Java SE 8 - Guía de Estudio Vol.1

Matis Consulting SฺCฺ
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibitedฺ Copyright© 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliatesฺ
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Edition 1.0 | December 2016 | D87049
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Authors Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names
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Contents
1 Introduction
About This Course 1-2
Audience 1-3
Course Objectives 1-4
Schedule 1-6
Course Environment 1-9
Test Your Lab Machines 1-11
How Do You Learn More After the Course? 1-12
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Quiz 1-13
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Summary 1-14
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2 What Is a Java Program?
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Objectives 2-2
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Topics 2-3
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Purpose of a Computer Program 2-4
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Translating High-Level Code to Machine Code 2-5
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Linked to Platform-Specific Libraries
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Platform-Dependent Programs
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Key FeaturesGof therJava
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Java Is an Object-Oriented Language 2-13
Topics 2-14
Verifying the Java Development Environment 2-15
Examining the Installed JDK (Linux Example): The Tools 2-16
Examining the Installed JDK (Windows Example): The Libraries 2-17
Topics 2-18
Compiling and Running a Java Program 2-19
Compiling a Program 2-20
Executing (Testing) a Program 2-21
Output for a Java Program 2-22
Exercise 2-1 2-23
iii
Quiz 2-24
Summary 2-25
3 Creating a Java Main Class

Objectives 3-2
Topics 3-3
Java Classes 3-4
Program Structure 3-5
Java Packages 3-6
Using the Java Code Console 3-7
Using the Java Code Console: Creating a New Java Class 3-8
Using the Java Code Console: Creating a New Java Class for an Exercise 3-9
Exercise 3-1: Creating a Class 3-10
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Topics 3-11
The main Method 3-12 )
A main Class Example 3-13
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Output to the Console 3-14
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Fixing Syntax Errors 3-15 @ g t Gu
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Exercise 3-2: Creating a main Method 3-16
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Quiz 3-17 ( e i s S
Summary 3-18
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4 Data in a Cart
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Objectives 4-2 rr e l i c en
Topics 4-3Gu
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Variables 4-4 e
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Variable
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Uses of Variables 4-7
Topics 4-8
Variable Declaration and Initialization 4-9
String Concatenation 4-10
String Concatenation Output 4-11
Exercise 4-1: Using String Variables 4-12
Quiz 4-13
Topics 4-14
int and double Values 4-15
Initializing and Assigning Numeric Values 4-16
Topics 4-17
Standard Mathematical Operators 4-18
Increment and Decrement Operators (++ and --) 4-19
iv
Operator Precedence 4-20

Using Parentheses 4-22
Exercise 4-2: Using and Manipulating Numbers 4-23
Quiz 4-24
Summary 4-26
5 Managing Multiple Items

Objectives 5-2
Topics 5-3
Making Decisions 5-4
The if/else Statement 5-5
Boolean Expressions 5-6
Relational Operators 5-7
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Examples 5-8
Exercise 5-1: Using if Statements 5-9 )
Quiz 5-10
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Topics 5-11
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What If There Are Multiple Items in the Shopping Cart? 5-12
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Introduction to Arrays 5-13
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Array Examples 5-14 ( e i s S
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Array Indices and Length 5-15
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Declaring and Initializing an Array 5-16
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Accessing Array Elements 5-18
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Exercise 5-2: Using an Array 5-19
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Topics 5-22
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Loops 5-23
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Using break with Loops 5-25
Exercise 5-3: Using a Loop to Process an Array 5-26
Quiz 5-27
Summary 5-28
Play Time! 5-29
About Java Puzzle Ball 5-30
Tips 5-31
6 Describing Objects and Classes

Interactive Quizzes 6-2
Objectives 6-3
Topics 6-4
Java Puzzle Ball 6-5
v
Java Puzzle Ball Debrief 6-6

Object-Oriented Programming 6-7
Duke’s Choice Order Process 6-8
Characteristics of Objects 6-9
Classes and Instances 6-10

Quiz 6-11
Topics 6-12
The Customer Properties and Behaviors 6-13
The Components of a Class 6-14
Modeling Properties and Behaviors 6-15
Exercise 6-1: Creating the Item Class 6-16
Topics 6-17
Customer Instances 6-18
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Object Instances and Instantiation Syntax 6-19
The Dot (.) Operator 6-20 )
Objects with Another Object as a Property 6-21
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Quiz 6-22
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Topics 6-23 @ g t Gu
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Accessing Objects by Using a Reference 6-24
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Working with Object References 6-25
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References to Different Objects 6-28
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References and Objects in Memory 6-30
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Assigning a Reference to Another Reference 6-31
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Two References, One Object 6-32
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Exercise 6-2: Modify the ShoppingCart to Use Item Fields 6-33
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Topics 6-34
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Arrays Are Objects 6-35
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E no Declaring, Instantiating, and Initializing Arrays 6-36
Storing Arrays in Memory 6-37
Storing Arrays of Object References in Memory 6-38
Quiz 6-39
Topics 6-41
Java IDEs 6-42
The NetBeans IDE 6-43
Creating a Java Project 6-44
Creating a Java Class 6-45
Avoiding Syntax Problems 6-46
Compile Error: Variable Not Initialized 6-47
Runtime Error: NullPointerException 6-48
Compiling and Running a Program by Using NetBeans 6-49
Topics 6-50
vi
Soccer Application 6-51

Creating the Soccer Application 6-52
Soccer Web Application 6-53
Summary 6-54
Challenge Questions: Java Puzzle Ball 6-55

Practice 6-1 Overview: Creating Classes for the Soccer League 6-56
Practice 6-2 Overview: Creating a Soccer Game 6-57
7 Manipulating and Formatting the Data in Your Program

Objectives 7-2
Topics 7-3
String Class 7-4
Concatenating Strings 7-5
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String Method Calls with Primitive Return Values 7-8
String Method Calls with Object Return Values 7-9 )
Topics 7-10
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Java API Documentation 7-11
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Java Platform SE 8 Documentation 7-12 @ g t Gu
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Java Platform SE 8: Method Summary 7-13
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Java Platform SE 8: Method Detail 7-14
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indexOf Method Example 7-15
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Topics 7-16
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StringBuilder Class 7-17
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StringBuilder Advantages over String for Concatenation (or Appending) 7-18
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StringBuilder: Declare and Instantiate 7-19
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StringBuilder Append 7-20
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Quiz 7-21
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Exercise 7-2: Instantiate the StringBuilder object 7-23
Topics 7-24
Primitive Data Types 7-25
Some New Integral Primitive Types 7-26
Floating Point Primitive Types 7-28
Textual Primitive Type 7-29
Java Language Trivia: Unicode 7-30
Constants 7-31
Quiz 7-32
Topics 7-33
Modulus Operator 7-34
Combining Operators to Make Assignments 7-35
More on Increment and Decrement Operators 7-36
vii
Increment and Decrement Operators (++ and ––) 7-37

Topics 7-38
Promotion 7-39
Caution with Promotion 7-40
Type Casting 7-42

Caution with Type Casting 7-43
Using Promotion and Casting 7-45
Compiler Assumptions for Integral and Floating Point Data Types 7-46
Automatic Promotion 7-47
Using a long 7-48
Using Floating Points 7-49
Floating Point Data Types and Assignment 7-50
Quiz 7-51
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Exercise 7-3: Declare a Long, Float, and Char 7-52
Summary 7-53 )
Play Time! 7-54
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Practice 7-1 Overview: Manipulating Text 7-55
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8 Creating and Using Methods
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Objectives 8-2 ( e i s S
Topics 8-3
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Calling a Method from a Different
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Method Arguments and Parameters 8-11
Method Parameter Examples 8-12
Method Return Types 8-13
Method Return Types Examples 8-14
Method Return Animation 8-15
Passing Arguments and Returning Values 8-16
More Examples 8-17
Code Without Methods 8-18
Better Code with Methods 8-19
Even Better Code with Methods 8-20
Variable Scope 8-21
Advantages of Using Methods 8-22
Exercise 8-1: Declare a setColor Method 8-23
viii
Topics 8-24
Static Methods and Variables 8-27
Example: Setting the Size for a New Item 8-28

Creating and Accessing Static Members 8-29
When to Use Static Methods or Fields 8-30
Some Rules About Static Fields and Methods 8-31
Static Fields and Methods vs. Instance Fields and Methods 8-32
Static Methods and Variables in the Java API 8-33
Examining Static Variables in the JDK Libraries 8-34
Using Static Variables and Methods: System.out.println 8-35
More Static Fields and Methods in the Java API 8-36
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Converting Data Values 8-37
Topics 8-38 )
Passing an Object Reference 8-39
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What If There Is a New Object? 8-40
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A Shopping Cart Code Example 8-41 @ g t Gu
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Passing by Value 8-42
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Reassigning the Reference 8-43 ( e i s S
Passing by Value 8-44
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Topics 8-45
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Method Overloading 8-46
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Using Method Overloading 8-47
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Method Overloading and the Java API 8-49
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Exercise 8-2: Overload a setItemFields Method 8-50
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Quiz 8-51
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Practice 8-1 Overview: Using Methods 8-54
Practice 8-2 Overview: Creating Game Data Randomly 8-55
Practice 8-3 Overview: Creating Overloaded Methods 8-56
9 Using Encapsulation
Objectives 9-3
Topics 9-4
What Is Access Control? 9-5
Access Modifiers 9-6
Access from Another Class 9-7
Another Example 9-8
ix
Using Access Control on Methods 9-9

Topics 9-10
Encapsulation 9-11
Get and Set Methods 9-12
Why Use Setter and Getter Methods? 9-13

Setter Method with Checking 9-14
Using Setter and Getter Methods 9-15
Exercise 9-1: Encapsulate a Class 9-16
Topics 9-17
Initializing a Shirt Object 9-18
Constructors 9-19
Shirt Constructor with Arguments 9-20
Default Constructor and Constructor with Args 9-21
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Overloading Constructors 9-22
Quiz 9-23 )
Exercise 9-2: Create an Overloaded Constructor 9-24
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Summary 9-25
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Play Time! 9-26 @ g t Gu
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Practice 9-1 Overview: Encapsulating Fields 9-27
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Practice 9-2 Overview: Creating Overloaded Constructors 9-28
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10 More on Conditionals
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Objectives 10-2
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Topics 10-3 r r e l i c en
G ue Operators
Review: Relational b le 10-4
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Using the Ternary Operator 10-11
Exercise 10-1: Using the Ternary Operator 10-12
Topics 10-13
Handling Complex Conditions with a Chained if Construct 10-16
Determining the Number of Days in a Month 10-17
Chaining if/else Constructs 10-18
Exercise 10-2: Chaining if Statements 10-19
Topics 10-20
Handling Complex Conditions with a switch Statement 10-21
Coding Complex Conditions: switch 10-22
switch Statement Syntax 10-23
x
When to Use switch Constructs 10-24

Exercise 10-3: Using switch Construct 10-25
Quiz 10-26
Topics 10-27
Working with an IDE Debugger 10-28

Debugger Basics 10-29
Setting Breakpoints 10-30
The Debug Toolbar 10-31
Viewing Variables 10-32
Summary 10-33
Challenge Question: Java Puzzle Ball 10-34
Practice 10-1 Overview: Using Conditional Statements 10-35
Practice 10-2 Overview: Debugging 10-36
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11 Working with Arrays, Loops, and Dates ) has
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Objectives 11-3
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Topics 11-4 @ g t Gu
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Displaying a Date 11-5
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Class Names and the Import Statement 11-6 (ed S
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Working with Dates 11-7
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Exercise 11-2: Parsing the args Array 11-16
Topics 11-17
Describing Two-Dimensional Arrays 11-18
Declaring a Two-Dimensional Array 11-19
Instantiating a Two-Dimensional Array 11-20
Initializing a Two-Dimensional Array 11-21
Quiz 11-22
Topics 11-23
Some New Types of Loops 11-24
Repeating Behavior 11-25
A while Loop Example 11-26
Coding a while Loop 11-27
while Loop with Counter 11-28
xi
Coding a Standard for Loop 11-29

Standard for Loop Compared to a while loop 11-30
Standard for Loop Compared to an Enhanced for Loop 11-31
do/while Loop to Find the Factorial Value of a Number 11-32
Coding a do/while Loop 11-33

Comparing Loop Constructs 11-34
The continue Keyword 11-35
Exercise 11-3: Processing an Array of Items 11-36
Topics 11-37
Nesting Loops 11-38
Nested for Loop 11-39
Nested while Loop 11-40
Processing a Two-Dimensional Array 11-41
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Output from Previous Example 11-42
Quiz 11-43 )
Topics 11-45
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ArrayList Class 11-46
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Benefits of the ArrayList Class 11-47 @ g t Gu
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Importing and Declaring an ArrayList 11-48
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Working with an ArrayList 11-49 ( e i s S
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Exercise 11-4: Working with an ArrayList 11-50
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Summary 11-51
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Play Time! 11-52
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Practice 11-1 Overview: Iterating Through Data 11-53
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Practice 11-2 Overview: Working with LocalDateTime 11-54
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Topics 12-3
12-2

Inheritance in Java Puzzle Ball 12-6
Implementing Inheritance 12-8
More Inheritance Facts 12-9
Topics 12-10
Duke’s Choice Classes: Common Behaviors 12-11
Code Duplication 12-12
Inheritance 12-13
Clothing Class: Part 1 12-14
Shirt Class: Part 1 12-15
Constructor Calls with Inheritance 12-16
xii
Inheritance and Overloaded Constructors 12-17

Exercise 12-1: Creating a Subclass 12-18
Topics 12-19
More on Access Control 12-20
Overriding Methods 12-21

Review: Duke’s Choice Class Hierarchy 12-22
Clothing Class: Part 2 12-23
Shirt Class: Part 2 12-24
Overriding a Method: What Happens at Run Time? 12-25
Exercise 12-2: Overriding a Method in the Superclass 12-26
Topics 12-27
Polymorphism 12-28
Superclass and Subclass Relationships 12-29
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Using the Superclass as a Reference 12-30
Polymorphism Applied 12-31 )
Accessing Methods Using a Superclass Reference 12-32
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Casting the Reference Type 12-33
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instanceof Operator 12-34 @ g t Gu
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Exercise 12-3: Using the instanceof Operator 12-35
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Topics 12-36 ( e i s S
Abstract Classes 12-37
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Extending Abstract Classes 12-39
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Practice 12-1 Overview: Creating a Class Hierarchy 12-43
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Practice 12-2 Overview: Creating a GameEvent Hierarchy 12-44
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Objectives 13-3
Topics 13-4
The Object Class 13-5
Calling the toString Method 13-6
Overriding toString in Your Classes 13-7
Topics 13-8
The Multiple Inheritance Dilemma 13-9
The Java Interface 13-10
Multiple Hierarchies with Overlapping Requirements 13-11
Using Interfaces in Your Application 13-12
Implementing the Returnable Interface 13-13
Access to Object Methods from Interface 13-14
xiii
Casting an Interface Reference 13-15

Quiz 13-16
Topics 13-18
The Collections Framework 13-19
ArrayList Example 13-20

List Interface 13-21
Example: Arrays.asList 13-22
Exercise 13-1: Converting an Array to an ArrayList 13-24
Topics 13-25
Example: Modifying a List of Names 13-26
Using a Lambda Expression with replaceAll 13-27
Lambda Expressions 13-28
The Enhanced APIs That Use Lambda 13-29
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Lambda Types 13-30
The UnaryOperator Lambda Type 13-31 )
The Predicate Lambda Type 13-32
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Exercise 13-2: Using a Predicate Lambda Expression 13-33
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Summary 13-34 @ g t Gu
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Practice 13-1 Overview: Overriding the toString Method 13-35
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Practice 13-2 Overview: Implementing an Interface 13-36
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Practice 13-3 (Optional) Overview: Using a Lambda Expression for Sorting 13-37
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14 Handling Exceptions
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Objectives 14-2 rr e l i c en
Topics 14-3 G ue ble
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Another Example 14-7
Types of Throwable classes 14-8
Error Example: OutOfMemoryError 14-9
Quiz 14-10
Topics 14-11
Normal Program Execution: The Call Stack 14-12
How Exceptions Are Thrown 14-13
Topics 14-14
Working with Exceptions in NetBeans 14-15
The try/catch Block 14-16
Program Flow When an Exception Is Caught 14-17
When an Exception Is Thrown 14-18
Throwing Throwable Objects 14-19
xiv
Uncaught Exception 14-20

Exception Printed to Console 14-21
Summary of Exception Types 14-22
Exercise 14-1: Catching an Exception 14-23
Quiz 14-24
Exceptions in the Java API Documentation 14-25
Calling a Method That Throws an Exception 14-26
Working with a Checked Exception 14-27
Best Practices 14-28
Bad Practices 14-29
Somewhat Better Practice 14-30
Topics 14-31
Multiple Exceptions 14-32
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Catching IOException 14-33
Catching IllegalArgumentException 14-34 )
Catching Remaining Exceptions 14-35
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Summary 14-36
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Interactive Quizzes 14-37 @ g t Gu
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Practice 14-1 Overview: Adding Exception Handling 14-38
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15 Deploying and Maintaining the Soccer
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Application
Objectives 15-2
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Topics 15-3
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Packages 15-4 rr e l i c en
G ue Structure
Packages Directory b le 15-5
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SoccerEnhanced.jar 15-9
Set Main Class of Project 15-10
Creating the JAR File with NetBeans 15-11
Topics 15-13
Client/Server Two-Tier Architecture 15-14
Client/Server Three-Tier Architecture 15-15
Topics 15-16
Client/Server Three-Tier Architecture 15-17
Different Outputs 15-19
The Soccer Application 15-20
IDisplayDataItem Interface 15-21
Running the JAR File from the Command Line 15-22
Text Presentation of the League 15-23
xv
Web Presentation of the League 15-24

Topics 15-25
Enhancing the Application 15-26
Adding a New GameEvent Kickoff 15-27
Game Record Including Kickoff 15-28

Summary 15-29
Course Summary 15-30
16 Oracle Cloud
Agenda 16-2
What is Cloud? 16-3
What is Cloud Computing? 16-4
History – Cloud Evolution 16-5
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Components of Cloud Computing 16-6
Characteristics of Cloud 16-7 )
Cloud Deployment Models 16-8
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Cloud Service Models 16-9
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Industry Shifting from On-Premises to the Cloud 16-13 @ g t Gu
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Oracle IaaS Overview 16-15
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Oracle PaaS Overview 16-16 ( e i s S
Oracle SaaS Overview 16-17
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Summary 16-18
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17 Oracle Application r r e l
Containeri c en Service Overview
Cloud
Objectives G ue ble
17-2
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OraclesApplication ra
é feContainer Cloud Service 17-3
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Application Container Cloud 17-4
E Polyglot
n o Platform 17-5
Open Platform 17-6
Container-based Application Platform as a Service 17-7
Elastic Scaling 17-8
Profiling 17-9
Manageable 17-10
Deploy—Application Archive (Zip) 17-12
Application Deployment 17-13
Application Container Cloud Architecture 17-14
Load Balancer 17-15
Oracle Developer Cloud Service 17-16
Developer Cloud Service – Easy Adoption/Integration 17-17
Application Container Cloud Service Advantages 17-19
Summary 17-20
xvi
A Java Puzzle Ball Challenge Questions Answered

Topics A-2
Question 1 A-3
Question 2 A-4
Question 3 A-5
Question 4 A-6
Topics A-7
Question 1 A-8
Topics A-9
Question 1 A-10
Topics A-12
Question 1 A-13
Topics A-14
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Question 1 A-15
Question 2 A-16 )
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B Introducing the Java Technology
m ai ide
Java’s Place in the World B-2 @ g t Gu
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Java Desktops B-3
d h t u d
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Java TV and Card B-5
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Identifying Java TechnologyH e
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Java SE B-8
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Introduction
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About This Course

12 Shirt myShirt = new Shirt();

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During this course,Gyou will: bl
• WriteJJavao é f eraa code console and integrated development environment
s codesusing
a
• gComplete - r an quizzes
r tinteractive
E• d Playnoa ngame
Java SE 8 Fundamentals 1 - 2
Audience
• Beginners to programming who have basic mathematical,

logical, and analytical problem-solving skills and who want

to begin learning the Java programming language
• Novice programmers and those programmers who prefer
to start learning the Java programming language at an
introductory level
• Students who want to begin their study of the Oracle
Certified Java Associate exam
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é G course
The audience for this
r a bisla beginner to programming who has basic mathematical and
r J os skills.
problem-solving
n s fe course is targeted at technical writers, web developers, technical
The
managers,
g a project
- t r amanagers, program managers, and individuals with a technical,
Ed non background such as system administrators.
nonprogramming
Course Objectives
After completing this course, you should be able to:

• Demonstrate knowledge of basic programming language

concepts
• Demonstrate knowledge of the Java programming
language
• Implement intermediate Java programming and object-
oriented (OO) concepts
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Demonstrate knowledge
é G ofrabasicbl programming language concepts. For example, be able to
describe theo
J s sfe
following:
Source
g a r t r
code versus
- an machine code
E• d Platform
non dependence and platform independence
• The use of APIs and libraries
Demonstrate knowledge of the Java programming language
• Compile and run a Java program from both the command line and from NetBeans.
• Create a Java class with fields and methods.
• Declare and use arrays.
• Use methods of the StringBuilder, String, and ArrayList classes.
• Display and manipulate dates using one or two classes from the new java.time
package.
• Write conditional statements.
• Write loop statements (enhanced for, for, while, do/while).
• Write nested loops.
• Implement a try block to handle exceptions.
Implement intermediate Java programming and object-oriented (OO) concepts

• Instantiate an object and invoke its methods.
• Explain how objects vs. primitive types or references are stored in memory.
• Create a hierarchy of Java classes.
• Implement inheritance by creating a subclass.
• Overload a method and a constructor.
• Encapsulate the fields of a class.

• Use modifiers to control access to a field or a method.
• Implement a Java Interface.
• Create superclasses, abstract classes, and Interfaces and use them as reference types.
• Use a Predicate lambda expression as the argument to a method.
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Schedule
Day One
• Getting Started
– Lesson 1: Introduction
– Lesson 2: What Is a Java Program?
• The Basic Shopping Cart
– Lesson 3: Creating a Java Main Class
– Lesson 4: Data in a Cart
– Lesson 5: Managing Multiple Items a
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Schedule
Day Two
• Filling the Cart

– Lesson 6: Describing Objects and Classes
– Lesson 7: Manipulating and Formatting the Data in Your
Program
• Improving Cart Efficiency
– Lesson 8: Creating and Using Methods
Day Three a
– Lesson 9: Using Encapsulation ) has
• Expanding the Business l ฺ c om ฺ
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Schedule
Day Four
– Lesson 11: Working with Arrays, Loops, and Dates

• Bringing It Home
– Lesson 12: Using Inheritance
Day Five
– Lesson 13: Using Interfaces
– Lesson 14: Handling Exceptions
– Lesson 15: Deploying and Maintaining the Soccer a
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Course Environment
Classroom Computer
Java Code Student

Exercises
Console Guide
Java SE 8
NetBeans Practices Activity
Guide
Java Puzzle Ball
Java SE 8
Quizzes Fundamentals Practices
s a
Quiz.html
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labs folder Exercises m
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G raproducts
In this course, the following
é bl are preinstalled for the lesson practices:
• JDK J s JavasfSE
8:oThe e Development Kit includes the command-line Java compiler
r
a -and
(javac) n
trathe Java Runtime Environment (JRE), which supplies the java command
d gneeded n
E no to execute Java applications.
• Firefox: A web browser is used to view the HTML documentation (Javadoc) for the Java
SE Platform libraries.
• NetBeans 8: The NetBeans IDE is a free and open-source software development tool
for professionals who create enterprise, web, desktop, and mobile applications.
• Student Guide: The guide contains the instructional material for all the topics discussed
in class and includes appendices with additional information. It also includes some
introductory instructions for completing the exercises and practices.
• Activity Guide: These are resources to use during the practice portions of the course.
The Activity Guide has instructions for completing the practices.
• Lab Folder: The lab folder includes interactive quizzes, practices, exercises, and
solution files.
• Java API Documentation: The API documentation is the application programming

interface specification.
• Java Code Console: This is an IDE developed by Oracle Java Curriculum Developers
that you use to perform short coding exercises.
• Interactive Quizzes: The quizzes are self-paced and help you remember the key points
learned in each lesson.
• Java Puzzle Ball: This game is available for you to play on your machines. It will be used
to introduce and reinforce concepts taught in the course.
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Test Your Lab Machines
1. Go to your lab machine.

2. Open the Firefox browser.

3. Enter http://localhost:8080/JavaCC.
4. Click the Cloud IDE link.
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To ensure that yourG
é r a bl is working, access your lab machine and start the Java
lab environment
r J os nsfe
Code Console.
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How Do You Learn More After the Course?
To find more resources, bookmark the URL:

Oracle.com/oll/java
Look for the Java SE 8 Fundamentals Collection.
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é G Library,
In the Oracle Learning
r a blthere is a list of resources that you can use to learn more
r J os nsfe Look for the collection on the oracle.com/oll/java page.
about Java programming.
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Quiz
a. What is your name?

b. What do you do for a living, and where do you work?

c. What is the most interesting place you have visited?
d. Why are you interested in Java?
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Summary
In this lesson, you reviewed the course objectives and the

tentative class schedule. You met your fellow students, and you
saw an overview of the computer environment that you will use
during the course.
Enjoy the next five days of Java SE 8 Fundamentals.
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What Is a Java Program?
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Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

• Contrast the terms “platform-dependent” and “platform-

independent”
• Describe the purpose of the JVM
• Explain the difference between a procedural program and
an object-oriented program
• Describe the purpose of javac and java executables
• Verify the Java version on your system a
) has
• Run a Java program from the command line m
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Topics
• Introduction to computer programs

• Introduction to the Java language

• Verifying the Java development environments
• Running and testing a Java program
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Purpose of a Computer Program
A computer program is a set of instructions that run on a

computer or other digital device.

• At the machine level, the program consists of binary
instructions (1s and 0s).
– Machine code
• Most programs are written in high-level code (readable).
– Must be translated to machine code
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Translating High-Level Code to Machine Code

Solaris OS
C Compiler
Solaris OS
Binary
Linux
C Compiler
C
Linux
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e r
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Programs written inG
é r a bl usually require numerous modifications to run on more
most languages
than one type
r J osof computing
n s fe platform, (a combination of a CPU and operating system). This
platform-dependence
g a - t r a because most languages require you to write code specific to the
is
d oplatform.
underlying
E n Popular programming languages, such as C and C++, require
n
programmers to compile and link their programs, resulting in an executable program unique to
a platform. A compiler is an application that converts a program that you write into a CPU-
specific code called machine code. These platform-specific files (binary files) are often
combined with other files, such as libraries of prewritten code, using a linker to create a
platform-dependent program, called an executable, which can be executed by an end user.
Unlike C and C++, the Java programming language is platform-independent.
The image illustrates how a compiler creates a binary file.
Linked to Platform-Specific Libraries

Project
Libraries
Solaris OS
C Compiler
Solaris OS Solaris OS
Binary Executable
Project
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Linux
C Compiler
Linux Linux
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The image illustrates
é bl file is linked with libraries to create a platform-dependent
Ghow raabinary
executable. os fe
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Platform-Dependent Programs
Solaris OS Workstation
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Ghow rplatform-dependent
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Topics


• Verifying the Java development environment
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Key Features of the Java Language
Some of the features that set Java apart from most other
languages are that:

• It is platform-independent
• It is object-oriented
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There are several other
é bl of the Java language, but in this course, only the two
G keyrafeatures
r J os willnsbefediscussed.
mentioned above
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Java Is Platform-Independent
Project
Libraries
Java Compiler
Java Code Java Bytecode
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A Java program can
é bl different CPUs and operating system combinations, such
Grun onraseveral
as the Solaris sOS on sa fSPARC
Jousually e chip, Mac OS X on an Intel chip, and Microsoft Windows on
r
an Intelachip,
t r a nwith few or no modifications.
g -
Edillustrated
As n onabove, Java programs are compiled using a Java compiler. The resulting format
of a compiled Java program is platform-independent Java bytecode instead of CPU-specific
machine code.
After the bytecode is created, it is interpreted by a bytecode interpreter called the Java Virtual
Machine or JVM. A virtual machine is a platform-specific program that understands platform-
independent bytecode and can execute it on a particular platform. For this reason, the Java
programming language is often referred to as an interpreted language, and Java technology
programs are said to be portable or executable on any platform. Other interpreted languages
include Perl.
Java Programs Run In a Java Virtual Machine

JRE
Solaris OS
Java Workstation
Bytecode
JRE
(.class file)
Linux
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The image illustrates
é Ga Java r a bl
bytecode file executing on several platforms where a Java
r J os nexists.
runtime environment
s fe
d ga machine
A virtual
n - tragets its name because it is a piece of software that runs code, a task
E accomplished
usually n o by the CPU or hardware machine. For Java programs to be platform-
independent, a virtual machine called the JVM is required on every platform where your
program will run. The JVM is responsible for interpreting Java code, loading Java classes,
and executing Java programs.
However, a Java program needs more than just a JVM to execute. A Java program also
needs a set of standard Java class libraries for the platform. Java class libraries are libraries
of prewritten code that can be combined with the code that you write to create robust
applications.
Combined, the JVM software and Java class libraries are referred to as the Java Runtime
Environment (JRE). Java Runtime Environments are available from Oracle for many common
platforms.
Procedural Programming Languages
• Many early programming languages

1
Step 1
followed a paradigm called Procedural
Programming.
• These languages use a sequential 2 Step 2
pattern of program execution.

3 Step 3
• Drawbacks to procedural programming:
– Difficult to translate real-world use cases a
to a sequential pattern 4 a s
)h
Step 4
– Difficult to maintain programs m

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– Difficult to enhance as needed g m5a Step
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Earlier programming
é Glanguages
r a bl were based on a programming paradigm called “procedural”.
os nsuse
Procedural languages
r J fe a sequential pattern of program execution such as you see in the
diagram
g a above.
- t r a
Some examples of procedural programming languages are COBOL, Fortran,
Edand Pascal.
C,
n on
This style of programming has become less popular due to the difficulty of designing real-
world applications using sequential pattern. It has also proven difficult to maintain and
enhance programs structured in this way.
Java Is an Object-Oriented Language
• Interaction of objects
• No prescribed sequence
• Benefits:
– Modularity
– Information hiding
– Code reuse
– Maintainability
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Object-oriented programming l from procedural programming, because procedural
é
s sthe
programmingostresses fe sequence of coding steps required to solve a problem, whereas
r J
object-oriented
a a n
programming stresses the interaction of objects. Java is an object-oriented
g - t r
d on(OO) language. One of the main goals of an OO language is to create objects—
programming
E
pieces ofnautonomous code—that can interact with other objects to solve a problem. OO
programming languages began in 1967 and have led to popular programming languages
such as C++, upon which Java is loosely based.
This provides many benefits:
• Modularity: The source code for an object can be written and maintained independently
of the source code for other objects. After it is created, an object can be easily passed
around inside the system.
• Information hiding: By interacting only with an object’s methods, the details of its
internal implementation remain hidden from the outside world.
• Code reuse: If an object already exists (perhaps written by another software developer),
you can use that object in your program.
• Maintainability: If a particular object is found to be problematic, you can create another,
slightly modified one and simply replace the original one in your application. This is
analogous to fixing mechanical problems in the real world. If a bolt breaks, you replace
the bolt, not the entire machine.
The diagram illustrates an object-oriented program’s focus on objects and object interactions.
Topics


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Verifying the Java Development Environment
1. Download and install the Java Development Kit (JDK) from

oracle.com/java.
2. Explore the Java Help menu.
3. Compile and run a Java application by using the command
line.
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é Gdevelopment
Setting up your Java
r a bl environment is a simple task. The JDK is available for free
os Javanswebsite.
from the Oracle
r J fe
d a you-have
• gAfter
n t ra installed the JDK, you can explore the Java environment by typing some
E commands
no at the command line. For example, open a terminal window and enter java.
• Review the command options displayed.
• Enter java –version to see what Java version is installed on your system.
• Compile and run a Java application using the command line.
Examining the Installed JDK (Linux Example):

The Tools
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Java SE (StandardGEdition) a bDevelopment Kit
s é e r
r a n sf Kit includes both the tools and classes that you will use to develop
JoDevelopment
The Java SE
a
g program.
a Java trThe tools and utilities are stored in the bin directory. These are shown in the
Ed noon
screenshot n-the right. They include:
• A Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for the platform you choose. Here you see a Linux
example. The runtime engine is started by running the java program.
• A Java compiler, started by running the javac program
• Additional utilities, such as utilities for creating Java archive files (JAR files) and for
debugging Java programs
• The bin directory, which must be on the system PATH in order to run or compile a Java
program. The Java installer automatically adds the bin to your system PATH.
• Note: The Java Runtime Environment used in production (commonly called the JRE) is
also included with Java SE Development Kit. This is found in the jre directory.
Examining the Installed JDK (Windows Example):

The Libraries
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Java SE Development
é G Kitrab
In additionJ s fe files found in the bin directory of the JDK, various class libraries
toothe executable
s
r a n
d ga nthat
are installed - trconform to the particular platform that you chose. Here you see a Windows
E nThe
example. o core libraries are found in the lib directory as shown above.
The Java runtime engine requires these libraries.
In addition to the Java SDK download, other items are available as a separate download,
such as the Java class library (API) documentation and the Java Language Specification.
Topics


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Compiling and Running a Java Program

.java javac .class java a s a

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The diagram aboveG
é shows what
r a bl happens when you compile and run a Java program.
• The Java
r J oscodenissfwritten
e in a file with the extension .java. This is called the “Java
d a code.”
gsourcen - tra
E• Younuseo the javac executable to compile the source code (the “c” stands for “compiler”)
into a bytecode file with the extension .class. This is called a Java class.
• You use the java executable to run the Java class. This is your Java program.
Compiling a Program
1. Go to the directory where the source code files are stored.

2. Enter the following command for each .java file you want
to compile.
• Syntax:
javac SayHello.java
• Example: s a
javac SayHello.java )ha
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Compiling convertsG
é the source
r a blfiles that you write into bytecode that can be executed by a
Java Virtual o
J s sThe
Machine. fe source file has a .java extension. It also defines a public class of
the same
a r name.
t a
For
r nexample, the class, SayHello, must be saved in a file called
g -
Ed non (You learn more about classes later in this course.)
SayHello.java.
To compile the SayHello source code, perform the following steps:
1. Go to the directory where the source code files are stored.
2. Enter the following command for each .java file that you want to compile (Note that the
.java extension is required.):
Example: javac SayHello.java
After the compilation has finished, and assuming no compilation errors have occurred, you
should have a new file called <classname>.class in your directory for each source code
file that you compiled.
Example: SayHello.class
Executing (Testing) a Program
1. Go to the directory where the class files are stored.

2. Enter the following for the class file that contains the main
method:
• Syntax:
java <classname>
• Example: Do not specify .class.
java SayHello s a
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• Output:
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G rabcompiled
When you have successfully l your source code files, you can execute and test them
using the Java é
osVirtual fe
Machine.
r J n s
ga and
To execute
d n - ra your program:
ttest
E1. Gontoothe directory where the class files are stored.
2. Enter the following command for the class file that contains the main method. Note that
here the file extension (.class) should not be included.
Example: java SayHello
This command runs the SayHello class. The SayHello class contains the main method.
This is the entry point to a Java application. The java executable only works with a class
containing a main method. In the above example, the main method contains code that prints
the string "Hello World!”.
Output for a Java Program
A Java program can output data in many ways. Here are some
examples:
• To a file or database
• To the console
• To a webpage or other user interface
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é r a bl data only to the console. You can learn more about writing
G be outputting
In this course, we will
os nssuch
to other destinations,
r J fe as a file, database, or webpage, by taking the Java SE 8
d ga n-tra
Programming course.
E no
Exercise 2-1
• From a Terminal window, enter java –version to see

the system’s Java version.

• Look for SayHello.java in:
/labs/02-GettingStarted/Exercises/Exercise1
• Compile it: javac SayHello.java
• Run the resulting class file: java SayHello
— Did you see the output?
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In this exercise, you
é blJava version installed on your system, and then you run a
Glook atrathe
simple Java o
J s sfrom
program fe the command line.
r
a a terminal
• gOpen t n
ra window by double-clicking the Terminal shortcut on your desktop. It will
d
E open n -
noat your home directory, which is /home/oracle.
-Note: A handy shortcut to navigate to your home directory from anywhere is ~.
Example: cd ~ to go to /home/oracle.
• Enter java to see the available command options.
• Enter java -version to verify that JDK 1.8.0 is installed on your system.
• Navigate to the folder containing the Java source file for this exercise:
cd labs/02-GettingStarted/Exercises/Exercise1
• Enter javac SayHello.java to compile it.
• Enter java SayHello to run it. You should see a “Hello World!” message as output.
Quiz
Which of the following is correct? (Choose all that apply.)

a. javac OrderClass
b. java OrderClass
c. javac OrderClass.java
d. java OrderClass.java
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Answer: b, c
é G rab
The .java
J s s feis needed only when you compile a class (using javac).
o extension
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Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Describe the distinction between high-level language and

machine code
• Describe what platform-independence means
• Describe how a Java program is compiled and to what
format
• Explain what it means to say that Java is an object-
oriented language a
• Determine the version number of a Java install ) has
c o m
• Use the javac tool to compile Java source code l ฺ
aiand ithe eฺ
m d
java tool to run or test your program @g Gu 4 n t
hd Stud2 e
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Creating a Java Main Class
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Objectives

• Create a Java class

• Write a main method
• Use System.out.println to write a String literal to
system output
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Topics
• Java classes and packages

• The main method
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Java Classes
A Java class is the building block of a Java application.

Includes code that:

• Allows a customer to add
ShoppingCart.java items to the shopping cart
• Provides visual confirmation
to the customer
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Program Structure
• A class consists of:

– The class name. Class names begin with a capital letter.

– The body of the class surrounded with braces { }
— Data (called fields)
— Operations (called methods)
• Example:
Java is case-sensitive!
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public class Hello { )ha
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• A class is declared
é G using
r a blthe keyword, class, followed by the class name.
• Convention
r J os dictates
n s fe that the class name start with a capital letter. If there are two words
d athe class
ginexamplen - traname (SayHello), each word should begin with a capital letter. In the
E no above, the class name is Hello.
• The keyword public is called a modifier. You learn about these in the lesson titled
“Using Encapsulation.”
• Java is case-sensitive. It does not recognize the following two words as being the
same thing: class and Class.
• A class would typically contain data (called fields) and operations (called methods). You
learn about this a little later.
• Notice that the body of the Hello class is enclosed in braces ({ }).
Java Packages
• A package provides a namespace for the class.

– This is a folder in which the class will be saved.

– The folder name (the package) is used to uniquely identify
the class.
– Package names begin with a lowercase letter.
• Example:
Package name
package greeting;
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The class’s unique )ha
public class Hello {
name is: greeting.Hello m
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The use of a package
é G whenrayou bl create a Java class is not mandatory, but it is strongly
recommended.
r J osNotice n s fe semicolon after package greeting;
the
Semicolons
d ra
ga nare-trequired at the end of each statement. It is similar to the period at the end of a
E noThe sentence may wrap to another line, but it is not complete until the period. The
sentence.
Java compiler interprets a statement as being complete when it encounters the semicolon.
Using the Java Code Console
For the exercises in this course, you

use a browser-based Java IDE.

1. Open a browser and
enter: http://localhost:8080/JavaCC
2. Click the Lessons link.
3. Click the exercise number
for the current lesson.
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G Development
IDE stands for Integrated Environment. This is a type of software that makes it
r J os applications.
easier to develop
n s fe In the practices for the lesson titled “Describing Objects and
Classes”
g a and
- t r a
beyond, you use the NetBeans IDE, which is a full-featured Java IDE.
Edthe short
For n onexercises that are sprinkled throughout the lecture portions of this course, you
will use a simple web-based IDE called Java Code Console. It was written specifically for this
purpose. This IDE is hosted on your student machine.
Using the Java Code Console:

Creating a New Java Class
1. Click the New button to
create a new file.

2. Select the Java category
and Java Class file type.
3. Click Next.
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é G provide
Most of the exercises
r a bal pre-existing Java class or classes, to which you add code. If
the exercise o s selected
J you s fe has a pre-existing .java file for you, it will appear in a tabbed view
on thisa r
page. ra n
thowever,
In d g cases,
some n - you need to create a new Java class. The steps are described here
E n o
and in the next slide.
• Click the New button as shown in the top screenshot.
• The Create New File Wizard opens. Select Java in the Category column. Select Java
Class in the File Type column.
• Click Next.
• Instructions are also displayed on the Java Code Console page, just below the code
editor panel. However, if no Java file is provided and you are going to create a new one,
the code editor is not shown. Therefore, the instructions appear just below the toolbar.
Using the Java Code Console:

Creating a New Java Class for an Exercise
4. Enter a class name and a package name.
5. Click Finish.
Run code
a
Show ) has
Code Return to List solution
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Enter a class nameG
é and package
r a bl name, as specified in the exercise instructions. When you
click Finish, o
J scode sforfethis class appears in a tabbed page, bearing the class name.
the
r
- r an
• gInathe left tscreenshot, you see the ShoppingCart.java tab, containing the package
d
E statement n
no and the class declaration. This is the code editor panel.
• You will write your code between the braces.
• To test your code, click the Run button as indicated above.
• To return to the list of exercises, click the Index link.
• To view the solution for the exercise, click the Solution link. It will replace the current
.java file with the solution .java file in the same tab, but you will be able to toggle
between your code and the solution.
Exercise 3-1: Creating a Class
In this exercise, you use the Java Code Console to create a

new Java Class.

• Click New to create a new class:
– Class name = ShoppingCart
– Package name = exercise
• Leave the tabbed view open in the browser because you
will modify the code in the next exercise.
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G name
The fully-qualified class
a l
bshould be exercise.ShoppingCart. Do not click the
Solution linko é
until fe r
s aftersexercise 3-2.
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Topics
• Java classes
• The main method
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The main Method
• It is a special method that the JVM recognizes as the

starting point for every Java program.

• The syntax is always the same:
public static void main (String args[]) {

// code goes here in the code block
}
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• It surrounds entire method body with braces { } . om
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• The main method
é bl method that the Java Virtual Machine recognizes as the
G is raaspecial
s forsafeJava program.
startingopoint
J
a
• gAny r program
t r n you want to run must have a public main method.
athat
E• d A class -
noncontaining a main method is referred to as a “main class.”
Note: Brackets ([]) can be placed to the right of String or to the right of args, but the
former is recommended:
(String[] args)
(String args[])
A main Class Example
Class name
public class Hello {
public static void main (String[] args) {

// Entry point to the program. Comments
// Write code here:
System.out.println ("Hello World!");
}
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é G example
Here you see a simple
r a bl of a class (Hello) that includes a main method. The main
r J osa message
method writes
n s fe to the console (“Hello World!”). This is called program output.
ga include
You can - a
trcomments that the compiler will ignore, by preceding the comment line with
d
E forward n
two noslashes: //
Output to the Console
• Syntax:
System.out.println (<some string value>);
String literal
• Example:
System.out.println ("This is my message."); a
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G rabl method to print a message to the console. Use double
Use the System.out.println
é
r J os to enclose
quotation marks
n s fe the text of the message (called a String literal).
d ga n-tra
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Fixing Syntax Errors
• If you have made a syntax error, the error message

appears in the Output panel.

• Common errors:
– Unrecognized word (check for case-sensitivity error)
– Missing semicolon
– Missing close
quotation mark
– Unmatched brace
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The Java Code Console
é G helps r a blyou out by using color coding. Keywords (such as class) are in
purple. String
J s are
oliterals s feshown in blue. When you click Run, it will attempt to compile your
code and
a r then run
t r a n
it. Syntax errors will be caught during compilation. The error message may
or g -
d notoben helpful in troubleshooting, so here are some common errors to avoid:
Emay n
• Unrecognized class (It may say “Cannot find symbol.”). This happens when you misspell
a method or class name, or if you get the case wrong. Remember, Java is case-
sensitive!
• Every Java statement must end with a semicolon. This example error is shown above in
line 5.
• An uneven number of symbols such as braces, brackets, and quotation marks will also
cause errors.
Exercise 3-2: Creating a main Method
In this practice, you manually enter a main method that prints a

message to the console.

• In the code editor, add the main method structure to the
ShoppingCart class.
• In the code block, use a System.out.println method
to print “Welcome to the Shopping Cart!”
• Click the Run button to test program.
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G youraseebla class called Hello. Within the braces that define the scope of
In the example above,
é
r J ossee the
the class, you
n s fe method. The method body is also surrounded by braces.
main
When
d g you
n ra Run button as indicated in the image on the right, the program is both
a click-tthe
E n(using
compiled o javac) and executed (using java).
The println statement results in the “Hello World!” string appearing in the Output tab.
Quiz
Which main method syntax is correct?

a. Public static void main (String[ ] args){ }

b. public Static void Main (String[ ] args){ }
c. public static void main (String ( ) args)[ ]
d. public static void main (String[ ] args){ }
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Answer: d
é G rab
J s fe be “public”, not “Public”.
o nIt sshould
• a is incorrect.
r tra Both “Static” and “Main” should begin with a lowercase letter.
• dgbais incorrect.
n -
E• c isnincorrect
o because there should be brackets following “String” and braces defining
the method scope.
• d is correct.
Summary

• Create a class using the Java Code Console

• Create (declare) a Java class
• Define a main method within a class
• Use System.out.println to write to the program
output
• Run a program in the Java Code Console
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Data in a Cart
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Objectives

• Describe the purpose of a variable in the Java language

• List and describe four data types
• Declare and initialize String variables
• Concatenate String variables with the '+' operator
• Make variable assignments
• Declare and initialize int and double variables
a
• Modify variable values by using numeric operators
) has
• Override default operator precedence using ( ) o m
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Topics
• Introducing variables
• Working with String variables

• Working with numbers
• Manipulating numeric data
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Variables
• A variable refers to something that can change.

– Variables can be initiated with a value.

– The value can be changed.
– A variable holds a specific type of data.
Variable
The value of the variable
The type of data name
a
String firstName = "Mary"; ) has
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A variable is simplyG l
a storageblocation
a in memory that holds a specific value. That value can
be changed o é r
byscopyingf(or
e “assigning”) a different value to that variable.
r J n s
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Variable Types
• Some of the types of values a variable can hold:

– String (example: "Hello")

– int (examples: -10, 0, 2, 10000)
– double (examples: 2.00, 99.99, -2042.09)
– boolean (true or false)
– If uninitialized, variables have a default value:
– String: null
– int: 0 a
– double: 0.0 ) has
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é G to hold
Variables are declared
r a bal specific type of data. Some of the more common types are:
• String:
r J osThisnisstext
fe data, such as “Hello”.
a This-tisrainteger data—positive or negative whole numbers.
• gint:
d
non These are positive or negative real numbers containing a decimal portion.
E• double:
• boolean: This data type has a value of either true or false.
Most variables that have not been initialized are given a default value. The default values for
String, int, double, and boolean are shown above. (Local variables are the exception.
You will learn about local variables in the lesson titled “Creating and Using Methods.”)
Notice that String begins with an uppercase letter, but the other types do not. You will learn
the reason for this later, when you also learn about some other data types.
Naming a Variable
Guidelines:
• Begin each variable with a lowercase letter. Subsequent

words should be capitalized:
– myVariable
• Names are case-sensitive.
• Names cannot include white space.
• Choose names that are mnemonic and that indicate to the
casual observer the intent of the variable. a
– outOfStock (a boolean) ) has
– itemDescription (a String) l ฺ c om ฺ
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Uses of Variables
• Holding data used within a method:

String name = "Sam" ;

double price = 12.35;
boolean outOfStock = true;
• Assigning the value of one variable to another:
String name = name1;
• Representing values within a mathematical expression:
total = quantity * price ; a
• Printing the values to the screen: ) has
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System.out.println(name);
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Variables are usedG
é extensively
r a blin the Java programming language for tasks such as:
• HoldingJ s used
odata s fewithin a method, such as the main method
r
a -tthe
• gAssigning
n
ra value of one variable to another. In the first example above, the name
d
E variable n
no is initialized with the value, “Sam”, and in the second example, its value is
changed to the value of name1 (unknown here).
• Representing values within a mathematical expression (* is the symbol for multiplication)
• Printing the values to the screen. For example, the same System.out.println
method that you used in the last exercise to print out the text literal, “Welcome to the
Shopping Cart”, can also be used to print out the value stored in the name variable.
Topics

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Variable Declaration and Initialization
• Syntax :
type identifier [= value];
Variable declared
• Examples:
String customer; Two variables
declared
String name, city;
Variable declared
String address = "123 Oak St"; and initialized as a
m )h
Two variables declared i l ฺ co eฺ
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and initialized g m G uid
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String country = "USA", state = h
d d tude
"CO";
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G and
The syntax for declaring
a l
binitializing a variable is:
é r
os n[=sfvalue];
e
J
type identifier
r
ga n-tra
where:
d
E• type norepresents the type of information or data held by the variable. In the examples
above, you see only String variable types declared.
• identifier is the variable name. In the first example above, the variable name is
customer.
• The second example shows how you can declare multiple variables of the same type on
a single line without initializing them. Notice that they are separated by a comma.
• You can either declare a variable without assigning an initial value (as you saw in the
first example) or you can initialize the variable at the same time you declare it (as shown
in the example that declares and initializes the address variable).
• The final example shows how to declare and initialize multiple variables of the same
type. Once again, each initialization is separated by a comma. Some of the multiple
variables declared on a single line can be initialized, whereas others are just declared.
String Concatenation
• String variables can be combined using the '+' operator.

– stringVariable1 + stringVariable2
– stringVariable1 + "String literal"
– stringVariable1 + "String literal" +
stringVariable2
• Example:
String greet1 = "Hello";
a
String greet2 = "World";
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String message = greet1 + " " + greet2 + "!";
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String message = greet1 + " " + greet2 + " " + a i +"!";
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Combining multipleG l “concatenation.” You can concatenate a String variable
Strings isbcalled
a
é
os nvariable.
to another String r
fe You can also concatenate a String literal to a String variable.
r J s
As you
d g acan see-tinrathe example above, you can concatenate any number of String variables
E String
and
nonliterals to achieve your goal.
You may find the last example surprising. You can also concatenate a number into a String
variable. The compiler converts the numeric value to its equivalent String value. If we were
to print the message variable after the last example, the output would be “Hello World 2014!”
String Concatenation Output
You can concatenate String variables within a method call:

System.out.println(message);
System.out.println(greet1 + " " + greet2 + "!");
Output:
Hello World!
a
has
Hello World!
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G yourasee
In the examples above,
é bl two variations of printing out String data by using the
r J os nsfemethod.
System.out.println
d n - ra
• gInathe firsttexample, the message variable that you saw in the previous slide will be
E printed.
no
• In the second example, the expression containing the concatenation of variables plus
String literals can be used within the method parentheses. The concatenation will be
completed by the runtime engine before the println method is executed.
• As you can see, the output of both method invocations is the same.
Exercise 4-1: Using String Variables
In this exercise, you declare, initialize, and concatenate

String variables and literals.
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• Open the Java
é GCoderConsole
a bl and access 04-Variables > Exercise1.
• Follow
r J othes instructions
n s fe below the code editor to declare and initialize variables, and also
d n - tra a string message. Print the message by using System.out.println.
gtoaconcatenate
E If you
Note: no need help, the solution for this exercise can be found by clicking the Solution link.
Quiz
Which of the following variable declarations and/or

initializations are correct?

a. int count = 5; quantity = 2;
b. string name, label;
c. boolean complete = "false";
d. boolean complete = true;
a
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Answer: d
é G rab
s
o because
• a is incorrect
J s fe each int declaration and assignment must be separated by a
r
a and n
tranot a semicolon.
d gcomma n -
E• b isnincorrect
o because String is not capitalized.
• c is incorrect because a boolean type variable does not hold String values. It holds
only true and false.
• d is correct.
Topics

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int and double Values
• int variables hold whole number values between:

– –2,147,483,648
– 2,147,483,647
– Examples: 2, 1343387, 1_343_387
• double variables hold larger values containing decimal

portions.
– Use when greater accuracy is needed. a
a s
– Examples: 987640059602230.7645 , -1111, 2.1E12
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• The int dataGtype stores
é r a bl 32 bits of data. This means that you can store whole numbers
r J osrange:
within the
n s fe
-2,145,483,648 and 2,147,483,647. You cannot use commas to make
the
g a number
- t r a
more readable when you assign a value to an int variable. However, you
Ed can
intnuse nunderscores (_) to make your code more readable, as shown in one of above
oexamples. The compiler ignores these underscores. If you print the number to
system output, the underscores will not appear. The only benefit of this is readability in
your code.
• The double data type stores 64 bits of data. This means that you can store extremely
large values—either negative or positive. The examples above show:
- An extremely large number with four decimal points of precision
- A negative whole number
- A decimal number using exponential notation
Initializing and Assigning Numeric Values
• int variables:
– int quantity = 10;

– int quantity = 5.5; Compilation fails!
• double variables:
– double price = 25.99;
Run time will
– double price = 75; a
interpret as 75.0. has
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Topics

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Standard Mathematical Operators
Purpose Operator Example Comments

Addition + sum = num1 + num2;

If num1 is 10 and num2
is 2, sum is 12.
Subtraction – diff = num1 –

num2;
If num1 is 10 and num2
is 2, diff is 8.
Multiplication * prod = num1 *
num2;
If num1 is 10 and num2 s a
is 2, prod is 20. )ha
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a0 returns
Division Division by
uid
/ quot = num1 /
an g m
error. G
num2;
@ nt
If num1 is 31 and num2 24The remainder
is 6, quot is 5. dh
d portion t u deis discarded.
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The table above assumes
é G rthat a blall operands and result variables are integers (int). Mixing
double andoint
J s types s e alter the results. For instance, in the division example, if the
fcan
quotient
a r
and dividend
t r a n (or if all three) are double values, the quotient would show the decimal
g -
Ed non
portion:
double quot, num1;
num1 = 31;
int num2 = 5;
quot = num1 / num2;
Answer: quot = 6.2
Increment and Decrement Operators (++ and --)
The long way:

age = age + 1;
or
count = count – 1;
The short way:

age++;
a
or
) has
count--;
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A common requirement
é a bl is to add or subtract 1 from the value of a variable. You
G inrprograms
r J osusingnthe
can do this by
s fe+ operator as follows:
age = a
d tra
g age n+ -1;
E no
Operator Precedence
Here is an example of the need for rules of precedence.

Is the answer to the following problem 34 or 9?

int c = 25 - 5 * 4 / 2 - 10 + 4;
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Operator Precedence
Rules of precedence:
1. Operators within a pair of parentheses

2. Increment and decrement operators (++ or --)
3. Multiplication and division operators, evaluated from left to
right
4. Addition and subtraction operators, evaluated from left to
right
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In a complex mathematical
é bl
G rastatement with multiple operators on the same line, how does the
computer pick
r J oswhichnoperator
s fe it should use first? To make mathematical operations
consistent,
g a the
-
Java
t r a programming language follows the standard mathematical rules for
Ed nprecedence.
operator on Operators are processed in the following order:
1. Operators within a pair of parentheses
2. Increment and decrement operators
3. Multiplication and division operators, evaluated from left to right
4. Addition and subtraction operators, evaluated from left to right
If standard mathematical operators of the same precedence appear successively in a
statement, the operators are evaluated from left to right.
Using Parentheses
Examples:
int c = (((25 - 5) * 4) / (2 - 10)) + 4;

int c = ((20 * 4) / (2 - 10)) + 4;
int c = (80 / (2 - 10)) + 4;
int c = (80 / -8) + 4;
int c = -10 + 4;
int c = -6;
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é r a bl
Gbe automatically
Your expression will evaluated with the rules of precedence. However, you
r J os nsfeto provide the structure you intend:

should use parentheses
int c a
d g n - t a 5) * 4) / (2 - 10)) + 4;
= (((25 r-
E c =n((20
int o * 4) / (2 - 10)) + 4;
int c = (80 / (2 - 10)) + 4;
int c = (80 / -8) + 4;
int c = -10 + 4;
int c = -6;
Exercise 4-2: Using and Manipulating Numbers
In this exercise, you declare, initialize, and concatenate

String variables and literals.
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• Open the Java
é GCoderConsole
a bl and access Lessons > 04-Variables > Exercise2
• Follow
n s fe below the code editor to:
d ga- Declare
n - tra and initialize two double variables to hold the price and the tax
E - noDeclare an int to hold the number of items the shopper wishes to purchase
- Declare another double variable, total, but do not initialize it yet
- Change the existing message variable to include the number of items desired
- Calculate the total cost and then print it with a suitable descriptive String
- Run the project
Note: If you need help, the solution for this exercise can be found by clicking the Solution link.
Quiz
Which of the following statements are correct Java code?

a. int count = 11.4;

b. double amount = 11.05;
c. int cost = 133_452_667;
d. double total = 1.05 * amount;
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Answer: b, c, d G a b
s é e r
• a is incorrect
r n sf the assignment of a decimal value to an int is a possible loss of
Jo abecause
a
gprecision tr therefore will not compile.
and
on-
E• d b isncorrect.
• c is correct because underscores can be used to make a number more readable.
• d is correct.
Quiz
Given:
String name = "Bob";

String msg;
int num = 3;
Which of the following statements correctly assigns the value
“Bob wrote 3 Java programs.” to the msg variable?
a. msg = name + " wrote " + num " Java programs.";
b. msg = name + " wrote " + 3 + " Java programs."; a
c. msg = "Bob wrote "+ (2+1) + " Java programs."; ) has
d. msg = name + " wrote " + 2+1 + " Java l ฺ c om ฺ
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Answer: b, c
é G rab
J s
o because
• a is incorrect s fe it is missing a + sign between the num variable and the final
r tra
a -literal. n
d gStringn
E• b isncorrect
o because the compiler converts the int of value 3 to a String.
• c is correct because, due to the use of parentheses, the addition operation is performed
first, before the concatenation.
• d is incorrect because it would result in “Bob wrote 21 Java programs.” The compiler
converts each number to a String separately and concatenates them together.
Summary

• Describe the purpose of a variable in the Java language

• List and describe four data types
• Declare and initialize String variables
• Concatenate String variables with the '+' operator
• Make variable assignments
• Declare and initialize int and double variables
a
• Modify numeric values by using operators
) has
• Override default operator precedence using ( )
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Managing Multiple Items
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Objectives

• Explain what a boolean expression is

• Create a simple if/else statement
• Describe the purpose of an array
• Declare and initialize a String or int array
• Access the elements of an array
• Explain the purpose of a for loop
a
• Iterate through a String array using a for loop
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Java SE8 Fundamentals 5 - 2

Topics
• Working with conditions

• Working with an array of items

• Processing an array of items
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Making Decisions
Which way
shall I go?
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In your daily life, you Ghavertoabmake l a lot of decisions, and you often use the word “if” with
é
Joswhen
some condition
the left,aIrwill turnra n
left,
fe those decisions. For example, “If I can see my destination on
making
sotherwise I’ll turn right.”
g - t
Ed of the
One n n that programs often perform is to evaluate a condition and, depending on the
otasks
result, execute different blocks or branches of code. This is called conditional logic, and it is
handled through the use of an if/else statement.

The if/else Statement
boolean expression
if ( <some condition is true> ) {

// do something if block
}
else {
// do something different else block
}
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The if/else statement
é G israone bl way of branching your code depending upon some condition.
r J osJavankeywords,
It uses the two
s fe if and else.
d n - tra is true, execute the code within the if block.
• gIfasome condition
E• Else, noif that condition is false, execute the code in the else block.
The condition to be evaluated is surrounded by parentheses. It is referred to as a boolean
expression because it must evaluate to either true or false.

Boolean Expressions
Review:
• boolean data type has only two possible values:

– true
– false
A boolean expression is a combination of variables, values,

and operators that evaluate to true or false.
• length > 10; a
) has
• size <= maxSize;
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• total == (cost * price); ai ide
@ gm t Gu
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Relational operators d h t u d
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G radata
Remember that a boolean
é bl type can have only two possible values: true and false.
In the sameJo s a boolean
way, s fe expression, made up of some combination of variables, values
r n
tra also evaluate to either true or false.
ga n-must
and operators,
d
E usually
This no involves a special kind of operator called a relational operator. Several of these
are used in the three examples above:
• Greater than ( > )
• Less than or equal to ( <= )
• Equal to ( == ). In the example above, the result of cost * price is compared to the
value of total. If they are equal, the entire expression evaluates to true.

Relational Operators
Condition Operator Example

Is equal to == int i=1;

(i == 1)
Is not equal to != int i=2;

(i != 1)
Is less than < int i=0;

(i < 1)
Is less than or equal <= int i=1;

to (i <= 1)
s a
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Is greater than > int i=2;
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(i > 1)
a i l ฺ
Is greater than or >= int i=1; gm
G uid
equal to (i >=
2 4 @1) n t
hd Stud e
( e d
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án use
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e llist
ucomplete e of relational operators. The table lists the different
Here you see a more G
é testfby a b
conditions you
J o scan s erusing relational operators. The result of all relational operators is a
boolean
g a rvalue. All
- t r aofnthe examples in the table yield a boolean result of true.
Ed Thenoequal
Note: n sign (=) is used to make an assignment, whereas the == sign merely makes
a comparison and returns a boolean.

Examples
Sometimes there is a quicker way to meet your objective.

boolean expressions can be used in many ways.

24 int attendees = 4;
25 boolean largeVenue;
26
27 // if statement example
28 if (attendees >= 5){
29 largeVenue = true;
30 } Assign a boolean by
using an if a
31
32
else {
largeVenue = false; statement. ) h
as
33 } l ฺ c om ฺ
34 m ai ide
g tthe
Assign G u
boolean
35 // same outcome with less code 4 @
36 largeVenue = (attendees >= h d 2 directly
5); u d en from the
( e d S t boolean expression.
e z t h is
d
án use
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In the slide above, G
e le of two different ways to set the largeVenue boolean
youusee examples
é r a b
value: s e
sfif statement tests the value of the attendees variable. If it is
r Jo28–33,
• gInalines a n
Ed greater o n -tr an
than 5, largeVenue is set to true; otherwise it is set to false.
n
• In line 36, the same outcome is achieved with one line of code. The result of the same
boolean expression that was evaluated in the if statement (attendees >=5) is
directly assigned to the largeVenue boolean.

Exercise 5-1: Using if Statements
In this exercise, you use an if and an if/else statement:

• Declare a boolean, outOfStock.

• if quantity > 1
– Change the message variable to indicate plural
• if/else:
– if item is out of stock:
— Inform the user that the item is unavailable
– else a
Print the message
—
) has
Print the total cost l ฺ c om ฺ
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• Open the Java
é a bl and access Lessons > 05-ConditionsArraysLoops >
GCoderConsole
r J os nsfe
Exercise1.
• gFollow a
a the-trinstructions below the code editor to write two if statements in the main
d
E method. n
no
Note: If you need help, the solution for this exercise can be found by clicking the Solution link.

Quiz
What is the purpose of the else block in an if/else

statement?
a. To contain the remainder of the code for a method
b. To contain code that is executed when the expression in
an if statement is false
c. To test if an expression is false
a
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Topics


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What If There Are Multiple Items

in the Shopping Cart?
01 // Without an array Not realistic if

02 String itemDesc1 = "Shirt"; 100s of items!
03 String itemDesc2 = "Trousers";
04 String itemDesc3 = "Scarf";
05 Much better!
06 // Using an array
07 String[] items = {"Shirt","Trousers","Scarf"};
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Think about how your
é bl look if there were multiple items in the shopping cart. You
G coderawould
would have to
r J osinitialize
n s e item description separately. Imagine if you had a thousand items!
feach
d gacontinued
As you
n - trato build out this shopping cart application, the amount of code needed to
E each
handle n o item individually would not only be time-consuming, but would make your code
hard to read and difficult to maintain.
The code example above shows a better alternative that we will explore now: the array.

Introduction to Arrays
• An array is an indexed container that holds a set of values

of a single type.
• Each item in an array is called an element.
• Each element is accessed by its numerical index.
• The index of the first element is 0 (zero).
– A four-element array has indices: 0, 1, 2, 3.
0 1 2 3 s a
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é G that
The array is a container
r a bl a set of String values, or a set of int values, or a set of
holds
r J os andnso
double values,
s fe
on.
ga n-(items)
The elements
d tra of the array are accessed through a numeric index. Using this index,
E can nsetoor get a value from a specific element.
you

Array Examples
Array of int types

27 12 82 70 54 1 30 34
Array of String types
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Gdatartype,
Arrays can be of any
é a bl but all elements have to share the same type.
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Array Indices and Length

The ages array has eight elements.
First Element
index at index 5
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Indices
27 12 82 70 54 1
1 30 34
s a
Array length is 8.
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G raobject
• An array is a container
é bl that holds a fixed number of values of a single type. The
r J osan array
length of
n s fise established when the array is created. After creation, the length of
gan
a array
- t r a changed.
cannot be
E• d Each
n n in an array is called an element, and each element is accessed by its
oitem
numerical index. As shown in the diagram above, index numbering begins with 0. For
example, the eighth element would be accessed at index 7.
• The length of an array can be accessed using dot notation to access the length field.
Assuming that the array in the diagram is called ages, you can determine how many
elements are in the array by using:
int agesLength = ages.length;

Declaring and Initializing an Array
• Syntax:
type[] arrayIdentifier = {comma-separated list of values};
• Declare arrays of types String and int:

String[] names = {"Mary", "Bob", "Carlos"};
int[] ages = {25, 27, 48};
All in one
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é Gthe syntax
In this slide, you see
r a bl and an example of how to declare the array and initialize the
s sfthat
values. (Thisoassumes
J e you know at this time what the values will be).
r a n
a for-trdeclaring
• gSyntax an array:
d
E type n
no [] arrayIdentifier = {comma-separated list of values};
- Note: Another acceptable syntax is: type arrayIdentifier[] = {comma-
separated list of values};
where:
• type represents the data type for each of the values stored in the array
• [ ] informs the compiler that you are declaring an array
• arrayIdentifier is the variable name that you use when you refer to the array
• You can list as many values as you need. Separate the values with a comma.

Declaring and Initializing an Array
• Examples:
1 int[] ages = new int[3];

2 ages[0] = 19; Multistep
3 ages[1] = 42; approach
4 ages[2] = 92;
5
6 String[] names = new String[3];
Multistep
7 names[0] = "Mary";
approach
8 names[1] = "Bob";
s a
9 names[2] = "Carlos"; )ha
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In this example, theG
é
int array,
r a blages, is instantiated with a size of 3 on line 1. The creation of
the array uses
r J osthe new n s e
fkeyword. You will learn much more about the purpose of this keyword
in the lesson
g a titled
- t r a“Describing Objects and Classes.”
Edlinesn2 othrough
On n 4, the elements of the ages array are initialized.
Likewise, on line 6, the String array, names, is instantiated with a size of 3, and its elements
are initialized on lines 7 through 9.

Accessing Array Elements
• Get values from the ages array:

int[] ages = {25, 27, 48};
int myAge = ages[0];

int yourAge = ages[1];
System.out.println("My age is " + ages[0]);
• Set values from the names array:

String[] names = {"Mary", "Bob", "Carlos"}; s a
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Elements of the array
é a bl by referencing the index of that element. For example:
G are raccessed
• To get
r J othes value
n s fe the first element of the ages array, use ages[0].
from
• gTo
d n ra from the second element of the ages array, use ages[1].
a get the-tvalue
E• Youncano directly use the value of an array element in an expression by using the same
syntax. In the third example, you see ages[0] referenced directly when calling
System.out.println.
• To set a value in the first element of the names array, use names[0] = "some
value".

Exercise 5-2: Using an Array
In this exercise, you declare and initialize a String array to

hold names. Then you experiment with accessing the array:

• Declare a String array, names, and initialize it with four
String values.
• Print the number of items the customer wants to buy.
• Print one of the array elements.
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• Open the Java
é a bl and access Lessons > 05-ConditionsLoopsArrays >
GCoderConsole
r J os nsfe
Exercise2
d n - tra
• gInathe ShoppingCart class, follow the instructions below the code editor to:
E - noDeclare and initialize a String array to hold four distinct String values.
- Change the message variable to reflect not only the customer name, but a
message that includes the number of items the customer wants to purchase. (Hint:
Use the length property of the array.)
- Print the message.
- Print the third element of the names array.
- Run the file.
- Change the element index number in the print statement to 4 and run the file
again. You will get an error. Why?
Note: If you need help, the solution for this exercise can be found by the clicking the Solution
link.

Quiz
Why does the following code not compile? Select all that apply.
int[] lengths = {2, 4, 3.5, 0, 40.04};

a. lengths cannot be used as an array identifier.
b. All of the element values should have the same format (all
using double values, or all using int values).
c. The array was declared to hold int values. double
values are not allowed.
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Answer: c
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a is incorrect s
obecause s fe is a perfectly valid array identifier.
a r a n lengths
g nbecause
b isdincorrect
E o -tr it implies that this array could contain elements of type double.
n
c is correct.

Quiz
Given the following array declaration, which of the following

statements are true?

int[] classSize = {5, 8, 0, 14, 194};
a. classSize[0] is the reference to the first element in the
array.
b. classSize[5] is the reference to the last element in the
array.
c. There are 5 integers in the classSize array. a
s
d. classSize.length = 5 ) ha
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Answer: a, c, d G a b
s é e r
a r Jo ansf
a is correct.
b isdincorrect
E o -tr the array index begins with 0. Thus, the index for the last element is
g nbecause
one lessn than the total number of elements.
c is correct.
d is correct.

Topics


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Loops
Loops are used in programs to repeat blocks of statements

• Until an expression is false

or
• For a specific number of times:
– I want to print each element of an array.
– I want to print each element of an ArrayList. (The
ArrayList class is covered in the lesson titled “Working
with Arrays, Loops, and Dates.”
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Processing a String Array
Loop accesses each

element in turn.
names array of String types
George Jill Xinyi Ravi
Each iteration
returns the next
for (String name : names ) { element of the
System.out.println("Name is " + name); array.
}
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Gis: rabl
The for loop syntax
é
for J
r os ns<variable>
(<type> fe : <array name>) {
g a tr a
Ed } non-
<code_block to be performed for each array element>
where:
• for indicates that a loop is being defined
• <type> is the data type of each of the elements within the array
• <variable> is a placeholder used to store each element of an array
• : indicates that the object reference that follows is an array
• <array name> is the array, whose length determines the number of iterations to
perform
• code_block is the code that will be executed in each iteration of the loop
In the example above, there are four elements in the names array. Therefore, the code block
will be executed four times. Each time, the name variable holds a different array element.

Using break with Loops
break example:
01 int passmark = 12;

02 boolean passed = false;
03 int[] scores = {4,6,2,8,12,35,9};
04 for (int unitScore : scores){
05 if (unitScore >= 12){ No need to go
06 passed = true; through the loop
07 break; again, so use break.
08 }
09 } a
10 System.out.println("At least one passed? " +passed);has
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Occasionally, someG l that makes it unnecessary to continue the loop. The
conditionboccurs
a
break keyword é
s enables r
feyou to do this. When break is encountered, the program execution
movesa Jofirst
tor the n s
a code outside the for block.
line of
g - t r
E• d Thenexample
on in the slide shows the use of break. You will notice that it uses an if
statement within the for block. This if statement is executed on each iteration of the
loop.
• Assuming that the purpose of the code is to find out whether any of the scores in the
array are equal or above the passmark, you can set passed to true and jump out of
the loop as soon as the first such score is found.
• When break is called on line 7, execution of the program skips to line 10.

Exercise 5-3: Using a Loop to Process an Array
In this exercise, you loop through an array called itemPrices

to print a message indicating each item price.
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• Open the Java
é a bl and access Lessons > 05-ConditionsLoopsArrays >
GCoderConsole
r J os nsfe
Exercise3
• gFollow a
a the-trinstructions below the code editor to process the itemPrices array.
d
E If you n
Note: no need help, the solution for this exercise can be found by clicking the Solution link.

Quiz
Given the following code,

int[] sizes = {4, 18, 5, 20};

for (int size : sizes){
if (size > 16){break;}
System.out.println("Size: "+size + ", ");
}
which option below shows the correct output?
a. Size: 4,
a
b. Size: 4
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Answer: a
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a is correct.
s
o nsfe
r
ga nbecausetra the comma appears within each println method.
b isdincorrect -
E no because when the first size greater than 16 is found, the loop breaks and does
c is incorrect
not return.
d is incorrect because the first iteration of the loop would print.

Summary

• Use a boolean expression

• Create a simple if/else block
• Describe the purpose of an array
• Declare and initialize a String or int array
• Access the elements of an array
• Explain the purpose of a for loop
a
• Iterate through a String Array using a for loop
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Play Time!
Play Basic Puzzles 1 through 5 before the lesson titled

“Describing Objects and Classes.”

Your Goal: Design a solution that deflects the ball to Duke.
Consider the following:
What happens when you put a triangle wall or simple wall icon on
the blue wheel?
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é r a bl Basic Puzzle 5. Puzzles beyond Basic.05 are associated
You are welcome toGplay beyond
r J os nsfe
with later lessons.
d ga n-tra
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About Java Puzzle Ball
• It is used throughout the course.

• Play a set of puzzles.

• Become familiar with the game mechanics.
• Consider a question as you play.
• The lesson titled “Describing Objects and Classes”
debriefs on what you have observed.
• Apply your observations to understand Java concepts.
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G rathe
At certain points throughout
é bl course, you will be asked to play levels of Java Puzzle Ball.
s Java
The game reflects
Jothese s feconcepts through game mechanics. It's more important to become
r
familiarawith
t r a n
mechanics than it is to solve every puzzle. Don't worry if the connection
g
d game
between -
n mechanics and Java concepts is not immediately apparent. You will debrief in
E n o
future slides and realize the connection during this debriefing. As you develop an
understanding for how the game works, you will be able to apply what you have learned as a
foundation for understanding difficult Java concepts.

Tips
• You must have Java 8 installed to run the game.

• The game may perform better on your personal machine.
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Describing Objects and Classes
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Interactive Quizzes
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Before you start today’s
é G lessons,
r a bltest your knowledge by answering some quiz questions that
r J osthe links
relate to yesterday’s
n s fe Open your quiz file from labs > Quizzes > Java SE 8 Fundamentals
lessons.
Quiz.html.
g a Click
- t r a for Lessons 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Ed non
Objectives

• List the characteristics of an object

• Define an object as an instance of a class
• Instantiate an object and access its fields and methods
• Describe how objects are stored in memory
• Instantiate an array of objects
• Describe how an array of objects is stored in memory
a
• Declare and instantiate an object as a field
) has
• Use the NetBeans IDE to create and test Java classes o m
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Topics
• Describing objects and classes

• Defining fields and methods

• Declaring, instantiating, and using objects
• Working with object references
• Doing more with arrays
• Introducing NetBeans IDE
• Introducing the soccer league use case
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Java Puzzle Ball
Have you played Basic Puzzle 5?


What happens when you put a triangle wall or simple wall icon on
the blue wheel?
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Java Puzzle Ball Debrief
What happens when you put a triangle wall or simple wall icon
on a blue wheel?
• A wall appears on every instance of a blue bumper
object.
• Walls give bumpers behaviors that deflect and interact
with the ball.
• All blue bumper instances share these same behaviors.
s a
instance
)h a
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A blue bumper is anG object, and
a l instance of these objects will share the same behavior for
bevery
interacting with é
osthe ball. r
fe behaviors may include deflection via triangle or the simple wall.
These
r J n s
d ga n-tra
E no
Object-Oriented Programming
• Interaction of objects
• No prescribed sequence
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G rabefore
You have seen this diagram
é bl in the “What Is a Java Program?” lesson. The diagram
teachesayour Jhows toaidentify
n sfe theprogramming
illustrates howoobject-oriented stresses the interaction of objects. The current lesson
objects that are required for the application that you would like to
dgYou first
build.
E o n -tr what the objects are, you determine the object’s characteristics or
identify
properties,nand then you determine the object’s behaviors or operations. You then translate that
analysis into Java code to create your application. It is time to learn more about objects.
Duke’s Choice Order Process

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In the first five lessons,
é r a bl mention a shopping cart class that contains items. Take
G the exercises
another look at
r J osthe shopping
n s fe cart scenario.
Imagine
g aan online- t a called Duke’s Choice. His number one shopper is his mother, Mrs. Duke.
rstore
d
EMrs. Duke n
As
no shops, she places items in a shopping cart. Mrs. Duke likes shirts, so she places
shirts in her cart. After she fills the cart, she checks out. The checkout process applies the
purchase to a credit card, which is verified, and then Mrs. Duke receives an order number so that
she can track her order or return it.
As a software developer, when you are presented with a scenario such as Duke’s Choice for an
application that you need to develop, you can analyze the scenario by breaking it into steps and
defining the objects of the scenario.
Characteristics of Objects
Objects are physical or conceptual.

• Objects have properties:

– Size
– Shape
– Name
– Color
Mrs. Duke
• Objects have behaviors: Color property value is red
– Shop
s a
– Put item in cart )ha
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– Pay i l ฺ
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To validate objects inGa problem
a l
bdomain, such as the Duke’s Choice order process, you identify
é
the propertiesoofsall objects:
fe r
r J n s
d a can
• Objects
gconceptual
n - rbea physical or conceptual. A customer’s credit card account is an example of a
tobject,
E no because it is not something you can physically touch. A shirt is an
example of a physical object.
• Objects have properties (attributes) such as size, name, and shape that represent the state
of the object. For example, a person has a name (Mrs. Duke), and an object might have a
color property. The value of all of an object’s properties is often referred to as the object’s
current state. An object might have a color property with the value of red and a size property
with a value of large.
• Objects also have behaviors (things they can do) such as, in our example, shop, put an item
in the cart, and purchase.
Classes and Instances
• A class:
– Is a blueprint or recipe for an object

– Describes an object’s properties and behaviors
– Is used to create object instances
Object instances
Class a
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You just learned about G someraofbthe l objects, characteristics, and behaviors in the Duke’s Choice
scenario. Here ois é
s sfe
an example of one of Duke’s Choice objects, the Customer, and its function in
the store.
a J
rCustomer anis the class, and a class is a blueprint or recipe for an object. The class
g - t r
Ed non
describes an object’s properties and behaviors.
Classes are used to create object instances, such as the three Customer object instances, as
illustrated by the three images.
Quiz
Which of the following statements is true?

a. An object is a blueprint for a class.

b. An object and a class are exactly the same.
c. An object is an instance of a class.
d. A class is an instance of an object.
a
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Answer: c
é G rabl
• a is false
J s safeclass is a blueprint for an object.
obecause
• g a
b is
r
- t r an an object is an instantiation of a class, and a class
false because
Ed serves
noasn a blueprint for the object.
• c is correct.
• d is false because an object is an instance of a class.
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You have just learned
é bl classes, and their characteristics (properties and behaviors).
Gaboutraobjects,
Now it is timeotoslook at fields
fe and methods.
r J n s
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The Customer Properties and Behaviors

Properties: Behaviors:
• Name • Shop
a
• Address • Set Address
) has
• Age • Add item to cart
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• Order number • Ask for a discount
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• Customer number 2 dendetails
• Displaydcustomer
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G ueand behaviors
Think of some properties b le that are in the Customer class of Duke’s Choice. Think
about how you sé write
would f a
r information as a Java class.
ethis
J o
r tran s
g a
Ed non-
The Components of a Class

Class declaration
1 public class Customer {

2 public String name = "Junior Duke";
Fields
3 public int custID = 1205; (Properties)
4 public String address; (Attributes)
5 public int orderNum;
6 public int age;
7
8 public void displayCustomer(){ Methods
9 System.out.println("Customer: "+name); (Behaviors)
s a
10 }
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11 } m
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In the previous slide,G
you haveb
a l
identified some properties and behaviors that might be in the
Customer class.
o é
s sfe
This coder example demonstrates how the properties and methods are created
J n
r basictracomponents
in Java.aThe of a Java class are:
g -
E• d Thenclass
on declaration. Notice that the entire class is surrounded by braces.
• Fields of the class. These represent the properties or attributes of the class.
• Methods of the class. These represent the behaviors or operations. Here you see just one
method, displayCustomer.
Note: In the code example above, the word “public” is a modifier, and you learn about
modifiers later in the course.
Modeling Properties and Behaviors

Customer class Class name

name
address
billing info Fields
age
customer number
order number
requestDiscount()
Methods
setAddress()
s a
shop()
displayCustomer() )ha
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G raitbisl often helpful to create a simple model that describes the
As you design an application,
é
components of
r J osainclass.
n sInfethe table above, the class name is listed at the top. The properties or
fields are
g a listed
- t r a
the second row, and the behaviors, or methods, are listed in the third row. If you
E d on
compare this modeling in terms of language, you can think of the class as a noun, the properties
n
or fields as adjectives, and the behaviors or methods as verbs.
Exercise 6-1: Creating the Item Class
In this exercise, you create the Item class and declare public
fields for ID (int), descr, quantity (int), and price (double).
s a
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• In the Java Code
é G Console,
r a blaccess Lessons > 06-Objects > Exercise1.
• Follow the
r J osinstructions
n s fe below the code editor to create the Item class and declare public
fields
gItem a descr, quantity (int), and price (double). You will not be able to test the
a for ID-tr(int),
d
E no n
class until Exercise 6-2.
• If you need help, click the Solution link. To go back to your code, click the Exercise link
again. Any changes that you have made will have been saved.
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Customer Instances
customer01
customer02
public static void main(String[] args){
Customer customer01 = new Customer(); Create new instances

Customer customer02 = new Customer();
(instantiate).
s a
customer01.age = 40;
Fields are accessed. ) h
a
customer02.name = "Duke";
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customer01.displayCustomer();
Methods gare called.
G u
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customer02.displayCustomer();
h d 2
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}
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In the code example,G
é r a bl
two new instances of the Customer object called customer01 and
customer02o
J s sfe
are created. (Another term for created is “instantiated.”) After the objects are
n variables customer01 and customer02 can be used to access fields
gar nof-the
instantiated, the reference
anddmethods traobjects. The next two slides explain variations on instantiation, and the dot
E n o
operator. There is more information on methods in the lesson titled “Creating and Using Methods.”
Object Instances and Instantiation Syntax

variable becomes a reference
to that object.
The new keyword creates
(instantiates) a new instance.
The syntax is:

<class name> variable = new <class name>()
Customer customer01 = new Customer(); //Declare and instantiate
Customer customer02; //Declare the reference

customer02 = new Customer(); //Then instantiate
s a
new Customer(); //Instantiation without a reference
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//We can’t use this object later m
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//without knowing how to reference it.
}
@ ntg
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G raanew
By using the new keyword,
é bl instance of the class is now available to be accessed through
r J os stores
the variable, which
n s fea reference to that object. It can be referred to as a reference variable or
d a -tra
an object reference.
gthat,
E nofollowing
Notice n the new keyword, you see the class name followed by parentheses. This
looks similar to calling a method, doesn’t it? You are calling a method—the constructor method
of the Customer class. Every class has a constructor method that has the same name as the
class. Constructors are covered in more detail in the lesson titled “Creating and Using Methods.”
To summarize, there are three steps to getting an object reference:
1. Declare the reference.
2. Instantiate the object using the new keyword and the class constructor method.
3. Assign the object to the reference.
Note that the way that the assignment operator (an = symbol) works requires that the reference
and the newly created object must be in the same statement. (Statements are ended with the
semicolon symbol and are not the same as lines. The end of a line means nothing to the Java
compiler; it only helps make the code more readable.)
The Dot (.) Operator
Follow the reference variable with a dot operator (.) to access

the fields and methods of an object.
Customer class
Customer customer01 = new Customer();
name
address //Accessing fields
billing info
System.out.println(customer01.name);
age
customer01.age = 40; a
as
customer number
order number
) h
requestDiscount()
//Calling methods
customer01.requestDiscount(); ilฺc
om ฺ
setAddress()
customer01.displayCustomer(); g ma Guide
shop()
}
2 4 @ nt
displayCustomer()
}
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Objects with Another Object as a Property
Customer class Cart class

customer number Item[]

*cart date
name total
address
billing info
order number
addItem()
requestDiscount() checkOut()
setAddress() cancel()
shop()
displayCustomer()
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public static void main(String[] args){ m
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Customer customer01 = new Customer(); g ma Guid
//How to 4
2 @ methodsn t of an
customer01.cart.cancel();
hd within
access
e
ud another object
( e d
//object
S t
}
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Oracle and/ortits
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So far you have seen G ue with
objects b leproperties such as boolean, int, double, and String. What
if you wanted o é fproperty
ansobject’s
a
er to be another object with its own set of properties and
behaviors, J
r such as an s
costumer with a cart property? That way, an instance of a Customer would
aproperties
have g
d ona
access to - t
the
r and behaviors found in a Cart. This would enable the customer to
E n
add items to the cart and then checkOut (purchase) the cart. Can this be done? The answer is
yes.
You can access fields and methods of objects within another object by applying the dot operator
multiple times.
Note: A best practice is to use attribute and operation names that clearly describe the attribute or
operation. The asterisk (*) denotes an attribute that is a reference to another object.
Quiz
Which of the following lines of code instantiates a Boat object

and assigns it to a sailBoat object reference?

a. Boat sailBoat = new Boat();
b. Boat sailBoat;
c. Boat = new Boat()
d. Boat sailBoat = Boat();
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Answer: a
é G rabl
r J os nsfe
d ga n-tra
E no
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Accessing Objects by Using a Reference

The camera is like the object that is

accessed using a reference.
a
The remote is like the reference
) has
used to access the camera.
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What you have learned
é bl point is:
G up torathis
• Objects o
J s accessed
are s fe using references.
• g
r a n
a are-trinstantiated
Objects objects of their class type.
d
E• Objectso n
n consist of properties and operations, which in Java are fields and methods.
To work with an object, you need to access it using a reference. A good analogy is using a remote
control to operate an electronic device. The buttons on the remote control can be used to modify
the behavior of the device (in this case, a camera). For example, you can make the camera stop,
play, or record by interacting with the remote.
Working with Object References
1 1
Pick up the remote to gain Create a Camera object and
access to the camera. get a reference to it.
11 Camera remote1;
12
13 remote1 = new Camera();
14
15 remove1.play();
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Press the remote’s controls Call a method to g havet the
G u
4 @
to have camera do something. Camera
h d 2object
u d en
do something.
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Consider the analogyGof using a a l
bremote control to operate an electronic device. To operate an
é r
os withnasremote,
electronic device fe you need to:
r J
1. Pick
d ra (and possibly turn it on)
ga up nthe-tremote
E2. Pressnoa button on the remote to do something on the camera
Similarly, to do something with a Java object, you need to:
1. Get its “remote” (called a reference)
2. Press its “buttons” (called methods)

remote1 remote2
12 Camera remote1 = new Camera(); s a

13 There are two
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14 Camera remote2 = new Camera(); Camera objects. m
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15
16 remote1.play(); g ma Guid
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18 remote2.play(); d h d tude
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There are two camera
é Gobjectsr a blthis example. Each camera has its own unique remote. remote2
in
r J osremote1’s
will not work on
n s fecamera, and remote1 will not work on remote2’s camera. This reflects
how in Java,
g a two
- t r a objects can be instantiated with their own unique references. These
different
Ed non
references can be used to call methods on their respective objects.
There is only one

Camera object.
remote2
12 Camera remote1 = new Camera();
13
14 Camera remote2 = remote1;
15
16 remote1.play();
17
remote1 18 remote2.stop(); a
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The diagram shows G
é r a bl aspect of how references work. In this example, a Camera
another important
object is created
J o s sfe
and its reference assigned to a Camera reference, remote1. This reference is
garCamera
then assigned an Camera reference, remote2. Now both references are associated with
to another
- t r
the d
same n object, and methods called on either reference will affect the same Camera
E n o
object. Calling remote1.play is no different than calling remote2.play. Both remotes operate
the same camera.
References to Different Objects

Television
Camcorder
Television a
remote a s
Camcorder
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remote
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To extend the analogy
é bl further, to work with a different type of object (for example, a
Gjust aralittle
correct a r
type Jforosthe
television), you
n fe for that object. In the Java world, you need a reference of the
need a remote
s
a that you are referencing.
object
g - t r
Edcan ignore
You
n on the fact that there is such a thing as a universal remote controller, although later in
the course you will discover that Java also has the concept of references that are not limited to a
single object type! For the moment, let’s just say that a reference of the same type as the object is
one of the reference types that can be used, and is a good place to start exploring the world of
Java objects.
References to Different Objects
Reference type
Reference variable
Create a new object.
6 Camera remote1 = new Camera();

7 remote1.menu();
8
9 TV remote2 = new TV();
10 remote2.menu();
11
a
has
13 myShirt.display(); )
14
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15 Trousers myTrousers = new Trousers(); m ai ide
16 myTrousers.display(); @ g t Gu
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remote1 referencesG l
a Camerabobject.
a
é r
os nasTVfeobject.
remote2 references
r J
d
myShirt
n tra a Shirt object.
ga references
-
E no references a Trousers object.
myTrousers
References and Objects in Memory
12 int counter = 10;


Stack 0x034009 Heap

12 shirtID
15.99 price
B colorCode
counter s a
10
0x99f311
) ha
myShirt 0x034009 12 shirtID
c m
o ฺ
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yourShirt 0x99f311
15.99 price
g m a
u i de
B colorCode
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This diagram showsG
é r a bl point to a particular object in memory. Note that there are two
how references
J o s sfe
objects in memory, although they are both of type Shirt. Also note that there are two Shirt
references
g a r pointing
- t r atonthese two Shirt objects.
Eddiagram
The
n n shows two types of memory that Java uses: the stack and the heap. The stack
oalso
holds local variables, either primitives or reference types, whereas the heap holds objects. Later in
this course, you will learn a little more about local variables, but for now it is sufficient to know that
local variables are not fields of an object.
Assigning a Reference to Another Reference

myShirt = yourShirt;
0x034009
12
15.99
B
counter s a
10
0x99f311
) ha
myShirt 0x99f311 12 shirtID
c m
o ฺ
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yourShirt 0x99f311
15.99 price
g m a
u i de
B colorCode
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The diagram shows G
é
what happens
r a bl if the myShirt reference, after having its own object (in the
previous slide),
J o s sfe the reference yourShirt. When this happens, the myShirt
is now assigned
itsncurrent object and be reassigned to the same object that yourShirt has.
gar two
reference will drop a
As adresult, n - t r
references, myShirt and yourShirt, now point to the same object. Any
E n o
changes to the object made by using one reference can be accessed using the other reference,
and vice versa.
Another effect of assigning the reference yourShirt to the reference myShirt is that if the
previous object referred to by myShirt has no other references, it will now be inaccessible. In
due course, it will be garbage collected, meaning that its memory will become available to store
other objects.
Two References, One Object
Code fragment:

14
15 myShirt = yourShirt; //The old myShirt object is
16 //no longer referenced
17 myShirt.colorCode = 'R';
18 yourShirt.colorCode = 'G';
19
20 System.out.println("Shirt color: “ + myShirt.colorCode);
s a
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Output from code fragment:
g ma Guide
2 4 @ nt
Shirt color: G
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This example now shows G what a l
bhappens if you use either reference to make a change or get a
é
s sfe
value from theoobject. r
References yourShirt and myShirt refer to the same object, so making
a changea J
ror getting aanold
field value by using one reference is exactly the same as doing it with the
g - t r
Ed non
other reference. The object that was previously referenced by myShirt goes away.
Exercise 6-2: Modify the ShoppingCart to Use

Item Fields
• In this exercise, you:
– Declare and instantiate two variables of type Item in the

ShoppingCart class
– Experiment with accessing properties and calling methods
on the object
a
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• In the Java Code
é G Console,
r a blaccess Lessons > 06-ObjectsClasses > Exercise2.
r J osinstructions
• Follow the
d g-a Declare
n - traand instantiate two variables of type Item.
E - nInitialize
o only the desc field.
- Use different values for each object.
- Display the description of each object.
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Arrays Are Objects
Arrays are handled by an implicit Array object.

• The Array variable is an object reference, not a primitive

data type.
• It must be instantiated, just like other objects.
– Example: This array
int[] ages = new int[4]; can hold four
elements.
• Previously, you have been using a shortcut to instantiate a

your arrays. ) has
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– Example: i l ฺ
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An array is actually an
é bl and is handled implicitly through a class called Array (not
Gobjectratype
available in the
J o s sfe
Java API documentation). Therefore, like other object types (String is an
exception)
g a - aninstantiated using the new keyword.
r it musttrbe
E• d In thenotopn example, an int array called ages is declared and instantiated with a capacity to
hold four elements.
Declaring, Instantiating, and Initializing

Arrays
All in one
• Examples: line
1 String[] names = {"Mary","Bob","Carlos"};

2
3 int[] ages = new int[3];
4 ages[0] = 19; Multistep
5 ages[1] = 42; approach
6 ages[2] = 92;
• Not permitted (compiler will show an error): s a

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As introduced in the G
é lesson titled
r a bl“Managing Multiple Items,” there are two approaches for creating
s Using
and initializingoarrays.
J s fe the new keyword allows you to declare and instantiate an array of a
particular
a rsize and
t r a n
initialize it at a later time.
g -
Ed non
Storing Arrays in Memory

int age = 35;

int[] ages = {19, 42, 92};
Primitive
variable of type
int
0x034009
35 0 Primitive as
a
age
1
19
42 variablesm
h
of) type
ages 0x034009
2 i l ฺ coheldeasฺ
92
m aint
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g array
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G torabyblan object reference variable. The diagram in the slide illustrates
Arrays are objects referred
é
osarraynissstored
how a primitive
r J fe in memory in comparison to how a primitive data type is stored in
memory.
d ga of the
n - ra
tage
E no
The value variable (an int primitive) is 35. The value of ages is 0x034009, an object
reference pointing to an object of type array (of int types) with three elements.
• The value of ages[0] is 19.
Storing Arrays of Object References in Memory
Item item = new Item();

Item[] items = { new Item(), new Item(), new Item() };
0 itemId
item 0x034009 0.0 price
U colorCode
items 0x99f311 0 itemId

0x99f311 price
0.0
0x00099 U colorCode
s a
0x00327
0 itemId ) ha
0x00990
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The diagram in the slide
r a b
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values 0,
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The n items[ ] object reference is x99f311, which is an address to an object of type
Array (of Item object references) containing three object references:
• The value of the items[0] index is 0x00099, which is an object reference pointing to an
object of type Item.
• The value of the items[1] index is 0x00327, which is an object reference pointing to
another object of type Item.
• The value of the items[2] index is 0x00990, which is an object reference pointing to
another object of type Item.
Quiz
The following code is the correct syntax for _____ an array:

array_identifier = new type[length];

a. Declaring
b. Setting array values for
c. Instantiating
d. Declaring, instantiating, and setting array values for
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Answer: c
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a is incorrect.
J s sthe
oDeclaring fe array would look like this, assuming an array of object types: Type[]
r n
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array_identifier;
d
bE no Setting array values would look like this, assuming an array of object types:
is incorrect.
array_identifier[0]= new Type();
c is correct. The code example shows the array being initialized to a specific size.
d is incorrect. Declaring, instantiating, and setting array values would look like this, assuming an
array of object types:
Type[] array_identifier = {new Type(), new Type(), new Type()};
Quiz
Given the following array declaration, which of the following

statements are true?

int [ ] ages = new int [13];
a. ages[0] is the reference to the first element in the array.
b. ages[13] is the reference to the last element in the
array.
c. There are 13 integers in the ages array.
d. ages[5] has a value of 0. a
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Java IDEs
A Java Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a type of

software that makes it easier to develop Java applications.

• An IDE provides:
– Syntax checking
– Various automation features
– Runtime environment for testing
• It enables you to organize all your Java resources and
environment settings into a Project. a
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G IDEsraare
Some well-known Java
é blNetBeans (used in this class to perform the practices), Eclipse,
r J os nsfe
and JDeveloper.
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The NetBeans IDE
Code Editor
Project
Navigator
Class
a
Navigator
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é G armechanism
The Java project provides
a bl by which you can organize all of the source and class
s sf(connection
files and otheroresources
J e profiles, configuration information, and so on) required by
the Java r
a -tra
application. n
d gWhen n begin working in NetBeans, you either create a project or open an existing one.
E noyou
•
• The Project Navigator gives you a visual representation of the project contents.
• You can open files from your project in the code editor by double-clicking the file or using the
context menu.
When you select a class within the project, the structure of that class is displayed in the Class
Navigator, shown in the lower left part of the NetBeans window.
When you run a file or the entire Java program, any program output appears in the Output panel in
the lower right part of the window.
Creating a Java Project
1. Select File > New Project.

2. Select Java Application.

3. Name and set the location
for the project.
4. Select “Create Main Class”
if you want it done for you
automatically.
5. Click Finish. a
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A NetBeans project is
é r a bl for organizing the related files and resources used in a Java
Ga mechanism
oscreatenasnew
Application. To
r J fe project, perform the following steps:
d ga File
1. Select
n - t>raNew Project from the menu.
E2. On the
n ofirst page of the New Project Wizard (not shown here), select Java as the category
and Java Application as the project type. Click Next.
3. On the second page of the wizard (shown above), enter a name for the project, and then
enter or browse to the directory location to store project files.
4. It is possible to have NetBeans automatically generate a main class for the project.
5. Click Finish.
Creating a Java Class
1. Select File > New File.

2. Select your project and choose Java Class.

3. Name the class.
4. Assign a package.
5. Click Finish.
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G yourranew
To create a class within
é bl project, perform the following steps:
r J os> New
1. Select File
n s fe from the menu.
File
2. g
d On
n ra of the New File Wizard, select your project, and then accept the default file
athe first-tpage
E typenofoJava Class. Click Next.
3. On the next page of the wizard, enter a name for the Java class. By convention, Java
classes should start with an uppercase letter and each subsequent word in the class name
should be capitalized (for example, SayHello). This is illustrated in the screenshot above.
4. Assign a package for the class.
5. Click Finish.
Note: If the package for this new class already exists, you can create the class by right-clicking
the package in the Project Navigator panel in NetBeans and selecting New > Java class from the
context menu instead of starting from the File menu.
Avoiding Syntax Problems
The code editor will tell you when you have done something
wrong.
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G thercode
Most Java editors check
é a bl syntax and show alerts by using icons and red underlines where
r J osin thencode.
there are errors
s fe
d gasyntax
To avoid
n - tra
problems, be sure to do the following:
E• Observe
no any red bubble indicators in the code editor to locate syntax errors.
• Have a semicolon at the end of every line where one is required.
• Have an even number of symbols such as braces, brackets, and quotation marks.
The screenshot shows an error in Line 13, in which there is a missing semicolon. If you place your
cursor over the red bubble, the editor offers a suggestion for fixing the error.
Compile Error: Variable Not Initialized
1 public static void main(String[] args){

2
3 Customer customer01; //Declare the reference
4 //No instantiation
5 customer01.name = "Robert";
9
10 }
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G rthat
If you try to use a reference
a l been declared but has had no object assigned to it, the class
bhas
will not compile.
o é
s sfe there is no Customer object assigned to the customer01
This is because
reference.
a J
rNetBeans anwill flag this, and indicate that “the variable may not have been initialized.”
g - t r
Ed non
Runtime Error: NullPointerException

2
3 Customer customer01; //Declare the reference
4 customer01 = new Customer(); //Instantiate and assign
5 customer01.name = "Robert";
6
7 Customer[] customers = new Customer[5];
8 customers[0].name = "Robert";
9
10 }
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If an array has beenG
é created but
r a blthe individual elements have had no objects assigned, the class
will compile, but
J o s sfe
you will get a runtime error. The error is a NullPointerException. Later in the
g a r “Handling
lesson titled
- t r an Exceptions,” you will learn exactly what this means; for now it is just
Ed non
important to recognize
assigned; that it is null.
that a NullPointerException indicates that a reference has no object
Compiling and Running a Program by

Using NetBeans
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Save invokes the javac
é r a bl
G <classname(s)> command for all .java files in the project. Right-
J o s sfe
clicking the source code and selecting Run File invokes the java <classname> command. Be
sure to a r for red
look
t r n indicators in the code editor to locate syntax errors.
abubble
g -
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Soccer Application
Practices 6 through 14 build a soccer league application with

the following features:

• Any number of soccer teams, each with up to 11 players
• Set up an all-play-all league.
• Use a random play game generator to create test games.
• Determine the rank order of teams at the end of the
season.
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G inrathisblcourse, you will build an application that manages a Soccer
In the remaining practices
é
os nsfwill
League. The application
r J e keep details on teams and players, as well as the results of games.
You will
g aalso write
- t a that will randomly generate game results so that you can then develop
rcode
d n
E to listnothe Teams in rank order.
code
Creating the Soccer Application
A separate
project
for each
practice
Sample output
showing events in
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Initially, your application
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Soccer Web Application

Points and as
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scored
Teams listed in of a game to l ฺ o forฺ
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é G in the
The code that you write
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practices can be used by a simple web application to view the
r J osin the
results of games
n s fe You will see a demonstration of this.
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Summary

• Describe the characteristics of a class

• Define an object as an instance of a class
• Instantiate an object and access its fields and methods
• Describe how objects are stored in memory
• Instantiate an array of objects
• Describe how an array of objects is stored in memory
a
• Declare an object as a field
) has
• Use the NetBeans IDE o m
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Challenge Questions: Java Puzzle Ball
• How many objects can you identify in the game?

• Given that a class is a blueprint for an object, which game

components best reflect the class/instance relationship?
• How many object properties can you find?
• Can you guess what some of the methods might be?
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G rabtol play the game, see if you can answer these questions, applying
When you have an opportunity
é
r J os concepts
the object-oriented
n s fe that you learned in this lesson.
For some
d g a possible
n - t raanswers to these questions and more discussion, see “Appendix A: Java
E BallnoChallenge Questions Answered.”
Puzzle
Practice 6-1 Overview:

Creating Classes for the Soccer League
This practice covers creating the five classes required for the
soccer application:
• Goal
• Game
• Player
• Team
• League
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Creating a Soccer Game
This practice covers the following topics:
• Creating a new game

• Adding some goals
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Manipulating and Formatting the Data in Your

Program
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Objectives

• Describe the String class and use some of the methods

of the String class
• Use the JDK documentation to search for and learn how to
use a class
• Describe the StringBuilder class
• Explain what a constant is and how to use it
• Explain the difference between promoting and casting of a
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Topics
• Using the String class

• Using the Java API docs

• Using the StringBuilder class
• Doing more with primitive data types
• Using the remaining numeric operators
• Promoting and casting variables
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String Class
String hisName = “Fred Smith"; Standard syntax

The new keyword can be used,

but it is not best practice:
String herName = new String(“Anne Smith”);
• A String object is immutable; its value cannot be

changed. a
a s
• A String object can be used with the string concatenation
m )h
operator symbol (+) for concatenation.
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• The String G
é
class is one
r a blof the many classes included in the Java class libraries. The
String
J sclass provides
oString s fe you with the ability to store a sequence of characters. You will
use
a r the
t r a n class frequently throughout your programs. Therefore, it is important to
g -
Ed understand
non Because
language.
some of the special characteristics of strings in the Java programming
a String object is immutable, its value cannot be changed. (There
are technical reasons, beyond the scope of this course, as to why this immutability is
useful. One simple example is that this immutability ensures that a String can be used
by several different classes safely because it cannot be changed.)
• Creating a String object using the new keyword creates two String objects in
memory, whereas creating a String object by using a string literal creates only one
object; therefore, the latter practice is more memory-efficient. To avoid the unnecessary
duplication of String objects in memory, create String objects without using the new
keyword.
Concatenating Strings
String myString = "Hello";
0x034009
Hello
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Because String isGimmutable,
é r a bl concatenating two strings requires creating a new string.
The diagram
J s asString
oshows fe object containing the string “Hello”.
r n
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myString = myString.concat(" World");
0x034009
"Hello"
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myString 0x99f311
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Here is the string “ G
é r a bl concatenated to the original string. The concat method is
World” being
Jos and
being used here,
is rcreated
object a n fe you use that or the concatenation operator (+), a new String
but whether
s
a new String reference is returned that points to this new object.
a
g
d diagram, - t r
Ethe
In
n on this is shown by the fact that the String reference myString is no longer
0x034009, and because that object is no longer referred to, it is now inaccessible and will be
garbage collected.

myString = myString.concat(" World");

myString = myString + "!"
0x99f311
"Hello World"
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myString 0x74cd23
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é G another
Finally, on concatenating
r a bl string, this time using the concatenation operator, the same
thing happens
r J osagain.nsAfnew
e object is created and the reference for this object is assigned to
ga n-tra
myString.
d
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String Method Calls with Primitive Return

Values
A method call can return a single value of any type.
• An example of a method of primitive type int:

String hello = "Hello World";
int stringLength = hello.length();
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Like most classes, G
é
the String
r a blclass has a number of useful methods. Almost all of these
methods do o
J s useful
their
s fework by returning a single value (Java allows only a single return from
a r
a method). The
t a n
return
r type (essentially the type of the method) can be a primitive or a
g -
Ed ntoonan object.
reference
To be able to use the return value in your code, you will typically use the assignment operator
to assign the value (or reference) to a type that you have declared for this purpose.
The example in the slide shows the use of reference hello to call the method length.
Because the object this reference refers to is the string Hello World, this method call will
return the value 11 and place it in the variable stringLength. int is the type of the method
length.
String Method Calls with Object Return Values
Method calls returning objects:

String greet = " HOW ".trim();

String lc = greet + "DY".toLowerCase();
Or
String lc = (greet + "DY").toLowerCase();
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This example shows Gseveral a l calls that return object references.
bmethod
é
os object r
fe" HOW " is instantiated and has the method trim called on it.
First, the String
r J n s
Because
d g a a string
n - tra
literal returns an object reference, this is exactly the same as calling the
E trim
method
n o on the reference. Notice that the string " HOW " has two spaces on either
side of the word. The string returned will be just three characters long because these spaces
will be removed. This new string will be referenced by greet.
The next example shows a method call not being assigned to a type, but simply used in an
expression. The method toLowerCase is called on the string "DY", returning "dy". lc now
references an object containing "HOWdy".
Finally, note how an alternative version with parentheses ensures that the two strings are
concatenated (creating a new string) before toLowerCase is called. lc now references an
object containing "howdy".
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Java API Documentation
Consists of a set of webpages;

• Lists all the classes in the API

– Descriptions of what the class does
– List of constructors, methods, and fields for the class
• Highly hyperlinked to show the interconnections between
classes and to facilitate lookup
• Available on the Oracle website at:
http://download.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/index.html a
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G rJDKs
All of the Java technology
é a bl contain a series of prewritten classes for you to use in your
r J os Java
programs. These
n s e
ftechnology class libraries are documented in the Java API
documentation
g a -
for
t r athe version of the JDK that you are using. The class library specification is
d ofoHTML
aEseries n webpages that you can load in your web browser.
n
A Java class library specification is a very detailed document outlining the classes in the API.
Every API includes documentation describing the use of classes and their fields and methods.
When you are looking for a way to perform a certain set of tasks, this documentation is the
best source for information about the classes in the Java class libraries.
You learn more about constructors in the “Using Encapsulation” lesson.
Java Platform SE 8 Documentation

Details about the

Select All Classes class selected
or a particular
package.
The classes for the

selected package(s)
are listed here.
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In the screenshot inG l can see the three main panels of the webpage.
the slide,byou
a
é
s allows
opanel r
fe you to select a package. Java classes are organized into
The top-right
r J n s
a do not know the package of a particular class, you can select All
ga butn-iftryou
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d
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Classes.
The bottom-left panel gives the list of classes in a package, or all classes if that has been
selected. In this panel, the class String has been selected, populating the main panel on the
right with the details of the class String. The main panel on the right contains a lot of
information about the class, so you need to scroll down to access the information you need.
Java Platform SE 8: Method Summary
public int charAt(String str)

The type of the parameter that must

The name of
be passed into the method
The return type the method
of the method
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é Gthrough
If you keep scrolling
r a bl details for the String class, you will come to the list of
the
methods (only
r J osa small
n s fe of this list is shown here).
subset
This g
d a list-toframethods gives the basic details for the method. In this case, you can see
master
E the name
that
n on of the method is charAt, its type is char, and it requires an index (of type
int) to be passed in. There is also a brief description that this method returns the char value
at a particular index in the string. For any of the methods, the method name and the
parameter types are hyperlinked so that you can get more details.
Java Platform SE 8: Method Detail
Click here to get the detailed

description of the method.
Detailed description for the

indexOf() method
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For any of the methods,
é bl name and the parameter types are hyperlinked so that
G theramethod
you can get more
J s details.
omethods s feThe example here shows the detailed description for one of the
a
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a String.
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indexOf Method Example

1 String phoneNum = "404-543-2345"; The 1-arg version

2 int idx1 = phoneNum.indexOf('-');
3 System.out.println("index of first dash: "+ idx1);
4 The 2-arg version
5
6 int idx2 = phoneNum.indexOf('-', idx1+1);
7 System.out.println("second dash idx: "+idx2);
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This example shows
é bl the location of the first ‘-’ character by using the 1-arg version
Ghow rtoaget
of indexOf,oand
J s thensby
feusing the 2-arg version to get the location of the second ‘-’.
r n
a the phone number to an int, you could do something like this:
a to-trconvert
If yougwanted
d n
E1. Findnothe dashes by using the indexOf method (as shown above).
2. Build a new String without dashes by using the substring method and
concatenation.
3. Convert this String to an int by using the parseInt method of Integer.
The parseInt method of the Integer class is covered in the lesson “Using Encapsulation.”
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StringBuilder Class
StringBuilder provides a mutable alternative to String.

StringBuilder:
• Is instantiated using the new keyword
• Has many methods for manipulating its value
• Provides better performance because it is mutable
• Can be created with an initial capacity
String is still needed because:
• It may be safer to use an immutable object a
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• A method in the API may require a string
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The StringBuilder
é G classr a bl“mutable.” This means that it can be changed in place. You will
is
r os youString
recall that when
Jvalue. n s fe the value of a String variable, a new String object is created
modify
for the a
g new
- t r a objects are “immutable.” A String object’s value cannot be
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changed.
• Unlike String, there is no shortcut to instantiate a StringBuilder. It is simply
instantiated like any other object by using the new keyword.
• A small sampling of the StringBuilder methods for manipulation of data values are:
append, delete, insert, and replace.
• StringBuilder provides better performance because it does not create new objects
in memory whenever a change is made. Performance is also benefited whenever you
can set an initial capacity for the object, as opposed to letting it grow and allocate
memory dynamically.
• StringBuilder is not a complete replacement for String, but it is more suitable if
many modifications are likely to be made to its value.
StringBuilder Advantages over String

for Concatenation (or Appending)
•String concatenation

• Costly
myString in terms
= myString + "of World";
creating new objects
0x99f311
"Hello "
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myString 0x74cd23
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G raofbwhat
This slide offers a reminder l happens when the strings "Hello" and " World" are
concatenated. é
osA newnsString
fe object is created, and the reference for that object is assigned
r J
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StringBuilder: Declare and Instantiate

StringBuilder mySB = new StringBuilder("Hello");
0x034009
"Hello" a
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This diagram shows
é Gthe start
r a bofl a sequence involving a StringBuilder. A new
StringBuilder
r J osis assigned
n s fe
is instantiated, populated with the string "Hello", and the reference for
d ga n-tra
this new object to mySB.
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StringBuilder Append
StringBuilder mySB = new StringBuilder("Hello");

mySB.append(" World");
0x034009
"Hello World"
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To append the string
é G" World",
r a bl all you need to do is call the append method and pass in
“World”. Note
r J osthat non s fe
assignment (=) is necessary because there is already a reference to
the StringBuilder
g a - t r a object, and this StringBuilder object now contains a representation
of d combined
Ethe on strings "Hello World".
n
Even if you did assign the return type of the append method (which is StringBuilder),
there would still be no object creation cost; the append method modifies the current object
and returns the reference to that object, the one already contained in mySB.
Quiz
Which of the following statements are true? (Choose all that

apply.)
a. The dot (.) operator creates a new object instance.
b. The String class provides you with the ability to store a
sequence of characters.
c. The Java API specification contains documentation for all
of the classes in a Java technology product.
d. String objects cannot be modified. a
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Answer: b, c, d G a b
s é e r
a r Jo ansf
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Exercise 7-1: Use indexOf and substring

Methods
In this exercise, you use indexOf and substring methods to
get just the customer’s first name and display it.
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• Open the Java
é a bl and access 07-ManipulateFormat > Exercise1.
GCoderConsole
• Follow
d ga- Use
n - ra indexOf method to get the index of the space character (“ ”) within
tthe
E nocustName. Assign it to spaceIdx.
- Use the substring method and the spaceIdx to get just the first name portion of
custName. Assign it to firstName. Print firstName.
Exercise 7-2: Instantiate the StringBuilder

object
In this exercise, you instantiate a StringBuilder object,
initializing it to firstName using the StringBuilder

constructor.
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• Open the Java
é GCoderConsole
a bl and access 07-ManipulateFormat > Exercise2.
• Follow
d n - tra the StringBuilder object (sb), initializing it to firstName, using the
ga- Instantiate
E noStringBuilder constructor.
- Use the append method of the StringBuilder object to put the customer full
name back together again, and then print the StringBuilder object.
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Primitive Data Types
• Integral types (byte, short, int, and long)

• Floating point types (float and double)

• Textual type (char)
• Logical type (boolean)
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Many of the valuesG
é r a bl
in Java technology programs are stored as primitive data types. The slide
r J ssome
lists the eightoprimitive
learnedaabout n s fe built in to the Java programming language. You have already
types
a these and have been using them in your exercises and practices. Now
of
g - t r
Edwill see
you
nonthe remaining primitive types.
Some New Integral Primitive Types
Type Length Range

byte 8 bits –27 to 27 – 1

(–128 to 127,
or 256 possible values)
short 16 bits –215 to 215 – 1
(–32,768 to 32,767, or 65,535 possible
values)
int 32 bits –231 to 231 –1
(–2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, or
4,294,967,296 possible values)
s a
long 64 bits 63 –2 to 2 – 1
63
)h a
(–9,223,372,036854,775,808 to co m
9,223,372,036854,775,807,aoril
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18,446,744,073,709,551,616 m u i
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values)
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There are four integral
é G primitive
r a bl types in the Java programming language. You have already
r Josint
been using the
to storeanumbers n fetype, so the focus here is on the other three. Integral types are used
data
s
a not have decimal portions. They are shown here in order of size.
that do
g - t r
E• d byte:
n oIfnyou need to store people’s ages, a variable of type byte would work because
byte types can accept values in that range.
• short: A short will hold 16 bits of data.
• long: When you specify a literal value for a long type, put a capital L to the right of the
value to explicitly state that it is a long type. Integer literals are assumed by the
compiler to be of type int unless you specify otherwise by using an L indicating long
type.
• You can express any of the integral types as binary (0s and 1s). For instance, a
binary expression of the number 2 is shown as an allowed value of the byte integral
type. The binary value is 0b10. Notice that this value starts with 0b (that is, zero
followed by either a lowercase or uppercase letter B). This indicates to the compiler that
a binary value follows.
Examples of allowed literal values:

• byte = 2, -114, 0b10 (binary number)
• short = 2, -32699
• int (default type for integral literals) = 2, 147334778, 123_456_678
• long = 2, –2036854775808L, 1
Note: The only reason to use the byte and short types in programs is to save memory
consumption. Because most modern desktop computers contain an abundance of memory,

most desktop application programmers do not use byte and short types. This course uses
primarily int and long types in the examples.
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Floating Point Primitive Types
Type Float Length

float 32 bits
double 64 bits
(default type for floating
point literals)
Example:
public float pi = 3.141592F;
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There are two typesGfor floating
é r a blpoint numbers: float and double. Again, the focus is on the
new data type
r J oshere,nthe
s fefloat. Floating point types are used to store numbers with values to
the right
g a of the
- t r a point, such as 12.24 or 3.14159.
decimal
E• d float
nonis used to store smaller floating point numbers. A float variable can hold 32 bits.
• Floating point values are assumed to be of type double unless you specify by putting a
capital F (float) to the right of the value to explicitly state that it is a float type, not a
double type.
Examples of allowed literal values:
float = 99F, -327456,99.01F, 4.2E6F (engineering notation for 4.2 * 106
)
double = -1111, 2.1E12, 99970132745699.999
Note: Use the double type when a greater range or higher accuracy is needed.
Textual Primitive Type
• The only primitive textual data type is char.

• It is used for a single character (16 bits).

• Example:
– public char colorCode = 'U';
Single quotes must be used with char literal values.
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Another data type that
é G yourauseblfor storing and manipulating data is single-character
information. o
J Thes primitive
s fetype used for storing a single character (such as a 'y') is char,
which is
a r
16 bits
tin
r n
a The Shirt class shows the use of one textual literal value to specify
size.
g -
Eddefault
the
n n for a colorCode:
ovalue
public char colorCode = 'U';
When you assign a literal value to a char variable, you must use single quotation marks
around the character as shown in the code example above.
Java Language Trivia: Unicode
• Unicode is a standard character encoding system.

– It uses a 16-bit character set.

– It can store all the necessary characters from most
languages.
– Programs can be written so they display the correct
language for most countries.
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Did You Know? Many G oldera l
bcomputer languages use American Standard Code for
é r
os nsfe(ASCII), an 8-bit character set that has an entry for every English
Information Interchange
r
character,
a J a mark, number, and so on.
punctuation
g - t r
EdJavanprogramming
The on language uses a 16-bit character set called Unicode that can store all
the necessary displayable characters from the vast majority of languages used in the modern
world. Therefore, your programs can be written so that they work correctly and display the
correct language for most countries. Unicode contains a subset of ASCII (the first 128
characters).
Constants
• Variable (can change):

– double salesTax = 6.25;

• Constant (cannot change):
– final int NUMBER_OF_MONTHS = 12;
The final keyword causes

a variable to be read only.
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In this lesson, you have
é G learned
r a bl about variables that have values that you can change. In this
section, you o
J s howsftoeuse constants to represent values that cannot change.
learn
Assumeg a r
that you
- t r aarenwriting part of a scheduling application, and you need to refer to the
Ed ofnomonths
number n in a year. Make the variable a constant by using the final keyword to
inform the compiler that you do not want the value of the variable to be changed after it has
been initialized. Example:
final int NUMBER_OF_MONTHS = 12;
Any values that do not need to change are good candidates for a constant variable (for
example, MAX_COUNT, or PI).
If someone attempts to change the value of a constant after it has already been assigned a
value, the compiler gives an error message. If you modify your code to provide a different
value for the constant, you need to recompile your program.
Guidelines for Naming Constants
You should name constants so that they can be easily identified. Generally, constants should
be capitalized, with words separated by an underscore (_).
Quiz
The variable declaration public int myInteger=10;

adheres to the variable declaration and initialization syntax.

a. True
b. False
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Answer: a
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Modulus Operator
Purpose Operator Example Comments

Remainder % num1 = 31; Remainder finds the

num2 = 6; remainder of the first
number divided by the
modulus mod = num1 % num2; second number.
5 R 1
mod is 1 6 31
30
-----
1
Remainder always gives a
an answer with the
same sign as the first ) has
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Programs do a lot of
é r a bl calculating, from the simple to the complex. Arithmetic
Gmathematical
s specify
operators letoyou
J s fehow the numerical values within variables should be evaluated or
a r
combined. The n
a mathematical operators (often called binary operators) used in the
standard
t r
g -
Ed programming
Java
n on language are shown in the tables in this section.
Note: The % is known as the modulus operator.
Combining Operators to Make Assignments
Purpose Operator Examples Result

int a = 6, b = 2;
Add to and assign += a += b a=8
Subtract from and -= a -= b a=4
assign
Multiply by and assign *= a *= b a = 12
Divide by and assign /= a /= b a=3
Get remainder and %= a %= b a=0
assign a
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Several very usefulG shortcutsb
a l shown in the table above. You can combine any operator
are
with the equal é
ossign to fe r
abbreviate your code. For example:
r J n s
d gaa = na-t+rab;
Ecan benexpressed
o as:
a += b;
More on Increment and Decrement Operators
Operator Purpose Example

++ Preincrement int id = 6;
(++variable) int newId = ++id;
id is 7, newId is 7
Postincrement int id = 6;
(variable++) int newId = id++;
id is 7, newId is 6
-- Predecrement (same principle applies)
(--variable)
Postdecrement s a
(variable--) )ha
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G rand
You have used increment
a l
bdecrement operators before, placing them after the variable
that you wishoto é
s affect.sfBut
e did you know that these operators can come before (preincrement
r J
and predecrement)
a a n
or after (postincrement and postdecrement) a variable.
g - t r
Ed younoputn the ++ or -- operator before a variable, the value is changed immediately.
When
When you put the operator after the variable, it is not changed until after that expression is
evaluated.
• In the first code example above, id is initialized to 6. In the next line, you see newId =
++id. Because the operator precedes id, this increment is immediately evaluated and,
therefore, the value assigned to newId is 7.
• In the second code example, the ++ operator follows id, rather than precedes it. id was
incremented after the assignment occurred. Therefore, newId is 6.
• These same behaviors apply to a decrement (--) operator, in regard to its placement
before or after the variable.
Increment and Decrement Operators (++ and ––)
Examples:
1 int count=15;
2 int a, b, c, d;
3 a = count++;
4 b = count;
5 c = ++count;
6 d = count;
7 System.out.println(a + ", " + b + ", " + c + ", " + d);
a
Output: ) has
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The example in theG
é slide shows
r a bl basic use of the increment and decrement operators:
J os nsfe
int count=15;
r
d a a, -b,
gint n trac, d;
E a n= ocount++;
b = count;
c = ++count;
d = count;
System.out.println(a + ", " + b + ", " + c + ", " + d);
The result of this code fragment is:
15, 16, 17, 17
Discussion: What is the result of the following code?
int i = 16;
System.out.println(++i + " " + i++ + " " + i);
Topics


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Promotion
• Automatic promotions:
– If you assign a smaller type to a larger type
byte short int long
– If you assign an integral type to a floating point type
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• Examples of automatic promotions: g ma Guid
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In some circumstances,
é bl changes the type of a variable to a type that supports a
G theracompiler
r J os This
larger size value.
n s fe is referred to as a promotion. Some promotions are done
action
automatically
g a by
- t r a
the compiler. These promotions include:
E• d If you n a smaller type (on the right of the =) to a larger type (on the left of the =)
noassign
• If you assign an integral type to a floating point type (However, in some cases, such as
an assignment of long to float, this could lead to loss of data.)
Caution with Promotion
Equation:
55555 * 66666 = 3703629630

Example of potential issue:
1 int num1 = 55555;
2 int num2 = 66666;
3 long num3;
4 num3 = num1 * num2; //num3 is -591337666
Example of potential solution:
s a
1 int num1 = 55555;
)ha
Changed from int to long m
2 long num2 = 66666;
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a
uid
3 long num3;
g m G
4 num3 = num1 * num2; @ nt
//num3 is 3703629630
2 4
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Before being assigned
é bl the result of an equation is placed in a temporary location
G to aravariable,
in memory. The s location’s
Jotype s fe size is always equal to the size of an int type or the size of the
r
largestadata
t r a n
used in the expression or statement. For example, if your equation multiplies
g -
Edint ntypes,
two on the container size will be an int type in size, or 32 bits.
If the two values that you multiply yield a value that is beyond the scope of an int type, (such
as 55555 * 66666 = 3,703,629,630, which is too big to fit in an int type), the int value must
be truncated to fit the result into the temporary location in memory. This calculation ultimately
yields an incorrect answer because the variable for your answer receives a truncated value
(regardless of the type used for your answer). To solve this problem, set at least one of the
variables in your equation to the long type to ensure the largest possible temporary container
size.
Caution with Promotion
Equation:
7 / 2 = 3.5
1 int num1 = 7;
2 int num2 = 2;
3 double num3;
4 num3 = num1 / num2; //num3 is 3.0
Example of potential solution:
s a
1 int num1 = 7;
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2 double num2 = 2; Changed from int to double m
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3 double num3;
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4 num3 = num1 / num2; //num3 is 3.5
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The same issue occurs
é G with r a bl data types. Before being assigned to a variable, the result
other
of an equation
r J osis placed
n s fein a temporary location in memory. The location’s size is always
equal to
g a the size
- t r a largest data type used in the expression or statement. For example, if
of the
Ed equation
your
n ondivides two int types, the container size will be an int type in size, or 32 bits.
If the two values that you use yield a value that is beyond the scope of an int type, (such as
7 / 2 = 3.5), the value must be truncated to fit the result into the temporary location in memory.
This calculation ultimately yields an incorrect answer because the variable for your answer
receives a truncated value (regardless of the type used for your answer). To solve this
problem, set at least one of the variables in your equation to the double type to ensure the
largest possible temporary container size.
Type Casting
• When to cast:
– If you assign a larger type to a smaller type
byte short int long
– If you assign a floating point type to an integral type

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Type casting lowers
é Gthe range
r a bofl a value, chopping it down to use a smaller amount of
memory, by o
J s sthe
changing fetype of the value (for example, by converting a long value to an
a r
int value). You
t do
r n
a so that you can use methods that accept only certain types as
this
g
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arguments, -
n that you can assign values to a variable of a smaller data type, or so that you
E n
can save memory.
The syntax for type casting a value is: identifier = (target_type) value, where:
• identifier is the name you assign to the variable
• value is the value you want to assign to the identifier
• (target_type) is the type to which you want to type cast the value. Notice that the
target_type must be in parentheses.
Caution with Type Casting

1 int myInt;
2 long myLong = 123987654321L;
3 myInt = (int) (myLong); // Number is "chopped“
4 // myInt is -566397263
Safer example of casting:

1 int myInt;
a
2 long myLong = 99L;
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3 myInt = (int) (myLong); // No data loss, only zeroes.
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The loss of precision
é a bl can sometimes lead to situations where numbers are
Gwith rcasting
r J os tonerrors
truncated, leading
s fe in calculations.
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Caution with Type Casting
• Be aware of the possibility of lost precision.


1 int myInt;
2 double myPercent = 51.9;
3 myInt = (int) (myPercent); // Number is "chopped“
4 // myInt is 51
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If you type cast a float
é bl value with a fractional part to an integral type such as an
G orradouble
r J os values
int, all decimal
n s e lost. However, this method of type casting is sometimes useful if
fare
you want
g a to truncate
- t r a number down to the whole number (for example, 51.9 becomes 51).
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Using Promotion and Casting

1 int num1 = 53; // 32 bits of memory to hold the value
2 int num2 = 47; // 32 bits of memory to hold the value

3 byte num3; // 8 bits of memory reserved
4 num3 = (num1 + num2); // causes compiler error
Solution using a larger type for num3:
1 int num1 = 53;
2 int num2 = 47;
3 int num3; Changed from byte to int
4 num3 = (num1 + num2);
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1 int num1 = 53; // 32 bits of memory to hold the i l ฺ
2 int num2 = 47; // 32 bits of memory to hold g ma
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3 byte num3; // 8 bits of memory dreserved 2 4@ ent G
4 num3 = (byte)(num1 + num2); //(eno dhdataSloss tud
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Assigning a variable uean expression
or b le to another variable can lead to a mismatch between the
sécalculation
data types ofothe f a
er and the storage location that you are using to save the result.
J s
an will either recognize that precision will be lost and not allow you to
r thetrcompiler
Specifically,
g a
d theoprogram,-
compile
E n n or the result will be incorrect. To fix this problem, variable types have to
be either promoted to a larger size type, or type cast to a smaller size type. In the above
example, the compiler assumes that because you are adding int values, the result will
overflow the space allocated for a byte.
A byte, though smaller than an int, is large enough to store a value of 100. However, the
compiler will not make this assignment and, instead, issues a “possible loss of precision” error
because a byte value is smaller than an int value. To fix this problem, you can either type
cast the right-side data type down to match the left-side data type, or declare the variable on
the left side (num3) to be a larger data type, such as an int.
Compiler Assumptions for

Integral and Floating Point Data Types
• Most operations result in an int or long:
– byte, char, and short values are automatically promoted

to int prior to an operation.
– If an expression contains a long, the entire expression is
promoted to long.
• If an expression contains a floating point, the entire
expression is promoted to a floating point.
• All literal floating point values are viewed as double.
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The Java technology Gcompiler
a l
bmakes certain assumptions when it evaluates expressions.
é
os nsthese
You must understand r
fe assumptions to make the appropriate type casts or other
a r J
accommodations. a
The next few slides give examples.
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Automatic Promotion
Example of potential problem:

short a, b, c;
a = 1 ;
a and b are automatically promoted to integers.
b = 2 ;
c = a + b ; //compiler error
Example of potential solutions:

• Declare c as an int type in the original declaration:
s a
int c;
)ha
• Type cast the (a+b) result in the assignment line: m
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é G an
In the following example,
r a bl occurs because two of the three operands (a and b) are
error
J s sfe
automaticallyopromoted from a short type to an int type before they are added. In the last
line, the
a r
values of
t r an
a b are converted to int types and the converted values are added to
and
g -
Edan int
give
non (c). However, this assignment is illegal and causes a compiler error.
short variable
result. Then the assignment operator (=) attempts to assign the int result to the
The code works if you do either of the following:

• Declare c as an int in the original declaration:
int c;
• Type cast the (a+b) result in the assignment line:
c = (short)(a+b);
Using a long
1 public class Person {

Using the L to indicate a long
2
3 public int ageYears = 32; will result in the compiler
4 recognizing the total result as
4 public void calculateAge() { a long.
5
6 int ageDays = ageYears * 365;
7 long ageSeconds = ageYears * 365 * 24L * 60 * 60;
8
9 System.out.println("You are " + ageDays + " days old.");
10 System.out.println("You are " + ageSeconds + " seconds old.");
11 s a
12 } // end of calculateAge method )ha
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13 } // end of class
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The code example G
é r a bl from this section to calculate a person’s age in days and
uses principles
r J os inthe
seconds. Because
n s fe
ageSeconds variable is declared as a long, one of the literal values
used as
g a operands
- t r a the assigned expression must be initialized as a long value (‘L’) so that
Edcompiler
the
nonwill allow the assignment.
Using Floating Points

Expressions are automatically promoted
Example of potential problem: to floating points.
int num1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.0; //compiler error

int num2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 1.0; //compiler error
Example of potential solutions:

• Declare num1 and num2 as double types:
double num1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.0; //10.0
s a
double num2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 1.0; //10.0
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• Type cast num1 and num2 as int types in the assignment
g ma Guiline: de
int num1 = (int)(1 + 2 + 3 + 4.0);
2 4 @ n//10 t
int num2 = (int)((1 + 2 + 3 + 4)h*d 1.0); e
ud //10
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G ue a floating
If an expression contains b le point, the entire expression is promoted to a floating point.
sé sfer a
J o
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Floating Point Data Types and Assignment
• Example of potential problem:

float float1 = 27.9; //compiler error
• Example of potential solutions:

– The F notifies the compiler that 27.9 is a float value:
float float1 = 27.9F;
– 27.9 is cast to a float type:
float float1 = (float) 27.9;
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é G default
Just as integral types
r a btolint under some circumstances, values assigned to floating
r
floatatype.Jos adefault
point types always
n sfe to a double type, unless you specifically state that the value is a
g nthe
Edexample,
For o -trfollowing line causes a compiler error. Because 27.9 is assumed to be a
n
double type, a compiler error occurs because a double type value cannot fit into a float
variable.
float float1 = 27.9; //compiler error
Both of the following work correctly:
• The F notifies the compiler that 27.9 is a float value:
float float1 = 27.9F;
• 27.9 is cast to a float type:
float float1 = (float) 27.9;
Quiz
Which statements are true?

a. There are eight primitive types built in to the Java

programming language.
b. byte, short, char, and long are the four integral
primitive data types in the Java programming language.
c. A boolean type variable holds true, false, and nil.
d. short Long = 10; is a valid statement that adheres to
the variable declaration and initialization syntax. a
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Answer: a, d
é G rab
J s
o nsfe
• a is correct.
r tra It should be byte, short, int, and long.
• dgbais incorrect.
n -
E• c isnincorrect
o because a boolean type variable holds only true and false.
• d is correct. long is a reserved keyword but Long is not.
Exercise 7-3: Declare a Long, Float, and Char
In this exercise, you experiment with the data types introduced

in this lesson. You:

• Declare and initialize variables
• Cast one numeric type to another
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• Open the Java
é GCoderConsole
a bl and access 07-ManipulateFormat > Exercise3.
• Follow
d ga- Declare
n - tra a long, using the L to indicate a long value. Make it a very large number
E no(in the billions).
- Declare and initialize a float and a char.
- Print the long variable with a suitable label.
- Assign the long to the int variable. Correct the syntax error by casting the long
as an int.
- Print the int variable. Note the change in value when you run it.
Summary

• Describe the String class and use some of the methods

of the String class
• Use the JDK documentation to search for and learn how to
use a class
• Use the StringBuilder class to manipulate string data
• Create a constant by using the final keyword in the
variable declaration
• Describe how the Java compiler can use promotion or has
a
casting to interpret expressions and avoid a compilerom )
error
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Play Time!
Play Basic Puzzle 8 before the lesson titled “Creating and

Using Methods.”

What happens when you rotate the blue wheel?
How else can you affect the rotation of bumpers?
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é G question
You will be asked these
r a bl in the lesson titled “Creating and Using Methods.”
r J os nsfe
d ga n-tra
E no

Manipulating Text
• Searching for a particular player and printing out the last

name
• Reversing the player name so that the family name is
printed first
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ga n-tra
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Creating and Using Methods
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Objectives

• Instantiate a class and call a method on the object

• Describe the purpose of a constructor method
• Create a method that takes arguments and returns a value
• Access a static method from a different class
• Use a static method of the Integer class to convert a
string into an int
• Overload a method a
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Topics
• Using methods and constructors

• Method arguments and return values

• Using static methods and variables
• Understanding how arguments are passed to a method
• Overloading a method
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Basic Form of a Method
The void keyword indicates that Empty parentheses indicate that no

the method does not return a value. arguments are passed to the method.
1 public void display () {

2 System.out.println("Shirt description:" + description);
3 System.out.println("Color Code: " + colorCode);
4 System.out.println("Shirt price: " + price);
5 } // end of display method
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This is an exampleG
é of a simple
r a blmethod that does not receive any arguments or return a value.
r J os nsfe
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Calling a Method from a Different Class
1 public class ShoppingCart {

2 public static void main (String[] args) {

4 myShirt.display();
5 }
6 }
Method
Dot operator
Reference variable
Output:
s a
Item description:-description required- )ha
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Color Code: U
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Item price: 0.0
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In the example in this
é bl
G slide,radisplay is called by typing the reference variable for the object,
r J os followed
the dot operator,
n s fe by the method to be called. The default values, as set in the Shirt
d ga n-tra
constructor, are displayed.
E no
Caller and Worker Methods

Caller
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In the previous example,G the a l
bShoppingCart class calls the display method on a Shirt
object from within é
s thesmain
oinvoking r
fe method. The main method is referred to as the calling method
becausea rit J
is n
a “calling” another method to do some work. Conversely, the display
or
g - t r
Ed isnoreferred
method n to as the worker method because it does some work for the main method.
When a calling method calls a worker method, the calling method stops execution until the
worker method is done. After the worker method has completed, program flow returns to the
point after the method invocation in the calling method.
A Constructor Method
A constructor method is a special method that is invoked when

you create an object instance.

• It is called by using the new keyword.
• Its purpose is to instantiate an object of the class and store
the reference in the reference variable.
Constructor method
Shirt myShirt = new Shirt(); is called.
s a
• It has a unique method signature. )ha
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<modifier> ClassName()
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G using
A constructor is invoked
a l new keyword. Its job is to instantiate an object of the class
bthe
é
osa reference
and to provide r
fe to the new object. If you do not write your own constructor in a
r
class, Java
Jwill n s
a one for you. The constructor's name is the same as the class name.
provide
g a
d Shirt - t r
Ethe
In
n onexample above, the reference returned by the Shirt constructor is assigned to
the myShirt reference variable.
Writing and Calling a Constructor

3 }
1 public class Shirt {

2 //Fields
3 public String description;
4 public char colorCode;
5 public double price;
6
7 //Constructor
8 public Shirt(){
9 description = "--description required--";
10 colorCode = 'U'
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11 price = 0.00;
12 }
)
13
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14 //Methods
m ai ide
15
16
public void display(){
System.out.println("Shirt description:" + description);
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18 System.out.println("Shirt price: " + price);
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19 }…
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The constructor is the
é a bl called when an object is instantiated. Its purpose is
G firstrmethod
r J osdefault
primarily to set
n s fe
values.
d ga n-tra
E no
Calling a Method in the Same Class


5
6 public Shirt(){
7 description = "--description required--";
8 colorCode = 'U'
9 price = 0.00;
10
11 display(); //Called normally
12 this.display(); //Called using the 'this' keyword
13 }
14
s a
15 public void display(){
)ha
16 System.out.println("Shirt description:" + description);
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18
19 }
System.out.println("Shirt price: " + price);
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Calling a method inGthe samebclass
a l is very straightforward. You can simply use the method
name without é
oasreference.r
fe This is the same as when accessing a field; you can simply use the
r J n s
ga n-tra
field name.
d
E nifoyou have local variables with similar names and you want to make it obvious that
However,
your code is accessing a field or method of the current object, you can use the this keyword
with dot notation. this is a reference to the current object.
In this example, the display method is called twice from the constructor.
Topics
• Using constructors and methods


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Method Arguments and Parameters
• An argument is a value that is passed during a method call:

Calculator calc = new Calculator();

double denominator = 2.0
Arguments
calc.calculate(3, denominator); //should print 1.5
• A parameter is a variable defined in the method declaration:

3 2.0 a
public void calculate(int x, double y){
) has
System.out.println(x/y);
Parameters
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Note: A value passed G intorthe
a l
bmethod when it is called is called an argument, whereas a
variable thato é
issdefined finethe method declaration is called a method parameter.
In this a r J
example, t r
3 a ns2.0 are passed to be the values of x and y within the calculate
and
g
Ed non-
method.
Method Parameter Examples
• Methods may have any number or type of parameters:

public void calculate0(){

System.out.println("No parameters");
}
public void calculate1(int x){

System.out.println(x/2.0);
}
public void calculate2(int x, double y){ a

System.out.println(x/y); ) has
}
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public void calculate3(int x, double y, int @ gz){ t Gu
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é G number
Methods can take any
r a blof parameters and use these values within the method code
block.
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Method Return Types
• Variables can have values of many different types:

long
int[]
• Method calls can also return values of many different types:

long
int[]
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• How to make a method return a value:
l ฺ c om ฺ
– Declare the method to be a non-void return type.
m ai ide
– Use the keyword return within a method, followed g by ta G u
value.
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Variables may haveGvalues ofbmany
a l different types, including primitive data types, objects,
and arrays. os é fe r
r J n s
d ga methods
Likewise,
n - tramay return values of many different types, including primitive data types,
E and
objects, no arrays.
Note: Constructors are special. They cannot have a return type, not even void.
Method Return Types Examples
• Methods must return data that matches their return type:

public void printString(){

Void methods cannot
System.out.println("Hello");
return values in Java.
}
public String returnString(){

return("Hello");
}
public int sum(int x, int y){ a

return(x + y); ) has
}
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public boolean isGreater(int x, int y){ @g G u
2 4 en t
return(x > y);
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Void methods and G
é r a bl should not have a return statement. Void methods are
constructors
incapable of o
J s safevalue in Java. The type of value a method returns must match the
returning
g a r
return type you
- t r an For instance, a boolean type method must return a boolean. A
declare.
Ed ntype
String onmethod must return a String.
Method Return Animation
• The following code examples produce equivalent results:


int num1 = 1, num2 = 2;
int result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println(result);
}

int num1 = 1, num2 = 2;
1 3 num2);
int result = sum(num1, 2 s a
System.out.println(result); )ha
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public static
int sum(intint1sum(int
x, int 2 y){
x, int y){
2 4 @ nt
return(x1 + 32 y);
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In the top example,G num1 andbnum2
a l are added together. In the bottom example, this logic is
é
s method.
put into the sum r
feValues are passed to the sum method and added, with the resulting
r Jobeing
integeravalue a n s
passed back and assigned to the result variable.
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Passing Arguments and Returning Values
1 2
Value passed from Value received by

caller method to worker method
Object
worker method
method
1
2
3 1
4 2
5 3
6 4
7
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Value returned to @
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More Examples
1 public void setCustomerServices() {

Itemabout
parameter required
2 String message ="Would you like to hear "

3 +"special deals in your area?";
4 if (cust.isNewCustomer()) {
5
6 cust.sendEmail(message);
7 }
8 }
1 public class Customer{

2 public boolean isNew;
3 a
4 public boolean isNewCustomer(){
Return a boolean ) has
om ฺ
5 return isNew;
6 } l ฺ c
7 public void sendEmail(String message){ m ai ide
8 // send email @ g t Gu
String argument required 4
9 }
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G method,
Here you see a caller
a l
bsetCustomerServices, invoking worker methods in the
é
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Customer class. r
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d a example
• gThe
n - traat the bottom of the slide shows the Customer class, which defines two
E methods:
no
- isNewCustomer is defined with a return value of type boolean, but it does not
define any input parameters.
- sendEmail is defined with an input parameter of type String, called message.
This method does not return a value.
• The example at top of the slide shows the setCustomerServices method in the
ShoppingCart class invoking the methods of a Customer object by using dot notation
(object_reference.method).
- In line 4, isNewCustomer is called on the cust object reference. Because the
method returns a boolean, the method invocation becomes a boolean
expression evaluated by the if statement.
- In line 6, sendEmail is called on the cust object reference, passing the message
string as an argument.
Code Without Methods

2 Shirt shirt01 = new Shirt();

6
7 shirt01.description = "Sailor";
8 shirt01.colorCode = 'B';
9 shirt01.price = 30;
10
11 shirt02.description = "Sweatshirt";
12 shirt02.colorCode = 'G';
14
s a
15 shirt03.description = "Skull Tee";
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16 shirt03.colorCode = 'B';
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18
19 shirt04.description = "Tropical"; g ma Guid
20 shirt04.colorCode = 'R';
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22 }
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G rTo
Why are methods useful?
a l
banswer that question, take a look at this code without methods.
é
os ofnsthefeShirt object that you want to create, you need many more lines of
For every instance
r Jeach
code toaedit aobject. Methods can help this code be more efficient and less cumbersome
g
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to
Ework non
Better Code with Methods


6
7 shirt01.setFields("Sailor", 'B', 30);
8 shirt02.setFields("Sweatshirt", 'G', 25);
9 shirt03.setFields("Skull Tee", 'B', 15);
10 shirt04.setFields("Tropical", 'R', 20);
11 }

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6
7
public void setFields(String desc, char color, double price){
this.description = desc; g ma Guid
8 this.colorCode = color;
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9 this.price = price;
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10 }
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é G coding
With a little bit of extra
r a binl the Shirt class, we can create a method that sets all the
r J os This
appropriate fields.
n s e
freduces the amount of code needed in the main method to create and
d ga n-tra
edit Shirt objects.
E no
Even Better Code with Methods

2 Shirt shirt01 = new Shirt("Sailor", "Blue", 30);
3 Shirt shirt02 = new Shirt("SweatShirt", "Green", 25);

4 Shirt shirt03 = new Shirt("Skull Tee", "Blue", 15);
5 Shirt shirt04 = new Shirt("Tropical", "Red", 20);
6 }

5
6 //Constructor
7 public Shirt(String desc, String color, double price){ a
8 setFields(desc, price);
) has
om ฺ
9 setColor(color);
10 }
l ฺ c
11 public void setColor (String theColor){
m ai ide
12 if (theColor.length() > 0)
@ g t Gu
13 colorCode = theColor.charAt(0);
d 2 4 en
14 }
d h t u d
15 }
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16 }
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Taking advantage of Ga Shirt a l
bconstructor can further reduce the amount of code needed in
é
os nsfe
the main method. r
r J a
aissue -istrmaintenance.
Another
g Imagine if you wanted to change the constructor so that the
d
E passed n
color
no in is a String, but the instance variable, colorCode, remains a char type.
You could create a method setColor that receives a String as an argument and then
modifies it so that it sets colorCode correctly.
Remember, methods can call other methods (as shown by the call to setColor).
Variable Scope
Instance variable (field)

4 public double price; Local variable
5
6 public void setColor (String theColor){
7 if (theColor.length() > 0)
Scope of
8 colorCode = theColor.charAt(0);
9 } theColor
10 }
11
s a
12 public String getColor(){ Not scope of) ha
13 return theColor; //Cannot find symbol
theColor
l ฺ c om ฺ
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14 }
15
16 } m
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This code illustrates
é Gthe scope
r a blof two different types of variables. Variables live in the block
where they are
r J osdefined.
n s feThis is called “scope.” The scope of a variable determines its
accessibility
g a and
- t r a
also how long you can count on its value to persist.
E• d ThencolorCode
on variable is an instance variable, usually called a field. It is a member of
the Shirt class. It is accessible from any code within this class. The value of fit is stored
only during the lifespan of an instance.
• theColor is a local variable. It is accessible only from within the setColor method.
The value of theColor is deleted from memory when the method ends. Another way of
saying this is that its scope is the setColor method.
• Regardless of whether a local variable is declared within a method, a loop (discussed
later), or an if statement, its scope is always the block within which it is declared.
• In the example above, the setColor method uses the charAt method of the String
object to extract the first character in the theColor String. It assigns it to the fit
instance variable, which is a char.
Note: Local variables are stored in short-term memory, called “the stack,” whereas instance
variables (fields) are stored in a longer-term area of memory called “the heap.”
Advantages of Using Methods
Methods:
• Are reusable
• Make programs shorter and more readable
• Make development and maintenance quicker
• Allow separate objects to communicate and to distribute
the work performed by the program
a
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E no
Exercise 8-1: Declare a setColor Method
In this exercise you:

• Declare a setColor method that takes a char as an

argument
• In the ShoppingCart class, call the setColor method
on item1
• Test the method with both a valid color and an invalid one
s a
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• Open the Java
é GCoderConsole
a bl and access Lessons > 08-Methods > Exercise1.
• Follow
n s fe below the code editor.
• gIfayou need- a click the Solution link. To go back to your code, click the Exercise link
trhelp,
d
E again. n
noAny changes that you have made will have been saved.
Topics


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Java Puzzle Ball
Have you played through Basic Puzzle 8?


What happens when you rotate the blue wheel?
How else can you affect the rotation of bumpers?
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G that
These are the questions
a l were asked to think about before this lesson began. What
byou
conclusions odid é
s you reach? r
fe In this topic, some Java concepts and principles will be discussed
that can r J
help explaina n s
this behavior.
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Java Puzzle Ball Debrief
• What happens when you rotate the blue wheel?

– The orientation of all blue bumpers change.

– All blue bumpers share the orientation property of the wheel.
• How else can you affect the rotation of bumpers?
– After the ball strikes a rotation wall, the rotation of an
individual bumper changes.
a
) has
Rotation wall
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Static Methods and Variables
The static modifier is applied to a method or variable.

It means the method/variable:

• Belongs to the class and is shared by all objects of that
class
• Is not unique to an object instance
• Can be accessed without instantiating the class
Comparison:
• A static variable is shared by all objects in a class. s a
) ha
• An instance variable is unique to an individual object.om
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So far you learned G
é r a bl variables and methods by creating an object instance of the
how to access
s sorfemethod belongs to. The Java language allows you to declare a
class that theovariable
J
variable
a r
or method
t r n static. This means that you can access it without creating an object
aas
g -
Ed nofothe
instance n class. Sometimes these are referred to as class variables or class methods.
Example: Setting the Size for a New Item
1 public class ItemSizes {

2 static final String mSmall = “Men’s Small”;

3 static final String mMed = “Men’s Medium”;
4 }
Passing the static mMed variable
to the setSize method
Item item1 = new Item();
item1.setSize(ItemSizes.mMed);
a
1 public class Item {
) has
2 public String size;
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3 public void setSize(String sizeArg){
m ai ide
4 this.size = sizeArg;
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5 }
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6 } ed St z ( is
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r r
e classleItemSizes contains two static variables of type String:
In the example above,G uthe b
s
mSmall andomMed. é These f e r a
are initialized to a description of a particular men’s size. These
valuesa r
canJbe used a n s
without instantiating
g - t r ItemSizes.
E• d Thencode
on snippet shown in the middle of the slide shows an Item object being
instantiated and then the setSize method of the Item object is invoked, passing in
ItemSizes.mMed as an argument.
• The code example at the bottom of the slide shows the Item class. It contains a
String field, size. The setSize method requires a String parameter to set the
size field.
Creating and Accessing Static Members
• To create a static variable or method:

static String mSmall;

static void setMSmall(String desc);
• To access a static variable or method:
‒ From another class
ItemSizes.mSmall;
ItemSizes.setMSmall("Men’s Small");
– From within the class s a
mSmall; )ha
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setMSmall("Men’s Small");
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G thatraare
Variables and methods
é bl unique to an instance are referred to as instance variables or
r J os arenaccessed
methods. If they
s fe from an object of another class, you qualify the reference with
d g a -tra
the object reference (shirt01.size).
E• Whenn n
oaccessing a static variable or method from an object of a different class, you
qualify the reference with the class name as shown above:
ItemSizes.setMSmall("Men’s Small") or ItemSizes.mSmall
• If you are referencing the static variable or method from within the class, there is no
need to qualify it.
• The main method is an example of a static method. As you know, it is used as the entry
point to an application. Because the main method is static, the Java runtime can
implicitly invoke it on the class without first instantiating the class.
When to Use Static Methods or Fields
• Performing the operation on an individual object or

associating the variable with a specific object type is not

important.
• Accessing the variable or method before instantiating an
object is important.
• The method or variable does not logically belong to an
object, but possibly belongs to a utility class, such as the
Math class, included in the Java API.
a
• Using constant values (such as Math.PI) has )
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Some Rules About Static Fields and Methods
• Instance methods can access static methods or fields.

• Static methods cannot access instance methods or fields.

Why?
1 public class Item{

2 int itemID;
3 public Item(){
4 setId();
5 } s a
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6 static int getID(){ m
7 // whose itemID?? i l ฺ co eฺ
8 } g ma Guid
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The code example G
é r a bl why a static method is not allowed to access an instance
above illustrates
r J os nsfe
method or field.
a -istran
• gitemID a instance variable. That means that each Item object has its own
d n
E (presumably)
no unique itemID. In this example, its value is set in the constructor.
• The getID method is static, so it can be invoked even if there are no Item objects
created.
Instance methods and fields are only available by referencing the individual object instance.
Static Fields and Methods vs. Instance Fields and

Methods
Object (instance)
public class Item{

static int staticItemID; referenced by item01.
int instanceItemID;
static int staticItemID;
static main(){
int instanceItemID;
Item item01 = new Item();
static main(){ ... }
1 staticItemId = 6;
showItemID(){
2 instanceItemID = 3
5 ...println(staticItemID);
3 showItemID();
6 ...println(instanceItemID);
a
4 item01.showItemID();
ha s
}
m )
}
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showItemID(){
...println(staticItemId);
@ ntg
...println(instanceItemId);
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instances
}
d h
}
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The code example G
é
above shows
r a bl a more complex example of an Item class that has an
r J os instanceItemID
instance variable
n s fe and a static variable staticItemID. In its main
method,
g a it
- t r a
instantiates an object referenced by item01. Look at the six lines of code and see
Edexplanations
the
n on below for why some work and some do not.
1. staticItemID is a static variable, and referenced from within a static method, main,
so it does not need to access an instance.
2. instanceItemID is an instance variable, and referenced from within a static method,
main, so it cannot be accessed unless a reference points to the particular object whose
instance variable needs to be set.
3. showItemID() is a call to an instance method, and referenced from within a static
method, main, so it cannot be accessed without a reference.
4. item01.showItemID() is a call to an instance method, but in this case the reference
points to the particular object whose instance method needs to be called.
5. ...println(staticItemID) refers to a static variable, but it is referred to from an
instance. Instances can always access static variables.
6. ...println(instanceItemID refers to an instance variable, but it is referred to from
an instance. No object reference is given, so it accesses the instance variable on the
object itself.
Static Methods and Variables in the Java API
Examples:
• Some functionality of the Math class:

– Exponential
– Logarithmic
– Trigonometric
– Random
– Access to common mathematical constants, such as the
value PI (Math.PI)
a
• Some functionality of the System class: ) has
– Retrieving environment variables l ฺ c om ฺ
m ai ide
– Access to the standard input and output streams
@ g t Gu
– Exiting the current program (System.exit d 4
2 method) en
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Certain Java class G
é r a bl as the System and the Math class, contain only static
libraries, such
J s sfe
methods andovariables. The System class contains utility methods for handling operating
a r
system–specific
t r a n
tasks. (They do not operate on an object instance.) For example, the
g
d on - method of the System class gets information about the computer that
E
getProperties()
n
you are using.
The Math class contains utility methods for math operations. Because these methods and
variables are static, you do not need to create a new object every time you want your program
to do some math.
Examining Static Variables in the JDK Libraries

out is a static
field of System
and contains
and is an
object s a
reference to a )ha
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System is a class in java.lang.
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The next few slidesG show how
a l might use the Java API documentation to find out more
byou
é
s sfe
about System.out.println().
omethods r As you will see, this is a little unusual, because the class
that has
a r J
the a n that you need to investigate is not System. Rather, it is the class that is
g - t r
Edtype nofothe
the n out field of the System object. Consider the following:
System is a class (in java.lang).
out is a static field of System. This is the reason that you reference it from the class name,
not from an object instance: System.out
out is a reference type that allows calling println() on the object type it references.
To find the documentation:
1. Go to System class and find the type of the out field.
2. Go to the documentation for that field.
3. Review the methods available.
Using Static Variables and Methods:

System.out.println
Some of the methods

of PrintStream
The field, out, on System is s a

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of type PrintStream. m
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The diagram showsG the Fieldb
a l
Summary for the class System. Here, you can see that there is
indeed a field é
s out,
ocalled r
feand it is of type PrintStream. By clicking PrintStream, you can
now see r J
the details n s
a that class and, if you scroll down to the Method Summary, you will find
for
g a - t r
Ed many
(among n other methods) the print method and the println method. The print
novery
method is similar to println, except that it does not create a new line after printing, like
println does.
Example:
println("Hello"); println("Hello") yields the following output:
Hello
Hello
print("Hello"); print("Hello"); yields the following output:

HelloHello
More Static Fields and Methods in the Java API
Java provides wrapper classes for

each of the primitive data types.

• Boolean: Contains a single field
of type boolean
• Double: Contains a single field
of type double
• Integer: Contains a single field
of type int a
They also provide utility methods to ) has
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A wrapper class is G
é a class with
r a blthe same name as one of the primitive data types. Wrapper
r J os nsfeto contain a single value of the primitive type.
classes are instantiated
d gaInteger
n - tramyInt = new Integer(10);
E arenovery useful classes because they provide methods to help you work with the
These
primitive values stored within.
Converting Data Values
• Methods often need to convert an argument to a different

type.
• Most of the object classes in the JDK provide various
conversion methods.
Examples:
• Converting a String to an int
int myInt1 = Integer.parseInt(s_Num);
• Converting a String to a double a
a s
double myDbl = Double.parseDouble(s_Num);
m )h
• Converting a String to boolean i l ฺ co eฺ
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The examples show
é a bl
Gstaticrconversion methods for Integer, Double, and Boolean.
r J ossomensconversion
There are also fe methods for the object classes (Integer, Double, and so
a
g n-tr
on) that are not a
static. These methods are invoked on an object reference for one of these
d
E and
classes no convert the value of that specific object.
Topics


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Passing an Object Reference
Thank you!
An object reference is similar to
a house address. When it is

passed to a method:
• The object itself is not
passed 11
00
• The method can access the 11 2
object using the reference
• The method can act upon Paint my 1
house. s a
the object Here’s the )ha
101 m
address.
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House myHouse = new House(); g ma Guid
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PainterMan.paint(myHouse);
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An object referenceG l as the object. It simply provides a reference for access to
is not thebsame
a
é
os is similar
that object. This r
feto the way a house address provides directions for finding a
r J n s
d g a -tra
particular house.
In
n onabove, the house (call it myHouse) has an address (the myHouse reference) of
Ethe graphic
101. When the painter gets this address, he jots it down in his notebook (he makes a copy of
it). This enables the house painter to find the house and paint it.
When you send an object reference as an argument to a method, you are sending a copy of
the reference—not the object nor the actual reference.
The receiving method has the information it needs to act directly upon the object itself.
What If There Is a New Object?
myHouse = new House();

Hey! My house
2 Move to new wasn’t painted!
house.
11
00
11 3
Paint my house. 1
1 Here’s the 0
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Suppose that the owner G ofrthe a l
bhouse moves to another house before the job is finished. Will
the painter be é
osable fe the owner’s new house in order to paint it? The object reference
to find
(myHouse) r J has a n
changed
s to point to a new house, but the notation in the painter’s notebook
g a - t r
drefers toonthe old house. If the owner expects the new house to be painted, he or she will
still
E n
be disappointed.
A Shopping Cart Code Example


4 System.out.println("Shirt color: " + myShirt.colorCode);
5 changeShirtColor(myShirt, 'B');
7 }
8 public static void changeShirtColor(Shirt theShirt, char color) {
9 theShirt.colorCode = color; }
10 }
theShirt is a new reference of type Shirt. s a

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Output:
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Shirt color: U
Shirt color: B d h d tude
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G rathe
When a method is invoked,
é blvalues of the arguments are used to initialize the parameter
r J os thenbody
variables before
s feof the method is executed. This is true for both primitive types and
reference
g a types.
- t r a
(Objects are not passed to methods.)
d example
Ethe
In on shown in the slide, the reference myShirt is passed by value into the
n
changeShirtColor method. The reference, theShirt is assigned the value of the
myShirt reference (the address). They now both point to the same object, so the change to
the color made using theShirt is printed out by accessing myShirt.color.
Note: The call to the changeShirtColor method is made from the main method, which is
static. Remember that a static method can only access other static methods. The
changeShirtColor method is also static.
Passing by Value
Shirt myShirt = new Shirt();

changeShirtColor(myShirt, 'B');
0x034009
12 shirtID
myShirt 0x034009
15.99 price
B colorCode
a
theShirt 0x034009
) has
Before
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The diagram in theG
é
slide shows
r a bl how the value of the myShirt reference passed into the
r J os nsfemethod is used to initialize a new Shirt reference (in this case,
changeShirtColor()
d g a -traRemember that when a new Shirt is created, the colorCode is

called theShirt).
E ntoon“U”.
initialized
Reassigning the Reference


5 changeShirtColor(myShirt, 'B');
7 }
9 public static void changeShirtColor(Shirt theShirt, char color) {
10 theShirt = new Shirt();
11 theShirt.colorCode = color;
12 }
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Output:
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Shirt color: U
Shirt color: U d h d tude
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Here is another example
é G with r a bal small change in the code of the changeShirtColor()
method. In this
r J osexample,
n s fethe reference value passed into the method is assigned to a new
shirt. The
g a reference
- t r a points to a different Shirt object than the myShirt reference does.
now
Edbefore,othen Shirt.color is changed to 'B'. The println method called on line 6 shows
As
the colornof the myShirt object still is 'U' (Unset). These references point to two different Shirt
objects.
This illustrates that the reference myShirt is indeed passed by value. Changes made to a
reference passed into a worker method (reassignment to a different object, for instance) do
not affect the references in the calling method.
Passing by Value
Shirt myShirt = new Shirt();

changeShirtColor(myShirt, 'B');
0x034009
12 shirtID
myShirt 0x034009
15.99 price
U colorCode
s a
0x99f311
) ha
12 shirtID
c m
o ฺ
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theShirt 0x99f311
15.99 price
g m a
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B colorCode
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The diagram in theG
é slide shows
r a bl the situation that results from the code in the previous slide.
When myShirt
r J os is passed
n s fe into the changeShirtColor() method, a new reference
d g a theShirt,
variable,
n - tra is initialized with the value of myShirt. Initially, this reference points to
E objectnothat the myShirt reference points to. But after a new Shirt is assigned to
the
theShirt, any changes made using theShirt affect only this new Shirt object.
Topics


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Method Overloading
Overloaded methods:
• Have the same name

• Have different signatures
– The number of parameters
– The types of parameters
– The order of parameters
• May have different functionality or similar functionality
• Are widely used in the foundation classes s a
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é G language,
In the Java programming
r a bl a class can contain several methods that have the same
r Jos aarguments
name but different
methodaoverloading. n sfeas you
Just
(so the method signature is different). This concept is called
can distinguish between two students named “Jim” in the
g
d classoby
same - t r
n calling them “Jim in the green shirt” and “Jim with the beeper,” you can
E n
distinguish between two methods by their name and arguments.
Using Method Overloading

The method
signature
1 public final class Calculator {

2 The method type
3 public static int sum(int num1, int num2){
4 System.out.println("Method One");
5 return num1 + num2;
6 }
7
8 public static float sum(float num1, float num2) {
9 System.out.println("Method Two");
10 return num1 + num2; s a
11 } )ha
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12 public static float sum(int num1, float num2) {
i l ฺ
13 System.out.println("Method Three");
g ma Guid
14 return num1 + numb2;
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15 }
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The example in theG
é
slide shows
r a bl three methods to add two numbers, such as two int types or
r J os With
two float types.
n s e overloading, you can create several methods with the same
fmethod
d g a -tra
name and different signatures.
onmethod accepts two int arguments and returns an int value. The second sum
E first nsum
The
method accepts two float arguments and returns a float value. The third sum method
accepts an int and a float as arguments and returns a float.
The callout shows the part of the method declaration that is called the method signature.
The method signature of a method is the unique combination of the method name and the
number, types, and order of its parameters. The method signature does not include the return
type. To invoke any of the sum methods, the compiler compares the method signature in your
method invocation against the method signatures in a class.
Using Method Overloading
1 public class CalculatorTest {

2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4
5 int totalOne = Calculator.sum(2, 3);
6 System.out.println("The total is " + totalOne);
7
8 float totalTwo = Calculator.sum(15.99F, 12.85F);
9 System.out.println(totalTwo);
10
a
11 float totalThree = Calculator.sum(2, 12.85F);
) has
12 System.out.println(totalThree);
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13 }
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14 }
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The code example G
in the slide
a l a main method that invokes each of the previous sum
bhas
é
osCalculator
methods of the r
fe class.
r J n s
d ga n-tra
E no
Method Overloading and the Java API

Method Use
void println() Terminates the current line by writing the line
separator string
void println(boolean x) Prints a boolean value and then terminates the line
void println(char x) Prints a character and then terminates the line
void println(char[] x) Prints an array of characters and then terminates

the line
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GJavarAPI
Many methods in the
é a blare overloaded, including the System.out.println
s in the
method. Theotable
J s feslide shows four variations of the println method.
r n
d ga n-tra
E no
Exercise 8-2: Overload a setItemFields Method
In this exercise, you create an overloaded method in the Item

class:
• setItemFields with three parameters that returns void
• setItemFields with four parameters that returns an int
• Then you invoke these from ShoppingCart.
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• Open the Java
é GCoderConsole
a bl and access 08-Methods > Exercise2.
• Follow
n s fe below the code editor.
• gIfayou need- a click the Solution link. To go back to your code, click the Exercise link
trhelp,
d
E again. n
noAny changes that you have made will have been saved.
Quiz
Which method corresponds to the following method call?

myPerson.printValues(100, 147.7F, "lavender");

a. public void printValues (int i, float f)
b. public void printValues (i, float f, s)
c. public void printValues (int i, float f, String s)
d. a
has
public void printValues (float f, String s, int i)
)
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Answer: c
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Summary

• Add an argument to a method

• Instantiate a class and call a method
• Overload a method
• Work with static methods and variables
• Convert data values using Integer, Double, and
Boolean object types
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Challenge Questions: Java Puzzle Ball
Which of the scenarios below reflect the behavior of:

• A static variable?
• An instance variable?
1. A single bumper rotates after being struck by the ball.
s a
2. Rotating the red wheel changes the orientation of all red
)ha
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When you have anG
é opportunity
r a blto play the game, see if you can answer these questions,
applying the o
J s sfe concepts that you learned in this lesson.
object-oriented
a
For some r t
possibler n
aanswers to these questions and more discussion, see “Appendix A: Java
d g n -
E Ball
Puzzle noChallenge Questions Answered.”

Using Methods
• Creating a static method, createTeams, to return an

array of teams
• Creating another static method, createGames, that
takes an array of teams and returns an array of games
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Creating Game Data Randomly
This practice covers creating a method for playing a soccer
game that randomly creates Goal objects.
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Creating Overloaded Methods
This practice covers overloading a method.
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Matis Consulting SฺCฺ

Learn more from Oracle University at education.oracle.com

Kenneth Somerville Disclaimer

3 Creating a Java Main Class

Operator Precedence 4-20

5 Managing Multiple Items

6 Describing Objects and Classes

Java Puzzle Ball Debrief 6-6

Classes and Instances 6-10

Soccer Application 6-51

Challenge Questions: Java Puzzle Ball 6-55

7 Manipulating and Formatting the Data in Your Program

Increment and Decrement Operators (++ and ––) 7-37

Type Casting 7-42

Example: Setting the Size for a New Item 8-28

Using Access Control on Methods 9-9

Why Use Setter and Getter Methods? 9-13

When to Use switch Constructs 10-24

Working with an IDE Debugger 10-28

Coding a Standard for Loop 11-29

Coding a do/while Loop 11-33

Java Puzzle Ball 12-4

Inheritance and Overloaded Constructors 12-17

Overriding Methods 12-21

Casting an Interface Reference 13-15

ArrayList Example 13-20

Uncaught Exception 14-20

Web Presentation of the League 15-24

Game Record Including Kickoff 15-28

A Java Puzzle Ball Challenge Questions Answered

About This Course

12 Shirt myShirt = new Shirt();

• Beginners to programming who have basic mathematical,

logical, and analytical problem-solving skills and who want

After completing this course, you should be able to:

• Demonstrate knowledge of basic programming language

Implement intermediate Java programming and object-oriented (OO) concepts

• Encapsulate the fields of a class.

• Filling the Cart

– Lesson 11: Working with Arrays, Loops, and Dates

Java Code Student

Java Puzzle Ball

• Java API Documentation: The API documentation is the application programming

Test Your Lab Machines

1. Go to your lab machine.

2. Open the Firefox browser.

How Do You Learn More After the Course?

To find more resources, bookmark the URL:

a. What is your name?

b. What do you do for a living, and where do you work?

In this lesson, you reviewed the course objectives and the

What Is a Java Program?

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

• Contrast the terms “platform-dependent” and “platform-

• Introduction to computer programs

• Introduction to the Java language

Purpose of a Computer Program

A computer program is a set of instructions that run on a

computer or other digital device.