Arduino Program Structure
Define variables here
Define INPUT/OUTPUT Pins here Sketch = Program =
Source Code
Create your main program here
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Pin Setup
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PinMode Syntax
pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT)
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Digital Output
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digitalWrite
Syntax:
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW)
Eg
digitalWrite(9,HIGH)
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delay
Pauses the program for the amount of
time (in miliseconds) specified as
parameter
Syntax
delay(ms)
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Connection
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Exercise: pinMode, digitalWrite
1. Write a sketch to turn on one LED
Use digital pin 12 and use digitalWrite
2. Write a sketch to blink one LED
3. Write a sketch to alternate blinking 2 LEDs
Time for Exercise: 10 mins
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Turn on LED
// the setup function runs once when you
press reset or power the board
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an
output.
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again
forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(12, HIGH); // turn the LED on
(HIGH is the voltage level)
}
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Blink LED
// the setup function runs once when you press
reset or power the board
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an
output.
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again
forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(12, HIGH); // turn the LED on
(HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(12, LOW); // turn the LED off by
making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
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Two LED: Hint on Connection
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Analog Output
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Analog Output Applications
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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
To create an analog signal, the microcontroller
use a technique called PWM. By varying the
pulse width or duty cycle, we can create an
analog voltage.
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Analog Output
A few PINs on the Arduino Digital PINs allow to
modify the output to mimic analog signal
Pin 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11
They are indicated by a "~" besides the pin no.
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Analog Write Pin
The analog write
pins are those pins
with ~ sign
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analogWrite Syntax
Syntax
analogWrite(PIN, value)
Eg
analogWrite(9, 125)
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Connection
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LED analog value
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an
output.
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again
forever
void loop() {
analogWrite(9, 0) ;
delay(1500); // wait for a second
analogWrite(9, 50) ;
delay(1500);
analogWrite(9, 150) ;
delay(1500);
analogWrite(9, 255);
delay(1500); // wait for a second
}
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Exercise: analogWrite
1. Write a simple sketch to change the
brightness the LED light from low to high
repeatedly
2. Write a sketch to fade the LED brightness
from low to high, and high to low repeatedly.
Time: 10 mins
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Analog Input
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AnalogRead Syntax
Syntax
analogRead(PIN)
Eg
analogRead(A0)
• 10-bit analog to digital converter
• map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into
integer values between 0 and 1023.
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Exercise: analogRead
Write a simple sketch to read the analog output
of a potentiometer and output to the serial
monitor
Time: 10 mins
A0
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Map
Syntax:
map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)
Eg
int val = analogRead(0);
val = map(val, 0, 1023, 0, 255);
analogWrite(9, val);
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Map
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Map
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Challenges
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Challenge 1: Digital Read/Write
Parts Needed:
● Arduino Uno
● Solderless breadboard
● 1 LED
● 1 220 resistor
● 1 10K resistor
● 1 pushbutton
● Wires
10KΩ
● Connect the circuit shown on
the left
● Write a sketch from bare
minimum to turn on the LED
Time: 15mins when the button is pressed
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Challenge 2: Analog Read/Write
Parts Needed:
● Arduino Uno
● Solderless breadboard
● 1 LED
● 1 220 resistor
● 1 Potentiometer
● Wires
● Connect the circuit shown
on the left
● Code a sketch to vary the
brightness of the LED
using potentiometer.
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