lOMoARcPSD|29897048

ABSTRACT
Sensitive material of MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean
air. When the target combustible gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity is more higher along with
the gas concentration rising. Please use simple electro circuit, Convert change of conductivity
to correspond output signal of gas concentration. MQ-6 gas sensor has high sensitity to
Propane, Butane and LPG, also response to Natural gas. The sensor could be used to detect
different combustible gas, especially Methane; it is with low cost and suitable for different
application. Gas leak detection is the process of identifying potentially hazardous gas leaks by
means of various sensors. These sensors usually employ an audible alarm to alert people when
a dangerous gas has been detected. Common sensors used today include Infrared Point Sensor,
Ultrasonic gas detectors, Electrochemical gas detectors, and Semiconductor Sensors. These
sensors are used for a wide range of applications, and can be found in industrial plants,
refineries, wastewater treatment facilities, vehicles, and around the home.

Gas leak detection methods became a concern after the effects of harmful gases on
human health were discovered. Before modern electronic sensors, early detection methods
relied on less precise detectors. Through the 19th and early 20th centuries, coal miners would
bring canaries down to the tunnels with them as an early detection system against life
threatening gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane. The canary, normally
a very songful bird, would stop singing and eventually die in the presence of these gases,
signaling the miners to exit the mine quickly. Before the development of electronic household
carbon monoxide detectors in the 1980s and 90s, carbon monoxide presence was detected with
a chemically infused paper that turned brown when exposed to the gas. Since then, many
technologies and devices have been developed to detect, monitor, and alert the leakage of a
wide array of gases.
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In the kitchen where boiling water and cooking produces steam, the cooling steam turns into
water that can cause condensation on walls, ceilings and around windows. When this is
happening on a daily basis, especially during winter, mould and mildew can begin to form
which can have an unpleasant odour but can also be harmful to your health.

In this project we are going to design the circuit to control the exhaust fan speed
automatically according to the temperature in the room. Fan speed control is based on adjusting
the voltage which gets to the fan. Fan speed control has been possible for many decades by
using adjustable power resistors and adjustable transformers. Those methods have been used
in movie theatres, houses and other public places.

Block Diagram:

Power Supply Gas Sensor Comparator

Switching Ckt

Exhaust Fan
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INTRODUCTION

MQ-135 semiconductor sensor is Combustible Gas Sensitive. The MQ-5 gas sensor is made
up of SnO2 which has lower conductivity in clean air. A simple electro-circuit is used here
which is used to convert the changing conductivity into corresponding output signal of gas
concentration. Both Methane and Propane can be detected easily by MQ-5 sensor because it
has high sensitivity towards Methane, Propane and Butane. It is a low cost sensor suitable for
different application.
LPG is the abbreviation or short form for liquefied petroleum gas. Like all fossil fuels, it is a
non-renewable source of energy. lt is extracted from crude oil and natural gas. The main
compositions
of LPG are hydrocarbons containing three or four carbon atoms. The normal components of
LPG thus,
are propane (ClHa) and butane (CaHro). Small concentrations of other hydrocarbons may
also be
present. Depending on the source of the LPG and how it has been produced, components
other than
hydrocarbons may also be present. LPG is highly inflammable and must therefore be stored
away from
sources of ignition and in a well-ventilated area, so that any leakage can disperse safely. LPG
vapors is
heavier than air so care should be taken during storage so that any leakage will not sink to the
ground
and get accumulated in an area which is low lying and difficult to disperse. LPG gas is
basically propane
and butane and it is odorless in its natural state. The smell that we notice when there is a
leakage is
actually of an entirely different agent, called Ethyl Mercaptan. This substance is added to
the gas when it leaves the main storage terminals.
The objective of this project is to detect leakage of LPG in home, hotels, schools and other
domestic areas. lt will detect the leakage and will give sound signals to alert the people
around. Gas
sensors are nowadays being used in wide range of applications in the field like safety, health,
instrumentation etc. This project is an implementation of the same using MQ-5 gas sensor.
The MQ5 sensor is commonly used for detecting gas leakage for various apptications and the
DHT1L is used for measuring the humidity and temperature of surrounding area.The MQ6
gas sensor detects the concentration of gas in ppm and outputs analog value which can be
converted to a digital signal using inbuilt Anolog to Digitol Convertor of Arduino. The
project allows the user to set the low, medium and dangerous level for leakage based on the
same digital measure.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR LPG GAS LEAKAGE DETECTOR

POWER
LPG GAS ARDUINO
SUPPLY
SENSOR MICROCONTROL
LER

Block Diagram for Gas Leakage Detector

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

ABSTRACT

This proiect provides a new approach to detect LPG leakage based on microcontroller based

Arduino. To alert on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Ieakage and preventing any unwanted incident,

we should apply some safety meosure to detect the leakage. We hqve developed an Arduino based

LPG gas delector alarm. If gas leaknge occurs, this system detects it. The LPG sensor MQ6 is an

accurate LPG sensing device which acquires the signol intensity. An fficient Arduino based signal
 lOMoARcPSD|29897048

processing mechonism is followed which ffictively quantizes the ocquired electrical signal. The

intensity of the LPG leakage is classified in three classes depending on the quantized yalues acquired

from lhe LPG sensor. The three classes are LOI4/, MEDIUM and HIGH. When Arduino gets a HIGH

pulse -fro* LPG cylinder or pipeline, it shows "HIGH" message on I6x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

and acti'ttotes a buzzer which beeps ogain and agoin with highfrequency until the gos detector

module doesn't sense lhe "It{o-leakage" or "Low-leakage" state. For a medium range leakage, it

shows 'MEDI(JM" in the display and beeps on a lower frequency. When LPG leaknge is not

dangerous, a "LOW" message is displayed. This project also displays the relative humidity and

temperature over the LCD display The importance and relevance of the project is highly beneficiary

for mankind as because it is an essential safety measure for our domestic life.

Components Required

1. Arduino Uno
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2. LCD
3. LPG gas Sensor4.
Buzzer

ARDUINO UNO .
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Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project,

and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital
world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and
software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
(LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture
of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are
available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards or Breadboards (shields) and
other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including
Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading
programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and
C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project
provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing
language project. The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students
at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-
cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact
with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such
devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and
motion detectors. 11 The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where
some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin
of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from
1002 to 1014

Features of the Arduino UNO :

Microcontroller: ATmega328

Operating Voltage: 5V

Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

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Analog Input Pins: 6

DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed: 16 MHz

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ARDUINO HARDWARE PART:-

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are
distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and
are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some
versions of the hardware are also available. Although the hardware and software
designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers have
requested the name Arduinoto be exclusive to the official product and not be
used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use
of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work
by others into the official product. Several Arduino-compatible products
commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names
ending in -duino. Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR
microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280,
ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The
32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The
boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate
connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may
connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked
shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards
include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic
resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with
the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. Arduino
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microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies

uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of
the Arduino UNO is the optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program
code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards
contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS232 logic levels and
transistor–transistor logic(TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial
adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno
boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-
toserial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other
variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficialBoarduino, use a detachable
USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used
with 14 traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino
IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other
circuits. The Diecimila,Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six
of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can
also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female
0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially
available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and
Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that
can plug into solderless breadboards. Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived
boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used
interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for
use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are
electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility
with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying
compatibility.

ARDUINO SOFTWARE PART:-

IDE .
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a
crossplatform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in
the programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the
languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features
such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
 lOMoARcPSD|29897048

indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple

one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino
board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The
source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public
License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++
using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic
functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are
compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE
distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert
the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded
into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

Arduino Uno Technical Specifications:

Microcontroller ATmesa328P - 8 bit AVR family microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended InputVoltage- 7-12V
Input Voltage Limits 6-20V
Analog Input Pins 5 (A0 - As)
Digital l/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
DC Current on l/O Pins 40 Ma
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 Ma
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Boot loader)
SRAM 2KB
EEPROM 1KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 1.6 Hz
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LPG GAS SENSOR

The sensor is capable of detecting different types of flammable gases on calibrated
sensitivity.
This sensor can be calibrated using the potentiometer fitted in the breakout board of Me6 gas
sensor
'The sensor gives an analog output. This is a simple-to-use LpG sensor, suitable for sensing
LPG (composed of mostly propane and butane) concentrations in the air. The Me-6 can detect
gas concentrations anywhere from 200 to 10000ppm. The sensor's output is an analog
resistance.
lnterfacing with the sensor module is done through a 4-pin breadboard compatible Slp header
and
requires one l/o pin from the host microcontrotler. The onboard microcontroller provide
initial heating
interval after power-up and then starts to measure LPG sensor output. lf it found the LpG
concentration above preset value, it will inform the Host controller by pulling the output pin
to High
and Starts to blink onboard LED. The sensor module is mainly intended to provide a means
of
comparing LPG sources and being able to set an alarm limit when the source becomes
excessive.
It consists of four pins. pin details of LpG Gas sensor Modute:

SPECIFICATION

Supply voltage =5V

Heating voltage = 5V
Heater resistance = 33ohm
Heating consumption is less than 750 MW
Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range
High sensitivity to Propane, Butane and LpG
Long life and low cost
Simple drive circuit
Sensor Type : Semiconductor
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16x2 LCD Display

LCD modules are vey commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its cheap
price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across these
displays in our
day to day life, either at pCO's or calculators. The appearance and the pin outs have already
been
visualized above now let us get a bit technical. A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its
definition from
its name itself. lt is combination of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a
liquid
crystal to produce a visible image. Liquid crystal displays are super-thin technology display
screen that are generally used in laptop computer screen, TVs, cell phones and portable video
games. LCD's
technologies allow displays to be much thinner when compared to cathode ray tube (cRT)
technology'
L6x2 LCD consists of 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of combinations available
like, $xt,8x2,
L1xz,16x1 in market . t6x2 LCD is the most popular among them. lt can accumulate
maximum (16x2=32J. 32
characters in total and each character will be made of 5x8 Pixel Dots.

PIN CONFIGURATION:
Pin No: Pin Name: Description
t Vss (Ground) Ground pin connected to system ground
2 Vdd (+5 Volt) Powers the LCD with +5V (4.7V - 5.3V)
3 VE (Contrast V)
Decides the contrast level of display. Grounded to get maximum
contrast.
4 Register Select Connected to Microcontrolter to shit between command/data
8
register
5 Read/Write used to read or write data. Normally grounded to write data to LCD
6
7
Enable
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connected to Microcontroller Pin and toggled between 1 and 0 for

data acknowledgement
Data Pin 0
Data pins 0 to 7 forms an 8-bit data line. They can be connected to
Microcontroller to send 8-bit data.
These LCD's can also operate on 4-bit mode in such case Dpta pin
4,5,6 and 7 will be left free.
8 Data Pin 1
9 Data Pin 2
10 Data Pin 3
11 Data Pin 4
12 Data Pin 5
13 Data Pin 5
14 Data Pin 7
15 LED Positive Backlight LED pin positive terminal
16 LED Negative Backlight LED pin negative terminal

Features of 16x2 LCD module

1. . Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
2. . Current consumption is lmA without backlight
3. . Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
4. . Consists of two rows and each row can print 15 characters'
5. . Each character is build by a 5x8 pixel box
6. . Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
7. . lt can also display any custom generated characters
8. . Available in Green and Blue Backlight
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Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device,[1] which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.

Electromechanical
The electric buzzer was invented in 1831 by Joseph Henry. They were mainly used in early
doorbells until they were phased out in the early 1930s in favor of musical chimes, which
had a softer tone.

Piezoelectric
Piezoelectric buzzers, or piezo buzzers, as they are sometimes called, were invented by
Japanese manufacturers and fitted into a wide array of products during the 1970s to 1980s.
This advancement mainly came about because of cooperative efforts by Japanese
manufacturing companies. In 1951, they established the Barium Titanate Application
Research Committee, which allowed the companies to be "competitively cooperative" and
bring about several piezoelectric innovations and inventions.

Types
Electromechanical
Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without
the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current,
causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as
a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical
buzzers made.

Mechanical
A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require drivers. Other
examples of them are doorbells.
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Piezoelectric

Piezoelectric disk beeper

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio

signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate
that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.

A piezoelectric buzzer/beeper also depends on acoustic cavity resonance or Helmholtz

resonance to produce an audible beep.

•
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Working

The functioning of the circuit when the device is powered ON. First the microcontroller
initializes the LCD display and starts reading the analog voltage from the MQ-6 sensor. The
MQ5 sensor gas module has 4 pins. Two pins are used for interfacing with developrnent board
and other two pins are VCC and ground. Out of two interfacing pins one pin is analog output
and other is digital pin. The analog output pin of the module is used for detecting concentration
level of gas leakage and interfaced with the A0 analog input pin of the Arduino board. The
analog voltage from the sensor is digitized using the in-built ADC channel and stored in a
variable as a 10-bit value. The 16X2 LCD display is used to display the value of gas
concentration. lt is connected to the Arduino board by connecting its data pins to pins 4to7 of
the Arduino board. The RS and E pins of the LCD are connected to D2 and D3 pins of the
Arduino UNO respectively. The RW pin of the LCD is connected to the ground. The sensor
value is compared with a calibrated threshold and if the sensor value exceeds that value, the
buzzer gets activated. The buzzer is connected to the Dg pin of the Arduino. A 10k
potentiometer is also connected to the LCD pin VD, the battery and the ground. This is used
for the contrast on the LCD display of the written alphabets or digits. When the leakage of the
gas is within a limit or there is no leakage of LPG , the circuit detects and it displays the ADC
value or the numerical value which is less than 100. A message showing "LOW" keeps on
displaying on the LCD screen .The buzzer is kept off for the condition.lf the leakage level is
fatal or if the level is at initial stage i.e. there is medium leakage of LPG, the circuit detects and
it displays the ADC value, a numerical value greater than 100 and less than 300 on the display.
A message showing "MEDIUM" keeps on displaying on the LCD screen. The buzzer starts
alerting by producing a low frequency sound in this condition.lf the leakage level is higher i.e.
in the danger level, the circuit detects and it displays the ADC value or the numerical value
greater than 300 on the displ?V, ? message showing "HIGH' keeps on
displaying on the LCD screen. The buzzer alerts the surrounding by producing a high
frequency sound
which is audible to all.This is how LpG Gas Leakage Detection circuit works and it alerts
when there is high leakage of LPG which is really very dangerous for us.
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CONCLUSION

The main advantage of this simple gas leak detector is its simplicity and its ability to
warn its stakeholders about the leakage of the
LPG gas. The future aspects of this detector include the gsm module and a tripper circuit
which increases the efficiency of the
system and provides more safety to the users. The other advantage of this system includes its
audio – visual warning systems. This
detector is implemented successfully and is easy to use and also a low cost product. Another
advantage of this device is that even
though if no one is there in the house and then gas leaks occurs, GSM module is there to send
immediate messages to the
stakeholders regarding the gas leak and thus it lowers the intensity of accidents. GSM module
in this device ensures better safety regarding the gas leaks.