Clues of Genetic Cause of Schisophrenia
Clues of Genetic Cause of Schisophrenia
Clues of Genetic Cause of Schisophrenia
The overall number and nature of mutations—rather than the presence of any
single mutation—influences an individual’s risk of developing schizophrenia, as
well as its severity, according to a new discovery. The findings could have
important implications for the early detection and treatment of schizophrenia.
The overall number and nature of mutations -- rather than the presence of any
single mutation -- influences an individual's risk of developing schizophrenia, as
well as its severity, according to a discovery by Columbia University Medical
Center researchers published in the latest issue of Neuron. The findings could
have important implications for the early detection and treatment of
schizophrenia.
Maria Karayiorgou, MD, professor of psychiatry and Joseph Gogos, MD, PhD,
professor of physiology and cellular biophysics and of neuroscience, and their
team sequenced the "exome" -- the region of the human genome that codes for
proteins -- of 231 schizophrenia patients and their unaffected parents. Using this
data, they demonstrated that schizophrenia arises from collective damage across
several genes.
"This study helps define a specific genetic mechanism that explains some of
schizophrenia's heritability and clinical manifestation," said Dr. Karayiorgou, who
is acting chief of the Division of Psychiatric and Medical Genetics at the New York
State Psychiatric Institute. "Accumulation of damaged genes inherited from
healthy parents leads to higher risk not only to develop schizophrenia but also to
develop more severe forms of the disease."
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder in which patients experience
hallucination, delusion, apathy and cognitive difficulties. The disorder is relatively
common, affecting around 1 in every 100 people, and the risk of developing
schizophrenia is strongly increased if a family member has the disease. Previous
research has focused on the search for individual genes that might trigger
schizophrenia. The availability of new high-throughput DNA sequencing
technology has contributed to a more holistic approach to the disease.
The researchers compared sequencing data to look for genetic differences and
identify new loss-of-function mutations -- which are rarer, but have a more severe
effect on ordinary gene function -- in cases of schizophrenia that had not been
inherited from the patients' parents. They found an excess of such mutations in a
variety of genes across different chromosomes.
Using the same sequencing data, the researchers also looked at what types of
mutations are commonly passed on to schizophrenia patients from their parents.
It turns out that many of these are "loss-of-function" types. These mutations were
also found to occur more frequently in genes with a low tolerance for genetic
variation.
"These mutations are important signposts toward identifying the genes involved in
schizophrenia," said Dr. Karayiorgou.
The researchers then looked more deeply into the sequencing data to try to
determine the biological functions of the disrupted genes involved in
schizophrenia. They were able to verify two key damaging mutations in a gene
called SETD1A, suggesting that this gene contributes significantly to the disease.
SETD1A is involved in a process called chromatin modification. Chromatin is the
molecular apparatus that packages DNA into a smaller volume so it can fit into
the cell and physically regulates how genes are expressed. Chromatin
modification is therefore a crucial cellular activity.
The finding fits with accumulating evidence that damage to chromatin regulatory
genes is a common feature of various psychiatric and neurodevelopmental
disorders. By combining the mutational data from this and related studies on
schizophrenia, the authors found that "chromatin regulation" was the most
common description for genes that had damaging mutations.
"A clinical implication of this finding is the possibility of using the number and
severity of mutations involved in chromatin regulation as a way to identify
children at risk of developing schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental
disorders," said Dr. Gogos. "Exploring ways to reverse alterations in chromatic
modification and restore gene expression may be an effective path toward
treatment."
In further sequencing studies, the researchers hope to identify and characterize
more genes that might play a role in schizophrenia and to elucidate common
biological functions of the genes.