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    01-LINAC Components

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Abdullah
    1. Bending magnets perform the bulk of 90 or 270 degree bending of the electron beam during linear acceleration. Their position and angle cannot be adjusted. 2. Fine tuning of the beam is done using 4 pairs of steering coils - 2 for radial and transverse position, and 2 for radial and transverse beam angle. 3. Flatness and symmetry issues should be addressed by adjusting the steering coils, not the bending magnets.

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    01-LINAC Components

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Abdullah
    18 views11 pages
    1. Bending magnets perform the bulk of 90 or 270 degree bending of the electron beam during linear acceleration. Their position and angle cannot be adjusted. 2. Fine tuning of the beam is done using 4 pairs of steering coils - 2 for radial and transverse position, and 2 for radial and transverse beam angle. 3. Flatness and symmetry issues should be addressed by adjusting the steering coils, not the bending magnets.

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    01-LINAC_Components

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    1. Bending magnets perform the bulk of 90 or 270 degree bending of the electron beam during linear acceleration. Their position and angle cannot be adjusted. 2. Fine tuning of the beam is done using 4 pairs of steering coils - 2 for radial and transverse position, and 2 for radial and transverse beam angle. 3. Flatness and symmetry issues should be addressed by adjusting the steering coils, not the bending magnets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views11 pages

    01-LINAC Components

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Abdullah
    1. Bending magnets perform the bulk of 90 or 270 degree bending of the electron beam during linear acceleration. Their position and angle cannot be adjusted. 2. Fine tuning of the beam is done using 4 pairs of steering coils - 2 for radial and transverse position, and 2 for radial and transverse beam angle. 3. Flatness and symmetry issues should be addressed by adjusting the steering coils, not the bending magnets.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Follow Up

    • Which line (red, black, green) corresponds to electron with higher


    energy?

    • Is bending magnet necessary in linac? Can you design a linac without


    it?

    • Your flatness and symmetry are off. Do you have the engineer adjust
    the bending magnet?
    Your flatness and symmetry are off. Do you get
    the engineer to adjust the bending magnets?
    • No, the bending magnets perform the bulk of 90o or 270o bending of
    the beam. You cannot adjust them.
    • The fine tuning of the beam is done by 4 pairs of steering coils: 2 for
    position (radial & transverse) and 2 for beam angle (radial &
    transverse)
    • Position controls where the beam hits the target, angle controls the
    beam direction when it hits the target
    • You adjust flatness and symmetry by adjusting these steering coils.
    Varian Elekta
    1. Electron gun
    • Generates electrons through
    thermionic emission.
    • Injects pulses of electrons to
    electron accelerator.

    2. Accelerating waveguide
    • Either traveling or standing
    wave; standing is shorter
    • 3000 MHz (S band)
    • CyberKnife, Tomotherapy =
    operates at 9000 MHz (X band)
    • Powered by either magnetron
    (<=6MV) or klystron (>6MV).
    3. Bending magnet
    • 270o design (achromatic)
    • Focus the beam;
    Angle
    Position
    Energy

    4. Target
    • Converts electrons to
    bremsstrahlung photons
    • Conversion efficiency is on the
    order of 1% (1-20%??)
    • Made of high-Z materials (good
    for bremsstrahlung process)
    • Usually some tungsten alloy*

    *lower E uses higher Z target while


    higher E uses lower Z target
    5. Primary collimator
    • Collimates the beam coming out
    of target to a circular beam
    • Minimizes side leakage to 0.1%

    6A. Flattening filter (for photons)


    • Cone shaped to reduce beam
    fluence at center
    • Should not use high-Z material
    because it changes spectrum
    • Usually made of medium-Z
    material, usually aluminum
    • Creates flat beam at specific
    depth, usually 10 cm
    6B. Scattering foils (for electrons)
    • Each electron energy has its own
    foil
    • Could be 1 or 2 layers (one for
    scattering, one for flattening)
    7. Monitor chambers
    • There are two layers (for MU1
    and MU2)
    • Each one has 5 leads (center, ±X,
    ±Y) for output and symmetry*.

    *positioned AFTER the flattening filter.

    8. Jaws
    • The higher the jaw position, the
    larger its penumbra
    • Leakage max should be less than
    2% by IEC. Usually <0.5%.

    9.MLC
    • Leakage should be less than 5%.
    • Usually <1% (intraleaf) and 1-2%
    (interleaf)
    • It is known efficiency of x-ray production in thick targets is proportional to
    the atomic umber (Z) of the material. Therefore high Z targets produce
    beams with highest efficiency. However experiments conducted showed
    that in the forward direction within +/-15%, the x-ray yield is independent
    of the target atomic number. The x-ray yield is even slightly higher for low Z
    targets in comparison to high Z target such as lead. On the central axis at
    electron kinetic energies greater than 15 MeV, the effective energy from a
    low Z target is higher than a high Z target. Low Z target produces more
    penetrating beam in forward direction than high Z target. Effective energy
    of photon beam is highest in the forward direction. Greater than 15
    degrees from the central axis does not add value to the beam but only
    counts as leakage

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