutation aa or Aa
aa Aa or Aa Aa Aa
may also involve change in the rate of metabolism in
some individuals.
AA AA aa Aa Aa
107 (b) Point mutations refer to those mutations which arise or Aa AA
Aa or
due to change in a single base pair of DNA. This change or
Aa Aa
may either be deletion or addition of one or more bases
or it may be due to substitution of one base by another. aa aa AA or Aa
108 (d) Transition occurs when a purine base (A or G) is
replaced by another purine base. Transversion occurs 119 (a) Figure (a) is correct as the case is that of criss-cross
when a purine base is substituted by a pyrimidine base inheritance. It is a type of sex-linked inheritance, where
or vice-versa. a parent passes the traits to the grand child of the same
Thus, the number of possible transitions and sex through offspring of the opposite sex. The father
transversions among the four bases (A, T, G, C) are 4 passes the traits to grandson through his daughter
and 8, respectivley and can be represented by the figure (diagynic), while the mother transfers traits to her grand
given below daughter through her son (dia-andric).
120 (c) For the pedigree chart given in the question, the Hence, out of the 4 offspring possible 25% of sons are
cause of the trait can either be due to a dominant allele diseased and 25% are normal. Similarly, 50% daughters
or a recessive allele. normal out of which half are carriers.
It can be depicted by the two cases given below 125 (b) Colour blindness is an X-linked disease. So, a
I. When ‘A’ is the dominant allele for the trait and ‘a’ is woman whose father is colourblind will be a carrier for
the normal recessive allele. the disease.
aa AA XY × XcX Parents
(Normal man) (Carrier woman)
aa Aa Aa Aa Aa aa X Y Xc X Gametes
aa Aa aa aa aa XY F1-generation
XXc XX XcY
II. When ‘a’ is the recessive allele for the trait and ‘A’ is (Carrier (Normal (Colourblind (Normal
the normal dominant allele. daughter) daughter) son) son)
AA aa
So, the possibility of a colourblind daughter (i.e. X cX c)
in F1 -generation is 0%.
AA AA 126 (a) Colour blindness is a sex-linked recessive genetic
or Aa aa aa aa aa or Aa disorder involving the X-chromosome. Thus, according
to the situation given in the question, a man whose
AA father was colourblind will be, normal, i.e. XY and a
or Aa aa Aa Aa Aa
woman whose mother was colourblind and father was
121 (d) The genotype of the individual marked ‘M’ has to
normal is a carrier, i.e. XX c.
be X h X, i.e. she has to be the carrier, so as to produce Thus, when marriage happens between two such
an individual who is affected, in the last generation. individuals percentage of a male child to be colourblind
is 25% (this can be easily observed from the cross given
122 (a) Inheritance of ear lobes is determined by an below)
autosomal gene with two alleles. The allele ‘F’ for free
ear lobe is dominant over allele ‘f ’ for attached ear Carrier Normal
lobe. Thus, the type of pedigree chart can only the mother father
obtained when the parents are heterozygous. It can be X Xc × X Y
explained by the chart given below
Ff Ff XX XY Xc X
c
X Y
(Normal (Normal (Carrier (Colourblind
daughter) son) daughter) son)
ff Ff ff Ff Ff 127 (a) A colourblind father (genotype X cY) would produce

124 (d) In the given problem, the woman has an X-linked carrier daughters (genotype XX c). When a carrier
condition and she can transmit the carrier allele to both female ( XX c ) marriages a normal man (XY), the types
her son and daughter. The resulting son will affected
because X-linked disorder always affect males as males of offspring produced would be all normal daughters
contain a single X-chromosome. The daughter offspring and half of the sons (50%) would be colourblind and the
will be a carrier, but not diseased because females are remaining half would be normal. This pattern of
affected by X-linked disorder in homozygous recessive inheritance can be explained by the following cross
condition only, i.e. two recessive alleles are required. (Carrier mother) XXc × XY (Normal father)
XhX XY
Parents c
(Carrier mother) X (Normal father) Gametes X X X Y
c
X X
Gametes Xh X X Y c
X X X XX
c
Y X Y XY
XhX XhY XX XY 128 (a) Haemophilia is an X-linked recessive gene disorder.

F1 -generation Carrier X-linked Normal Normal It is a blood clotting disorder and shows criss-cross
daughter diseased daughter son
son
inheritance. In this, characters from father are
transmitted to daughter and from mother to son.
129 (c) Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disease, which This extra X can come in two conditions, when there is
shows its transmission from unaffected carrier female to non-disjunction in egg, i.e. XX egg and Y sperm and
some of the male progeny has been widely studied. In where is non-disjunction in sperm, i.e. X egg and XY
this disease, a single protein that is a part of the cascade sperm.
of proteins involved in the clotting of blood is affected. 149 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
Due to this, in an affected individual, a simple cut will is the correct explanation of Assertion.
result in non-stop bleeding. Offspring bear characteristics of both the parents. These
132 (d) During phenylketonuria the affected individual lacks characters pass from the parents via their gametes into
an enzyme that converts amino acid, phenylalanine into their progeny. This is called inheritance.
tyrosine (i.e. phenylalanine hydroxylase is absent). As a 150 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
result of this phenylalanine is accumulated and not the correct explanation of Assertion.
converted into phenylpyruvic acid and other derivatives.
This lack of the enzyme is due to the presence of True breeding lines show inheritance of pure characters
autosomal defective gene on chromosome number 12. for several generations. This is because true breeding
lines are homozygous for the traits. Therefore, Mendel
133 (d) Thalassemia is also an autosome linked recessive conducted cross-pollination experiments, between
blood disease transmitted from parents to the offspring different true breeding lines to study the concept of
when both the partners are unaffected carrier for the inheritance.
gene (or heterozygous). The defect could be due to
151 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
either mutation or deletion which ultimately results in
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
reduced rate of synthesis of one of the globin chains
(α and β-chains) that make up haemoglobin. This causes There was no blending of characters in the progeny of
the formation of abnormal haemoglobin molecules F2 -generation. As a result, the offspring exhibited traits
resulting into anaemia which is characteristic of the which were exactly identical to their parents.
disease. 152 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
136 (a) Aneuploidy occurs when the chromatids fail to be corrected as
segregate during cell division, resulting in gain or loss Genes are passed on from one generation to the next,
of a chromosome. and thus called as the units of inheritance.
137 (a) Polyploid cells have a chromosome number that is 153 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and it can be
more than double the haploid number, e.g. Triticum corrected as
aestivum (wheat) is a hexaploid ( 6n ). Meiosis occurs during the process of gamete formation
138 (a) Non-disjunction in meiosis results in trisomy, i.e. which leads to the formation of haploid gametes.
the presence of an extra chromosome. Such individuals 154 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
have 47 chromosomes instead of 46. Some examples of the correct explanation of Assertion.
such abnormalities include Down’s syndrome In codominance, the progeny of F1 -generation resembles
(21-trisomy), Patau’s syndrome (13-trisomy) and both the parents due to the equal expression of the two
Edward’s syndrome (18-trisomy). alleles involved.
139 (a) Down’s syndrome is an abnormality caused by an An example of the phenomenon of codominance is
autosomal primary non-disjunction. Non-disjunction is ABO blood grouping in humans. In this antigen A,
the failure of chromosomes to disjoin or separate and product of the alleles I A and antigen B, product of the
move away to opposite poles. Non-disjunction of 21st alleles I B are codominant in individual with AB blood
chromosome during oogenesis is the cause of Down’s group.
syndrome. It occurs due to the presence of an additional
155 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason
copy of chromosome number 21 (trisomy of 21st
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
chromosome) in humans.
Behaviour of chromosomes is considered to be parallel
140 (c) Karyotype of people suffering from Down’s to that of the genes. This is because, as genes are passed
syndrome have 47 chromosomes ( 45 + XY in males, on from one generation to the next, chromosomes also
45 + XX in females) instead of 46. It is caused due to get passed on from one generation to the next.
the presence of an extra chromosome, i.e. chromosome
number 21. Thus, it is also known as 21 trisomy. 156 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and it can be
corrected as
143 (a) In Klinefelter’s syndrome, the affected individual
has overall masculine development, gynaecomastia and Genes, which tend to get passed on together from one
is sterile. This condition is represented by the karyotype generation to the next, are located very close to each
44 + X (47) due to the presence of an extra other on a chromosome. Such genes are called as linked
X-chromosome in males. genes.
144 (d) Both options (a) and (c) are correct. This can be 157 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
explained as be corrected as
In klinefelter’s syndrome, the sex chromosomes Insects show male heterogamety as females have XX
genotype is XXY, i.e. there is one extra X-chromosome. sex chromosomes and males have XO sex
chromosomes.
158 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and it can be In domesticated fowls, sex of progeny depends on the
corrected as type of egg rather than type of sperm.
Male honeybees, i.e. drones are haploid whereas female Rest of the statements are correct.
honeybees, i.e. queen and workers are diploid. 167 (b) The statement in option (b) correctly describes the
159 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is manner of determining the sex.
the correct explanation of Assertion. Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be
The non-allelic genes for red hair and prickles are corrected as
inherited together as these are located in close l Heterozygous sex chromosomes (ZW) determine
association on the same chromosome. female sex in birds.
160 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and it can be l XO condition in humans as found in Turner’s
corrected as syndrome determines male sex.
In Klinefelter’s syndrome males are sterile as individual l Heterozygous sex-chromosomes (XY) produces males
possess 47 chromosomes (44 + XXY ). in Drosophila.
161 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is 168 (d) The statement in option (d) is incorrect and can be
not the correct explanation of Assertion. corrected as
Phenylketonuria is an autosomal herditary disease, Female homogamety is found in mammals.
which occurs due to an autosomal defective gene on Rest of the statements are correct.
chromosome number 12. The defective gene causes
body’s failure to oxidise amino acid, phenylalanine to 170 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be
tyrosine because of defective enzyme, phenylalanine corrected as
hydroxylase. Thus, the patient shows the presence of Humans contain 22 pairs of autosomes (XX) and one
phenylalanine acid in urine. pair of sex chromosome (XY).
162 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is Rest of the statements are correct.
not the correct explanation for Assertion. 171 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect for
Sickle-cell anaemia is an autosomal linked recessive haemophilia and can be corrected as
disorder. The gene for this disorder is present on an It is a sex-linked recessive disease.
autosome and an individual is said to be affected only Rest of the statements are correct.
when both the genes or a pair of allele (mutated or
affected) are inherited from the carrier or affected 172 (c) The statement in option (c) is correct. Rest of the
parents. statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
l Sickle-cell anaemia is the qualitative defect of
163 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can synthesising an incorrectly function globin.
be corrected as
l Thalassemia is the quantitative defect of synthesising to
Down’s syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. It is few globin molecules.
caused due to the presence of an additional copy
chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). 173 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be
corrected as
164 (b) The statement in option (b) is not true. It can be
corrected as In thalassemia, the α and β-globin chains of
haemoglobin are not absent rather their production is
The tightly linked genes on chromosomes show 100% affected.
parental types and 0% recombinants. Two genes that
undergo independent assortment indicated by a Rest of the statements are correct.
recombinant frequency of 50% are on non-homologous 174 (d) The statement in option (d) is correct with respect
chromosomes indicated for apart in a single to monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross.
chromosome. As the distance between two genes Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
increases, crossing over frequency increases. This l Both monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be
results in the formation of more recombinant gametes performed for one or more generations.
and fewer parental gametes. l Both monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross involves
Rest of the statements are true. two parents.
165 (c) The statement is option (c) is incorrect and can be l Both monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross can produce
corrected as two or more progeny.
The law of segregation applies universally. The 175 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct with respect to
reappearence of parental (red and white) flowers in the the law of segregation.
F 2 -generation also confirms, that law of segregation
Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be
applies in this experiment.
corrected as
Rest of the statements are correct. l The paired factors or alleles segregate from each other
166 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be such that a gamete recieves only one of the factor
corrected as present in the origin at paired form.
l Homozygous parent produces similar types of gametes 184 (d) Statements I, II and III all are incorrect and can be
whereas heterozygous ones produce two types of corrected as
gametes each with one allele to equal proportion. l Lightly linked genes on the same chromosome show
177 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be low recombination.
corrected as l Genes far apart on the same chromosome show high or
The vast majority of mutations produce recessive more recombination.
alleles. l Genes loosely linked on the same chromosome show
178 (c) Statements I and IV are correct. Statements II and III higher recombination than tightly linked genes.
are incorrect and can be corrected as 185 (a) Statements I and II are the correct reasons for why
l Characters blend in both homozygous and Mendel could not find out about linkage. Statements III
heterozygous conditions. and IV are incorrect and can be corrected as
l Not all characters (only some) show dominance in l The genes for all the traits were present on different
humans. chromosomes or were located for apart on the same
179 (a) Statement I is the only correct statement about chromosomes.
linkage. 190 (d) Both statements I and II are false and can be
Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
corrected as In male and female insects, the number of chromosomes
l Less parental combinations are produced in are not same.
F2-generation. The females are homozygous, containing XX
l Genotype which were present in F1 hybrid, reappeared chromosomes, while males contain only one
in low frequency in F2-generation. X-chromosome and represented as XO.
l Linkage is the phenomenon in which two genes are 207 (b) All the genes, present on a particular chromosome
physically linked. form a linkage group. The number of linkage group of a
180 (b) Statement I is correct. Statements II, III and IV are species corresponds to the total number of different
incorrect and can be corrected as chromosomes of that species.
l A recessive allele is not weaker than the dominant 208 (b) If a cross between two tall plants resulted in a few
allele. dwarf offspring, then the parental genotypes are Tt
l A recessive allele does not show its effect because of and Tt.
modified or different enzymes. A recessive allele can It can be explained by the following example
express in few cases, e.g. incomplete dominance. The F1 plants of genotype, Tt are self-pollinated [both
l It is not necessary that dominant allele is always better. tall (T), but with dwarf (t) alleles].
181 (b) Statement I is incorrect and can be corrected as
t T t Selfing
Mutations are not acquired as they occur by chance and T ×
are selected by nature.
Rest of the statements are correct.
TT Tt Tt tt F1-generation
182 (b) Statements I and II are correct. Statements III and
IV are incorrect and can be corrected as
l Codominance cannot be manifested phenotypically in Phenotypic ratio : Tall : Dwarf
humans as ABO blood group in humans is three alleles 3 : 1
of gene I (IA ,IB ,i). Genotypic ratio : Pure tall : Hybrid : Pure dwarf
l ABO blood grouping system in humans does not 1 : 2 : 1
follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance. 209 (d) If a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio is obtained in a dihybrid cross,
183 (d) Statements I and II are correct. Statements III and it denotes that alleles of two genes are segregate
IV are incorrect and can be corrected as independently.
l Dihybrid test cross ratio is 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 in F2-generation, It can be explained as follows
i.e. show 4 phenotypes and genotypes in equal If a pea plant with round and yellow seeds is crossed
proportions. with a plant with wrinkled and green ones all F1 hybrids
l Linked genes do not separate frequently.These genes possess yellow and round seeds. Since, yellow colour is
remain together because linked gene lie very closely to dominant over the green and the round shape is
each other. dominant over the wrinkled.
210 (d) Mendel’s dihybrid cross is depicted below When IA and IB are present together, both express
equally and produce the surface antigens A and B.
Thus, a person having genotype IA IB would show the
(Round yellow) (Wrinkled green) Parental blood group as AB.
RRYY rryy generation
216 (c) When both mother and father are heterozygous for
‘A’ and ‘B’ blood group, respectively. Then few of their
RY ry Gametes progeny would be with ‘O’ blood group. This can be
(Round-yellow) RrYy explained as
F1 -generation
Father Mother
Selfing Parents (B group) (A group)
I Bi I Ai
Phenotypic Round : Round : Wrinkled : Wrinkled
ratio yellow green yellow green
9 : 3 : 3 : 1 Gametes IB i IA i
Genotypic
1:2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
ratio
F1 -generation I AI B I Bi I Ai ii
Thus, from the cross, it can be determined that the AB blood B blood A blood O blood
number of phenotypes and genotypes in the group group group group
F2 -generation of a Mendelian dihybrid cross is 4 and 9, 217 (a) The distance between the genes and percentage of
respectively. recombination shows a direct relationship. This can be
211 (d) The ratio of offspring will be 1 : 1 for the cross explained as when genes are close together, or are
mentioned in the question. This can be explained as linked exhibit low recombination frequencies. And
AaBb × aabb when they are far apart the recombination is high.
(Heterozygous) (Homozygous 219 (a) The 17 and 18 chromosomes bearing organisms are
recessive)
males and females, respectively. In large number of
insects like cockroach and grasshopper, XX-XO type of
AB ab ab sex-determination is seen, which shows male
Only these two gametes
heterogamety. Here XX represent females and XO
will be formed because (which is basically single X chromosome) represents
'A' and 'B' are linked genes males. Therefore consequently the number of
chromosomes in them would be 17 in males and 18 in
AB ab females.
ab AaBb aabb
223 (a) Aneuploidy involves changes in the chromosome
1 1
number either by additions or deletions of less than a
Thus, both genotypic and phenotypic ratio will be 1 : 1. whole set. In this case organism gains or loses one or
215 (b) ABO blood grouping in humans is an example of more chromosomes but not a complete set. Thus, the
codominance. karyotypic conditions of 2n ± 1 or 2n ± 2 denote
aneuploidy.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

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Principles of Inheritance and Variation

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CHAPTER > 05

Mating between relatives Sickle-cell

TOPIC 2 ~ Inheritance of One Gene

TOPIC 3 ~ Inheritance of Two Genes

TOPIC 4 ~ Polygenic Inheritance and Pleiotropy

105 Mutation may result in 109 Sickle-cell anaemia is a classical example of

TOPIC 7 ~ Genetic Disorders

II. In sex-linked recessive traits, heterozygous or carrier D. Complementary genes 4. 9:3:4

Codes A. Autosomal linked recessive trait 1. Down’s syndrome

Answers & Explanations

& F1 - generation l When both parents are heterozygous

93 (c) In the given pairs, option (c) is wrongly matched. It 4

ff Ff ff Ff Ff 127 (a) A colourblind father (genotype X cY) would produce

XhX XhY XX XY 128 (a) Haemophilia is an X-linked recessive gene disorder.

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Principles of Inheritance and Variation

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Principles of Inheritance and Variation

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Principles of Inheritance and Variation

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CHAPTER > 05

Mating between relatives Sickle-cell 

TOPIC 2 ~ Inheritance of One Gene

TOPIC 3 ~ Inheritance of Two Genes

TOPIC 4 ~ Polygenic Inheritance and Pleiotropy

105 Mutation may result in 109 Sickle-cell anaemia is a classical example of

TOPIC 7 ~ Genetic Disorders

II. In sex-linked recessive traits, heterozygous or carrier D. Complementary genes 4. 9:3:4

Codes A. Autosomal linked recessive trait 1. Down’s syndrome

Answers & Explanations

& F1 - generation l When both parents are heterozygous

93 (c) In the given pairs, option (c) is wrongly matched. It 4

ff Ff ff Ff Ff 127 (a) A colourblind father (genotype X cY) would produce

XhX XhY XX XY 128 (a) Haemophilia is an X-linked recessive gene disorder.

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Mating between relatives Sickle-cell