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    Grammar3 3

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    lmellouki2004
    This document discusses sentence patterns and the different elements that make up sentences. It defines subjects and predicates, and explains that words can be analyzed based on their part of speech and their function within the sentence. Complements and modifiers are introduced as obligatory and optional elements within the predicate. Different types of verbs such as stative, dynamic, intensive and extensive are outlined. Examples are provided to illustrate subjects, predicates, complements and modifiers. Exercises are included to have the reader identify these elements within sample sentences.

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    Grammar3 3

    Uploaded by

    lmellouki2004
    20 views15 pages
    This document discusses sentence patterns and the different elements that make up sentences. It defines subjects and predicates, and explains that words can be analyzed based on their part of speech and their function within the sentence. Complements and modifiers are introduced as obligatory and optional elements within the predicate. Different types of verbs such as stative, dynamic, intensive and extensive are outlined. Examples are provided to illustrate subjects, predicates, complements and modifiers. Exercises are included to have the reader identify these elements within sample sentences.

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    Grammar3.3

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    This document discusses sentence patterns and the different elements that make up sentences. It defines subjects and predicates, and explains that words can be analyzed based on their part of speech and their function within the sentence. Complements and modifiers are introduced as obligatory and optional elements within the predicate. Different types of verbs such as stative, dynamic, intensive and extensive are outlined. Examples are provided to illustrate subjects, predicates, complements and modifiers. Exercises are included to have the reader identify these elements within sample sentences.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views15 pages

    Grammar3 3

    Uploaded by

    lmellouki2004
    This document discusses sentence patterns and the different elements that make up sentences. It defines subjects and predicates, and explains that words can be analyzed based on their part of speech and their function within the sentence. Complements and modifiers are introduced as obligatory and optional elements within the predicate. Different types of verbs such as stative, dynamic, intensive and extensive are outlined. Examples are provided to illustrate subjects, predicates, complements and modifiers. Exercises are included to have the reader identify these elements within sample sentences.

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    Grammar 3.

    3
    Prof El Hadri
    Sentence Patterns

    • Back to subject and predicate:


    • Simple sentences (clauses) contain a subject and a predicate
    • Subject and predicate are functions (different from form
    classes/parts of speech
    • This means that we can consider words or any other sentence
    elements in terms of their form (part of speech) and in terms of
    their function
    eg.1 John bought a new computer
    ‘John’ is a noun (part of speech) but it functions as a subject
    Sentence Patterns

    • eg.2 I met john yesterday


    ‘john’ is still a noun (part of speech) but now it functions
    differently: object.
    • To analyze words (or any other sentence elements) we need to
    identify its part of speech (i.e. the nature) and also its function.
    • We will come back to this later
    Sentence Patterns: Positions of subjects
    • Consider the following setences:
    1. Jim drove to work yesterday
    2. Are you working this afternoon?
    3. I believe her, so do I
    4. At the back of this book is an appendix
    5. Please stay
    6. There are two apples on the table
    7. It is John who called yesterday
    • Typically subjects come before verbs, but sometimes their position
    varies depending on the context where they occur.
    Sentence Patterns: Predicate

    • Predicate is the remaining part of the sentence that says


    something about the subject.
    • It must contain a verb (simple predicate)
    • The verb is often used with other elements,which are either
    obligatory or optional
    • Obligatory elements used with the verb are called complements
    • Optional elements are called modifiers
    Sentence Patterns: Complements

    • Consider the following examples:


    1. Children babble
    2. The boys are playing
    3. I met Tom
    4. They bought a computer
    5. He sent Mary a letter
    6. He sent a letter to Mary
    7. Mary is a lawyer
    8. Tom looks tired
    9. The noise is driving me crazy
    10. The Americans elected him president
    Sentence Patterns: Complements

    • 1 and 2: verb with no complement


    • 3 and 4: verb with one complement (direct object)
    • 5 and 6: verb with two complements (indirect object+direct
    object)
    • 7 and 8: verb with a complement (subject complement)
    • 9 and10: verb with an object and a complement (object
    complement)
    Sentence Patterns: Types of verbs

    • Stative (7,8) Vs Dynamic verbs (all the rest)

    states Vs actions

    • Intensive Vs Extensive verbs


    have only subject complements Vs have objects or have no
    object
    • Transitive Vs Intransitive verbs
    have object or more Vs have no object
    monotransitive, ditransitive and complex transitive
    Sentence Patterns: Types of verbs
    Verb

    stative dynamic

    Int Ext Int Ext

    Cs Od* Cs trans Intrans

    mono di complex

    Od Oi Od+Oc
    *to be discussed in the next slide
    More on Complements

    • Consider:
    1. John bought a car
    2. John has a car
    3. His house must have cost a fortune
    4. I know her so well
    5. That tin contains some tobacco

    • Do all these sentences have objects?


    More on Complements

    • Consider:
    1. Mary made a cake yesterday
    2. Mary made us a cake yesterday
    3. Mary makes John happy
    4. She made him manager
    Sentence Patterns: Modifiers

    • Unlike complements, modifiers are not obligatory sentence/clause


    elements. They add circumstancial detail that we can do without.
    • We will call them adverbials for now
    • So far we have seen five sentence/clause elements:
    Subject, verb, object, complement,and adverbial
    • Exercise see handout shared in group
    Exercise 1
    • Divide each of the following sentences into its constituent parts,
    and then label each part S. V, C, O and A
    1. Computers are fairly commonplace today
    2. Did you ever eat chicken ?
    3. Full-scale computers have a large number of programmes
    4. We must change all the programmes tomorrow
    5. Tomorrow will be a holiday here
    6. These bookshelves are becoming very popular in sweden
    7. We have recently added an extra unit to them
    8. Will you give it a try ?
    9. On July 7, DDT was sprayed on the marsh from a helicopter
    10. We all read too many books too quickly
    Exercise 2
    • Find the objects and the complements in the following sentences
    1. Will somene get a doctor , quickly !
    2. George and Paul both became famous doctors .
    3. Do you call yourself a doctor ?
    4. May I call you Jenny ?
    5. May I call you a taxi or something ?
    6. Call me anything you like .
    7. It’s so cold . I can’t get warm .
    8. I can’t get my hands warm .
    9. Keep quiet . keep those children quiet .
    10. Can’t you give them something to keep them quiet ?
    Sentence Patterns

    In addition to the five sentence/clause elements, we can also


    classify sentences/clauses in terms the following patterns
    • Intransitive pattern 1&2
    • Monotransitive pattern 3&4
    • Ditransitive pattern 5&6
    • Complex transitive pattern 7&8
    • Linking verb pattern 9&10
    There are a few exceptions or variations that we will discuss in due
    time
    Exercise: see handout

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