OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Features of Object Oriented Programming Inheritance in OO Design implementation of OO Language Features Generic Types and Collections GUIS NOTE: MAKAUT course structure and syllabus of 5" semester has been changed from 2020. The syllabus of this subject is restructured & reorganized with selected topics from Previous OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING [CS 504D]. Few new topics are introduced in present curriculum. Taking special care of this matter we are providing Chapterwise relevant MAKAUT university solutions and some model questions & answers for newly introduced topics along with the complete solutions of new University papers, so that students can get an idea about university questions Pattems. 12 48 62 77POPULAR PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Very Short Answer Type Questions 4. Which one of the following statements is wrong? [WBUT.2912, 2015; a) A base class reference can refer to an object of a derived class, b) The dynamic method dispatch is not carried out at the run time c) The super() construct refers to the base class constructor d) The super.base-class-method-name ( ) format can be used only within 2 derived class Answer: (b) 2. Out of the following which one is not correctly matched? (WBUT 2012, 215 a) Int - 24 bits b) Short - 16 bits c) Double — 64 bits @) Byte — 2 bits Answer: (a) 3. In which memory a String is stored, when we create 2 string using new operator? {WBUT 2027] Answer: Heap Memory 4. Out of the following which one is not correctly matched? [WBUT 2027) a) JAVA — Object Oriented Language b) FORTRAN — Object Oriented Language c) C++ - Object Oriented Language d) BASIC - Procedural Language Answer: (c) 5. Consider the following 2 statements (S1 and S2). (WSUT 2027] (S1) C++ uses compiler only (S2) Java uses compiler and interpreter both Above statements are true or false? Answer: True Short Answer estions 4. What do you mean by object-oriented programming? [WBUT 2004, 2007] How is it different from conventional procedural/structural programming? [WBUT 2004, 2005, 2007] OR, List out the differences between Procedure Oriented Programming and Object Oriented programming. [WBUT 2017, 2022] Oop-2* OBJECT ORI nswer: x type of programming in which programmers define not only the data type of a data structure, but also the types of operations (functions) that can be applied to the data structure. In this way, the data structure becomes an object that includes both data and functions. In addition, programmers can create relationships between one object and another. For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other objects. To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented programming language (OOPL). Java, C++ and Smalltalk are three of the more popular languages, and there are also object-oriented versions of Pascal. PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGE i) More concerned with: the processing of | i) Concemed to develop an object or |_procedures and functions. application based on real time. ii) It is not applicable to procedural language. | ji) More emphasis is given on data rather than procedures, while the programs are divided into. Objects and the data is encapsulated. (Hidden) from the external environment, providing more Security to data, ili) Here itis strictly restricted. iii) Here it is possible to expose Data and/or variables to the extemal entities. iv) There is no communication in procedural language rather its simply a passing values to the Arguments to the Functions and / or procedures. ¥) Itfollows Top Down Approach to Program Execution. Vi) This type of programming uses traditional way of calling functions and. returning values. iv) The Objects communicate with each other via Functions. ¥) Itfollows Bottom Up Approach of Program Execution. vi) Object oriented concepts includes Inheritance, Encapsulation and Data Abstraction, Late Binding, Polymorphism, Multithreading, and Message Passing vii) Examples: vil) Examples: JAVA, VBNET, C#.NET C, VB, Perl, Basic, FORTRAN. 2. What is the difference between Java and C++ in respect of language functions? [WBUT 2014) Answer: ’ Everything is an object in Java (Single root hierarchy as everything gets derived from java.lang.Object). Java does not have all the complicated aspects of C++ (For ex: Pointers, templates, Unions, operator overloading, structures etc..). ; There are no destructors in Java. (automatic garbage collection). Java does not support conditional compile (Hifdef/#ifndef type). ad support is built into java but not in C+ OoP-3POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Java does not support default arguments. There’s no scope resolution operator :: in Jaya, Java uses the dot for everything, but can get away with it since you can define elements only within a class. Even the method definitions must always occur within a class, so there is no need for scope resolution there either. ‘There’s no “goto” statement in Java. Java doesn’t provide multiple inheritance (MI), at least not in the same sense that C++ does. Exception handling in Java is different because there are no destructors, Java has method overloading, but no operator overloading. The String class does use the + and += operators to concatenate strings and String expressions use automatic type conversion, but that’s a special built-in case. Java is interpreted for the most part and hence platform independent. 3. What is an Abstract Data Type? How to implement an ADT? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is the specification of a data type within some programming language, independent of an implementation. The interface for the ADT is defined in terms of a type and a set of operations on that type. The behaviour of each operation is determined by its inputs and outputs. An ADT does not specify how the data type is implemented. A data structure is the implementation for an ADT. In an object- oriented language like Java, an ADT and its implementation together make up a class. Each operation associated with the ADT is implemented by a member, function or method. The variables that define the space required by a data item are referred to as data members. An object is an instance of a class, that is, something that is created and takes up storage during the execution of a computer program. The operations of an abstract data type are classified as follows: 1, . Creators create new objects of the type. A creator may take an object as an argument, but not an object of the type being constructed. 2. Producers create new objects from old objects of the type. The concat method of String, for example, is a producer. It takes two strings and produces a new one representing their concatenation. 3. Observers take objects of the abstract type and return objects of a different type. The size method of List, for example, returns an int. 4, Mutators change objects. The add method of List, for example, mutates a list by adding an element to the end. Implementation of ADT: There can be different ways to implement an ADT. For example, the List ADT can be implemented using arrays, or singly linked list or doubly linked list. Similarly, stack ADT and Queue ADT can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. In Stack ADT Implementation instead of data being stored in each node, the pointer to data is stored. The program allocates memory for the data and address is passed to t stack ADT. The head node and the data nodes are encapsulated in the ADT. The calling OOP-4OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING function can only see the pointer to the stack, The stack head structure also contains a pointer to fop and count of number of entries currently in stack. Pseudocode: . This is asimple way of implementing the Stack ADT using an array. Here, elements are added from left to right and a variable keeps track of the index of the top clement. public class Stack ( private static final int CAPacrTy=10; private int capacity; private int top=-1; private Object [] obj; public Stack(int cap) ( capacity=cap; obj=new Object [capacity]; } public Stack() { this (CAPACITY) ; > public int size()( return .top+1; } public Object top(){ if(isEmpty()) return "Stack is empty."; return obj[top]; d public boolean isEmpty(){ return top<0; d public boolean isFull() { return size()>=capacity; } public void push(Object 0) { if(size()>=capacity) ( System.out.println("Stack is full."); return; ) obj[++top]=o; public Object pop()( if (isEmpty()) return "Stack is empty. Object temp; temp=obj [top] ; obj [top--]=null; return temp; oop-5POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 4. Write the functions of the List ADT. [MODEL QUESTION, Answer: A list contains elements of the same type arranged in sequential order and following opetaions can be performed on the list. get() — Return an element from the list at any given position. insert() — Insert an clement at any position of the list. remove() - Remove the first occurrence of any clement from a non-empty list, removeAt() — Remove the element at a specified location from a non-empty list, replace() - Replace an element at any position by another clement. size() - Retum the number of clements in the list. isEmpty() — Return true if the list is empty, otherwise retuin false. isFull() — Return true if the list is full, otherwise return false. The List ADT Functions is given below: Banas ADT Public Functions [ create list ] | traverse [ retrieve Node desttoy list | list count Empty list | ful fist | remove Node insert Private Functions OOP-65. What is Stack ADT? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: In Stack ADT Implementation instead of data being stored in each node, the pointer to data is stored. The program allocates memory for the data and address is passed to the stack ADT. The head node and the data nodes are encapsulated in the ADT. The calling function can only see the pointer to the stack. The stack head structure also contains a pointer to fop and count of number of entries currently in stack. ‘8) Conceptual +b) Physical Structure stack count stackMax 000 1) LF ‘A Stack contains clements of the same type arranged in sequential order. All operations take place at a single end that is top of the stack and following operations can be performed: + push()— Insert an element at one.end of the stack called top. + pop()~ Remove and return the element at the top of the stack, if itis not empty. + peek() — Return the element at the top of the stack without removing it, if the stack is not empty. + size() - Return the number of elements in the stack. + isEmpty() — Return true if the stack is empty, otherwise return false. + isFull() —Return true if the stack is full, otherwise return. 6. What is Queue ADT? Explain its operations. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: . The queue abstract data type (ADT) follows the basic design of the stack abstract data type. Each node contains a void pointer to the data and the link pointer to the next element in the queue, The’program’s responsibility is to allocate memory for storing the data. OOP-7POPULAR I IS Pen) Ea i 1) Conceptual Re om 2 ow Fo Mow Boe oH SS ) Physical Suucture A Queue contains elements of the same type arranged in sequential order. Operations take place at both ends, insertion is done at the end and deletion is done at the front. Following operations can be performed: * — enqueue()— Insert an element at the end of the queue. « — dequeue() — Remove and return the first element of the queue, if the queue is not empty. « peek() - Return the element of the queue without removing it, if the queue is not empty. + * size() — Return the number of elements in the queue. + — isEmpty()— Return true if the queue is empty, otherwise return false. * isFull()— Return true if the queue is full, otherwise return false. 7. Define: Abstraction function. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: An abstraction functionmaps a state of the concrete machine to a state of the abstract machine. It explains how to interpret each state of the concrete machine as 4 state of the abstract machine. It solves the problem of the concrete and abstract machines having different sets of states. 1. An abstraction function that maps rep values to the abstract values they represent: AF:ROA OOP-8BIECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMIN\ ‘The ares in the diagram show the abstraction function. In the terminology of functions, the properties we discussed above can be expressed R A by saying that the function is surjective (also called onto), not necessarily bijective (also called one-to-one), and often partial. 2. Arep invariantthat maps rep values to booleans: RI:R— boolean For a rep value r, Ri(r) is true if and only if r is mapped by AF. In other words, RI tells us whether a given rep value is well-formed. Altematively, you can think of RI as-a set: it’s the subset of rep values on which AF is defined. 8, Define: Concrete invariant. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: An invariant is a property of a program that is always true, for every possible runtime state of the program. Long Answer estions 4, Write short note on Abstraction. [WBUT 2014, 2016, 2027] Answer: Abstraction is "To represent the essential feature without representing the back ground details." Abstraction lets us focus on what the object does instead of how it does it. Abstraction provides us a generalized view of our classes or object by providing relevant information. Abstraction is the process of hiding the working style of an.object, and showing the information of an object in understandable manner. Real world Example of Abstraction: Suppose we have an object Mobile Phone. Suppose we have 3 mobile phones as following: Nokia 1400 (Features:- Calling, SMS) Nokia 2700 (Features:- Calling, SMS, FM Radio, MP3, Camera) : Black Berry (Features:-Calling, SMS, FM Radio, MP3, Camera, Video Recording, Reading E-mails) en wate Abstract information (Necessary and Common Information) for the object "Mobile Phone" is make a call to any number and can send SMS." | So that, for mobile phone object we will have abstract class like following: apsteebe class MobilePhone : Public void Calling(); welts void SendSMs(); oor-9BLI public class Nokiai400 : NobilePhone { } public class Nokia2700 : YobilePhone { public void FMRadio(); public void MP3(); public void Camera(); } public class BlackBerry : MobilePhone c public void FMRadio(); public void MP3(); public void Camera(); public void Recording(); public void ReadAndSendEmails(); } ‘Abstraction means putting all the variables and methods in a class which are necessary. For example: Abstract class and abstract method. Abstraction is the common thing. example: If somebody in our collage tell us to fill application form, we will fill our details like name, address, data of birth, which semester, percentage you have got etc. If some doctor gives us an application to fill the details, we will fill the details like name, address, date of birth, blood group, height and weight. So, in the above example what is the common thing? Age, name, address so you can create the class which-consist of common thing that is called abstract class. That class is not complete and it can inherit by other class. 2. Write short note on Abstract data types and their specifications. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is the specification of a data type within some programming language, independent of an implementation. The interface for the ADT is defined in terms of a type and a set of operations on that type. The behaviour of each operation is determined by its inputs and outputs. An ADT does not specify how the data type is implemented. These implementation details are hidden ftom the user of the ADT and protected from outside access, a concept referred to as Encapsulation. A data structure is the implementation for an ADT. In an object-oriented language like Java, an ADT and its implementation together make up a class. Each operation associat with the ADT is implemented by a member, function or method, The variables that define the space required by a data item are referred to as data members, An object is # instance of a class, that is, something that is created and takes up storage during execution of a computer program. OOP-10Abstract data Types are three types. 1, List ADT 2. Stack ADT 3. Queue ADT. 3 1. List ADT: The data is generally stored in key sequence in a list which has a head structure consisting of count, pointers and address of compare function needed to compare the data in the list. The data node contains the pointer to a data structure and a self-referential pointer which points to the next node in the list. Compare function NODE NODE NODE ha Lp tone nooe 2. Stack ADT: In Stack ADT Implementation instead of data being stored.in each node, the pointer to data is stored. The program allocates memory for the data and address is passed to the stack ADT. The head node and the data nodes are encapsulated in the ADT. The calling function can only see the pointer to the stack. The stack head structure also contains a Pointer to top and count of number of entries currently in stack. . 3. Queue ADT ne The queue abstract data type (ADT) follows the basic design of the stack abstract data type, Each node contains a void pointer to the data and the link pointer to the next Clement in the queue. The program’s responsibility is'to allocate memory for storing the data, OoP-11OPULAR PUBLICATIONS FEATURES OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Very Short Answer Type Questions 4. All classes in Java are the sub-class of DWBUT 2007, 2049) a) Final class b) Object class c) Static class d) Super class Answer: (b) 2. In which class is the wait () method defined? [WBUT 2007, 2018) a) Applet b) Runnable c) Thread d) Object Answer: (d) 3. What is the correct ordering for the import, class and package declarations when found in a single file? [WBUT 2010, 2012, 2015) a) package, import, class b) class, import, package c) import, package, class d) package, class, import Answer: (a) 4. Asub-class having more than one super class is called [WBUT 2012] a) category b) Classification c) Combination _d) Partial participation Answer: (a) 5. Which one of the following statements is not correct? [WBUT 2012] a) An interface can inherit another interface b) The package name and subdirectory name need not be identical c) Only the classes declared as public in a package are accessible outside that package d) The import java.awt.*; directive will not import classes in java.awt.event . package Answer: (d) 6. If a data-item is declared as a protected access specifier then it can be accessed [WBUT 2012] a) anywhere in the program b) by the base and derived classes c) only by base classes d) only by derived classes Answer: (b) 7. What is the output of this code fragment? [WBUT 2012, 2015] 4. int x= 3; int y= 10; 2. System.out.printin (y% x); ajo b)1 c)2 d)3 Answer: (b) OOP-12OBI ORIENTED PROGI IG g. Which three form part of correct array declarations? [WBUT 2013] . public int a [] static int []a public [Jinta private int a [3] private int [3] a] . public final int [] a a)1,3,4 b) 2,4,5 °)1,2,6 d) 2,5, 6 Answer: (c) Parry 9, Which cause a compiler error? [WBUT 2013] a) int [] scores = (3, 5, 7}; b) int [] [] scores = (2, 7, 6}, (9, 3, 45}; ¢) String cats [] = {“Fluffy", “Spot”, “Zeus”}; d) boolean results [] = new Boolean [] {true, false, true}; ¢) Integer results [ ] = {new Integer (3), new Integer (5), new Integer (8)}; Answer: (b) 40. Which two cause a compiler error? [WBUT 2013] 1. float [] f = new float (3); 2. float f2[] = new float []; 3. float []f = new float [3]; 4. -float £3 [] = new float [3]; 5. float f5[]={1.0f, 2.0f, 2.09; . a)2,4 b) 3,5 0) 4,5 d)1,2 Answer: (d) 11. public class Test { } What is the prototype of the default constructor? [WBUT 2013] a) Test () b) Test (void) c) public Test () d) public Test (void) Answer: (c) 12. What is the most restrictive access modifier that will allow members of one class to have access to members of another class in the same package? a) public b) abstract c) protected [WBUT 2013] d) synchronized _e) default access Answer: (¢) 43. You want a class to have access to members of another class in the same package. Which is the most restrictive access that accomplishes this objective? a) public b) private [WBUT 2013] ¢) protected d) default access Answer: (d) [WBUT 2014] 14, Byte code of javais a) platform dependent c) no specific rule Answer: (b) b) platform independent d) depend upon OS OoP-13POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 15. Java virtual machine is 2) platform dependent totally b) independent c) depends on machine architecture only d) depends on OS only Answer: (c) ' [WBUT 2014, 2016) 16. Java is robust because [WBUT 2014) a) it is object oriented b) garbage collection is present c) platform independent d) exception handling Answer: (d) 17. Constructor can be overloaded [WBUT 2014, 2015} a) never b) always c) partially 4) either (b) or (c) Answer: (b) 18. Which of the following cannot be used for a variable name is Java? [WBUT 2046] 2) Identifier . b) Keyword c) Identifier & Keyword d) None of these Answer: (b) 19. What is the range of the char typo? [WBUT 2016] a) 0 to 2 b) 0 to 2° c) 0to 2-4 d)0to 2-4 Answer: (2) 20. The import statement is always [WBUT 2016) a) the first non-comment statement in a java program file b) the default non-comment statement in java program file c) 2 non-comment statement and can be defined anywhere in the program d) none of these Answer: (a) 21. Which of the following values can a Boolean variable contain? = [WBUT 2016] a) True & False b)O&4 c) Any integer value d) True Answer: (a) 22. What is the output of this program? [WBUT 2016) class area { public static void main (String args{]) { double r, pi, ar 2=9.8; piz3.14) a=pitrtr; System.out .printin(a); y , a) 301.5656 b) 301 c) 301.56 0 tame ) d) 301.5656000! OOP-14OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 93. How many public class can be allowed in Java? {WBUT 2017] a) One b) Two c) Many 4d) None of these “Answer: (a) 24. Whether Java need compiler or interpreter [WBUT 2017] a) compiler b) interpreter c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these ‘Answer: (c) 25, Does any Java program contains more than one main method? [WBUT 2017] a) Yes ee b) No c) Sometimes it is possible d) In different package Answer: (a) ' 26. AWT package is uses for [WBUT 2017] a) Component and graphics b) Component ¢)Graphics d) None of these Answer: (a) 27. What is bytecode in context of Java? ; [WBUT 2018] a) The type of code generated by a Java compiler b) The type of code generated by Java Virtual Machine c) It is another name for a Java Source file 4) It is the code written within the instance methods of a class Answer: (b) 28. Which of the following statements regarding static methods are correct? [WBUT 2018] a) Static methods are difficult to maintain, because you cannot change their implementation b) Static methods can be called using an object reference to an object of the class in which this method is defined c) Static methods are always public, because they are defined at class-level d) Static methods do not have direct access to non-static methods which are defined inside the same class Answer: (b) 29, Given the flowing piece of code [WBUT 2018] public class C( Public abstract double calc_sa( )7 } Which of the following statements is true? a) The keywords public and abstract cannot be used together b) The method calc_sal() in class C must have a body c) Must add a return statement in method calc_sal() d) Class C must be defined abstract Answer: (d) OOP-15POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 30. A subclass is placed in a different package than the super class. In order to allow the subclass access a method defined in uper class, identify the correct access specifiers(s) [WBUT 2018) a) protected b) public ¢) private d) default Answer: (c) 34. Which of the following keywords are used to control access to a class member? [WBUT 2022] a) New b) Abstract ¢) Public 4d) Interface Answer: (b & c) 32. An abstract class, which declared with the “abstract” keyword, cannot be instantiated. True or False? Answer: True [WBUT 2022] 33. “A package is a collection of classes, interfaces and sub-packages” — The above statement is true or false? Answer: True 34, Which of the following statements is valid array declaration? a) int number () —_b) float average [] Answer: (b) 35. Java is robust because a) it is object oriented c) inheritance is present Answer: (b & d) [WBUT 2027] [WBUT 2027] ¢) int marks 4d) count int g [WBUT 2022] b) garbage collection is present d) exception handling Short Answer Type Questions 1. Differentiate between association and aggregation. [WBUT 2006, 2007, 2018] Answer: ASSOCIATION AGGREGATION i) association is a relationship between two | i) Aggregation. is a special case of objects. sociation, ii) association defines the multiplicity A directional association between between objects. for example one-to-one, ‘one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many all these’ words define an association between objects relationship. objects. When an object *has-a’ - another object, then you have got an aggregation between them. Direction between them specified which object contains the other object. Aggregation is also called a “Has-a” Detioted by, ———- Denoted by, ——> OOP-16OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING ASSOCIATION a AGGREGATION a ) subscribes 0. Ls Class [_Pretsx | subscriber * Subscribed magazin FistOrStudens tt [> Class diagram example of association | Class diagram showing Aggregation between between two class two classes 2. Explain various access modifiers (public, protected, private, default) in a class definition, [WBUT 2006] ‘ OR, What is the difference between default access specifier and public access specifier? Explain the differences between the ‘private’ and ‘protected’ access specifier in java. [WBUT 2013] OR, Differentiate between protected and friendly access spe: Answer: One of the techniques in object-oriented programming is encapsulation. It concerns the hiding of data in a class and making this class available only through methods. In this way the chance of making accidental mistakes in changing values is minimized. Java allows you to control access to classes, methods, and fields via so-called access specifiers. Java offers four access specifiers, listed below in decreasing accessibility: © public * protected ¢ default (no specifier) * private We look at these access specifiers in more detail. public Public classes, methods, and fields can be accessed from everywhere. The only constraint is that a file with Java source code can only contain one public class whose name must also match with the filename. If it exists, this public class represents the application or the applet, in which case the public keyword is necessary to enable your Web browser or appletviewer to show the applet. You use public classes, methods, or fields only if yow explicitly want to offer access to these entities and if this access cannot do any harm. An example of a square determined by the position of its upper-left comer and its size: Public class Square { // public class : public x, y, size; // public instance variables [WBUT 2018] * OOP-17POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Protected protected methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class to Which the methods and fields belong, within its subclasses, and within classes of the same package but not from anywhere else. You use the protected access level when it is appropriate for a class's subclasses to have access to the method or field, but not for unrelated classes, default (no specifier) If you do not set access to specific level, then such a class, method, or field will be accessible from inside the same package to which the class, method, or field belongs, but not from outside this package. This access-level is convenient if you are creating packages. For example, a geometry package that contains Square and Tiling classes, may be easier and cleaner to implement if the coordinates of the upper-left corner of aSquare are directly available to the Tiling class but not outside the geometry package. private private methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class to which the methods and fields belong. private methods and fields are not visible within subclasses and are not inherited by subclasses. So, the private access specifier is opposite to the public access specifier. It is mostly used for encapsulation: data are hidden within the class and accessor methods are provided. An example, in which the position of the upper-left comer of a square can be set or obtained by accessor methods, but individual coordinates are not accessible to the user, public class square { // public class private double x, y | // private (encapsulated) instance variables public setCorner(int x, int y) { // setting values of private fields : this.x this.y } public getCorner(){ // setting values of private fields return Point(x, yl; } 7. xt yi Summary of Access Specifiers The following table summarizes the access level permitted by each specifier, Situation public protected | defautt Accessible to class from same package? unless subclassQDIECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Note the difference between the default access which is in fact more restricted than the protected access. Without access specifier (the default choice), methods and variables are accessible only within the class that defines them and within classes that are part of the same package. They are not visible to subclasses unless these are in the same kage. protected methods and variables are visible to subclasses regardless of which package they are in. 4, State the Difference between the following: static and final keyword [WBUT 2009, 2010, 2018] Answer: ‘A final class cannot be extended. This is done for reasons of security and efficiency. A final method cannot be overridden by subclasses, ‘ A final variable can only be initialized once, either via an initializer or an assignment statement. The "final" keyword is useful when applied to variables whose values will not change during the lifetime of the program. If you've got constant values in your program which will not change throughout, it is useful to declare them as final. The keyword “static” when applied to a variable OR a method means that the variable or method can be accessed without creating an instance ofthe class, For examples of static variables see the Color class in the Java API. It uses static variables such as BLACK, BLUE, PINK ete. ‘They can be referenced like: Code: useColor (Color. BLACK) ; ‘ instead of Code: Color myColorBlack = new Color(); useColor (myColorBlack. BLACK) ; static can be used for methods for much the same effect. When "final" is applied to @ class, the principle effect is that the class cannot be inherited from. For example, the following would throw an error: Code: , Public final class Dog { pbs Dog() { ) Public class JackRussell extends Dog ( yes JackRussell() ( ) ooP-19POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 4. Differentiate between Early binding and late binding. [WBUT 2010, 2018) ol R, Whats the difference between static binding and dynamic binding? [WBUT 2011) Answer: Late Binding: “e At run time, when it is known what class objects are under consideration, the appropriate version of function is invoked. Since the function is linked with a particular class much later after the compilation, this process is known as late binding. It is also known as dynamic binding because the selection of the appropriate function is done at run time dynamically. Dynamic binding requires use of pointers to objects. Late binding is implemented when it is not known which fiunction will be called, though early binding is faster than late binding, Early Binding: * The overloaded member functions ate selected for invoking by matching arguments. The compiler knows this information at the compile time and, therefore, compiler is able to select appropriate function for a particular call at compile time itself. This is called early binding or static binding or static linking. This is also known as compile time polymorphism Early binding determines execution path at compilation and late binding allows for dynamic execution at runtime. for example: In a native Win32 code environment (i.¢., non .NET), late binding could refer to the use of a DLL library vs. the use of a static library - all the references in a static library can be determined at compile time, but the references in a DLL (dynamic link library) are not determined later until run time. 5. What are the main characteristics of OOP Language? Explain each. [WBUT 2012] Answer: Encapsulation: In programming, it is the process of combining elements to create a new entity. For example, a procedure is.a type of encapsulation because it combines a series of computer instructions. Likewise, a complex data type, such as arecordor class, relies on encapsulation. Object-oriented programming languages rely heavily on encapsulation.to create high-level objects. Encapsulation is closely related to abstraction and information hiding. Customer, waiter and kitchen are three shielded objects in the ‘cup of coffee’ example. Customer and kitchen do not know each other. The waiter is the intermediary between those two. Objects can't see each other in an Object Oriented world. The ‘hatch’ enables them to communicate and exchange coffee and money. Encapsulation keeps computer systems flexible. The business process can change easily. The customer does not care about the coffee brew process. Even the waiter does not care. This allows the kitchen to be reconstructed, is only the ‘hatch' remains the same. It is even OOP-20OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING ible to change the entire business process, Suppose the waiter will brew coffee himself. The customer won't notice any difference, Encapsulation enables OO experts to build flexible systems. Systems that can extend as: your business extends. Every module of the system can change independantly, no impact to the other modules. Polymorphism: In object-oriented programming, polymorphism (from the Greek meaning. "having multiple forms") is the characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning or usage to something in different contexts - specifically, to allow an entity such asa variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form. There are several different kinds of polymorphism. , 1) A variable with a given name may be allowed to have different forms and the program can determine which form of the variable to use at the time of execution. For example, a variable named USERID may be capable of being cither an integer (whole number) or a string of characters (perhaps because the programmer wants to allow a user to enter a user ID as cither an employee number - an integer - or with a name - a string of characters), By giving the program a way to distinguish which form is being handled in cach case, either kind can be recognized and handled. 2) A named function can also vary depending on the parameters it is given. For example, if given a variable that is an integer, the function chosen would be to seek a match against a list of employee numbers; if the variable were a string, it would seek a match against a list of names. In either case, both functions would be known in the program by the same name. This type of polymorphism is sometimes known as overloading. You drive an automobile, which has properties like wheel size, engine size, gas tank size, and other properties. The automobile you drive is a concrete implementation of the automobile interface. It has additional features, like sliding doors, logo type, cd changer slot count, moon roof lever location, or other various properties that are specific to the make/model of the car. In addition, automobile may have certain behaviors like open/close door, open trunk, tum wheel, and other behaviors that would be specific to an automobile. In OO programming, using the automobile example, Automobile would be the base class, and each automobile manufacturer would have its own implementation. For ingtance, Honda has V-Tec technology, which is in its own implementation. Volvo uses! di engines, which is the TDI technology. More importantly, you may add an added Igvel of detail between automobile and the make/model implementation, such as Car, Trick, or Suv super types, to provide more relevant information. peel ( Inheritance: . i . Different kinds of objects often have a certain amount in common with each other. Mountain bikes, road bikes, and tandem bikes, for example, all share the characteristics of bicycles (current speed, current pedal cadence, current gear). Yet each also defines additional features that make them different: tandem bicycles have two seats and two sets oop-21 4POPULAR PUBLICATIONS of handlebars; road bikes have drop handlebars; some mountain bikes have an additionay chain ring, giving them a lower gear ratio. Object-oriented programming allows classes to inherit commonly used state and behavior ‘from other classes. In this example, Bicycle now becomes the superclass of MountainBike, RoadBike, and TandemBike. ‘In the Java programming language, cach class is allowed to have one direct superclass, and each superclass has the potential for an unlimited number of subclasses: Bicycle A hierarchy of bicycle classes. The syntax for creating a subclass is simple. At the Meaning of your class declaration, use the extends keyword, followed by the name of the class to inherit from: class MountainBike extends Bicycle ( // new fields and methods defining a mountain bike would go here } This gives MountainBike all the same fields and methods as Bicycle, yet allows its code sto focus exclusively on the features that make it unique. This makes code for your subclasses easy to read. However, you must take care to properly document the state and behavior that each superclass defines, since that code will not appear in'the source file of each subclass. 6. What do you meant by ‘Dynamic Method Dispatch’? [WBUT 2013] Answer: Refer to Question No. 8(a) of Long Answer Type Questions. 7. What is message passing? [WBUT 2018] Answer: Massage passing is a form of communication used in object-oriented programming as well as parallel programming : Massage passing in Java is like sending an object i.e. massages from one thread to another thread. It is used when threads do not have shared memory and are unable to share variables to communicate, OOP-22 «‘Thread 2 (Consumer) Blocking Queue OTT As a example, The producer and Consumer are the Threads. The producer will produce and consumer will consume only. We use Queue to implement communication between thread. 8. Write a Java program to show use of abstract class and Interface. [WBUT 2018] Answer: A Java Program to show use of abstract class and Interface: interface MyInterface ‘ ¢ public void method (); public void method2 (); } class Demo implements MyInterface { public void methodi (); t 4 System.out.println ("implementation of methodl"); ) public void method2 (); ( System.out.printin (“implementation of method2*); ) Public static void main (String args{ 1) { MyInterface obj = newDemo (); Obj .methodl () ; d ) 9, What is qualified association? Describe with an example. [WBUT 2022] Answer: A qualifier may be used in an association; it distinguishes the set of objects at the far end of the association based on the qualifier value. An association with a qualifier is aqutlified association. Depicting a qualifier in a domain model communicates how, in the domain, things of one class are distinguished in relation to another class. OOP-23& UBLICATIONS Example Qualified Association: Canvas & Figure Canvas Figure id 10. What is an object? Why Java Is called an object oriented language? [WBUT 2023) Answer: 1" pa Refer to Question No. 12 of Short Answer Type Questions. 2™ part: . Java Language is considered an object-oriented language because it is based on the concept of objects and classes. Without thé creation of objects and classes, it is impossible to write any code in Java. Java supports the concepts of OOPS - Inheritance, Data abstraction, polymorphism, and data encapsulation. 41. Explain static keyword with suitable Java code. [WBUT 2022] Answer: The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested classes. The static keyword belongs to the class than an instance of the class, The static can be: 1. Variable (also known as a class variable) 2. Method (also known asa class method) 3. Block 4. Nested class Use the static variable for the property that is common to all objects. For example, in class Student, all students share the same college name. Use static methods for changing static variables. Consider the following java program, that illustrates the use of static keywords with variables and methods. class Student ( String name; int rollNo; //. static variable static String cllgName; /( static counter to set unique roll no static int counter = 0; public Student (string name) this.name = name; OOP-24} this.rol1No = setRol1No(); } // getting unique rol1lNo MW through static variable (counter) static int setRollNo() { counter++; return counter} y // static method static void setCllg(String name) ( cllgName = name; } // instance method void getStudentInfo() i system.out.printIn(*name : " + this.name); System.out.println("rollNo : * + this.rol1No); // accessing static variable System.out.println("cllgName : " + cllgName); } // Driver class public class StaticDemo { } public static void main(String[]. args) { // calling static method // without instantiating Student class student.setCl1g("X¥Z"); Student s1 = new Student("Alice"); Student s2 = new Student(*Bob"); s1.getStudentinfo(); s2.getStudentInfo(); Output name : Alice TolINo : 1 ellgName : XYZ name : Bob tolINo: 2 cligName : XYZ 42. Write down the features of Object oriented Programming. [MODEL QUESTION] OOP-25POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: Features of OOPs: 1, Classes . Objects . Data Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism ayer 1. Class: Class represents a real world entity which acts as a blueprint for all the objects, We can create as many objects as we need using Class. Example: We create a class for “ Student ” entity as below Student. java Class Student { String id; int age; String course; void enroll (){ System.out.println(*Student enrolled"); } . 3 Above definition of class contains 3 fields id,age and course and also it contains behavior or a method called “ enroll ”. 2. Objects: Object Oriented Programming system(OOPS) is designed based on the concept of “Object”. It contains both variables (used for holding the data) and methods (used for defining the behaviors). We can create any number of objects using this class arid all those objects will get the same fields and behavior. Student s1 = new Student(); Now we have created 3 objects s1,s2 and s3 for the same class “ Student ”. We can create as many objects as required in the same way. We can set the value for each field of an object as below, s1.id=123; s2.age=18; s3.course="computers”; 3. Data Abstraction: Abstraction is a process where you show only “relevant” data and “hide” unnecessary details ofan object from the user. For example, when you login to your bank account online, you enter your user_id.and password and press login, what happens when you press login, how the input data sent to server, how it gets verified is all abstracted away from the you. OOP-26OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING We can achieve “ abstraction ” in Java using 2 ways a. Abstract class b. Interface a. Abstract Class «Abstract class in Java can be created using “ abstract” keyword + If we make any class as abstract then it can't be instantiated which means we are not able to create the object of abstract class. * Inside Abstract class, we can declare abstract methods as well as concrete methods. « So using abstract class, we can achieve 0 to 100 % abstraction. Example: Abstract class Phone( void receiveCall(); Abstract void sendMessage() ; } Anyone who. needs to access this functionality has to call the method using the Phone object pointing to its subclass. b. Interface * Interface is used to achieve pure or complete absiraction. « We will have all the methods declared inside Interface as abstract only. « So, we call interface as 100% abstraction. Example: a ‘We can define interface for Car functionality abstraction as below Interface Car{ public void changeGear( int géarNumber) ; public void applyBrakes() ; ) Now these functionalities like changing a gear and applying brake are abstracted using this interface. 4, Encapsulation: + Encapsulation is the process of binding object state (fields) and behaviors (methods) together in a single entity called “Class”. + Since it wraps both fields and methods in a class, it will be secured from the outside access. «© We can restrict the access to the members of a class using access modifiers such as private,protected and public keywords. © When we create a class in Java, it means we are doing encapsulation. + Encapsulation helps'us to achieve the re-usability of code without compromising the security. Example: class EmployeeCount 7 private int numOfEmployees = 0/ OOP-27LAR PUBLICATIONS public void setNoOfEmployees (int count) wpeegattscs = count; Spite double getNoOfEmployees () aie numOfEmployees; , } public class EncapsulationExample public static void main(String args{]) { EmployeeCount obj = new EmployeeCount (); obj . setNoOfEmployees (5613) ; System.out.println("No Of Employees: *+(int)obj.getNoofEmployees () ); } } 5. Inheritance: © One class inherits or acquires the properties of another class. Inheritance provides the idea of reusability of code and each sub class defines only those features that are unique to it, rest of the features can be inherited from the parent class. 1. Inheritance is a process of defining a new class based on an existing class by extending its common data members and methods. 2. Itallows us to reuse of code, it improves reusability in your java application. 3. The parent class is called the base class or super class. The child class. that extends the base class is called the derived class or sub class or child class. To inherit’ a class we use extends keyword. Here class A is child class and class B is parent class. class A extends B { i 6. Polymorphism: * _ It is the concept where an object behaves differently in different situations. * Since the object takes multiple forms, it is called Polymorphism. + _Injaya, we can achieve it using method overloading and method overriding, © There are 2 types of Polymorphism available in Java, 4 Method overloading In this case, which method to call will be decided at the compile time itself based on number or type of the parameters, Static/Compile Time polymorphism is an example for method overloading. i Oop.28 ! 'OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Method overriding In this case, which method to call will be decided at the run time time based on what object is actually pointed by the reference variable, 4.a) Explain role name in an association with example. [WBUT 2004] Discuss association. zi [WBUT 2013} b) What is aggregation? How aggregation is different from association and generali ization? [WBUT 2004] : OR, Discuss aggregation. [WBUT 2013] Answer: a) An association implies two model elements have a relationship - usually implemented as an instance variable in one class. This connector may include named roles at each end, cardinality, direction and constraints. Association is the general relationship type between elements. For more than two elements, a diamond representation toolbox element can be used as well. When code is generated for class diagrams, named association ends become instance variables in the target class. So, for the example below, "playsFor" will become an instance variable in the "Player" class. Player +plays For 1 O28 An association end role is a specialization of an association end, used to describe an association end's behavior in a particular context. In the UML metamodel AssociationEndRole is a sub-class of AssociationEnd. Two or more association end roles are associated with each association role. Classes can also contain references to each other. The Company class has two attributes that reference the Client class. -name : String -contactPerson:Client employees: Client{] Although this is perfectly correct, it is sometimes more expressive to show the attributes aS associations. OOP-29POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Per i Coat 'erson 1 Gian -lastName : String name : String Asie Sing “emai 1 The above two associations have the same meaning as the attributes in the old version of the Contact class, The first association (the top one) represents the old contactPerson attribute. There is ‘one contact person in a single Company, The multiplicity of the association is one to one meaning’ that for ‘every Companythere is one and only one conttactPerson and for each contactPerson there is one Company. In the bottom association there are zero or many employees for each company. Multiplicities can be anything you specify. Some examples are shown: 0 Zero 1 One Ls one or many 1.2, 10..* one, two or ten and above but not three through nine The arrows at the end of the associations represent their navigability. In the above examples, the Company references Clients, but the Client class does not have any knowledge of the Company. You can set the navigability on either, neither or both ends of your associations. If there is no navigability shown then the navigability is unspecified. b) Difference between Association and Aggregation: Refer to Question No. 1 of Short Answer Type Questions. Difference between Aggregation and Generalization: AGGREGATION GENERALIZATION i) A directional association between objects, | i) Generalization uses a “is-a” relationship When an object ‘has-a’ another object, then | from a specialization to the generalization you have got an aggregation between them class. Common structure and behavior are used from the specialization to the generalized class. At a very broader level we can understand this as inheritance. ii) Denotes by, ii) Denotes by, er Ti) It means for example one College is build | iii) Consider there exists a class named up of Departments and again departments | Person. A student is a person. A faculty is a contains classes right here school is | person, Therefore here the relationship aggregation of departments and again | between student and person, similarly. faculty department is aggregation of classes, here you | and person is generalization. can perfect aggregation of things if you delete the main object called school all associated departments and classes will get delete. OOP-302. What are the differences between ‘abstract c! and ‘interface’? [WBUT 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2018, 2022] Answers ‘Abstract class Interface 1. | An abstract class can contain | An interface can have only abstract methods, implementation of some methods’ apart from the abstract methods, This makes abstract class to make a redd only class, 7, | A class that extends or inherits an abstract | A” class that Implements or inherits an class must reside in the same class | interface need not be in the same hierarchy in hierarchy where the parent abstract class | which the interface belongs. belongs. ‘A new abstract class cannot be fitted easily | Multiple classes can implement a new into a class hierarchy. For example if two | interface, as it is not a mandate that these classes inherits or extends the same new | classes will be in the same hierarchy in which abstract class, then the abstract class needs | the interface belongs, to be placed higher up in the hierarchy above these two classes. This can disturb the class hierarchy, as this will force all the descendants to extend the new abstract class. This may involve some extra implementation overhead for _ these descendants. 4. | A class can at most extend or inherit one] A class can implement multiple interfaces single ‘parent. This is known as single | and at the same time can extend a class for directional inheritance. any concrete implementation, This mixed type of inheritance helps us to design more flexible data structures. This is known as multi-directional inheritance. 3. What do you mean by parameter passing? What is call by value and call by reference? Write down two programs to define call by value and call by reference. [WBUT 2014] OR, a) What do you mean by parameter passing? b) What is the difference between call by value or pass by value and call by teference or pass by reference? Explain. [WBUT 2015] Answe : 1" Part: ‘ Parameter passing is the mechanism used to pass parameters to a procedure (subroutine) or function. The most common methods are to pass the value of the actual parameter (call by value), or to pass the address of the memory location where the actual parameter is stored (call by reference), The latter method allows the procedure to change the value of the parameter, whereas the former method guarantees that the procedure will not change the value of the parameter. Other more complicated parameter-passing methods have n devised, notably call by name in Algol 60, where the actual parameter is re- Cvaluated each time it is required during execution of the procedure, oop-31