1. There are seven stages involved in creating a mathematical model.

Stage 1: The recognition of a real-world problem

Stage 2: A mathematical model is devised
Stage 3:
Stage 4: Experimental data are collected
Stage 5:
Stage 6: Statistical concepts are used to test how well the model describes the real-world
problem
Stage 7:
a Write down the missing stages.
(3)
b Give one advantage and one disadvantage of the use of mathematical models.
← Sections 1.1, 1.2 (2)

2. A group of adults are trying to open the lid of a jar of gherkins. The length of time, t seconds,
taken to open the jar is recorded and the results are shown in the table below. The times are
shown rounded to the nearest second.

Time, t (seconds) 1–2 3–4 5–6 7–8 9–10

Frequency 5 11 13 6 2

a Describe the type of quantitative data that has been collected.

(1)
b Write down the class boundaries for the third group.
(1)
c Write down the midpoint of the second group.
(1)
d Write down the modal class.
(1)
e Write down the class containing the median.
(1)
f Calculate an estimate for the mean time taken.
← Sections 2.1, 2.2 (1)

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 3. Jeevan records the length, x cm, of 12 pencils. He works out that  x  289.2
a Calculate the mean length of these pencils.
(1)
He records the length of a 13th pencil as 26 cm.
b Write down the effect this piece of data will have on the mean length of all 13 pencils.
← Section 2.2 (1)

4. Agbona collects data on the number of people, p, who attend a local football team’s matches.
He records the number of people for midweek games and for weekend games.
The data are summarised as follows:

Midweek games: n = 7,  p  832

Weekend games: n = 12,  p  2814

a Describe the type of quantitative data that Agbona has collected.

(1)
b Calculate the mean number of people attending the football matches.
← Sections 2.1, 2.2 (2)

5. The table shows the masses, m kg, of 50 basset hounds.

Mass, m (kg) 20 ≤ m < 25 25 ≤ m < 30 30 ≤ m < 35 35 ≤ m < 40

Frequency 7 28 12 3

a Use linear interpolation to calculate an estimate for the median mass.

(2)
b Calculate the 20% to 80% interpercentile range.
(3)
c Estimate the number of basset hounds that fall within that range.
← Sections 2.3, 2.4 (1)

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 6. Giovanna asks the students in her school year how many pets they each have.
The results are shown in the table.

Number of pets 0 1 2 3 4

Frequency 17 18 22 15 5

a Work out the mean and the variance of the number of pets.
(2)
b How many students have a number of pets more than one standard deviation from the mean?
← Sections 2.2, 2.5 (3)

7. The daily rainfall, x mm, in Atlanta is recorded for 16 days in June. The summary data are:

 x  47.2 x 2
 172.84

a Work out the mean and the standard deviation of the daily mean rainfall.
(2)
The highest daily rainfall was 11 mm and the lowest daily rainfall was 0.5 mm.
b Estimate the number of days on which the daily rainfall was greater than two standard
deviations above the mean.
(2)
c State one assumption you have made in making this estimate.
← Sections 2.2, 2.5 (1)

8. The length of time, t seconds, taken by 65 athletics students to complete a lap of a running track
is recorded.

Time, t (seconds) 40 ≤ t < 50 50 ≤ t < 60 60 ≤ t < 70 70 ≤ t < 80

Frequency 3 16 37 9

The track coach wants to select students for her team who complete the lap in a time quicker
than one standard deviation below the mean. She claims that 11 students have met the
qualifying time.
Comment on the track coach’s claim, giving relevant numerical evidence and stating any
assumptions you have made.
← Sections 2.2, 2.5 (5)

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 9. The lengths, x m, of 20 pythons are recorded.
x4
The data are coded using y  and the following summary statistics are obtained:
10

 y  1.325  y 2
 0.110 025

Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of the actual lengths of the pythons.
← Section 2.6 (4)

10. The monthly incomes, $p, of 50 employees at a factory are recorded.

p
The data are coded using q   5 and the results are shown in the table.
100

q 0≤q<1 1≤q<2 2≤q<3 3≤q<4 4≤q<5

Frequency 7 11 18 8 6

a Estimate the mean and the standard deviation of the coded data.
(2)
b Hence estimate the mean and the standard deviation of the monthly incomes of the
employees at the factory.
← Sections 2.2, 2.5, 2.6 (3)

11. Some pre-school children took part in a counting challenge. The lengths of time in seconds it
took the students to count from 1 to 20 were recorded in a histogram.

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 a Give a reason to justify the use of a histogram to represent these data.
(1)
36 children took between 20 and 30 seconds to complete the challenge.
b Calculate the total number of children who took part in the challenge.
(3)
c Estimate how many children took less than 42 seconds to complete the challenge.
(2)
d State one assumption that you have used in obtaining your estimate in part c.
← Section 3.1 (1)

12. The partially completed table and histogram show the distances, x metres, that a group of
athletes threw a javelin.

Distance, x (m) Frequency

30 ≤ x < 40 7

40 ≤ x < 45 8

45 ≤ x < 50

50 ≤ x < 55 15

55 ≤ x < 60

60 ≤ x < 70 9

a Copy and complete the table and histogram.

(4)
b Estimate how many athletes threw a distance of between 42 m and 56 m.
← Section 3.1 (2)

13. The masses, x kg, of 20 cats are recorded.

 x  87 and x 2
 383.45

a Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of the masses.

(3)
An outlier is an observation which lies ±2 standard deviations from the mean.
One of the masses is recorded as 5.8 kg.
b State with a reason, whether this recorded mass is an outlier.
(2)

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 The data is cleaned to remove this value.
c Recalculate the mean and the standard deviation of the masses of the remaining cats.
← Section 3.2 (3)

14. The ages of people on a bus are recorded and are shown below.

6 10 12 13 14 17 18 18 18 19
21 22 22 25 27 28 29 29 31 68

a Calculate Q1, Q2 and Q 3.

(3)
An outlier is defined as a value which lies either 1.5 × the interquartile range below Q1 or
1.5 × the interquartile range above Q 3.
b Determine if there are any outliers for this data set and state their values.
(2)
c Draw a box plot to represent these data.
← Sections 3.2, 3.3 (3)

15. The stem-and-leaf diagram shows the numbers of petals on some rose plants.

1 7 8 8 9 9 9
2 0 1 3 4 6 7 8

3 1 3 4 4 6 7 9

4 1 3 6 6
5 0
6 9

Key: 1 | 7 means 17 petals

a Find the median number of petals.
(1)
b Calculate the interquartile range.
(2)
An outlier is defined as a value which lies either 1.5 × the interquartile range below Q1 or
1.5 × the interquartile range above Q 3.
c Show that 69 is an outlier.
(2)
d Draw a box plot to represent these data.
← Sections 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 (3)

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 16. The heights of a group of students are measured and the following summary statistics are
calculated:
Q1 = 1.25 m Q2 = 1.41 m Q3 = 1.52 m
Use this information to describe the skewness of the distribution.
← Section 3.5 (2)

17. The masses, x kg, of a group of 40 male chimpanzees are measured and the following summary
statistics are recorded:

 x  2000 x 2
 101440 Median = 52 kg

a Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of the masses.

(3)

3  mean  median 
One measure of skewness is found using .
standard deviation
b Evaluate this measure and describe the skewness of the distribution.
(2)
A researcher is undecided whether to use the mean and standard deviation or the median and
interquartile range to summarise the data.
c State, giving a reason, which you would recommend.
← Section 3.5 (2)

18. The daily mean temperatures, in °C, in Rome and in Stuttgart are recorded in July 2016.
The data are summarised in these box plots.

Compare the distributions of temperatures in the two cities.

← Sections 3.3, 3.6 (3)

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 19. The marks, x, scored in a history test by a group of 19 male students are recorded and the
following summary statistics are obtained:
2
 x  1159 x  73 435

a Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of the marks scored.
(3)
The marks, y, scored by a group of female students in the same test were also recorded and the
following summary statistics obtained:
y  65  y  10.1

b Compare the two sets of data.

← Section 3.6 (2)

20. A survey is carried out at two gyms and the ages of the members are recorded.

Gym A Gym B

9 9 9 8 8 1 9 9
9 9 8 8 7 4 4 2 2 0 1 1 1 4 4 6

4 4 4 3 3 3 2 1 3 0 1 1 1 5 6 8

0 4 1 1 1 2 3 3
5 0
Key: 8 | 1 | 9 means 18 in Gym A and 19 in Gym B

a Calculate the median age of the members in each gym.

(2)
b Show that the interquartile range of members in Gym A is 11.
(2)
The interquartile range of members in Gym B is 20.
c Compare the distribution of ages in the two gyms.
← Sections 3.4, 3.6 (2)

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 21. The distances, x km, travelled to work by a number of employees at a software company are
recorded.

Distance, x (km) Frequency

0≤x<2 18

2≤x<4 25

4≤x<6 31

6≤x<8 17

8 ≤ x < 10 15

x ≥ 10 6

One employee is chosen at random.

a Calculate the probability that this employee travelled less than 4 km to get to work.
(2)
b Calculate an estimate of the probability that the employee travelled between 2.4 km and
8.6 km to get to work.
(3)
c State one assumption you have made in calculating your answer to part b.
(1)
d Explain why it is not possible to calculate an estimate of the probability that the employee
travelled more than 12 km to get to work.
← Section 4.1 (1)

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 22. The histogram shows the distribution of heights, in cm, of 80 meerkats.

Calculate an estimate of the probability that a meerkat chosen at random is more than 28 cm
tall.
← Section 4.1 (3)

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 23. The Venn diagram shows three events, A, B and C.

1
Given that P(A  B) = 5
P(B),

a find the value of x

(2)
b find the value of y
(2)
c calculate P(A  Bʹ).
← Sections 4.2, 4.4 (2)

24. A group of 40 children are asked about their music preferences.

Event A is that they like rock music.
Event B is that they like pop music.
Event C is that they like classical music.
14 children like rock music only.
8 children like rock music and pop music.
10 children like classical music, of whom 7 also like pop music.
2 children like none of these types of music.
Given that events A and C are mutually exclusive,
a draw a Venn diagram to represent this information
(3)
b calculate the probability that a child chosen at random likes only pop music
(2)
c determine whether or not the events ‘like pop music’ and ‘like classical music’ are
statistically independent.
← Sections 4.2, 4.3 (3)

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 25. Two events A and B are such that P(A) = 0.25 and P(A  B) = 0.0375.
a Given that A and B are independent, calculate P(B).
(2)
b Calculate P(A  B).
← Sections 4.3, 4.4, 4.7 (2)

26. 160 adults are asked whether they like rugby (R) or football (F).
82 say they like rugby and 91 say they like football. 27 say they like neither.
a Draw a two-way table to show this information.
(2)
One person is chosen at random.
b Find:
i P(R)
ii P(R  F)
iii P(R | F)
iv P(Fʹ | Rʹ)
← Section 4.5 (4)

27. The Venn diagram shows the probabilities for two events, A and B.

Given that P(A | B) = P(Bʹ),

a find the values of x and y
(4)
b calculate P(B | Aʹ).
← Section 4.6 (2)

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 28. Aaliyah and Bernice both travel to school either by bus or by car.
Event A is Aaliyah travels by bus.
Event B is Bernice travels by bus.
P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.7 and P(A  Bʹ) = 0.12
On a randomly selected day, calculate the probability that:
a both Aaliyah and Bernice travel by bus
(2)
b neither girl travels by bus.
(2)
c Determine whether or not events A and B are independent. You must show your working.
← Sections 4.3, 4.4, 4.7 (2)

29. On a given day in June, the probability that it rains in Nashville is 0.3. If it does rain, the
probability that the average windspeed is greater than 10 knots is 0.65. If it doesn’t rain, the
probability that the average windspeed is greater than 10 knots is 0.25.
a Draw a tree diagram to represent this information.
(2)
b Calculate the probability that:
i it rains and the average windspeed is greater than 10 knots
ii the average windspeed is greater than 10 knots
iii it rains, given that the average windspeed is greater than 10 knots.
← Section 4.8 (5)

30. Wilbur the pig has seven apples and six pears in his food bowl. He eats one of the fruits at
random and then eats a second fruit.
a Calculate the probability that Wilbur eats two apples.
(2)
b Calculate the probability that Wilbur eats two different fruits.
(3)
c Calculate the probability that Wilbur eats two apples given that he eats an apple second.
← Section 4.8 (3)

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Challenge
1. A bag contains 25 coloured counters. 15 of the counters are red and 10 of the counters are blue.
Ambika carries out an experiment. She selects a counter from the bag and notes the colour.
The counter is not returned. She continues to select counters from the bag until she has two blue
counters or until she has selected four counters.
a Calculate the probability that she selects two blue counters on her first two attempts.

b Calculate the probability that she has selected two blue counters by the end of her
experiment.

c Given that she has selected two blue counters, calculate the probability that she did this after
exactly three attempts.
← Section 4.8

2. A researcher was investigating the ages of people who attended a charity fair.
She recorded the ages of 15 people and correctly calculated that the mean age was 24 and the
standard deviation of the ages was 8.23.
She later discovered that one of the ages was incorrectly recorded but could find no record of
the correct value. She recalculated the mean of the remaining 14 ages and found that it was
25 27 .

Determine the value of the incorrectly recorded age and calculate the standard deviation of the
14 remaining ages.
← Section 2.5

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Challenge
3. The histogram shows the percentage scores of a group of 384 students in an A Level
mathematics exam.

Calculate estimates for the mean and the standard deviation of the scores.
← Section 3.1

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