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    Moles 3

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    Rafid Al Nahiyan
    The document discusses methods for calculating percentage yield and determining empirical formulas experimentally. It provides an example of calculating percentage yield of copper from a reaction with zinc and copper sulfate. The mass of copper obtained was 4.8g, while the theoretical maximum was 6.4g, giving a percentage yield of 75%. Methods are also given for determining the empirical formulas of metal oxides by heating metals and hydrated salts by heating to remove water. This involves calculating mole ratios of elements from measured mass changes.

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    Moles 3

    Uploaded by

    Rafid Al Nahiyan
    15 views4 pages
    The document discusses methods for calculating percentage yield and determining empirical formulas experimentally. It provides an example of calculating percentage yield of copper from a reaction with zinc and copper sulfate. The mass of copper obtained was 4.8g, while the theoretical maximum was 6.4g, giving a percentage yield of 75%. Methods are also given for determining the empirical formulas of metal oxides by heating metals and hydrated salts by heating to remove water. This involves calculating mole ratios of elements from measured mass changes.

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    The document discusses methods for calculating percentage yield and determining empirical formulas experimentally. It provides an example of calculating percentage yield of copper from a reaction with zinc and copper sulfate. The mass of copper obtained was 4.8g, while the theoretical maximum was 6.4g, giving a percentage yield of 75%. Methods are also given for determining the empirical formulas of metal oxides by heating metals and hydrated salts by heating to remove water. This involves calculating mole ratios of elements from measured mass changes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views4 pages

    Moles 3

    Uploaded by

    Rafid Al Nahiyan
    The document discusses methods for calculating percentage yield and determining empirical formulas experimentally. It provides an example of calculating percentage yield of copper from a reaction with zinc and copper sulfate. The mass of copper obtained was 4.8g, while the theoretical maximum was 6.4g, giving a percentage yield of 75%. Methods are also given for determining the empirical formulas of metal oxides by heating metals and hydrated salts by heating to remove water. This involves calculating mole ratios of elements from measured mass changes.

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    Calculating Percentage Yield

    Percentage Yield: Calculation of the percentage of yield obtained from the theoretical yield. In
    practice, some product will be lost during the process when purifying the product by filtration or
    evaporation or when transferring a liquid or when heating.

    Equation:

    Percentage Yield = ( Yield Obtained / Theoretical Yield ) x 100

    Example:

    In an experiment to displace copper from copper sulfate, 6.5 g of Zinc was added to an excess of
    copper (II) sulfate solution. The copper was filtered off, washed and dried. The mass of copper
    obtained was 4.8 g. Calculate the percentage yield of copper.

    Equation Of Reaction: Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

    Step 1: Calculate the Amount, in Moles of Zinc Reacted

    Moles of Zinc = 6.5 ÷ 65 = 0.10 moles

    Step 2: Calculate the Maximum Amount of Copper that could be formed

    Maximum Moles of Copper = 0.10 moles

    Step 3: Calculate the Maximum Mass of Copper that could be formed

    Maximum Mass of Copper = ( 0.10 x 64 ) = 6.4 g

    Step 4: Calculate the Percentage of Yield of Copper

    Percentage Yield = ( 4.8 ÷ 6.4 ) x 100 = 75%

    Percentage Yield of Copper = 75%


    Understand how the formulae of simple compounds can be obtained experimentally, including
    Metal Oxides, Water and Salts containing Water of Crystallisation

    Method:

    • Measure mass of crucible with lid


    • Add sample of metal into crucible and measure mass with lid (calculate the mass of metal
    by subtracting the mass of empty crucible)
    • Strong heat the crucible over a Bunsen burner for several minutes
    • Lift the lid frequently to allow sufficient air into the crucible for the metal to fully oxidise
    without letting magnesium oxide escape
    • Continue heating until the mass of crucible remains constant (maximum mass), indicating
    that the reaction is complete
    • Measure the mass of crucible and contents (calculate the mass of metal oxide by
    subtracting the mass of empty crucible)
    Working out Empirical Formula / Formulae:

    Mass of Metal: Subtract mass of crucible from metal and mass of empty crucible

    Mass of Oxygen: Subtract mass of metal used from the mass of magnesium oxide

    Step 1 – Divide each of the two masses by the relative atomic masses of elements

    Step 2 – Simplify the ratio

    Metal Oxygen

    Mass x y

    Mole x / Mr y / Mr

    =a =b

    Ratio a : b

    STEP 3 – Represent the Ratio into the ‘ Metal O ‘ E.g, MgO


    Method:

    • Measure mass of evaporating dish


    • Add a known mass of hydrated salt
    • Heat over a Bunsen burner, gently stirring, until the blue salt turns completely white,
    indicating that all the water has been lost
    • Record the mass of the evaporating dish and contents

    Working out Empirical Formula / Formulae:

    Mass of White Anhydrous Salt: Measure Mass of White Anhydrous Salt Remaining

    Mass of Water: Subtract Mass of White Anhydrous Salt Remaining from the Mass of Known
    Hydrated Salt

    STEP 1 – Divide Each of the Two Masses by the Relative Atomic Masses of Elements

    STEP 2 – Simplify the Ratio of Water to Anhydrous Salt

    Anhydrous Salt Water

    Mass a b

    Mole a / Mr b / Mr

    =y =x

    Ratio 1 : x

    STEP 3 – Represent the Ratio into ‘ Salt.xH2O ’

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