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KNOWLEDGE ON BLOOD TRANSFUSION AMONG NURSING

STUDENTS IN RANGPUR NURSING COLLEGE, RANGPUR

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Nursing, Rajshahi Medical University, Rajshahi

for the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B.Sc. in Nursing

By

Aysha Akter Sarna

Examination Roll No: 201803303075
Registration No: 201803303075
Session: 2017-2018

December 2022 Rangpur Nursing College

Rangpur

Rajshahi Medical University

 Faculty of Nursing

CERTIFICATION BY THE EXAMINERS

The undersigned certify that we have carefully gone through and recommended to the Faculty
of the Nursing, Rajshahi Medical University (RMU),Rajshahi for the acceptance of thesis
“Knowledge on Blood Transfusion among Nursing Students in Rangpur Nursing
College, Rangpur” submitted by Aysha Akter Sarna , Roll No. 201803303075 in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of science in Nursing during the
session 2017 – 2018 at the Rangpur Nursing College ,Rangpur.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

1. Internal Examiner: ………………………

2.External Examiner: ……………………….

Date of Approval: …………………..

\
 2

Dedicated
To
My Eldest Brother

Dr.Saifur Rahman Salim

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis entitled ‘Knowledge on Blood Transfusion among Nursing
Students in Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur submitted in the Rajshahi Medical University
for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing (Basic) is the result of my own investigation
carried out under the supervision of honorable teacher Rahat Ul Azam , Lecturer, Rangpur
Nursing College, Rangpur. The work as a whole or in part thereof has not been submitted in
any form for any other degree elsewhere.

December, 2022 Aysha Akter Sarna

 4

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that. Aysha Akter Sarna worked under my supervision as B.Sc. in nursing
student. I am pleased to forward his thesis entitled
‘Knowledge on blood transfusion among Nursing Students in Rangpur Nursing College,
Rangpur’ which is carried out in the Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur. He has fulfilled all
the
requirements of the regulations and prescribed period of research for submission of thesis for
the partial fulfillment of the degree of B. Sc. in Nursing (Basic).

Rahat Ul Azam
MPH , Lecturer
Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My deepest gratefulness to the great creator Allah who rewarded me for being a
nursing student and the opportunity to accomplish the thesis.

It is imperative on my part to express my profound sense of gratitude to Rizia Khatun,

principal, Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur for including such project work as a
requirement
to fulfill of B.Sc in Nursing degree.
I am highly grateful to my respected guide teacher Rahat Ul Azam , RN, MPH ,
Instructor of Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur for her inspiration and advice throughout the
progress of the project work.
I also like to thank to my respected teachers Sheule Begum (MNS, RN), Rehena Akter
(MPH, MA), Nargis Akter (M.Sc) instructors of Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur. I am
benefited with their advice, direction, helps, comments and suggestions.
I would like to special thanks to all respondents (B.Sc in Nursing 3rd year Students) in
Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur who participate actively and co-operate a lot during of
data
through giving me the time and information.
Finally I would like to thank my deep of gratitude of beloved parents who always
stand by me and who instills confidence, courage and motivation through their unconditional
love.

AYSHA AKTER SARNA

ABSTRACT
 6

The objectives of this research were to assess the level of knowledge about blood
transfusion among the nursing students. The descriptive design was used to explore the
nursing students knowledge about blood transfusion in Rangpur nursing College, Rangpur.
The study was conducted in 3 rd year B.Sc. in nursing students. A total number of fifty
Nursing
Students who met the following criteria was recruited into this study in order to overcome
nonresponse subjects.
At the demographic data there selected age- 20 years 16%, 21 years 36%, 22 years
34%, 23 years 14%. Gander - 0% male and 100% (50 persons) female. Religion - 82%
Muslim,
18% Hindu. Academic qualification -100% S.S.C. and H.S.C. Residence – 52% urban and
48%
rural area. Father’s qualification - 32% P.S.C, 38% S.S.C, 22% H.S.C and 8% illiterate.
Father’s
profession - 40% Farmer, 18% Government employee, 26% in Business, 4% are retired, 12%
in
Dead. Mother’s Qualification - 48% S.S.C. 38% P.S.C. 14% illiterate. Mother’s profession -
88%
housewife, 12% Government employee.
From the discussion of this study the respondents are always informed about the
blood transfusion- 47(94%) yes and 3(6%) no, blood grouping- 48(96%) yes and 2(4%) no.
Any
tests are to be checked before blood transfusion-46(92%) yes and 4(8%) no. Screening-
49(98%) yes and 1(2%) no. Any disease that may occur through blood transfusion-49(98%)
yes
and 1(2%) no. Immediate complication of blood transfusion- 49(98%) yes and 1(2%) no.
Considering the above discussion it was obviously clear that the Nursing Students were
conscious regarding blood transfusion but they were completed knowledgeable about
transfusion in Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur (RpNC).

CONTENTS
Page No
Conclusion 47
CHAPTER – 7: REFERENCES
References 49 -55
Appendices
Appendix I (Consent letter) I
Appendix II (Questionnaire ) II-V
 8

Chapter- 1

Introduction
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
Blood transfusion was a method in which the components of blood are transferred from an
individual to another. The reason for blood transfusion was to improve the blood capacity to
increase its oxygen-carrying capacity. Blood contains of red cells, platelets, fresh frozen
plasma and precipitate in which treatment was often used in curing hematologic diseases.
Most procedures depend on blood products as support. Blood transfusion was the only choice
for survival for many patients which depend on blood transfusion of the nurses' knowledge
and practice. Moreover, there are greater risk in error of blood transfusion for instance errors
in identify the correct patient, blood types, cross-matching and other of human errors. Error in
patient's identifications because of the vague or lacks of standard of the procedures in
recognize the patient. Healthcare centre should be more concern to avoid error in blood
transfusion and guard patient safety due transfusion of incompatible of blood can endanger a
person's life. A total of 3288 cases were reported in the Serious Hazard of Transfusion
(SHOT) report in the year 2015 regarding blood transfusion. Through a trend of blood
transfusion, it has increased globally which has increases from 85 million units of transfusion
in 2012 to 112.5 million of donations in the year 2016. Lack of knowledge of safe transfusion
practices among health clinicians can cause to unfavourable consequences in the transfusion to
the patients.(Akhlak,S.M.2019)
Transfusion of blood and its products is an effective therapeutic process in modern medicine
all over the world. However, blood transfusion is a common lifesaving treatment for patients,
it may responsible for a variety of complications and risks. Mistakes that occur in blood
transfusion procedure mostly cause no severe issues for blood recipients but acute and fatal
reactions are not rare. As there is the possibility of error in every step of blood transfusion
procedure, close collaboration of clinicians. and sufficient knowledge is essential for proper
utilization of blood products and safe transfusion .Nurses play an important role in safe blood
transfusion procedure. Lack of sufficient knowledge of blood and its products transfusion
among nurses can lead to many complications in patients. Therefore, it's necessary for nurses
to be aware of hazards and benefits of blood transfusion. Some important issues about blood
 2

transfusion that nurses must be aware of them included: blood unit storage, correct blood
preparation before transfusion, adverse reactions after transfusion, probable side effects and
essential emergency cares in case of acute transfusion reaction occurring .(Shamshirian1,A.et
al 2017)

Across the globe, professional nurses must have the knowledge and skills to safely administer
blood products and monitor for potential adverse reactions. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO, 2011), over nine million patients in 90 different countries receive blood
in a given year. "In high income countries, transfusion is most commonly used for supportive
care in cardiovascular and transplant surgery, massive trauma and therapy for solid and
hematological malignancies. In low- and middle-income countries, it is used more often in
pregnancy-related complications and severe childhood anemia.(Higbie,J.2016)
Blood is a vitally fluid for the body. It transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the
body where it is needed for metabolism. Blood is a fluid tissue that circulates throughout the
body via arteries and veins, providing a vehicle by which an immune variety of different
substances are transported between the various organs and tissues. The blood transfusion
refers to the process of administering whole blood or blood components to a patient through an
intravenous needle or catheter placed in a vein (Wikipedia, 2019).
Nursing has an important role in ensuring transfusion safety, because the nursing team is
responsible for knowing the indications for transfusions, checking data to prevent errors,
guiding patients on blood transfusion, detecting and acting in compliance with transfusion
reactions and documenting the procedure (Taylor et al. 2017).
Due to the complexity of the transfusion process and the need for expertise during its
development, this process requires skilled and trained professionals to achieve transfusion
safety (Bradbury &Cruickshank 2018).
The blood transfusion therapy can save and enhance patients' lives but careful
consideration must be given to the associated dangers. Nurses must have the skills and
knowledge required to care for patients receiving blood components. It is important for nurses
to understand the correct and safe way to approach transfusion practice as it is a constant and
central component of modern health care. The number of people eligible to donate blood is
reducing and each blood component comes from a donation given in good faith: it is given
voluntarily with the expectation that it will be used effectively for the benefit of patients.
Therefore at every stage of the transfusion process the nurse is responsible for the part they
play in making sure that the correct patient receives the correct blood and also that blood
components are used and handled. Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood products
from one person (donor) to another person’s bloodstream (recipient) from individual and
inserting them into the circulatory system of another. It can be considered as a form of organ
transplant (Rahman,M.1996)
Blood is a tissue, transfusion from an unrelated donor to a recipient. Blood components
are prepared from blood collected from individual human donors and include whole blood, red
cells, platelets and plasma (Colledge, N. R., et. al. 2010).
According to WHO (2009) a country could meet its requirements if only up to 3% of that
country’s population donate blood in about 73 countries, and out of these 70 either developing
or transitional countries. Voluntary blood donation is the only way of acquiring safe and
sufficient blood and blood products for transfusion since modern science is yet to invent an
ideal substitute (Salaudeen and Odeh 2011).
A Transfusion Transmitted Infection (TTI) is a virus, parasite or other potential pathogen
that can be transmitted in donated blood through a transfusion to a recipient. The blood donors
must be tested for Hepatitis B Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Malarial parasite
(Malaria) and Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) (Colledge NR, et al. 2010).
Standard guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO, 2003) the criteria include
individual aged between 18-60 years, being healthy, not prescribed from any medicine in a
given period, not engaging in high risk behaviour (such as drug abuse,
prostitution,homosexuality or having multiple sex partners), and have no medical problems.
As such,university students are the ideal group for the purpose of the study going by these
criteria.According to Allesandrini (2007), university students are the one considered as the
most eligible for the blood donation based on their capability in providing the supply for a
longer period compared to older groups. In order to donate blood in the United States, donors
must be 17 years of the (in most states), at least 110 pounds, and must be healthy. Also,
individuals with HIV/AIDS and forms of Hepatitis are in eligible to donate (Allerson J, 2012).
Eligibility for blood donation age completed 17 years and up to 60 years, weight above
45 kg. haemoglobin above 12 gm %, blood pressure 110160/70-95 mm of Hg, healthy persons
 4

without any problems with liver, lungs, heart and without diseases like jaundice, malaria,
typhoid, HIV/AIDS and not using medicines can donate blood. There should be 3 months gap
from previous blood donation. Every year man can donate 1200 ml and woman can donate
800 ml. bloods. For woman it is better to donate 2 times a year. A person with diseases like
fits, TB, venereal disease, diabetes, asthma, high BP, kidney disease, heart disease, AIDS,
using medicines and drug addicts along with woman in menstruation till 8 days, breast feeding
mother and pregnant women cannot donate blood (Hada J, 2008).
Now a day, blood transfusion is still one of the main components of care and treatments
of patients with serious conditions such as trauma, major surgeries, chemotherapy and patients
in need of long term therapies. However, problems regarding a permanent shortage of blood
are observed in blood services all over the world. The only source of blood is blood donation;
however, recruitment of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors poses major challenges to
transfusion services throughout the world (Olaiya, et. al. 2004).
1.2 Background
According to statistics, the majority of mistakes occurring in hospitals include neglect in
observation of recipients during transfusion, patient misidentification and transfusion of wrong
blood units. These errors are associated with inadequate training and lack of experience
because of fewer blood transfusions activities in some hospital's wards. Previous studies showed
that awareness and knowledge of clinicians especially nurses about blood transfusion is average.
For example, a cross-sectional study of nurses' operation and knowledge in Arak hospital
showed that 50.9 % of nurses have good awareness, 33.5% have average information and 15.6%
have insufficient knowledge. Study of Saarland et al indicated that nurses working at Gonabad
educational hospital have an average knowledge and awareness about blood transfusion
procedure. Although some studies have shown that nurses' knowledge of blood transfusion is
more than other medical staff, more studies are still needed for planning and conducting training
programs for nurses and correct the curriculums. Therefore, according to the vital and important
role of blood transfusion in preserving the lives of patients and since the safety and efficacy of
blood transfusion are dependent on the knowledge and skills of nurses, this study conducted to
evaluate nurses' knowledge and awareness of blood transfusion.(Shamshirian1,A.et al 2017)

Blood transfusion is an essential part of patient’s care. The blood, its components and its
derivatives are used as the base to treat many diseases and transplants, chemotherapy and
surgery, turning them into essential and irreplaceable products. Despite presenting risks by
involving biological products of human origin, blood transfusion is an essential part of health
care, promotion and recovery (Ferreira O, 2018)
Blood therapy plays an important therapeutic role, being used to treat various health problems.
Countless efforts have been made to guarantee the quality of the transfusion process and the
security of receivers (Hijji et al. 2019).
The blood transfusion therapy can save and enhance patients' lives but careful consideration
must be given to the associated dangers. Nurses must have the skills and knowledge required
to care for patients receiving blood components. It is important for nurses to understand the
correct and safe way to approach transfusion practice as it is a constant and central component
of modern health care. The number of people eligible to donate blood is reducing and each
 6

blood component comes from a donation given in good faith: it is given voluntarily with the
expectation that it will be used effectively for the benefit of patients. Therefore at every stage
of the transfusion process the nurse is responsible for the part they play in making sure that the
correct patient receives the correct blood and also that blood components are used and handled
with care( Oldham J et al 2019)
According to a study more than one-third of the donor population is students. The
student population is highly amenable to the idea of voluntary blood donation and its shows
that the student population is very good in recruiting new blood donors and we could retain
them for future success (Sharma, R. 2011).
Immediate complication of blood transfusion occur within minutes to 24 hours of the
transfusion, but can be life threatening nausea and vomiting, fever with chills, tachycardia,
hypo or hypertension, collapse, rigors, flushing, urticaria, bone, muscle, chest or abdominal
pain, shortness of breath, feeling unwell and respiratory distress (Colledge, N. R., et.
al.2010a).
Upon recognizing a transfusion reaction, it should be stop the transfusion immediately,
check and monitor vital signs, maintain intravenous access (do not flush existing line and use a
new intravenous line if required), check the right pack has been given to the right patient, and
notify the medical officer and transfusion service provider. After the transfusion is terminated
(except for some types of mild reaction), it may be required by the transfusion service provider
to send freshly collected blood and urine samples along with the blood pack and intravenous
line (Colledge, N. R. et. al. 2010b).
1.3 Justification

Blood transfusions are a common medical procedure with potential risks and
complications. Nursing
students are future healthcare professionals who will play a crucial role in administering and
monitoring
blood transfusions. Ensuring they possess adequate knowledge in this area is essential for patient
safety.
Insufficient knowledge among nursing students regarding blood transfusions can lead to errors,
adverse
reactions, or inadequate patient care. Assessing the knowledge levels of nursing students
regarding
blood transfusion provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of the curriculum and teaching
methods. Adequate knowledge among nursing students can lead to improved patient outcomes,
reduced complications, and enhanced quality of care. Research in this domain can contribute to
better
healthcare practices and patient experiences. Blood transfusions involve inherent risks, such as
transfusion reactions and infections. Research on nursing students' knowledge can lead to
the
development of evidence-based guidelines and protocols for safe blood transfusion practices.
Nursing
students need to acquire a comprehensive understanding of blood transfusion to meet
professional
standards and responsibilities. Appropriate knowledge and skills can contribute to their
competency and
preparedness for real-world healthcare settings. Moreover, it will enhance patient safety, improve
nursing education, and contribute to the overall quality of healthcare services provided by future
nursing professionals. Research in this area can identify gaps in knowledge and help design
targeted
educational interventions to enhance patient safety. Findings from this study can also guide the
olicymakers to take corrective measures for improvements in nursing education
 8

1.4 Conceptual framework

Socio -demographic variables

a. Age
1
b. Sex
c. Religion
d. Academic qualification
e. Residence
f. Parent’s educational status
g. Parent’s profession
h. Family’s monthly income Knowledge

on

Blood
transfusion

Blood transfusion knowledge related variables

Knowledge about concept of blood transfusion

Knowledge about indication of blood transfusion

Knowledge about blood grouping

1.5 Statement of the Problem
A study to assess the knowledge about blood transfusion among the nursing students
1.6 Research Question
What are the levels of Nursing Students knowledge about Blood Transfusion in
Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur?

1.7 Research Objectives

1 General Objective
A study to assess the level of knowledge about blood transfusion among the nursing
students.
2 Specific Objectives
• To find out the socio-demographic characteristics of the nursing students.
• To assess the existing knowledge about blood transfusion.
• To assess the indication about blood transfusion.
• To determine the risk factor about blood transfusion.
• To find out the immediate complication after blood transfusion and how to
manage it.

1.8 Key Variables

1 Socio-demographic variables
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Religion
d. Academic qualification
e. Residence
f. Parent’s educational status
g. Parent’s profession
h. Family’s monthly income
 10

2 . Blood transfusion knowledge related variables

• Knowledge about concept of blood transfusion
• Knowledge about indication of blood transfusion
• Knowledge about blood grouping  Knowledge about cross-matching
• Knowledge about disease transmitted through blood transfusion
• Knowledge about eligibility of a donor
• Knowledge about immediate complication after blood transfusion and how to
manage them

1.9 Operational definitions

Blood transfusion: Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood components

into ones circulation.
Nursing Student: Students are studying general education curriculum on B. Sc. in
Nursing (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) at Rangpur nursing College, Rangpur.
Knowledge: I this study knowledge refers to how much college students were
understanding on blood transfusion such as definition, indication, blood grouping and
cross-matching, eligibility of a donor, immediate complication and what to do this time
achieved.

1.10 Limitations of the study:

1. The current study was conducted among the college students of possessively
selected College due to time and other resources constraints. So the result of the
study may not reflect the exact scenario of the country regarding the existing
knowledge on blood transfusion among the college students.
2. The sample size was limited at single college, so the findings of the study do
not represent all college students’ knowledge of the whole country.
3. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive, which had more
chances of bias.
 Chapter- 2

Review of Literature
 12

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Review of literature
This chapter represents the extensive review of relevant literature. A literature review is a body
of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological
approaches on a particular topic. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature,
information and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with
comprehensive review of literature related on a topic.Blood transfusion is one of the most crucial
needs in multiple diseases and injuries and only the source of blood is donation. It is one of the
main components of care and treatment to patients with serious conditions such as trauma, major
surgeries, chemotherapy and patient in need of long term therapies. However, problems
regarding a permanent shortage of blood are observed in blood services al over the world. Blood
transfusion is the process of receiving blood components into once circulation (Aziz, S., et. al
2019).

2.2 Blood as a Therapeutic Agent

Blood is a complex fluid in which variety of cells RBCs, WBCs and platelets are suspended
in plasma. It is composed of a straw-coloured transparent fluid, plasma, in which different
types of cells are suspended. Plasma constitutes about 55% and cells about 45% of blood
volume. Blood circulate continuously through the heart and vascular system. Arterial blood is
bright red owing to the mixture of oxygen with haemoglobin within the red blood cells whilst
venous blood is dark red because of loss of oxygen from the reduced hemoglobin. Blood is
three to four times more viscous (thick) than water. Blood is located inside blood vessels
(arteries, veins and capillaries) and heart. Blood has a slightly salty taste and slightly alkaline
reaction of pH 7.35 –7.45 (Blajshman, 2017).
2.3 Blood Groups
The discovered that human blood differs from one individual to another was by Mehta Deeh in
1900. This difference arises from the presence or absence of specific antigens (agglutinogens)
on the surface of Red Blood Cells and on the presence or absence of specific antibodies
(agglutinins) in plasma (Goodnough & Monk, 2000). This explains why blood cannot be taken
at random from one person and transfused into another. The blood, when it is different from
that of the recipient may cause a serious reaction. Many different blood group systems are now
known but the ABO and Rhesus system are of the most clinical importance. 2.4 ABO Blood
Group
Blood group is determined genetically, with the genes for A and B
agglutinogins being co-dominant. An individual’s blood is typed as A, B, or AB, if it
has those agglutinogins present on the Red Blood Cells. If no agglutinogins are present,
then the blood is termed type O. The blood plasma does not contain agglutinins that
will agglutinate the Red Cells therefore the plasma of an individual with type AB will
contain no antibody, whereas plasma of an individual with blood type O will contain
both. An individual whose Red Blood Cells express either A or B agglutinogins will
have plasma containing anti-B and anti-A antibodies respectively (Goodnough &
Monk , 2000).
2.4 Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group
Several antigens (agglutinogins) are involved in this system, but the D factor is
of greatest clinical significance. Approximately 85% of Caucasians poses the D factor
and are classified as being Rh positive (Knowles & Poole, 2005). Those without the D
factor are said to be Rh negative. The gene for the D agglutinogin is always dominant
so an Rh (D)-positive individual may have inherited the gene from only one or both
parents.When an Rh-positive foetus develops within an Rh-negative mother, some of
the foetus’ Red Blood Cells or D antigens released by worn out erythrocytes may pass
through the placenta into the maternal circulation. This usually occurs at delivery. The
mother then forms antibodies that diffuse into the foetal circulation in subsequent
pregnancies causing agglutination of the foetal erythrocytes. This causes severe
haemolytic disease of the new born. It is rare for this to occur in a first pregnancy
(Faber, 2002).
2.5 Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or a blood component from one
person a (donor) to another a (recipient). Transfusions are given to increase the blood’s
ability to increase its oxygen carrying capacity, restore any blood deficit, improve
immunity, and correct clotting problems. Depending on the reason for the transfusion,
 14

a doctor may order whole blood or a blood component, such as red blood cells,
platelets, blood clotting factors, fresh frozen plasma (the liquid part of blood), or white
blood cells (Shanders, 2009). Giving a specific component is both safer and less
wasteful. In the United States, about 15 million transfusions are given every year
(American Hospital Association, 2012). Blood transfusions typically use two sources
of blood: one's own (autologous transfusion), or someone else's (allogeneic
transfusion).

2.6 Indications for Blood Transfusion

According to Blajshman, (2007) blood transfusion are given for many reasons
some of which include correction of anaemia, in bone marrow failure, chronic diseases
and haemoglobinopathies,correction of deficiencies in other blood and plasma
component, such as platelets or clotting factors and replacement of blood lost during
major surgical operation, trauma, hemorrhage. Red blood cells transfusions are also
given to cancer patients requiring therapy, women in childbirth and newborn babies in
certain cases patients of hereditary disorders like Haemophilia and Thalassaemia and in
cases of severe burn victims.
2.7 History of Blood Transfusion
The essential requirements for transfusions to begin in Africa were doctors
trained in the techniques, donors, and patients in need of and willing to receive
transfusions (Allain, Owusu-Ofori & Bates, 2004). The first reports in Africa were in
the early 1920s, and organized transfusion practices had been developed before the
Second World War. The records between the two world wars show not only that all
conditions existed in sub-Saharan Africa that were necessary for blood transfusions;
they also suggest that the numbers were limited primarily by the availability of
Western medical doctors and facilities to do transfusions (Bates, Chapotera, McKew &
Broek, 2008). There is also an indication of how innovation took place, usually through
connections to people and resources outside the usual colonial medical structures, for
example, the
Red Cross, missionaries, universities, and mining companies (Allain, OwusuOfori &
Bates, 2004).
2.8 Patients and Blood Transfusions
The transfused patient was the research focus of several studies. The common
finding is that patients are predominantly passive receivers of blood therapy from the
decision to transfuse, to the pretransfusion verification, and through the blood infusion.
In the study by Adams and Tolich (2011) of patient’s experiences with blood
transfusions, the physician’s decision to transfuse was not questioned by the patient.
There was an absence of meaningful dialogue with the physician that produced patient
understanding of the risks, benefits, purpose, and alternatives pertinent to blood
transfusion. The patients trusted the nurse to fill in the gaps and clarify information.
Although patients expressed concerns about the safety of the blood product related to
disease transmission, they were reassured by the nurse’s explanation and were not
concerned about the transfusion process due to the nurse’s attentiveness (Adams &
Tolich, 2011).

2.9 Patient Identification Systems

Patient identification is integral to the first and last of Dzik’s (2007) three zones
of error, specimen collection and bedside pretransfusion verification. Non-electronic
and electronic technologies augment safety by using unique identification wristbands
or number/data systems to match the blood product to the patient. Non-electronic
technology includes the use of a special wristbands specific for blood collection and
transfusion. The blood band has unique numbers that must match with numbers on the
blood bag and/or tag (e.g. Bio-logics Blood ID Band, Conf-ID-ent blood bands, Ident-
A blood band, and Secureline blood bands).
 16

Chapter- 3

Materials and Methods

 Chapter 3
Materials and Methods

This chapter consists of brief description of Research design, Population of the study,
Place of study, Duration of the study, Sample size, Sampling technique, Data
collection instrument, Selection criteria, Data collection procedure, data analysis and
interpretation, Translation of the instrument, Ethical consideration.
3.1 Research design
The descriptive cross-sectional design was used to explore the students’ knowledge
about blood transfusion in Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur.
3.2 Population of the study
During the study period the students were available at Rangpur Nursing College,
Rangpur, Bangladesh.
3.3 Place of study
The study was conducted in Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur.
3.4 Duration of the study
The study duration at least 6 months.
3.5 Sample size
A total of 50 students were interviewed with aims and objectives of the study.
The sample size was selected purposively.
3.6 Sampling technique
A simple random sampling technique is used to collect data for this thesis.
3.7 Data collection instrument
The instruments developed by the researcher was divided into 2 sections including-
• Demographic information
• Knowledge regarding specify information about blood transfusion.
A set of structured questionnaires developed by the researcher was used in this study.
The questionnaires were divided into two parts.
 18

3.7.1 Part A: Demographic information of student

There were 8 items i.e. Age, Sex, Religion, Academic qualification, Residence,
Parent’s educational status, Parent’s profession, Family’s monthly income.
3.7.2 Part B: Knowledge regarding specify information about blood transfusion
The questionnaire was designed to assess explore the students knowledge about blood
transfusion at Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur.
It was composed of 17 items into multiple choice questions, yes or no questions which
had been modified and developed.
3.8 Selection criteria
3.8.1 Inclusion criteria
i. Student nurses who are willing to participate in this study.
j. B.Sc. in nursing 3rd year student who are reading Rangpur Nursing College,
Rangpur.
k. Student nurses who are available at the time of data collection.
l. Nurses who know well English.
3.8.2 Exclusion criteria
• Student nurses who are excluded based on the above criteria.
• Student nurses who are not willing to participate in this study.
• Student nurses who are not reading Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur.
• Student nurses who are on leave
3.9 Data collection procedure:
Necessary permission was obtained from the authority to carry out the study before
starting actual data collection. Data was conducted on the basis of through interview
with structured questionnaire. All efforts were made to collect data accurately.
3.10 Data analysis and interpretation:
Collected data were summarized using master sheet manually. Then data were
analyzed by Microsoft Excel to have descriptive statistical data to have percentage and
central values.
3.11 Translation of the instrument
All questionnaires were developed by the researcher in English language.
3.12 Ethical consideration
At first proposal was send to the principal and supervised teacher of Rangpur
Nursing College, Rangpur. Informed consent will be obtained from the college
authorities and subjects teacher. Privacy, confidentiality and anonymity will be
quarded scientific objectivity of the study will be maintained with honesty and
impartiality.
Completed schedules were kept under a locked filing cabinet by the
Investigator. IN order to observe and protect human rights the investigator worked with
the research supervisor to ensure that human rights were not being violated.Initial
permission to conduct the study was sought from the hospitals. The investigator
designed a written informed consent form for use on each individual participant. The
informed consent form assured subjects of their rights to self determination by
informing them about the proposed study and allowing them to 50 voluntarily choose
to participate (see Appendix A for a sample of the informed consent form).
 20

Chapter- 4

Results
 Chapter 4
RESULTS

The results regarding Student nurses’ knowledge about blood transfusion have been

presented. Results have been presented in two sections. Section-1 includes

respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics and Section-2 includes knowledge

about blood transfusion related variables.

4.1 Demographic information of Nursing Students

4.1.1 Age
Fifty Student nurses were selected for study. The ages of which respondents about 16%

were 20 years of age, about 36% were 21 years old, about 34% were 22 years of age

and about 14% were 23 years of age respectively.

Table No. 1.1 Age of the Respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Person Percentage (%)
(N)

Age (years) 20 years 8 16

21 years 18 36

22 years 17 34

23 years 7 14
 22

Figure 01. Pie chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their age.

4.1.2 Gender
The nursing profession originally is more presented by women than men among about

50 the sexes of the respondents were 0% male and 100% (50 persons) female.

Table No. 1.2 Gender of the Respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Percentage (%)
Person (N)

Gender Male 00 000

Female 50 100

4.1.3 Religion
Among the total numbers of respondents 41 (82%) indicate that they were Muslim, 9
(18%) were Hindu. There was no and Christian found in my study. Table No. 1.3
Religion of the respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Percentage (%)

Person (N)
 Religion Muslim 41 82

Hindu 09 18

Figure 02. Pie chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their religion.

4.1.4 Academic Qualification

Most of the respondents from the sample which is about 50 (100%) were having

Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C). On the other hand about 50 (100%) respondents

that they were completed Higher Secondary Certificate (H.S.C).

Table No. 1.4 Academic Qualification of the respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Percentage (%)

Person (N)
 24

Academic S.S.C 50 100

Qualification
H.S.C 50 100

Figure 03. Colum chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their
academic qualification.

4.1.5 Residence
Most of the respondents from the sample which is about 26 (52%) were lived in urban

area and on the other hand about 24 (48%) respondents who were lived in rural area.

Table No. 1.5 Residence of the respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Percentage (%)

Person (N)

Residence Urban area 26 52

 Rural area 24 48

Figure 04. Pie chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their

Residence.

4.1.6 Father’s qualification

The majority of the respondents from the sample which is 16(32%) were having

Primary School Certificate (P.S.C). On the other hand 19(38%) represented that they

were completed Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C) and 11(22%) completed were

Higher Secondary Certificate (H.S.C) and only 4(8%) illiterate.

Table No 1.6 Father’s qualification of the respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Percentage (%)
Person (N)

Father’s P.S.C 16 32
 26

qualification S.S.C 19 38

H.S.C 11 22

Illiterate 4 8

Figure 05. Pie chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their Father’s

qualification.

4.1.7 Father’s profession

Result shows that 20 respondent’s fathers which are 40% worked in Farmer, 9

respondents’ father which was 18% in Government employee and 13 respondents’

father which are 26% in Business. The numbers of respondents were only 2 which 4%

are retired and 6 respondents’ father which are 12% in Dead.

Table No 1.7 Father’s profession of the respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Person Percentage (%)
(N)
Father’s profession Farmer 20 40
GOVT. employee 9 18
Business 13 26
retired 2 4
Dead 6 12
Figure 06. Doughnut chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their

Father’s profession.

4.1.8 Mother’s qualification

The majority of the respondents’ mother from the sample which is about 24 (48%) was

having Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C). On the other hand about 19(38%)

respondents that they were completed Primary School

Certificate (P.S.C) and only about 7(14%) in illiterate.

Table No 1.8 Mother’s Qualification of the respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Percentage (%)
Person (N)
Mother’s S.S.C 24 48
Qualification
P.S.C 19 38

Illiterate 7 14
 28

Figure 07. Pie chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their Mother’s

Qualification.

4.1.9 Mother’s profession

Result shows that 44 respondent’s mothers which are 88% respondents have

housewife. And the number of respondents were only 6 which 12% in Government

employee.

Table No 1.9 Mother’s profession of the respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Person Percentage (%)
(N)
Mother’s housewife 44 88
profession
GOVT. employee 6 12
Figure 08. Pie chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their Mother’s

profession.

4.1.10 Monthly family income

Table No 1.10 Monthly family incomes of the respondents

Variables Parameters Number of Person Percentage (%)
(N)
Monthly family BDT up to 10,000 17 34
income BDT 10,00115,000 9 18

BDT15,00120,000 15 30

BDT 20,001 and 9 18

above
 30

Figure 09. Pie chart showing the distribution of the respondents by their Monthly

family income.

4.2 knowledge regarding specify information about blood transfusion

4.2.1 Knowledge related Yes or No questions and multiple questions for the
respondents about blood transfusion

At the level of knowledge related questionnaire about blood transfusion are- Do you

know about blood transfusion? (100% yes and 0% no). If answer is yes please tell what

is blood transfusion? It is the transfer of blood from one person into another person’s

blood stream (94% yes and 6% no), To set one person’s organ into another person’s

body (6% yes and 94% no), It safe the life of human (76% yes and 24% no), It is given

in severe bleeding (86% yes and 14% no), All of the above (8% yes and 92% no).

Please tell what are the indications of blood transfusion? Severe haemorrhage and

shock (16% yes and 84% no), Severe anaemia (14% yes and 86% no), Excessive loss

of plasma proteins as in burns Prophylaxis as before surgery when having loss of blood

is expected (10% yes and 90% no), All of the above (84% yes and 16% no). Do you

know about blood grouping? (96% yes and 4% no). Please tell what types of blood

grouping? Group A (positive and negative) (4% yes and 96% no), Group B (positive
and negative) (4% yes and 96% no), Group AB (positive and negative) (4% yes and

96% no), Group O (positive and negative) (4% yes and 96% no), All of above (96%

yes and 4% no). Do you know any tests are to be checked before blood transfusion?

(92% yes and 8% no), If answer is yes what type of test are to be done before blood

transfusion? Blood grouping (92% yes and 8% no), Cross-matching (92% yes and 8%

no), Rh-factor (82% yes and

18% no), Screening (72% yes and 28% no), Others (HIV, HBV, HCV etc) (72% yes

and 28% no). Do you know about screening? (98% yes and 2% no), If answer is yes

please tell what is check before blood transfusion through screening? Human

immunodefiency virus (HIV) (98% yes and 2% no), Germs of syphilis (76% yes and

24% no), Malaria parasite (52% yes and 48% no), Hepatitis B virus (88% yes and 12%

no), Hepatitis C virus (58% yes and 42% no). Is there any disease that may occur

through blood transfusion? (98% yes and 2% no), If answer is yes what diseases are

transmitted through blood transfusion? HIV/AIDS (98% yes and 2% no), Hepatitis B

virus (94% yes and 6% no), Hepatitis C virus (60% yes and 40% no), Malaria (72%

yes and 28% no), Syphilis (72% yes and 28% no). Please tell who can donate blood?

Donor age between 18 years to 60 years with healthy and be free from infectious

disease (96% yes and 4% no), Have not the same Rhesus (Rh) factor as the receiver

(16% yes and 84% no), Be free from any disease which can be transmitted through the

blood (72% yes and 28% no), Must be feeling well and have no rise of temperature

(94% yes and 6% no), Have haemoglobin above 12 gm/dl of blood (96% yes and 4%

no). Please tell who can’t donate blood? Donor age less than 18 years and 60 years

with unhealthy (96% yes and 4% no), Have not the same Rhesus (Rh) factor as the

receiver (96% yes and 4% no), Have given blood in the last two months (56 days)

(94% yes and 6% no), Using medicines. (94% yes and 6% no), Attack any blood

disorder (90% yes and 10% no). How many times in a year a donor can donate blood?
 32

One time (10% yes and 90% no), Two time (10% yes and 90% no), Three time (28%

yes and 72% no), Four time (68% yes and 32% no), All of the above (22% yes and

78% no). Do you know about immediate complication of blood transfusion? (98% yes

and 2% no). If answer is yes what complication may arise due to blood transfusion?

Nausea (18% yes and 82% no), Chills and fever (42% yes and 58% no), Increase heart

rate (16% yes and 84% no), Respiratory distress (32% yes and 68% no), All of the

above (62% yes and 38% no). Please tell how to manage the immediate complication

of blood transfusion? Stop the blood transfusion immediately (32% yes and 68% no),

Check the right blood bag has been given to right patient (18% yes and 82% no), Call

the doctor and transfusion provider (18% yes and 82% no), Check blood pressure (12%

yes and 88% no), All of the above (98% yes and 2% no).

Table 02. Showing the responses of the respondents nursing students about
knowledge of blood transfusion yes and no question
 No. Question Answered

Yes No

No. % No. %

1. Do you know about blood 50 100 00 00

transfusion?
4. Do you know about blood 48 96 2 4
grouping?
6. Do you know any tests are to be 46 92 4 8
checked before blood
transfusion?
8. Do you know about screening? 49 98 1 2

10. Is there any disease that may 49 98 1 2

occur through blood
transfusion?
15. Do you know about immediate 49 98 1 2
complication of blood
transfusion?

Table 03. Showing the responses of the respondents nursing students about
knowledge of blood transfusion multiple choice question
 34

No. Question Parameter Answered

Yes No

No. % No. %

02 If answer is yes a. It is the transfer of blood 47 94 3 6

please tell what from one person into another
is blood person’s bloodstream.
transfusion? b. To set one person’s organ 3 6 47 94
into another person’s body.
c. It safe the life of human. 38 76 12 24

d. It is given in severe bleeding. 43 86 7 14

e. All of the above. 4 8 46 92

03 Please tell what a. Severe haemorrhage and 8 16 42 84

are the shock.
indications of b. Severe anaemia. 7 14 43 86
blood
transfusion? c. Excessive loss of plasma 5 10 45 90
proteins as in burns
d. Prophylaxis as before 3 6 47 94
surgery when having loss of

blood is expected.

e. All of the above. 42 84 8 16

05 Please tell what a. Group A (positive and 2 4 48 96

types of blood negative)
grouping? b. Group B (positive and 2 4 48 96
negative)
c. Group AB (positive and 2 4 48 96
negative)
d. Group O (positive and 2 4 48 96
negative)
 e. All of above 48 96 2 4

No. Question Parameter Answered

Yes No

No. % No. %

11 If answer is yes a. HIV/AIDS 49 98 1 2

what diseases
are transmitted b. Hepatitis B virus 47 94 3 6
through blood
transfusion? c. Hepatitis C virus 30 60 20 40

d. Malaria 36 72 14 28

e. Syphilis 36 72 14 28

12 Please tell who a. Donor age between 18 years 48 96 2 4

can donate to 60 years with healthy and be
blood? free from infectious disease.

b. Have not the same Rhesus 8 16 42 84

(Rh) factor as the receiver.

c. Be free from any disease 36 72 14 28

which can be transmitted
through the blood.

d. Must be feeling well and 43 94 3 6

have no rise of temperature.

e. Have haemoglobin above 12 48 96 2 4

gm/dl of blood.
13 Please tell who a. Donor age less than 18 years 48 96 2 4
can’t donate and 60 years with unhealthy.
blood?
 36

b. Have not the same Rhesus 48 96 2 4

(Rh) factor as the receiver.

c. Have given blood in the last 43 94 3 6

two months (56 days)
d. Using medicines. 43 94 3 6

e. Attack any blood disorder. 45 90 5 10

14 How many a. One time 5 10 45 90

times in a year
a donor can b. Two time 5 10 45 90
donate blood?
c. Three time 14 28 36 72

d. Four time 34 68 16 32

e. All of the above 11 22 39 78

No. Question Parameter Answered

Yes No

No. % No. %

16 If answer is a. Nausea 9 18 41 82

yes what b. Chills and fever 21 42 29 58

complication
may arise due c. Increase heart rate 8 16 42 84
to blood
transfusion? d. Respiratory distress 16 32 34 68

e. All of the above 31 62 19 38

17 Please tell how a. Stop the blood transfusion 16 32 34 68

to manage the immediately.
immediate
b. Check the right blood bag 9 18 41 82
complication of
has been given to right patient.
blood
transfusion
 c. Call the doctor and 9 18 41 82
transfusion provider
d. Check blood pressure. 6 12 44 88

e. All of the above. 49 98 1 2

Total item: 17
Sample size: 50 Respondents overall knowledge on blood transfusion

Categories Obtained Marks Frequency (f) Percentages(%)

Excellent Knowledge (16-17) 90-100% 3 6%

Good Knowledge (14-15) 80-90% 10 20%

Average Knowledge (12-13) 60-79% 37 74%

Total 17 50 100%
 38

Chapter- 5

Discussion
 Chapter 5
DISCUSSION

Blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure of modern medicine. Stringent

screening of blood not only gives us an idea about the prevalence of TTIs in healthy
populations but also ensures the safe supply of blood and blood products (Khan ZT,
2017).
In human system there is approximately five liters of blood; about half of the

blood is red blood cells and the other half is plasma. Blood also consists of white blood

cells and platelets. Red blood cells are the most common product to be transfused in

Finland, approximately 200 000 units are used every year. Whereas platelets and

plasma products are used 40 000 units each per year. There are many reasons why a

person would need a blood transfusion, for example an accident, cancer or operation.

Often nowadays the blood components are separated and only the certain component

that is needed is given. (Tietoa verestä 2015).

The aim of this thesis was to create a guide for students about blood transfusion

for an adult patient and include the adverse effects of the procedure. This thesis

features a guide that provides the aimed information in a compact and accessible form.
 40

In this thesis, the focus was on urgent blood transfusion procedure for an adult. The

purpose of this thesis was to provide information to enhance professional expertise and

thus ensure the patient safety. The guide is meant for students in practice to enhance

their knowledge and competence in blood transfusion.

In observational studies conducted Firstly, understanding of the blood groups,

blood components and their functions in human body helps to comprehend the

indications and principles of blood transfusion (Watson & Hearnshaw 2010, 41).

Secondly, the procedure itself was essential to explain in detail in order for the health

care professional to perform it safely (Oldham et al. 2009, 312). Thirdly, the adverse

effects were thought to be pivotal to explain in the guide in order to learn what to

monitor during the blood transfusion, and thus to improve the safety of the patient

(Casey 2011, 20).

There were differences considering the baseline observations during a blood

transfusion. The most of the sources included pulse, blood pressure and temperature to

be measured before the transfusion, 15 minutes after the beginning and at the end of

the transfusion (Oldham et al. 2009, 319; Parris & Grant-Casey 2007, 37-38.) Casey

(2011, 25) and Watson and Hearnshaw (2010, 46) add respiratory rate to the baseline

observations. Moreover, Bradbury and Cruickshank (2000) state that baseline

observations are to be taken every 15 minutes for the first hour of transfusion.

In this study students had significant knowledge deficits of many aspect of

blood transfusion, as evidenced by the very low mean score they achieved. These

results are worst than reported earlier from the United Arab Emirates (Hijji et al.

2012). Preventing and recognizing a transfusion reaction requires nurses to have

adequate knowledge (Bayraktar & Erdil 2000); and the current status of knowledge

among them is not helpful in this regard. Most nurses (n = 279, 92.4%) reported that
they never had any post-qualifying training in blood transfusion. Insufficient

knowledge was attributed to deficiency in orientation or training (Shulman et al. 1999;

Saillour-Glenisson et al. 2002).

In this study suggested that the donation behaviors of young adults are

decreasing at an alarming rate compared to older populations in the United States. For

both male and female donors ages 20-39, a greater than 40% decrease in numbers of

repeat donors was observed from 1996 to 2005 (Zou, Musavi, Notari IV, & Fang,

2008).

In Maharashtra, as all blood-banks report to the SBTC, each collected blood

unit is screened. In 2005, the seropositivity of HIV in Maharashtra was 0.66%. The

state achieved a decline (60.4%) in seropositivity of HIV, along with all major diseases

in collected blood units between 1998 and 2005. After screening for all major diseases,

97% of collated blood units are safe to use; the remaining 3% infected units are

discarded.

In Gujarat, some blood-banks are not regularly reporting to the Gujarat SACS.

Therefore, the screening status of non-reporting blood-banks is not known. In 1998, the

seropositivity of HIV was 0.36%, which reduced to 0.32% in 2005, a decline of 11%.

Almost 98% of the total blood collection is safe to use.

The reasons for this decline must be determined in order keep the blood supply

well stocked for future life saving endeavors. The process of getting young adults to

donate is not easy. Two previous sets of researchers (Schreiber et al., 2009; Shaz et al.,

2006) mentioned that prior interventions have been done to promote blood donation

behaviors by means of increasing awareness, raising knowledge, and providing

incentives for prospective donors (Schreiber et al., 2009; Shaz et al., 2006).
 42

In this study to describe knowledge, attitudes, and reported practice of blood

transfusion of students in Aquitaine's hospitals; measure the potential threat for patient

safety of poor transfusion related knowledge and practice; and identify factors

associated with poor knowledge and practice. A survey was conducted in 14 hospitals

in Aquitaine (one university and 13 general hospitals). Random samples of students

were selected for the study and data were collected anonymously by investigators

through structured individual interviews. Poor knowledge and practice concerned

mainly the bedside blood compatibility test pre-transfusion compatibility check when

receiving blood units (PR = 34.5%); delay between screening of red cell antibodies and

transfusion (PR = 20.5%); delay in preservation of blood unit in the ward (PR =

33.4%); and recognition of abnormal reactions after transfusion (PR = 47.1%).

Frequency of transfusion and training were the factors most strongly associated with

hazardous knowledge and practice scores. It was concluded that low training and

transfusion activity were key determinants of poor transfusionrelated knowledge and

practice. 5.99 show significant at p=<0.05.The educational qualification, source of

information and attended any workshop knowledge shows no significant association

with level of knowledge regarding blood transfusion (Saillour-Glenisson F et al, 2002).

The discussion of the findings is much more subjective section of a research report
than presentation of findings. The discussion of presentation findings section of a study
allows the researcher to make interpretation of the findings. The nature of the study
was descriptive. This study was conducted in Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur. It
was designed to study on knowledge regarding blood transfusion. The data was
conducted study on knowledge of 50 student nurses in selected area by the structured
interview schedule. The study was conducted over a period of 6 month.

Fifty Student nurses were included as sample in the study. There selected age- 20

years 16%, 21 years 36%, 22 years 34%, 23 years 14%. Gander-0% male and 100%
(50 persons) female. Religion- 82% Muslim, 18% Hindu. Academic qualification

100% S.S.C and H.S.C. Residence- 52 % urban and 48% rural area. Father’s

qualification-32% P.S.C, 38% S.S.C, 22% H.S.C and 8% illiterate. Father’s profession-

40% Farmer, 18% Government employee, 26% in Business, 4% are retired, 12% in

Dead. Mother’s

Qualification- 48% S.S.C, 38% P.S.C, 14% illiterate. Mother’s profession- 88%

housewife, 12% Government employee.

This study investigated the knowledge of nursing students about blood

transfusion. The discussion of this study the respondents are always informed about the

blood transfusion- 47(94%) yes and 3(6%) no, blood grouping-

48(96%) yes and 2(4%) no. Any tests are to be checked before blood transfusion-

46(92%) yes and 4(8%) no. Screening-49(98%) yes and 1(2%) no. Any disease that

may occur through blood transfusion-49(98%) yes and 1(2%) no. Immediate

complication of blood transfusion- 49(98%) yes and 1(2%) no. Considering the above

discussion it was obviously clear that the student nurses were conscious regarding

blood transfusion but they were completed knowledgeable about transfusion in

Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur (RpNC).

One of the main reasons for providing such information is that nursing students

lacked of knowledge or had inadequate training about blood transfusion. To provide

the facilities of training of nursing students about blood transfusion. So that they can

gain knowledge about blood transfusion and to contribute to reduce the patient

morbidity and mortality rate.

 44

Chapter- 6

Conclusion
 Chapter
6
CONCLUSION

A blood transfusion is defined as administration of a blood product to the patient. It is

a high risk form of therapy. The blood transfusions are used to fix deficiencies of blood
components caused by disease or other conditions, such as a massive blood loss. In
addition, blood components can be given before or during surgeries to enhance or
replace lost fluids. The blood transfusion can be divided into two; emergency and
urgent transfusion.

Blood is a vital healthcare resource used in a broad range of hospital

procedures, viz. accidents, emergency obstetric services, and other surgeries. It is also a
potential vector for harmful and sometimes fatal infectious diseases, such as HIV,
hepatitis B and C. Every year, millions of people are exposed to avoidable, life-
threatening risks through the transfusion of unsafe blood.

This global scenario is evidenced from a statement by Director General of the

World Health Organization made on the World Health Day 2000. He said, ―Despite
all the technological marvels that humanity is experiencing, a reliable and safe blood
supply is still out of the reach for untold millions of people around the world‖.
 46

Blood transfusion is a crucial and often life-saving procedure and it is a

common care method. The procedure is not without risk but the most of the errors
occur due to human error. Therefore, it is essential to orientate oneself with the
procedure. A good orientation and comprehensive guides are in a central role to
guarantee a safe blood transfusion.

Chapter- 7

References
 Chapter 7
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Appendix 1

Informed consent form

Title:Knowledge on blood transfusion of nursing students at Rangpur Nursing

College, Rangpur.

Dear participant,
I am Aysha Akter Sarna ,student of B.Sc in Nursing 4th year (8th Batch) of
Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur. I am going to conduct a research on Student
nurses knowledge on blood transfusion at Rangpur Nursing College, Rangpur. The
aim of the study is to know about knowledge of blood transfusion. Please give me
your answers as accurately as you can. There will be no risks to your participation
in the research. On the contrary, you may gain some important information which
related to your activities and better understanding about knowledge of blood
transfusion. All information and your responses in connection with the study will
remain confidential. Neither your name nor any identifying information will be
revealed in the reports of this study. Your refusal or failure to comply will not
result in any penalty or any effect on the quality of your service. You have the right
to withdraw from the project when you want without any problems prior to
completion of data collection. There is free of cost to participate in this study and
not any financial benefit for participation. If you feel discomfort to participate in
this study, please do not hesitate to tell me. Please contact me at the following
address:

Aysha Akter Sarna

Cell: 01403958687
Email: ayshaaktersarna58@gmail.com Thank
you for your co-operation.
I have already read and understood all information and agree to participate in this
study.
 56

Name of Researcher:
Aysha Akter Sarna
.....................................................
Cell: 01403958687 (Signature of the Participant)
............................... Date-------/-------/------(Signature of
Researcher)
Date-------/-------/-----------
Appendix II
INSTRUMENT
Code_____________
Date and time____________
RpNC

PART A
Demographic information of Nursing Students.
Direction: Please tick () the appropriate responses in the box and specify your answers in the
space provided.
1. Age: ______________________________years.
2. Gender: Male b. Female b.
3. Religion: Muslim b. Hindu b. Christian b.
4. Academic qualification: S.S.C b. H.S.C b. B.Sc/B.A b.
5. Residence: Rural b. Urban
b.
6. Father’s educational qualification:
Illiterate b. Read & write b. Primary b.
Higher b. Secondary University/graduate b.
b.
7. Father’s profession:
Farmer Government employee b. Business b.
b.
Retired b. Dead b.
8. Mother’s educational qualification:
Illiterate b. Read & write b. Primary b.
Higher b. Secondary b. University/graduate b.
9. Mother’s profession:
House wife b. Government employee b. Other works b.
10. Family’s monthly income: .....................................TK.
 58

PART B
Knowledge of Nursing Students regarding Blood Transfusion.
Direction: Please tick () the appropriate responses in the box.
1. Do you know about blood transfusion?
a. Yes
b. No
b. No b. No
2. If answer is yes, please tell what is blood transfusion?
a. It is the transfer of blood from one person into another person’s blood stream. b.
b. To set one person’s organ into another person’s body. b.
c. It safe the life of human. b.
d. It is given in severe bleeding. b.
e. All of the above. b.
3. Please tell what are the indications of blood transfusion?
a. Severe haemorrhage and shock.
b.
b. Severe anaemia.
b.
c. Excessive loss of plasma proteins as in burns b.
d. Prophylaxis as before surgery when having loss of blood is expected. b.
e. All of the above. b.
4. Do you know about blood grouping?
a. Yes
b. No b.
5. Please tell what types of blood grouping?
a. Group A (positive and negative) ggg
b. Group B (positive and negative)
.
c. Group AB (positive and negative) b.
d. Group O (positive and negative)
b.
e. All of above b.
6. Do you know any tests are to be checked before blood transfusion?
a. Yes
b. No b.
7. If answer is yes what type of test are to be done before blood transfusion?
a. Blood grouping ggg
b. Cross-matching
ggg
c. Rh-factor ggg
d. Screening ggg
e. Others (HIV, HBV, HCV etc) ggg
8. Do you know about screening?
a. Yes ggg
b. No ggg

9. If answer is yes please tell what is check before blood transfusion through screening?
a. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
b. Germs of syphilis
c. Malaria parasite
d. Hepatitis B virus
e. Hepatitis C virus

10. Is there any disease that may occur through blood transfusion?
a. Yes
b. No b.
11. If answer is yes what diseases are transmitted through blood transfusion?
a. HIV/AIDS
b. Hepatitis B virus
c. Hepatitis C virus
d. Malaria
e. Syphilis
 60

12. Please tell who can donate blood?

a. Donor age between 18 years to 60 years with healthy and be free from infectious
disease. ggg
b. Have not the same Rhesus (Rh) factor as the receiver. .
c. Be free from any disease which can be transmitted through the blood. b.
d. Must be feeling well and have no rise of temperature. b.
e. Have haemoglobin above 12 gm/dl of blood. b.

13. Please tell who can’t donate blood?

a. Donor age less than 18 years and 60 years with unhealthy. ggg
b. Have not the same Rhesus (Rh) factor as the receiver. .
c. Have given blood in the last two months (56 days) b.
d. Using medicines. b.
e. Attack any blood disorder. b.

14. How many times in a year a donor can donate blood?

a. One time
ggg
b. Two time .
c. Three time
b.
d. Four time
b.
e. All of the above b.

15. Do you know about immediate complication of blood transfusion?

a. Yes
b. No
b.
16. If answer is yes what complication may arise due to blood transfusion?
a. Nausea ggg
b. Chills and fever .
c. Increase heart rate b.
d. Respiratory distress b.
e. All of the above b.

17. Please tell how to manage the immediate complication of blood transfusion?
a. Stop the blood transfusion immediately. ggg
b. Check the right blood bag has been given to right patient. .
c. Call the doctor and transfusion provider b.
d. Check blood
b.
e. All of the above
b.
 62

WORK SCHEDULE
From June to November-2023

June-2023 July-2023 August - September October - November-

2023 -2023 2023 2023
Topic Selection
Planning &designing

Literature Review

Questionnaire development

Pre-testing and finalizing

Data collection
Data Analysis
Report Writing
Final print &submission