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Multithreaded and Distributed Algornthms
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P= (1001) inShow thela nguage the case is

avertheage caseO(n-m+1) is m)Oi.e. O(nm). For typical
Solution: This
the text 1T =
is the comparisons Naive-Streifngiciency (n). a

follows simplest(0 0met10hod010 10)

m
be obtained as -
of matcher makes for the
pattern
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Step 1 : string matching. The match for the
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No match found
1 2
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3
4
5
0 0
1 0
10
m n No match Shift the
. 1
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1 patern to right by 1 place 0 Text

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pattern
m
The match is Step 2 :
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found.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 8 9
1 10 11
0 0 12
0 1
No match 0 0 1 0
Hence return index 12, because a match with the pattern is found from that location 1
in text.
Step 3:
Algorithm
Algorithm Naive (T[1...n], P[1....m]) 0 1 2 3
{ 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
I/ Problem Description : This algorithm finds 0 0 0 1 0
I/ the string matching using Naive method. 0 0
No match
I/Input : The array text T and pattern P
for (s -0 to n-m) do 1 1
{
while (P[1......m] = T[s+1.....s+m] then Step 4:
print ("pattern finding with shift", S);
0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12
}//end of algorithm 0 0

Analysis No match

In the given example, if a match is not found then shift the pattern to right by 1 1 0 1

position i.e. almost always we are shifting the pattern to the right. The worst case occurs
when we have to make all the m comparisons. In above implementation, we can see that
for loop is executed at the most (n-m +1) times and inner while loop executes for
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 Designand Analysiss of
Design and Analysis of Algonithms 6- 26 Multithreaded and Distributed Algonithns
6.4.2| The Rabin
Algorithms
6-27
Step 5 :
Karp
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1 2 3 4 5
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6 7 8 10 11 12
character to he a is
modulo a third digit in
0 0 1 0 1 0 0
decimal value. Thenumber
d =.10 Let, notatiobe
hashing technique.
radix-d n. It makes This algorithm assumes each
Only three characters match. Hence shift the pattem to right
for pll. .n] apattern use of equivalernce of two numbers
1 0 1
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Let, T[1.n] be a number. corresponding
Step 6: text then t,
for s= 0, 1, ... n. m.
denotes the decimal value of
0 1 2 3 4 5 The method the substring T[s+1...s+m]
6 7 8 10 11 12
follows
0 0 1 1 1 1.Compute p in O(m)foltime.
owing steps
No match 2. Compute all ; values in
total of O(n)
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shifts s in total of O(n) time.
The
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p = plm] follows.
+d(p[m-1]+d(p[m-2)+. a(p[2)+d(pl )
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12
For example : lo
1 0 1 0 1 compute pattern
p[l...m] =41603 we have m= 5 (i.e.
No match length of pattern), d = 10. Then
p = plml+ 10 (p[m-1])
Step 8:
1
= 3+ 10 (0) + 100 (6) + +10-(p[m-2]...p[1)
1000 (1) + 10000(4)
p = 41603
1 2 3 4 5 6, 7 8 9 10 11 12
We can then compute to from T[1....n] in O(m) time.
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Then remaining t, can be
computed in O(n-m) time as :
No match
t1 = d(t, - d T[s +1] +I[ S+m+1)
1 0 0 1 where d = 10.

Step 9: But these values of p andt, may be too large hence we use mod value.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Example 6.4.2 Using the Rabin -Karp algorithm for text T = 3141592653539793 find for
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 pattern P = 26. With modulo q = 11

1 0 0 1

Thus match is found at index 8 in text.

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 Designand Analysis of
Design and Analysis of Algorithms 6- 28 Multithreaded and Distributed Algonth)he
Algorithms
The algorithm is as 6-29
Solution : follows - Multithreaded and Distributed Algorithms
3 1
Text 3 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 8 7 9 3
Pattern

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We
2 6
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e The mod 11 =4.

mp veluti
2 6 But pattern is not
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spurious
hit.
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Spurious hits Valid match 3 1 4 1 5 2
(not actual pattern) 6 5 3 5 7 3

For m = 2, consider t, The mod 11 = 4.

26 then we can compute t as follows 26 and pattern is also matching against text. !
Hence we declare that at 7" position
t l = 10 (t - d . old high order digit) + new low order digit we find patten matching.

= 10(26 - 10 2) + 5 = 10(26 - 20) +5 26 5 3

26 n b 4 u eYat
= 60 +5
Algorithm RabinKarp (T[1...n], P[1...n), d, ql mete
t = 65 t, = 26 I|Problem Description : This algorithm is
65 =ts+1
Il for matching the patterm using Rabin Karp method
Thus we can obtain every successive bit in text T. ht-pow (d, m-1) mod q high order digit position
p-0
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