Two Dimensional

3 Finite Element Analysis

l~TRODUCTION
. chapter considers the two dimensional finite element. Two dimensional elementsb are
'
'{'111S •
oed by three or more_ node~ m a two dimensio nal plane (i.e. , x, y plane~. The astc
t useful for two d1mens10nal analysis is the triangular element. The simplest two
e:ional elements have corner nodes as shown in Fig.3. t. A quadrilateral (speci~l forms
,ectangle and para~lelo_gram) element can be obtained by assembling two or four tr~ang~lar
ents, as shown m Ftg.3.2. They are often used to model a wide range of Engmeenng

2 2 3 2 3
1
3

1 4 1 4
4
Rectangle Quadrilateral Parallelogram
Triangle

Fig. 3.1. Two dimensional elements

node4 4 4

node 1 1 1
node 3 3 3

node2 2 2

Fig. 3.2. A qua~rilateral element as an assemblage of two or four triangular elements

The ~o dimensional analysis of hydraulic cyl_inder rod_end with plane strain triangular
1ements ts shown in Fig.3.3.
 tb t

[TI]

Applied 1oads
L----
-- · sis of hydraullt cylinder rod ~ird
d' enslonal ana1lY
Fig. J.3. rwo
;m . .
lation follows the same steps Wh·
.
The two dimensional finite element .formu . 'b d b
. .
the one d1mens1on~l. pr~bl~ms. The d1s 1 ments and· d1s
p ace,:· . . · . ,._ tn Ute ody fo Ich ts. lb•.
x ). . _ .. _ ree 1
. :· ,, _ · ·. . Va\u~
functions of the position md1cated by
( 'y = { uv .} . ·• .
The displacement vector u is given by,
u
where u and v are the x and Y com.p onents of u respect_ively. .
. _
The stresses and strains are given as,
cr·.X
a = . . crY
'txy

I ·.

where, cr - ➔ Nonpal stress

-c ➔ Spear'stress
e ➔ Normal strain . ..
, y ➔ Shear strain.

Body force is given by, F = .{FFX

Y}
3.2. PLANE' STRESS;1\NO- .PL.A
NE S·T~IN .
The~~ dimensional elem~~~ -is.extr
e~ely important for the following
two analysis.
(i) Plane stress analysis.
(ii) Plane strain analysis.
(i) Plane Stress Analysis
Plane stress is defined to be a state
of stress in which the normal -stress
(r) directed perp~ndicular to the
piane are assumed to he ze~o. :- 1 •
(cr) an_dsheaf
' • •
-~\ >?:
~,1
. 8,,S1·o'..' p/
finite,E lem ent Analysis .
· • . -- :. .~ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -= =@.fj
.:. .,_.- - ,,----:-
. -~
.
-
·
nifll
v bers that are; th'm (those w't h
v Jlle~ . · : d
:_
~ I,, . s) ·an •W h.ose .' ··· d , 1
a sm z dimension compared to the · I e
oe~e 'f11erts . _ '. ,· , : • , . , Y m· the all
100 ;1 oa s act onl . m-p an
yd• ,- --. . . .- x-y pla ne can be considered to be un der
i 5tl'es5·· .\ '. an dp lat esw ith fil let sar
e witb bo _es. · . .
. • ~ com mg under plane stre,' ss analysis
.
pl9teS . . .J . y I '
pro blems.

~ T
I
I I
I I•
I I
I I
I
I
I
t---,•- ~x
I
I
I
I I
, t.-• •••• • • • • • •
••• -~-.- I
, I
,,, ,L•------------~---'~......-
(a) plate with hole
(h) Plate with fillet

Fig. 3.4. Plane stress problems: (a) pla

te with hole; (b) plate with fillet
· where, T ➔ Surface tractions (i.e
., pressure acting on the surface edge
or_face of a member, unit ➔ Force/Ar
~a ➔ N/m2)
Normal stress,... p z - 0
Shear stresses 't xz and t yz = 0
d) p/alte strain analysis .
Plane strain is defined to be a state of stra
in in which the strain normal to the xy
shear strains are assumed to be zero. plane and
Dams and pipes subjected to loads tha
t remain constant over their lengths
,inderplane strain analysis pro.blems. . are coming
·

z
(a) (b)

: , .-. ·' ...,1·<

Fig. 3.5. Plane stra,n·. pr~. b l~ms.·. 1t.a1,, dam subjected to h~rizontal loading;
:. .. . ·
(b) pipe ·subjected to a vertical load
 [El~---------~-_..:..._- . Nonnal strain, ez - 0
Here,
Shear stresses Yxz and Yyz - O , I

' 1-,,...

.t FINITE EI.EMENT MODELLI~

3
finite element modelling consists of the following:
l (i} Discretization of structure. , I I • ·'

(ii) Numbering of nodes.

(i) Discretization . ,.
The art of subdividing a strocture into a convenient number of

They are:
. three
known as discretization. In two dimensional problems,
·
·
·
tn1te I ""
kinds of fis~aUer ""'ltip
1~ ee,
(1) Triangular element. ~
(ii) Rectangular element.
(iii) Quadrilateral element. ·
In truss, the above three elements are physically present. But in a c .
· on1y m
three e1ements exist · · ·
· our 1magmat1on. . ontinuurn, tne
The continuum shown in Fig.3 .6 is discretized into eight triangula 1
Fig.3.7. The points where the comers of the .triangles meet are call~ : 0e:erit as ~
fo~oo by three nodes and three sides is called an element . es. Each~

Nodes · ·

Element

. 1

Fig. 3.6. Continuum . · · ·· · · ej1md.

The J Fig. ,3. 7, Discretized into eight triangular
e ement numbers are circled t d. . .. . ·. . . - - . .. . . . ss-i
area, traction force. and bod ti O t
tS mgmsh from :node nu~bers. Th~ cro ~ i ,
Y orce are constant 'th' · th se are
magnitude from element to element. Better res ·wt m··each -element.
.
But · e the nw ,..,,
It .
elements. u s are obtamed by increasing
 F-..in~it:.:..e..::.E_le_m_en_t_A_na....:ly::...s-=is_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _[fij_3_.5
. ensiorta1 - .
ptfll
if . 7 the triangular elements fill the entire region except a small region at the
fJI fig-~s unfilled region can be eliminated by choosing smaller elements or elements
~0dsd·d boundaries.
tit otJ!Ve
· •.,00 rNodes
· ~~~ . .

fri e dimensional problem, each node is allowed to move only in ± x direction . But tn
00
Jfl 051·0 nal problem, each node is permitted to move in the two .directions i.e., x and .Y·
ittle ,
d h node has two degrees of freedom (Nodal displacements). A three node finite
ce eac · F' 3
o odel is shown m tg. .8 has six degrees of freedom . ·
ment J1l

· · · Fig. 3.8. -Triangular element

The element connectivity table is given.for Fig.3.7. The heading 1 and 2 refer to the local
e numbers of an_element and the corresponding node numbers on the body are called
bal numbers. Connectivity thus establishes the local-global correspondence.
. ',.

Nodes
Ele~ent (e) } Local numbers
1.23

CD 123
·0 234
,@ ··•.
I

435
(~).: 5 3 6, Global numbers
'
..
® 637
..
® 738
'
''•
0 ·--·
. . ' . .. . 839
·.·0 ·· • I •

. '
9l 1

.. . .
 ~
:--:--=-:::::-::-=-::-- '~e~~\{
3.4. -=======--::-:::::;-;~,i:;~tei:EiMl~~-c=-.-~
CONS TANT STRA IN TRIAN GULAR (C&T-) J:1.EM ENT . . . ~>i,.1~ •
. known as consta nt strain trian ··
~ tt_iree noded triangu lar elem~nt tSkn wn displac ement .degre es of rlar ·(Q.
wh1ch ts shown in Fig.3.9 . It has six un ~ a consta nt strain throu eedoll\ ~l)
li3 v 3). The eleme nt is called CST beeaus e it has
gh 0 ut it. (14 '1~1
1
l, ~
V3

Fig. 3. 9. Consta nt strain tria,ngula,: elemen t

~5. SHAP E FUNCTJON:.D ERIVA Tl8)'r~ e)t:fH $~Qf,JJN'$ ·T'AN~t S:t:~ js l!AtA~GtJi
ELEM ENT_(CST) . . ' · . lA~
We begin this section with the devel~ pment of the . shape functi ~ a. bas·
dimen sional finite elemen t, called constan t strain triangu lar eleme nt (CST) .
fur
ic
We consid er this CST ·eleme nt becaus e its deriv~t ion i$ the ·simpl est among the
.
two di mens1· 0naI elemen ts. ,, ava1

..,_--+ -u1
1
(x1, Y1)

Fig. 3.10. Three noded CST-el ement n

Consi der a typica l CST elemen t with nodes I, 2 and 3 ·as -shown in Fig.3. 10 .t,ettl'le
displa cemen ts be u 1, Ui, u3, v 1, v2 and v3 .
 ·al,,,,,. ·te Element Analysis
...siO"
;_P':-
u,
~ 1 ,1f "2
\
\ I
U3
I~ Displacement { u } -
\ v,
\~

V2
V3

e csr ele111ent has_ got two de~ of freedom at each node (11, v), tho total
Si~ tb~ 0111 is 6. Hence 1t has 6 generahzed coordinates.
,I.of 11 = a 1 + a 2 x +a 3 y ... (3.1)
.i;, v = a4 + a 5 x + a6 y ... (3.2)
a a3, a4, as and 0 6 are global or generalized co-ordinates.
u,e, Op 2,
fll"" . "1 = a,+ a2x1 +a3Y1
,:, "2 = at + a 2 Xi + a 3 Y2

. th above equations in ~~trix fonn,

\\'l'lte e

{:: ::: :: {::}

U3
-
1 X3 Y3 a3

- : :: :: -I { UUU231 } ... (3.3)

1 X3 Y3
+ +
I X1 Y1
+
Let D - 1 X;z Y2
+ +
.. l X3 Y3

We know 0-1 -
C.T
... (3 .4)
' l··DI
Fioct the co-factors of mafrix D.

ell - + l 2 Y2
X
X3 Y3
= (x2 Y3 - X3 Yi)
18

l Yi
I >'l

I Yt
cu•+
I Yl

l Yt
C32 = -
I Y2

r ~,
C33 = +
1 X2

(x2 Y3 - X3 Y2) U'z -. y~J: (x3

{.,.,.
:-- X2)
.

⇒ C= (X3Y1 -x, Y3) Y,3 -y.1). (x, -x3)

I

(x, Y2 -xi Yi) Cvi .-Yit (x2 - Xi)

'
i.C; .
(X2Y3-X3Y2) (x3ri ..::x,y3) _(X1Y2-X2Y1)
⇒ er= Cv2 -y3) (y3 "f-!ii) . (Yi :--Yi)
·:,.•1 .

(xi -iJX3)
,•· !

We know that, D= xz Y2
X3 Y3

ID I = I (x2Y3 -x3·y2) ..:.x, (y3 yi)'+ y; (x3-xz)

.a.
 finite E_/ement Analysis
•or,tJl
,eris'
~ tl

Y3-Y1

v-• value in equation (3.3),

bsritute
S~ a1 1 X1 Yt -I Ut

Y3-Yi Yi -Y2 { : } ... (3.7)

X3-X2 X1-X3 X2-X1

The area of the triangle can be expressed as a function of the x, y co-ordinates of the
nodes I, 2and 3.

1
⇒
A= -
.2

⇒ ... (3.8)

Substitute 2A values in equation (3. 7),

a'·}· l{ u1.}
l
[(X2Y3-X3Y2) (X3Yi-XiY3) (xi Y2 -X2Y1)
1
⇒ a2 = - Y2 - Y3 Y3 - Yi · Y1 -Y2 · U2 ... (3.9)
2A
a3 . X3 ~ -~1 ~-i - ~3 X2 -XI . U3
 p.JU/ '-le
~e~
/1
~
01 Pi P2 p3

⇒ 02 - -2AI qi q2 q3 X
yt
03 r1 r2 r3 '
'•(i
- X2YJ -X3Y2; P2 == X3-)'1 -Xi y3; P3 - x·
l Y2 .... ~
where, Pi
q, = Y2-y3; q2 - Y3 -yi; q3 ::::
Yi -y n,
2
r3 ::::
X2 ...._.t
r 1 = x3 -x2; I
From equation (3. I), we know that,
u = o 1 +o2 x +03Y
We can write this equation in matrix form.
01 .

U = [] X y] a2. :

03

Substitute a2 value, from equation no.(~-._10) pi

03
Pt P2 p3 UI
1 U2
⇒ u - [I X y] x ·2A ql q2 q3

.•. r1 r2.-. /3 :., . li3 . .

2 ' •

I
- 2A [I X y]

- z~[Pi+ q1x+r1 y P2-~ q2x+r2 y p3+q3 x+r3y] x :j

U3

[·: (1 x3)x(3x 3) =1 x c
I I

Ne
The above equation is in the form of
UI
.,, (J.I
u = [N I N2 . N3 ] · 1!2
U3
 . .. /e~m~en_t_A_na_ry_s_u_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Y===a.1D

5itt1ilar•lY, v ... (3.12)

.~, sttiPe
function, N t -

equations (3 .11) and (3 .12) in matrix form

blit18 the
111
~sse
' u,
Vt

pii~lace
&unction, u
rnent 1
1
= { u((x, y))}
v x,y
= [Ni O N2 0 N3
O N 1 O N2 O N3
0] x U2

~li_
U3
V3
... (3.13)

NT :MAT!~llt [SlP0R- est ELEMENT'

.sTRAIN-DIS~LACEME_
Displacement function for CST element is given by,

x or we can write

u = N 1 U1 + N2 U2 + N3 U3
V = N 1 V1 + N2 V2 + N3 V3
The strain ·
components for CST element are,
Nonna! strain, ex == ou
ox 1,

,11,
Nonnal strain ' e
av
y - ay
oN1 aN2 aN3
+ -v2 + 0· V3
⇒ ey - - vI
ay ay ' Y
au r
-
+ax
av
Shear strain, y xy = oy

⇒ Yxy

matrix form;
Arranging the strains e X' ey and yX)'. in.
< .. , ~ o • p I J ~

aN1
0 -oN 2
ox oN0 ,
-oN
ox
3
0
Ul
VI
ex ox oN.·
, -1
oN1 -ay2 U2
ey - 0 ay 0 \, 0 ay V2
··· I
,yxy oN 1 oN1 oN2 aN2 aN3 aN3 U3

ay ax ay ox ay ax V3

w that, ;
From equation (3.11) or (3.12), we kno ~· . 1

P1 .+.q1 x + r1 Y
Shap~·,fu:pction,,,N 1 - •• -· •
1
·2A :-• ·

PJ +q 3x +r 3y
2A · -.l

Partial differentiation, . ..

oN1 oN2 oN3 !Jl

ax -
-qi.
2A ' ax - -.
q2
... ' ·
.. 2A ox = 2A
. .' .. ':.

aN1 r1 oN2 r2 -· - oN3 !J_ ,

oy - -2A '
· = 2A
ay - -
-
2A ' oy
, ' .
-
: I
 . Element Analysis
I fi"'te
lt ·ofl(I
1 el'!,'
Jf' aN2 ~ 8N1 8N 2 oN 3
~ ar-J I ,
;.,.-- -X- • 8x ' . 8y ' ay and oy values in equation (3. 14),
8
·(tlte a~
s~~st1 qi 0 Ut
q2 0 q3 0
1
0
"•U2
= 2A r1 0 r2 0 r3
"2
U3
Y:xy r1 9,1 r2 q2 r3 q3
V3

tion is in the form of { e} = [B]{u}

i,ove equa
111e'

[Bl::::
strain-Disp laceme11t matrix =
i1'here,
where, . ql - -Y2 -=--Y3
>

qz - Y3-Y1
(]·',
q3 - Yt 7 Y2 [From ~quation no. \ 3.10)1
,rl - X3-Xz
I

r2 - Xt -X3
/ ', .
r3 - X2-X1

r.sTRESS·STRAIN REL1Al"F1Q'N~fHP,~,_MA,1 Rt~ El~'C'ONS1"1T-UTIV" ~A1'.RIX {;l>] -F0R

rwa DIMENSIONAL :ELEMEN1f, . . .
Consider a three dimensional body which 'is subj~cted to the stresses crx, cry and crz
dependently as shown in Fig.3 .11. -

Bo k , Fig. 3.11.
, o es law t .
1rect1y s ates that when a matenal is loaded within its_elastic limit, the stress is
Proport1· 1 - .-
11111 ona to the strain. .
 We know that,
1

Stiffness matrix, [ K J - f [B JT [D J [B J dV [From Ch

apter
V

[K J = [ B JT [D ] [ B J .V
⇒ [ K J = [ B JT [D J [ B J A t [·:'v:::: A~

/ Stiffness matri x, [ K ] = [ B Jr [ D ] [ B J A t ... (3,3

where, A ➔ Area of the .triangular element = ~ -1:

t Thickness of element
➔
[ B ] - Strain - Displacement matrix
qi O q2 0 ,-q3 0
1 O r 2 '0 ·r 3
[ B] - 2A 0 ri · [From equation .no.(3.I

where, qi = y 2 - y 3; q2 .= Y3 -;-Yi; q3 = Yi -Yi

r1 = X3 -x2; r2 = Xi ..;..x3; r3 =. X2 -xi

[D ] = Stress-Strain relationship matrix

; ' i

For plane stress problems,

1 V 0
E v I 0
[D] - [From equation no. (3.3
1-v2 1-v
0 0 2
For plane strain problems,
(1-v ) v 0
E V. (1-v ) .o
[ D] -
(l+v )(l- 2v) 1~2 v
0 0 2
[From equation no. (3.3

where, E = Young's modulus or Mo91.ilus·of elasticity

v = Poisson's ratio