ODISHA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH,

BHUBANESWAR

PLANNING STUDIO – III

REPORT SUBMISSION

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
Miss Shreeparna Sahoo
Sourav Sekhar Sahoo
Omesha Rani Nayak
Sailaja Priyadarshini
Ashirbad Rath
Ipsita Sahu
Amisha Routaray
Contents
1. COORDINATE SYSTEM.......................................................................................................3
1.1. What is a coordinate system?............................................................................................3
1.1.1. Geographic coordinate system...................................................................................3
1.1.2. Projected coordinate system......................................................................................4
2. GEOREFERENCING..............................................................................................................5
2.1. What is georeferencing?....................................................................................................5
2.2. Importance of Georeferencing in GIS...............................................................................5
2.3. Steps involved in Georeferencing a map..........................................................................5
3. SHAPEFILE............................................................................................................................7
3.1. What are Shapefiles?.........................................................................................................7
3.2. Difference between a Layer and Shapefile:......................................................................7
3.3. Different types of Shapefiles in GIS :...............................................................................7
3.4. Step involved in adding different Shapefiles :..................................................................8
3.4.1. NH............................................................................................................................10
3.4.2. Ward boundary.........................................................................................................13
3.4.3. Landmarks...............................................................................................................15
4. CONVERSION......................................................................................................................19
4.1. What is Conversion tool?................................................................................................19
4.2. Conversion of layer to shapefile.....................................................................................19
4.3. Conversion of kml file to GIS.........................................................................................20
...................................................................................................................................................20
5. CALCULATIONS.................................................................................................................22
5.1. Attributes Table...............................................................................................................22
5.2. Creation of table..............................................................................................................23
5.3. Addition of data manually...............................................................................................23
5.4. Calculation using field calculator...................................................................................25
5.4.1. Population density...................................................................................................25
5.4.2. Sex ratio...................................................................................................................26
5.4.3. Literacy rate.............................................................................................................27
6. THEMATIC MAPS...............................................................................................................28
6.1. What is a thematic map?.................................................................................................28
6.2. Thematic map types........................................................................................................28
6.3. How to create a thematic map in arc gis.........................................................................28
6.4. Population density representation (using the dot features).............................................28
...................................................................................................................................................29
6.5. Area representation.........................................................................................................30
7. BASEMAP............................................................................................................................31
7.1. What is a basemap?.........................................................................................................31
7.2. Contents of a basemap....................................................................................................31
7.2.1. Adding scale to a map..............................................................................................32
7.2.2. Adding legends table to a basemap.........................................................................32
...............................................................................................................................................32
7.2.3. Adding north direction to a basemap.......................................................................33
7.2.4. Adding title to a basemap........................................................................................33
7.3. Exporting a basemap.......................................................................................................34
...............................................................................................................................................34
1. COORDINATE SYSTEM
1.1.What is a coordinate system?
A coordinate system is a reference framework that defines the position of features in two- or

three-dimensional space.

Maps and scenes use coordinate systems to locate and display data correctly on the earth's

surface and relative to one another.

A map or scene should always have a horizontal coordinate system. Optionally, you can also

define vertical coordinate system

For global scenes, the default horizontal coordinate system is WGS84.

There are numerous coordinate systems to choose from for maps and local scenes, but the

horizontal coordinate system for a global is limited to WGS84 or China Geodetic Coordinate

System 2000 (CGCS 2000)

1.1.1. Geographic coordinate system

ArcGIS data frame’s has a default unknown coordinate system.
If you change the data frame’s coordinate system, all layers that have coordinate
systems will be projected on the fly to the new coordinate system.
Steps for geographic coordinate system.

 Open ArcMap, Right-click the data frame Layers and choose Properties to bring

up the Data Frame Properties dialog box.

 Click the Coordinate System tab and navigate to the Geographic Coordinate

Systems, and select your desired coordinate system for your map display.

 Finally, click OK.

1.1.2. Projected coordinate system
A projected coordinate system (PCS) is a 2D reference system that uses Cartesian

coordinates to represent a point's location on a 2D surface. PCSs are based on a map

projection and are created by projecting a 3D geographic coordinate system (GCS) onto a

2D surface

Steps for projected coordinate system.

 Right-click the map or scene in the Contents pane

 Click Properties

 Click the Coordinate Systems tab

 Right-click a coordinate system in the Coordinate Systems Available list

 Click Save as Projection File

2. GEOREFERENCING
2.1.What is georeferencing?
Georeferencing is a critical way to manage and
analyse spatial data or information, by adding it to
the real world. The technique involves aligning
local raster data (such as a scanned map, data or
digital image) to known latitude and longitude
coordinates. This is best achieved with a minimum
of 4 points of reference.
The reference points might refer to distinct
elements of natural features in the world like rivers
or man-made structures like roads or buildings.
Alternatively, Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) receivers provide accurate coordinates,
which can later match to local control points

2.2. Importance of Georeferencing in GIS

Georeferencing is key for a Geographical Information System (GIS) to succeed with its
ambitions to analyse and manage different types of data. Whether it’s remote sensing,
imagery, or satellite data, georeferencing connects the information to a map displaying it in
relation to its position in the real world.

2.3.Steps involved in Georeferencing a map

 Choose a suitable image-
The first step in georeferencing is to choose an image that is relevant, clear, and has
identifiable features that can be matched with a reference layer, such as a base map or
another georeferenced image.
 Load the image and the reference layer-
The next step is to load the image and the reference layer into your GIS software. Depending
on the software you use, you may need to create a new project, add a data frame, or set the
 coordinate system. The reference layer should have the same or a compatible coordinate
system as the one you want to assign to the image. You can also adjust the transparency,
color, and contrast of the image and the reference layer to make them easier to compare.

 Add control points-

The third step is to add control points, which are pairs of points that link a location on the
image with a corresponding location on the reference layer. You can use landmarks,
intersections, boundaries, or other features that are visible and consistent on both layers. To
add a control point, you need to click or select a point on the image, and then click or select
the same point on the reference layer. You can also enter the coordinates manually if you
know them. You should add at least four control points, and preferably more, to cover the
whole extent of the image.
You should add at least four control points, and preferably more, to cover the whole extent of
the image.
 Apply a transformation-
The fourth step is to apply a transformation, which is a mathematical function that adjusts the
position, scale, and shape of the image based on the control points You should choose a
transformation that fits your image and your purpose, and that minimizes the error or residual
between the control points and the reference layer. You can check the error or residual by looking
at the table or report that the software generates.
 TIFF file-
Choose File and select Save As. Select the TIFF format and click Save. for the output file
you want.
6-Save and export the georeferenced image-
The final step is to save and export the georeferenced image. You can save the image as a new
file, or overwrite the original file, depending on your preference and the software options.
3. SHAPEFILE
3.1. What are Shapefiles?
 A shapefile is a file format that stores geographic data. It's a common format for
storing spatial data in geographic information systems (GIS) software.
 Shapefiles store data as points, lines, or polygons. These three feature types are the
basis of geospatial vector data analysis. Points can be used to represent addresses,
points of interest, and parcel or ZIP Code centroids. Lines are often used to depict
road networks or waterways. Polygonal data can represent anything with a boundary,
such as a neighborhood, census block, or geofence.
 A shapefile typically contains a collection of files with the same name but different
file extensions. The most common files included in a shapefile
are .shp, .shx, .dbf, .prj.
 Commonly, shapefiles are compressed in a .zip file for transfer such as emailing as an
attachment or via a web site download.
3.2. Difference between a Layer and Shapefile:
 A shapefile (.shp) is a vector data storage format for storing the location, shape, and
attributes of geographic features. A shapefile is stored in a set of related files and
contains one feature class.
 A layer file (.lyr) is a file that stores the path to a source dataset and other layer
properties, including symbology.
 In comparison to a shapefile, a layer file is a just a link or reference to actual data,
such as a shapefile, feature class, etc. It is not actual data because it does not store the
data's attributes or geometry. A layer file primarily stores the symbology for a feature
and other layer properties related to what is seen when the data is viewed in a GIS
application.
3.3. Different types of Shapefiles in GIS :
 ArcGIS shapefiles have mandatory and optional files. The mandatory file extensions
needed for a shapefile are .shp, .shx and .dbf. But the optional files
are: .prj, .xml, .sbn and .sbx.
 Main File (.SHP) -SHP is a mandatory Esri file that gives features their geometry. Every
shapefile has its own .shp file that represents spatial vector data. For example, it could be
points, lines, and polygons in a map.

 Index File (.SHX) -SHX are mandatory Esri and AutoCAD shape index positions.
This type of file is used to search forward and backward.
 dBASE File (.DBF) -DBF is a standard database file used to store attribute data and
object IDs. A .dbf file is mandatory for shape files. You can open DBF files in
Microsoft Access or Excel.
  Projection File (.PRJ) - PRJ is an optional file that contains the metadata associated
with the shapefiles coordinate and projection system. If this file does not exist, you
will get the error “unknown coordinate system.
 Extensible Markup Language File (.XML) -XML file types contain the metadata
associated with the shapefile. If you delete this file, you essentially delete
your metadata.
 Spatial Index File (.SBN) -SBN files are optional spatial index files that optimize
spatial queries. This file type is saved together with a .sbx file. These two files make
up a shape index to speed up spatial queries.
 Code Page File (.CPG) -CPG files are optional plain text files that describe the
encoding applied to create the shapefile. If your shapefile doesn’t have a .cpg file,
then it has the system default encoding.

3.4.Step involved in adding different Shapefiles :

STEP 1 : Setup your map extent.
 Note that it’s usually best to create the shapefile in ArcCatalog from within an
ArcMap session. The following steps assume that you have an existing ArcMap
session open with a new (empty) map document.
 Make sure to first set up the Map Scale –Right click on the page>>Data Frame
Properties>> on Apply>>Projected Coordinate system>>UTM>>WGS
1984>>Northern Hemisphere>>WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45N>>Click OK.
 You will use a proper Geo-referenced Ward Map of Bhubaneswar(according to the
BMC administrative boundary).
 Add Data>>Connect to Folder>>Add the file from the stored folder>>Click OK.
 Next, zoom in on the particular area of your choice. This will define your work
extent.

3.4.1. NH
STEP 2 : Create a new Polyline Shaprfile.
 Click on the ArcCatalog tab (if the ArcCatalog window is already not visible).
In ArcCatalog, right-click on your project folder (i.e. the folder where you want to
create your new shapfile), then select New >> Shapefile.

 Name the new polyline NH and define the feature type as a polyline.

 It’s also a good idea to assign the coordinate system to your new shapefile. Click on
the Edit… button then select Projected Coordinate system>>UTM>>WGS
1984>>Northern Hemisphere>>WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45N. Click OK to close the
coordinate system selection window and OK again to close the Create New Shapefile
window.

 At this point, you should see the new shapefile in the project folder.
 Next, you will create a new feature in the NH.shp object.
STEP 3 :Edit the new Polyline Shapefile.
 Right-click on the NH layer in the Table Of Contents and select Edit features >>
Start Editing. You’ll note the presence of a new window (the Create
Features window). This window allows you to select the construction tool of your
choice to create your new polyline feature.

 Select NH from inside the Create Features window. This action will display the
construction tools available to your new shapefile. Choose any construction tool; in
this example, we’ll choose the Polyline construction tool.
 Next, digitize the new polyline in the main window by left-clicking the mouse. Each
click of the mouse creates a new vertex which defines the end-points of each line
segment. Here are a few pointers that you might find helpful when digitizing a new
feature:
 If you want to remove the last vertex created, click Ctrl+Z
 If you started editing a new feature but want to start over, right-click in the
window and select Delete Sketch
 You can zoom in and out as you are digitizing by rolling the middle mouse
button.
 You can pan (move) around the map extent by pressing and holding the
middle mouse button
 To delete a polyline, simply select it with the selection tool then press
the Delete key.
 To complete the line of the polyline, press the F2 key. When you are done
editing your new shapefile you must save, then close the edit session as
follows:
 Look for the Editor toolbar then click on Editor >> Save Edits, then
click Editor >> Stop Editing.

 Note that it’s important that you save then close your edit
session before using the newly created shapefile in any subsequent
geoprocesses (such as a clipping operation).

3.4.2. Ward boundary

STEP 4 : Create a new Polygon Shaprfile.

 Click on the ArcCatalog tab (if the ArcCatalog window is already not visible).
In ArcCatalog, right-click on your project folder (i.e. the folder where you want to
create your new shapfile), then select New >> Shapefile.
 Name the new polygon Ward Boundary and define the feature type as a polygon.

 It’s also a good idea to assign the coordinate system to your new shapefile. Click
on the Edit… button then select Projected Coordinate system>>UTM>>WGS
1984>>Northern Hemisphere>>WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45N. Click OK to close
the coordinate system selection window and OK again to close the Create New
Shapefile window.

 At this point, you should see the new shapefile in the project folder.
 Next, you will create a new feature in the Ward Boundary.shp object.
STEP 5 : Edit the new Polygon Shapefile.
 Right-click on the Ward Boundary layer in the Table Of Contents and select Edit
features >> Start Editing. You’ll note the presence of a new window (the Create
Features window). This window allows you to select the construction tool of your
choice to create your new polygon feature.

 Select Ward Boundary from inside the Create Features window. This action will
display the construction tools available to your new shapefile. Choose any
construction tool; in this example, we’ll choose the Polygon construction tool.

 Next, digitize the new polygon in the main window by left-clicking the mouse.
Each click of the mouse creates a new vertex which defines the end-points of each
line segment. Here are a few pointers that you might find helpful when digitizing a
new feature:
 If you want to remove the last vertex created, click Ctrl+Z
 If you started editing a new feature but want to start over, right-click in the
window and select Delete Sketch button.
  You can pan (move) around the map extent by pressing and holding the
middle mouse button
 To delete a polygon, simply select it with the selection tool then press
the Delete key.
 To complete the line of the polygon, press the F2 key. When you are done
editing your new shapefile you must save, then close the edit session as
follows:
 Look for the Editor toolbar then click on Editor >> Save Edits, then
click Editor >> Stop Editing.

 Note that it’s important that you save then close your edit session before using the
newly created shapefile in any subsequent geoprocesses (such as a clipping
operation).
3.4.3. Landmarks
STEP 6 : Create a new Points Shaprfile.
 Click on the ArcCatalog tab (if the ArcCatalog window is already not visible).
In ArcCatalog, right-click on your project folder (i.e. the folder where you want to
create your new shapfile), then select New >> Shapefile.
 Name the new points Landmarks and define the feature type as a polygon.

 It’s also a good idea to assign the coordinate system to your new shapefile. Click on
the Edit… button then select Projected Coordinate system>>UTM>>WGS
1984>>Northern Hemisphere>>WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45N. Click OK to close the
coordinate system selection window and OK again to close the Create New
Shapefile window.

 At this point, you should see the new shapefile in the project folder.
 Next, you will create a new feature in the Landmarks.shp object.
STEP 7 : Edit the new Points Shapefile.
 Right-click on the Landmarks layer in the Table Of Contents and select Edit
features >> Start Editing. You’ll note the presence of a new window (the Create
Features window). This window allows you to select the construction tool of your
choice to create your new polygon feature.

 Select Landmarks from inside the Create Features window. This action will display
the construction tools available to your new shapefile. Choose any construction tool;
in this example, we’ll choose the Points construction tool.

 Next, digitize the new points in the main window by left-clicking the mouse.
 A number of landmarks is created each in separate shapefiles like schools, hospitals,
etc. By using the symbol creator in the table of content just below the particular
landmark we can create new symbols of one own choice.

 Look for the Editor toolbar then click on Editor >> Save Edits, then click Editor >>
Stop Editing.

 Note that it’s important that you save then close your edit session before using the
newly created shapefile in any subsequent geoprocesses (such as a clipping
operation).
 

4. CONVERSION
4.1.What is Conversion tool?
ArcMap has a Conversion toolbox that contains tools to convert data between different formats.
Some of the tools include:
 To Geodatabase: Converts and writes data to a geodatabase
 To GeoPackage: Converts datasets into the OGC GeoPackage format
 Excel: Converts Microsoft Excel files to and from tables
 From PDF: Exports a .pdf file to Tagged Image File Format (TIFF).

4.2.Conversion of layer to shapefile.


 In ArcGIS Pro, in the Catalog tab, click on the “to shapefile feature”, and select layer
feature to shapefile.

 Select the desired folder containing the layer package file, and click OK to add the folder.
 Right-click the layer package file, and select Add To Current Map.
 In the Export Features window, specify the Output Location to save the output feature,
and specify the Output Name.
 Click OK to generate the shapefile.

4.3.Conversion of kml file to GIS

 Open the tools section by clicking the ArcToolBox icon
 Open the data conversion options by clicking the Conversion toolbox
 Select the From KML toolkit to access the KML to Layer too.
 Select the KML layer from the Contents menu and drag it into the Input KML File
parameter on the tool
 After it has been converted, perform the geoprocessing operations on the new output

 Click ok to generate gis file.
5. CALCULATIONS
5.1.Attributes Table
 An Attribute Table is a database or tabular file containing non-spatial information
about a geographic feature in a GIS, linked to the feature by a unique identifier. For
example, attributes of a river might include its name, length, and sediment load at a
gauging station.
 In raster datasets, each row of an attribute table corresponds to a certain zone of cells
having the same value. In a GIS, attribute tables are often joined or related to spatial
data layers, and the attribute values they contain can be used to find, query, and
symbolize features or raster cells.
 The columns of the table are called fields and the rows are called records. Each record
of the attribute table corresponds to feature geometry of the layer. These tables are
available for viewing and editing for each layer in ArcMap and are made up of rows,
which run left to right, and columns, which run up and down and go by the proper
GIS word, field.
 To open an attribute table, right-click a layer or a shape file in the table of contents
and from the context menu choose “Open Attribute Table”. You can also use the
keyboard shortcut CTRL+T to open the attribute table of any selected layer in the
table of contents.
 5.2.Creation of table
To create an attribute table of a layer (i.e shape file), right click on that layer, choose “Open
Attribute Table”. Then on the top left corner, click on the “Table Options” and select “Add
Fields”. Name it and choose what type of numerical value you want, click OK. You’ll get a new
row of your choice.

5.3.Addition of data manually

You can add data to the table according to their corresponding shape file. Go to the Editor
box (if you don’t have the editor box then click in the area of Tool bars and add editor option)
and scroll down, click “start editing”, then you can manually add any numeric value you
want in any table.
In order to add the area of a polygon type of Shape file (example: Ward), click “Start editing”
then choose on the area box and select “Calculate Geometry”. In the “Property Box”, scroll
down and select “Area”, keep the units in square kilometer.

You also need to set the decimal places with two numeric values, for that click on Area box, go
to properties and click on “Numeric” and in the “Rounding” section, change it into “2”.
You’ll need the estimated data to enter the
population, male population, female population, total literate population, and main working
population from a reliable secondary source. Go to the website
https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ where you’ll get all the date of different villages,
districts and sub-districts. In the “Census Tables” section, in the “Keywords” box search for
“ward”, choose the required excel. From there you can arrange the excel sheet, collect the date
and enter it in the Attribute Table.

5.4.Calculation using field calculator

5.4.1. Population density

 The formula to calculate population density is “Total Population/Land Area covered

by the population”. In ArcMap, we calculate by using the manually entered date in
this formula.
 Start by adding a field in the name of “pop_den” and type as “Double”. Then click
on the “pop_den” box and select the “Field Calculator”. Now, from the “Fields”
section select “TOT_P”, “area” and arrange it according to the formula.
 Also, set the decimal places with two numeric values.
5.4.2. Sex ratio
 The sex ratio can be calculated as:Sex ratio= (No.of females)/(No.of males)x1000
 Here also we’ll use those manually entered data of total male population and total
female population of particular corresponding shape file. First, we’ll create a field
namely, “SEX_RATIO” and type as “Double”.
 Then in the field calculator, we’ll arrange the fields according to the formula. And set
the decimal places with zero numeric values.
5.4.3. Literacy rate
 The formula to calculate literacy rate is given by “(Total literate population/Total
population)x100”.
 Once more, add another field, “LIT_RATE” and type as “Double”, then in the field
calculator put the required fields in order as per the formula.
 Finally, set the decimal places with two numeric values.
6. THEMATIC MAPS
6.1.What is a thematic map?
 A thematic map is also called a special-purpose ,single topic or statistical map .
 This map focuses on the spatial variability of a specific distribution or theme (such as
population density or average annual income) whereas a reference map focuses on the
location and names of features
 It is a visual representation of characteristics of a given geographic location .
 Thematic maps in ArcMap can be used to map variables for analysis .
 They can visualize phenomena that are not visible on the ground .Such as : Election
results ,Habitat ranges ,Agricultural suitability .

6.2.Thematic map types

There are seven different types of thematic maps . Such as
 Isoline Maps
 Cartogram Maps
 Graduated Symbol Map
 Heat Maps
 Dot Density Maps
 Flow Line

6.3.How to create a thematic map in arc gis

 Download statistical data
 Join the data to your data layer
 Right click on the layer in the table of contents
 Click properties
 Open the symbology tab
 Click charts then pie
 Select fields from the attribute table to map
 Use the arrow buttons to move the fields into the box on the right
 Click apply
 The advanced thematic mapping tool in ArcMap can symbolize points ,lines or polygons

6.4.Population density representation (using the dot features)

 Choose a map
 Gather statistical data
 Determine the number of dots
 Create a scale
 Estimate how many items each dot represents
 Calculate the number of dots needed for each region

 Distribute the dots within each geographic units

 Randomly distribute the dots across the district
6.5.Area representation
 Choose a map
 Analyze the statistical data
 Select graduate colours
 Select : create a thematic map

 Click the thematic type

 Select the corresponding templates

 Click ok.
7. BASEMAP
7.1.What is a basemap?
 A basemap is a layer of geographic information that provides a background for a map.
Basemaps are often used in GIS and can be found in printed, digital, or web.
 Because reference information is so important in spatial analysis and modeling,
almost every map (printed, digital, or web map) includes a background map as a
visual reference.
 For any map maker, this means that a solid basemap is one of the fundamental
building blocks of cartography.
 A basemap provides context for additional layers overlaid on the reference map. It
usually provides location references for features like boundaries, rivers, lakes, roads,
and highways. Basemaps are essential for all types of mapping. Even dynamic
interactive maps required basemaps for quick references and human understanding.

7.2.Contents of a basemap

Contents of a basemap
 Scale of the map
 North direction
 Key map
 Legends used in the map
 Title of the map
A basemap can also include-
 Elevation in the form of contours
 Topographic features
 Road networks
 Buildings
 Labels

7.2.1. Adding scale to a map

 After creating of map features,click on the view tab & select the layout view.
 Adjust the map layout accordingly by selecting full extent.
 Move to the insert tab and click on scale bar.
 Select a scale design as per your convenience.
 Click on apply and then ok.

7.2.2. Adding legends table to a basemap

 Click on the insert tab.

 Select legend table
 Choose the no of legends per column
 Select the appropriate deign of legends table.
 Click apply and then ok.
 7.2.3. Adding north direction to a basemap

 Click on the insert tab.

 Click the north direction option.
 Select the north direction design.
 Click apply and then ok.

7.2.4. Adding title to a basemap
 Click on the insert tab.
 Click on title.
 Select the font size.
 Adjust the title on the base map layout.
 Type the title and press enter.
 7.3.Exporting a basemap
After the creation of basemap layout and addition of all the required contents,the basemap has to
be exported to a suitable format as per requirement in further use.
Steps involved in exporting a basemap are:-
 Click on file tab.
 Select the export map option.
 Select the save location.
 Select the required file type.
 Give a suitable file name and click on save.
Thank You