JAWAHAR

HIGHER
SECONDARY
SCHOOL
[CBSE]
BLOCK-17, NEYVELI
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
CLASS XII-B

SUBMITTED BY
ENIYAMAHIZHMARAN R
HARIESH R
SRINIVAS K J
PRIYADHARSUN R
 ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to the vice Principal, MR. SENTHINATHAN,
JAWAHAR HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL for his
encouragement and for all the facilities that he
provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate
this magnanimity by taking me into his fold for which I
shall remain indebted to him. I extend my hearty
thanks to Mrs.D. SANGEETHA, Chemistry teacher, who
guided me to the successful completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all the stages of this project
work.
I can't forget to offer my sincere thanks to parents
and also to my classmates who helped me to carry out
this project work successfully.
 INDEX

• INTRODUCTION
• SOME COMMON ALLOYS
• PREPARATION OF ALLOYS
• ANALYSIS OF AN ALLOY
• EXP-1: TO ANALYZE A SAMPLE OF
BRAZZ QUALITATIVELY
• EXP-2: TO ANALYZE A SAMPLE OF
BRONZE QUALITATIVELY
• USES OF ALLOY
• BIBILOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of
two or more metals or a non-metal.
An alloy of mercury with another metal
is called amalgam.
Alloys are usually harder than their
components but very often less ductile
and less malleable. Thus, the hardness
of gold is increased by addition of
copper to it. The melting point of an
alloy is always lower than the melting
points of the constituent metals. Other
properties such as reactivity towards
atmospheric oxygen and moisture,
mechanical strength, ductility, colour
etc. also under goes a change when an
alloy is made from its constituents
(metals). This change of properties is
very useful and makes an alloy
beneficial.
Some of the alloys along with their
composition is given below:
1. Brass: -
It consists copper-50-90%.
 BRASS

BRASS
SCREW
ZINC

TIN
 AMALGAM
Zinc.: 20-40%
and small amounts of tin, lead and iron.
2. Bronze: It consists copper 60-90%.
3. Tin: 5-35%
and also contains small amounts of
lead, iron and zinc. Duralumin: It
consists A1: 95%, Cu = 4% Mn = 0.5%,
Mg = 0.5%
4. Gun Metal: It consists copper 85-
90%
5. Zinc.: 1-3%
GUN METAL

BRONZE
 BRONZE ROD

6. Tin: 8-12%
The composition of alloys may differ
slightly depending upon the quality of
the alloy though the main components
remain the same.
SOME COMMON
ALLOYS: -
Amalgam
Any alloy of mercury is called an
amalgam. Most metals are soluble in
mercury, but some (such as iron) are
not. Amalgams are commonly used in
dental fillings because they have been
relatively cheap, easy to use, and
durable. In addition, until recently, they
have been regarded as safe. They are
made by mixing mercury with silver,
copper, tin, and other metals. The
mercury content of dental fillings has
recently stirred controversy, based on
the potentially harmful effects of
mercury.
Mercury amalgams have also been
used in the process of mining gold and
silver, because of the ease with which
mercury amalgamates with them. In
addition, thallium amalgam is used as
the liquid material in thermometers,
AMALGUM OF
MERCURY
 THALLIUM

BRASS TURNED INTO

SOMEWHAT YELLOW IN
COLOUR [because of its
low copper and high zinc
content]
because it freezes at -58°C, whereas
pure mercury freezes at -38°C.
Brass
A decorative brass paperweight (left),
along with zinc and copper samples.
Brass is the term used for alloys of
copper and zinc in a solid solution. It
has a yellow color, somewhat similar to
gold. It was produced in prehistoric
times, long before zinc was discovered,
by melting copper with calamine, a zinc
ore. The amount of zinc in brass varies
from 5 to 45 percent, creating a range
of brasses, each with unique
properties. By comparison, bronze is
principally an alloy of copper and tin.

Despite this distinction, some types of

brasses are called bronzes. Brass is
relatively resistant to tarnishing and is
often used for decorative purposes. Its
malleability and acoustic properties
have made it the metal of choice for
musical instruments such as the
trombone, tuba, trumpet, and
euphonium. Although saxophones and
harmonicas are made out of brass, the
saxophone is a woodwind instrument,
and the harmonica, a free reed aero
phone. In organ pipes designed as
"reed" pipes, brass strips are used as
the "reed."
Aluminum makes brass stronger and
more corrosion-resistant. It forms a
transparent, self-healing, protective
layer of aluminum oxide (A1203) on the
surface. Tin has a similar effect and
finds its use especially in seawater
applications (naval brasses).

Aluminum brass
Rods
Utensil made with tin and coated with
brass
Naval
brasses

Used in
under water
to
Prevent
corrosion
Combinations of iron, aluminum, silicon,
and manganese make brass resistant
to wear and tear.
Bronze
Bronze refers to a broad range of
copper alloys, usually with tin as the
main additive, but sometimes with
other elements such as phosphorus,
manganese, aluminum, or silicon.
Typically, bronze is about 60 percent
copper and 40 percent tin. The use of
bronze was particularly significant for
early civilizations, leading to the name
"Bronze Age." Tools, weapons, armor,
and building materials such as
decorative tiles were made of bronze,
as they were found to be harder and
more durable than their stone and
copper predecessors.

In early use, the natural impurity

arsenic sometimes created a superior
natural alloy, called "arsenical bronze."
Though not as strong as steel, bronze
is superior to iron in nearly every
application. Bronze develops a patina
a green
coating on
the
exposed
surface
(a green coating on the exposed
surface), but it does not oxidize beyond
the surface. It is considerably less
brittle than iron and has a lower
casting temperature. Several bronze
alloys resist corrosion (especially by
seawater) and metal fatigue better
than steel; they also conduct
Heat and electricity better than most
steels. Bronze has myriad uses in
industry. It is widely used today for
springs, bearings, bushings, and similar
fittings, and is particularly common in
the bearings of small electric motors.
It is also widely used for cast metal
sculpture and is the most popular
metal for top-quality bells and cymbals.
Commercial bronze, otherwise known
as brass, is 90 percent copper and 10
percent zinc. It contains no tin.

Preparation of
Alloys:
Alloys are prepared from the
techniques of fusion, compression or
simultaneous electro-deposition.
Generally, the components are mixed
together in proper properties in a fuse
clay crucible, melted and stirred with a
piece of charcoal to avoid oxidation.
The molten mixture is now allowed to
cool. When an alloy is obtained e.g.,
brass is prepared by above melted.

Analysis of an alloy:
The complete analysis of an alloy
involves two steps.
1. Qualitative Analysis:
This involves identification of the
components of the alloys.
2AgNO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → Ca (NO3)2(aq) +2AgCl(s)

2. Quantitative Analysis:
This involves determination of the
components of the alloy. It involves the
separation of the components from the
alloy quantitatively followed by
determination of percentage of each
component volumetrically or
gravimetrically. In this project we will
carry out qualitative analysis only.
2Cu (NO3)2(s) → 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
2 mol 2 mol 4 mol 1 mol

Objectives of
Project:
In this project, our aim is to know the
various metals present in the given
sample of alloy.
 EXPERIMENT - 1

TO ANALYZE A SAMPLE OF
BRAZZ QUALITATIVELY
AIM: TO ANALYZE A SAMPLE OF BRAZZ
. QUALITATIVELY.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: China dish,

test-tube funnel, filter paper and common
laboratory reagents.

THEORY: BRAZZ IS AN ALLOY OF COPPER AND

. ZINC.

COPOSITION: Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-.

.. 40%
Thus, Cu and Zn. form the main constituents of
brass. Both these metals dissolved in 50% of
nitric acid due to formation of nitrates which are
soluble. 3 Cu + 8HNO, (Dil) 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO +
4H₂O
or
Cu + 8H+ + 2NO,- 3 Cu+2+2NO + 4H₂O
4Zn + 10HNO, (Dil) 4 Zn (NO2)2 + N₂O + 5H₂O
4Zn+2NO3 + 10H+ 4 Zn+2 + N₂O + 5H₂O The
solution is boiled to expel the oxides of nitrogen
and the resulting solution is tested for Cu2+ and
Zn+2 ions.

PROCEDURE:
1. Place a small piece of brass in a China dish and
heat this with minimum quantity
of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece
completely.
2. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid
residue is obtained.
3. Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter.
Add distilled water to the filtrate.
4. Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black
precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained.
Separate the black ppt. and keep the filtrate for
the test of Zn+2 ions Dissolve black ppt. by heating
them with 50% HNO3. To this solution add
ammonium hydroxide solution. Appearance of deep
blue coloration in the solution shows the presence
of copper ions in the solution.
5. To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S
gas, then add solid NH4Cl to this and heat to
dissolve NH4Cl. Add excess of NH4OH so that a
solution is ammoniacal. Now pass H2S gas through
this ammoniacal solution. Dirty white or grey
precipitation indicate zinc. Separate the
precipitates and dissolve it in minimum amount of
dil. HC solution, white or bluish white ppt. Boil to
expel H₂S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide
expel confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution.
Result:
The given sample of brass contains copper and
zinc. metals as the main constituents.
EXPERIMENT – 2
TO ANALYZE A SAMPLE OF
BRONZE QUALITATIVELY
AIM: TO ANALYZE A SAMPLE OF BRONZE
. QUALITATIVELY.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: China dish,

test-tube funnel, filter paper and common
laboratory reagents.

THEORY: BRONZE IS AN ALLOY OF COPPER AND

. TIN WITH THE FOLLOWING.

COMPOSITION: Cu = 88-96% and Sn. =

4-12%.
Thus, copper and zinc. form the main constituents
of bronze. Both these metals dissolved in nitric
acid.
3 Cu + 8H++ 2NO₂-3 Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H₂O
4Sn + NO₂-+10 H+ 4 Sn+2 + NH₂+ + 3H₂O
(Cold and Dil. Acid)
Sn+4NO3- + 4H+ H₂Sn O3 + 2NO₂+ H₂O (Conc.
acid) (Metastannic Acid)
Excess of nitric acid is removed by heating the
solution. The resulting solution now would contain
Cu+2 ions and metastannic acid. This solution is
acidified with dil. HCI and H₂S gas is passed when
the sulphides of copper and tin are formed.
Cu+2+S₂- CuS (Black ppt.)
H₂SnO3 + 2H2S SnS2 (Black ppt.) + 3H2O
The sulphides are separated by boiling the ppt.
with yellow ammonium sulphide when SnS2goes
into solution as thiostannate whereas CuS is not
affected.
SnS2 + (NH4)2S (NH4)2 SnS₂ (Soluble)
Ammonium thiostannate.
CuS+ (NH4)2S CUS (Unaffected)
Black ppt.
The soluble black ppt. is tested for Cu+2 ions and
the solution are tested for Sn2+ ions as in
elementary qualitative analysis.

PROCEDURE:
1.Take about 1g. of small pieces of bronze in a China
dish and add to it 5-10 ml. of dil. HNO3.

2. Heat the contents slowly to dissolve copper and

tin completely and then boil the contents to a paste
to remove excess of HNO3. All this is carried out in
cup board.

3. Dissolve this dry mass in distilled water

containing HCI (1:1) to get a clear solution.

4. Transfer the solution in a test tube and pass

H2S in excess i.e., till the precipitation is complete.
Filter and reject the filtrate.

5. Take the black ppt. in a test tube and add to it 2-

3 ml. of yellow ammonium sulphide and heat. Filter
the contents. Black residue is tested for Cu+2 ions
and filtrate are tested for Sn+2ions.

6. Analysis of black residue:

Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube.
Add to it 2-3 ml. of 50%. HNO3 and boil the
contents of the tube. A light blue or green sol.
indicates the presence of Cu+2. Divide this sol. into
two parts.
(a) To one part add excess of NH4OH a deep blue
coloration confirms the presence
of Cu+2 ions.

(b) Acidify the second part with acetic acid and

add K4 [Fe (CN)6] i.e., potassium ferrocyanide
solution. A reddish-brown ppt. confirms the
presence of Cu+2 ions. 7.

Analysis of filtrate:
Boil the filtrate with 1 ml. of dil. HCI. A yellow ppt. is
obtained. Dissolve in 1 ml. conc. HCI. To this
solution add 0.5 g. of zinc. dust and boil it for 2-3
minutes. Filter and to filtrate add 1-2 ml. of
mercuric chloride solution. A white ppt. turning
grey on standing confirms the presence of Sn+4
ions.

RESULT:
The given sample of bronze contains - Cu and Sn
are the main constituents.

USES OF ALLOYS:
i) To modify chemical reactivity:
When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too
reactive to be used but it allays with mercury,
called sodium amalgam can be safely used as
reducing agent.
ii) To increase hardness:
Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to
it. Also, zinc is added to copper to make copper
hard in form of brass.

iii) To increase tensile strength:

Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and
aluminum (95%) has high tensile strength.

iv) To lower the melting point:

Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and
Pb(70%) has very less meting point as compared
to melting points of Sn and Pb.

v) To modify the colour:

Aluminum bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has
beautiful golden colour.
vi) To resist corrosion:
Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes
place with time but stainless steel, an alloy of iron
and carbon get not rusted the composition of
stainless steel is:
Iron - 98%
Carbon - 2%

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. XII class Chemistry NCERT Books
2. ¡CBSE.com
3. XII class Chemistry Practical Book
4. Photos from Google images.
5. More Information from Wikipedia.
THANK
YOU