Rock Classification As Oer CPWD

2.
0 EARTH WORK
2.0 DEFINITIONS
Deadmen or Tell Tales: Mounds of earth left undisturbed in pits dug out for borrowing earth
Burjis: Short pillars of brick/ stone having top surface finished with cement plaster for marking etc.
Formation or Profile: Final shape of the ground after excavation or filling up.
Foul condition: Filthy and unhygienic conditions where physical movements are hampered such as
soil mixed with sewage or night soil.
Lead : All distances shall be measured over the shortest practical route and not necessarily the route
actually taken. Route other than shortest practical route may be considered in cases of unavoidable
circumstances and approved by Engineer-in-charge along with reasons in writing.
Carriage by manual labour shall be reckoned in units of 50 metres or part thereof.
Carriage by animal and mechanical transport shall be reckoned in one km. unit. Distances of 0.5 km. or
more shall be taken as 1 km. and distance of less than 0.5 km. shall be ignored. However, when the
total lead is less than 0.5 km., it will not be ignored but paid for separately in successive stages of 50
metres subject to the condition that the rate worked on this basis does not exceed the rate for initial
lead of 1 km. by mechanical/animal transport.
Lift: The vertical distance for removal with reference to the ground level. The excavation up to 1.5
metres depth below the ground level and depositing the excavated materials upto 1.5 metres above
the ground level are included in the rate of earth work. Lifts inherent in the lead due to ground slope
shall not be paid for.
Safety rules: Safety rules as laid down by the statutory authority and as provided in National Building
Code (NBC) shall be followed.
2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

2.1.0 The earthwork shall be classified under the following categories and measured separately for
each category:
(a) All kind of soils: Generally any strata, such as sand, gravel, loam, clay, mud, black cotton
moorum, shingle, river or nallah bed boulders, siding of roads, paths etc. and hard core,
macadam surface of any description (water bound, grouted tarmac etc.), lime concrete mud
concrete and their mixtures which for excavation yields to application of picks, showels, jumper,
sacrifiers, ripper and other manual digging implements.
(b) Ordinary rock: Generally any rock which can be excavated by splitting with crow bars or picks and
does not require blasting, wedging or similar means for excavation such as lime stone, sand stone,
hard laterite, hard conglomerate and un-reinforced cement concrete below ground level.
If required light blasting may be resorted to for loosening the materials but this will not in any
way entitle the material to be classified as ‘Hard rock’.
(c) Hard rock: Generally any rock or boulder for the excavation of which blasting is required such
as quartzite, granite, basalt, reinforced cement concrete (reinforcement to be cut through but
not separated from concrete) below ground level and the like.
(d) Hard rock (blasting prohibited): Hard rock requiring blasting as described under (c) but where
the blasting is prohibited for any reason and excavation has to be carried out by chiseling,
wedging, use of rock hammers and cutters or any other agreed method.
CPWD SPECIFICATIONS 2019 30

2.2 ANTIQUITIES AND USEFUL MATERIALS
2.2.1 Any finds of archaeological interest such as relics of antiquity, coins, fossils or other articles of
value shall be delivered to the Engineer-in-Charge and shall be the property of the Government.
2.2.2 Any material obtained from the excavation which in the opinion of the Engineer-in-Charge is
useful shall be stacked separately in regular stacks as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge and shall be
the property of the Government.
2.3 PROTECTIONS
2.3.1 Excavation where directed by the Engineer-in- Charge shall be securely barricaded and provided
with proper caution signs, conspicuously displayed during the day and properly illuminated with red
lights and/or written using fluorescent reflective paint as directed by engineer in charge during the night
to avoid accident.
2.3.2 The Contractor shall take adequate protective measures to see that the excavation operations do
not damage the adjoining structures or dislocate the services. Water supply pipes, sluice valve
chambers, sewerage pipes, manholes, drainage pipes and chambers, communication cables, power
supply cables etc. met within the course of excavation shall be properly supported and adequately
protected, so that these services remain functional. However, if any service is damaged during
excavation shall be restored in reasonable time.
2.3.3 Excavation shall not be carried out below the foundation level of the adjacent buildings until
underpinning, shoring etc. is done as per the directions of the Engineer-in-Charge for which payment
shall be made separately.
2.3.4 Any damages done by the contractor to any existing work shall be made good by him at his own
cost. Existing drains pipes, culverts, over head wires, water supply lines and similar services
encountered during the course of execution shall be protected against damage by the contractor. The
contractor shall not store material or otherwise occupy any part of the site in manner likely to hinder the
operations of such services.
2.4 SITE CLEARANCE

2.4.1 Before the earth work is started, the area coming under cutting and filling shall be cleared of
shrubs, rank vegetation, grass, brushwood, trees and saplings of girth up to 30cm measured at a
height of one metre above ground level and rubbish removed up to a distance of 50 metres outside the
periphery of the area under clearance. The roots of trees and saplings shall be removed to a depth of
60cm below ground level or 30 cm below formation level or 15 cm below sub grade level, whichever is
lower, and the holes or hollows filled up with the earth, rammed and leveled.
2.4.2 The trees of girth above 30 cm measured at a height of one metre above ground shall be cut only
after permission of the Engineer-in-Charge is obtained in writing. The roots of trees shall also be
removed as specified in 2.4.1. payment for cutting such trees and removing the roots shall be made
separately.
2.4.3 Existing structures and services such as old buildings, culverts, fencing, water supply pipe lines,
sewers, power cables, communication cables, drainage pipes etc. within or adjacent to the area if
required to be diverted/removed, shall be diverted/dismantled as per directions of the Engineer-in-
Charge and payment for such diversion/dismantling works shall be made separately.
2.4.4 In case of archaeological monuments within or adjacent to the area, the contractor shall provide
necessary fencing alround such monuments as per the directions of the Engineer-in -Charge and protect the
same properly during execution of works. Payment for providing fencing shall be made separately.
2.4.5 Lead of 50 m mentioned in the ‘Schedule Of Quantities’ is the average lead for the disposal of
excavated earth within the site of work. The actual lead for the lead for the disposal of earth may be
more or less than the 50 m for which no cost adjustment shall be made in the rates.
31 SUB HEAD 2.0 : EARTH WORK

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2.

Carriage by manual labour shall be reckoned in units of 50 metres or part thereof.

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

CPWD SPECIFICATIONS 2019 30

2.4 SITE CLEARANCE

31 SUB HEAD 2.0 : EARTH WORK

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