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UNIT
5
Cultural and
Political
Geography
Unit Overview Learning Objectives
➢ Understand
5.1 Introduction the existence of
5.2 Cultural Realms of the World cultural diversity
5.3 Races and cultural traits
5.4 Tribal Distribution of the World around the world.
5.5 Political Geography - Concept of ➢ Describe the world
Nation and State distribution of the tribes.
5.5.1 Frontiers and Boundaries ➢ Explain the concept of nation and state.
5.5.2 Geopolitics: Global Strategic views ➢ Distinguish between Boundaries and
5.5.3 21st Century Geopolitics of the Frontiers
Multipolar World Order ➢ Understand political relevance of
Heartland theory and Rimland theory
5.1. Introduction to the present world.
An interesting traditional Chinese custom
says that a husband should carry his bride
Culture is the total way of life that
over a pan of burning coals before crossing the
characterises a group of people. There are
threshold of their home as husband and wife.
According to tradition, the ritual ensures that thousands of cultures existing today and
the wife will have an easy and successful labour. each contributes to global diversity. There are
Fire walking is also performed by some Chinese so many ways that people can be culturally
people as a means to prevent natural disaster’. different. Specifically, a culture consists of
‘In Cypriot culture, do not give white lilies numerous cultural components that vary
as they are used at funerals. It is polite to from one culture group to the other. Some of
finish everything on your plate. If you have the cultural parameters are religion, language,
not finished eating, cross your knife and fork architecture, cuisine, technology, music, dress,
on your plate with the fork over the knife’. gender roles, law, education, government,
It indicates you have finished eating by agriculture, economy, sport, values, and many
laying your knife and fork parallel across the more.
right side of your plate’. Do you know some
interesting custom practiced in our culture?
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Culture Region (iii) An “associative cultural landscape” which

A culture region is a portion of Earth may be valued because of the “religious,
that has common cultural elements and has artistic or cultural associations of the
distinct cultural authority from other regions. natural element”.
Any number of cultural components may be
Cultural Interaction
used to define culture regions. A map of world
Cultural interaction focuses on the
religions, for example, includes a shaded area in
relationships that often exist between cultural
South Asia where Hinduism is dominant.
components that characterize a given
Culture regions differ greatly in size. community. Different factors interact with each
Some are exceedingly large, like the Islamic other and give rise to prevalent trait.
culture region that encompasses millions of
What language do you speak? What dress
square km of North Africa and Southwest Asia.
do you wear? What food do you like? What is
Some are very small, like Spanish Harlem,
the structure of the house you live in? For the
which encompasses about three square km of
above question by searching the answer we can
Manhattan. Many others are of intermediate
learn the culture of a human society.
size, like the Corn Belt, which occupies a
portion of the mid western United States. Culture shapes our identity and influences our
behaviours. Culture refers to the sharing language,
Cultural Diffusion beliefs, values, norms, behaviours and material
Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural objects, which are passed from one generation
beliefs and social activities from one group of to the next generation. Cultural geography is the
people to another. Mixing of world culture branch of human geography which deals about
through different ethnicities, religions and the areal organization of various cultural aspects
nationalities has only increased with advanced in relation to total environment. Some of the
communication, transport and technology. cultural aspects are as follows:
Cultural Landscape Language

Cultural Landscapes have been defined Language plays great force in socialization
by the World Heritage Committee as “cultural and historical transmission, which is the
properties representing the combined works of primary instrument for transmitting culture.
nature and of man”. Human can bind any group of people through
the network of interaction. Languages are in
The World Heritage Committee has written or oral form. India (780) has the world's
identified and adopted three categories of second highest number of languages, after
cultural landscape. The three categories Papua New Guinea (839).
extracted from the Committee’s Operational
Guidelines, are as follows: Customs
Custom in law is the established pattern of
(i)
“A landscape designed and created
behavior that can be objectively verified within
intentionally by man”.
a particular social setting. .Habit is a similar
(ii) An “organically evolved landscape” which word which is adopted by an individual and it
may be a “relict (or fossil) landscape” or has been adopted by most of the people of the
a “continuing landscape”; ethnic group or society.
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Norms and Archaeological remains), Natural

Norms refers to attitude and behaviours Environment (Rural landscapes, Coasts and
that are considered normal, typical or average shorelines, agricultural heritage) and Artefacts
within the group. Cultural norms are the (Books & Documents, Objects, and Pictures).
standards we live by. They are the shared
Cultural diversity
expectations and rules that guide behaviour
Cultural diversity refers to having different
of people within social groups. Cultural
cultures, respect to each other differences.
norms are learned and reinforced from
Cultural diversity is important; because of
parents, friends, teachers and others while
work place and show increasingly consist of
growing up in a society. Norms often differ
various cultural, racial and ethnic groups.
across cultures, contributing to cross-cultural
We can learn from one another but first we
misunderstandings.
must have a level of understanding. Cultural
Values diversity exists in many countries around
the world, but it can be challenging and, at
Values refer to intangible quality or beliefs
times, problematic. Through this lesson, you
accepted and endorsed by a society. A culture's
will learn how to define cultural diversity and
values are its ideas about what is good, right,
explore some of the ways in which it influences
fair, and just. Sociologists disagree, however,
society.
on how to conceptualize values. Conflict
theory focuses on how values differ between
Cultural Traits
groups within a culture, while functionalism
A cultural trait is a characteristic of
focuses on the shared values within a culture.
human action that's acquired by people
Cultural Heritage socially and transmitted via various modes of
communication. Cultural traits are things that
Cultural Heritage is an expression of the allow for a part of one culture to be transmitted
ways of living developed by a community to another. There are millions of culture traits,
and passed on from generation to generation, a trait can be an object, a technique, a belief
including customs, practices, places, objects, or an attitude. Culture traits are interrelated
artistic expressions and values. Cultural with each other, their collective function forms
Heritage is often expressed as either Intangible culture complex.
or Tangible Cultural Heritage. As part of
human activity Cultural Heritage produces 5.2 Cultural Realms of the World
tangible representations of the value systems,
Cultural realm refers to a type of cultural
beliefs, traditions and lifestyles. As an essential
region. Cultural region is a continuous
part of culture as a whole, Cultural Heritage,
geographical area characterized by cultural
contains these visible and tangible traces form homogeneity. It may be classified into three
antiquity to the recent past. categories as macro, meso and micro region.
Cultural realm is classified based on the
Cultural Heritage types
attitude, religious belief, language, racial
Cultural Heritage can be distinguished in:
group, technological development, etc. There
Built Environment (Buildings, Townscapes,
are twelve Cultural realms in the modern
world. Let us discuss some of them briefly.
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Occidental Realm part of the occidental culture as a result of

Occidental culture is the culture of conversion of tribes into Christianity. The
the European society. It is influenced, to a colonial languages, Spanish and Portuguese,
great extent, by Christianity. It has regional have become the state languages. Regional
modifications on the basis of varying levels architecture has been influenced by the
of industrialisation, political and economic Spanish and Portuguese styles. Practically all
thought, colonisation, commercialisation, countries maintain economic, cultural and
urbanisation, and development of transport social ties with the Mediterranean countries.
system, land development of social, political
and economic institutions. Islamic Cultural Realm
The Islamic Cultural Realm is influenced
In many parts of the occidental culture,
by Islamic values. It covers a vast geographical
the impact of non-religious factors, particularly
area from Morocco in the west to Pakistan in
the effect of modernisation, is so great that the
the east. The population is sparsely distributed
religious values are sidelined. Post- industrial
due to inhospitable environment. The coasts,
Europe is fast emerging as a society where
river basins and oases have been the cradles of
traditional values are nearly abandoned. The
Arabian culture in this realm. The British call
occidental culture covers a vast area. It is further
it the Middle-East while the Germans call it a
divided into six sub-regions considering the
region of oriental culture. This cultural realm
impact of regional environment.
lies between the traditional Indian culture in
(I) West European is the most industrialised the east and the modernised European culture
and urbanised culture. in the west.
(ii) Continental European culture is influenced Islamic culture is highly orthodox and
by different political and economic thoughts, based on traditional beliefs, the impact of which
while Christianity remains an important can be seen in high female illiteracy rates. These
influence. countries have very high per capita incomes,
but the level of modernisation is very low.
(iii) Mediterranean Europe includes countries
lying to the south of the Alps. It is the region Indie Cultural Realm
of dominance of Christianity. Indie Cultural Realm is the culture of the
(iv) Anglo-American and Indian sub-continent. Baker called it a sub-
continental culture, while D. Stamp used the
(v) Australian cultural realms are practically the term paddy culture. This cultural realm is well-
offspring’s of west European culture. Both defined; it lies between Himalayas in the north,
are inhabited by migrants from west Europe. Indian Ocean in the south and Hindukush
There are only some regional differences. Mountains in the west.
(vi) Latin American culture is very similar to This cultural realm is characterized by joint
the Mediterranean culture. It is the only family, village community, caste system, semi-
region of occidental culture which lies in the feudal land relations, subsistence agriculture,
tropics and is underdeveloped. It became a paddy farming, seasonal climate changes and
agricultural season coming at the same time
all over the region. The culture of this region is

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greatly influenced by Vedic values. Though the Folk Culture

region is inhabited by various communities, the Culture traits that are traditional, no longer
social system has the hidden impact of Vedic widely practiced by a large number of people,
cultural values. and generally isolated in small, often rural, areas.
East Asian Culture 5.3 Races
This culture is basically a Buddhist culture The race is a group of people with more or
with regional modifications. True Buddhist less permanent distinguishing characteristics.
culture can be seen in South Korea and
There are skin colour and hair colour to which
Japan. Even these two countries have felt the
persons concerned attach certain interpretations.
impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and
Objectives and s cientific classification are the
modernisation. The culture of mainland China
division of mankind in to racial groups should
has modified the Buddhist system. This culture
be done on the basis of measurable physical
was adopted after the Second World War.
features and qualities inherited from a common
ancestor. The important features on the basis
South-East Asian Culture
of which the races are identified and classified
It is a transitional culture lying at a place
include skin colour, stature, shape of head, face,
where different cultures have intermingled.
nose, eye, type of hair, and blood group. Human
Dominance of Buddhism can be seen in
races are classified in to four broad groups:
Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Influence of
1. Negroid, 2. Caucasoid, 3. Mongoloid and
Christianity can be seen in the Philippines and
of Indie culture over islands of Indonesia. The 4. Australoid.
Islamic influence is evident in Malaysia and the
HOTS
Indonesian islands. No other region has such
peculiarities. If human being originated from one
point, Africa and spread to rest of the world,
Meso-African Culture how could they become different races?
This culture is also known as the Negro
culture. It principally includes tropical Africa.
Similar cultural systems can be seen among 1. The Negroid
the American Red Indians, Latin American They are usually called as "black race". They
tribes, Australian aboriginals and several have the darkest skin tone than other races, and
tribes of Asia-Pacific region. other common characteristics are the slopped
forehead, thick lips, wide nose, and dark hairs.
Historian Toynbee has used the term
They are living in Sub-Sahara Africa.
‘marginalised culture’ for these traditional
culture units. Some geographers even 2. The Mongoloid
include Eskimos under this cultural realm.
They have the folding eye lids, almond
Thus, it is a widely scattered cultural realm
shaped eyes, yellowish skin tone, and V shaped
characterised by marginalised and relatively
isolated communities. cheeks. Native Americans and Eskimo are also
classified as Mongoloid. Compared to the other
Major Culture Hearths races, they have the least body hair, least body
Areas from which important culture odour, and smallest limb ratio. Their facial
traits, including ideas, technology, and social structure is likely to adapt cold mild wind. They
structures, are originated. are living in East Asia.
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NEGROID MONGLOID CAUCASOID AUSTRALOID
3. The Caucasoid nose moisture from getting dried by the wind.

The Caucasoid is known as "white people" They are living in Europe and Middle East.
characterised by the pointy nose, vertical 4. Australoid Race
forehead, pinkish/orange skin tone, visible brow They have visible eye ridge, wide nose, curly
ridge, and colourful eyes/hair. Some believe that hair, dark skin tone, and short in height. Some
their light skin tone is meant to receive more believe that their visible thick lips helps them to
sunlight due to Europe's climate. Some believe eat stiff foods. They are living in Australia and
that their nose structure is meant to keep the Papua New Guinea.
Characteristic of Major Races
Feature Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid
Skin colour Pale reddish white to Saffron to Yellow Brown, Brown to black brown
olive brown. reddish brown. yellow brown.
Stature Medium to Tall. Medium tall to Medium Tall to very Short.
Short.
Face Narrow to medium Medium broad to very Medium broad to
broad, tends to high no broad malars high and narrow tends to
prognathism flat tends to medium high medium high strong
prognathism
Head Form Long-broad and Short Medium height, Predominantly long,
Medium, high-very predomi¬nantly broad. Low height.
high.
Hair color Light blonde to Dark Brown to brown black, Brown black light curl
brown, straight to wavy. Straight. and wooly.
Body Build Linear to lateral slender Tend to be lateral, some Tend to be linear and
to refuge. linearity evident. muscular.
Nose Usually high, narrow to Low to medium form, Low, medium to very
medium broad. medium broad. broad.
Blood Group More A than B. High in B. High is Rh(D).
Eye Colour: light blue to Colour: brown to Colour: brown to
dark brown , lateral eye dark brown , medial brown black, vertical
– fold occasional epicanthic fold very eye – fold common
common
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Ethnicity kingdoms also supported and were tolerant of

Ethnicity is a concept referring to a shared Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism. The major
culture and a way of life. This can be reflected languages spoken by the Dravidian people
in language, religion, material culture such as are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and
clothing and cuisine, and cultural products such Brahui.
as music and art. Ethnicity is often a major source
of social cohesion and social conflict. The world
is home to thousands of different ethnic groups, Arabic script Brahui is the only
from the Han Chinese (the largest ethnic group Dravidian language which is
in the world) to the smallest indigenous groups, not known to have been written
some of which include only a few dozen people. in a Brahmi based script, instead, it has been
Almost all of these groups possess a shared written in the Arabic script since the second
history, language, religion, and culture, which half of the 20th century in Iran Pakistan and
provide group members with a common identity. Afghanistan.
India is a unique country with great diversity Religion

in ethnicities, race, religion, language, culture, Religion is not a vague fear or unknown
cuisine and in every other aspect of the human powers not the child of terror, but rather a
society. Indian civilization is one of the oldest in the relation of all the members of a community to
world and primarily consists of the Indo-Aryans of a power that has the good of the community
North India and the Dravidians of South India, the at heart and protects its law and moral order.
people of the Indus Valley Civilization while the Religion produces a distinct attitude towards
former migrated to the country at about 1800 BC. life which affects the further development of the
As India has such a diverse cultural demographic, society. Indeed most cultural situations show
it makes sense that the country is also. the mutual interaction between religion and
socio-economic and politico-cultural factors.
Dravidians
Classification of religion
The Dravidian people are any native
Religion may be classified based on the
speakers of the Dravidian languages in the
belief in god. Monotheistic: the followers of
Indian Subcontinent. Almost all the Dravidians
monotheism believe in a single god (Islam,
live in the southern part of India. The five major
Christianity). Polytheistic: the followers of
ethnic groups of Dravidian people in India are
polytheism believe in many gods (Hinduism).
Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Tulu.
Another classification is on the basis of areas
The ancient Indus Valley civilization in of origin such as Eastern religion, Western
India was believed to have been of Dravidian religion, far Eastern religion, African religion,
origin in northern India, but then the Dravidian Indian religion, etc. Geographers generally
people were pushed south when the Indo- classify religions into following;
Aryans came in and the Kuru Kingdom in
• Universalizing religions – Christianity, islam,
northern Indian arose. Later South India was
Buddhism.
dominated by the three Dravidian kingdoms
of the Cheras, Cholas, and the Pandyas. These •
Ethnic religions – Hinduism, shintoism
three kingdoms have been shown to sponsor (Japan), Chinese faiths, Judaism.
the growth of literature, music, and the arts •
Tribal or traditional religions – animism,
and to have done extensive trading. The three shamanism, secular (non religious and atheists).

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Major religions of the world Mahavir who was a Contemporary of Lord

Buddha. Its followers are mostly concentrated in
Major religions of the world are classified
India. It is an offshoot of Hinduism which was
based on the followers. They are Christianity,
established in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.
Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism.
It remained confined to Punjab state and has
Other important religions include Chinese folk
accepted Gurumukhi as its language.
religions, Sikhism, Confucianism, Shintoism etc,.
Christianity is a universal religion which Tribal Religions
has the largest number of followers in the world. Tribal religions are the special forms of
They are spread in Europe, Anglo America, ethnic religion. The tribal people are generally
Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. Its in the Neolithic stage of social development.
sacred book is “Bible”. Islam is the second largest Tribal people are strikingly different and
diverse in their culture, social and economic
religion of the world. The largest concentration
life. They cherish their own distinct and have
of the Islam is in the South West Asia, Central
maintained a close relationship to the land
Asia, South Asia and South East Asia Followed and natural environment. Most of them live
by the North Africa. Shia and Sunni are its two according to their traditions and are engaged
main sects. Its sacred book is Kuran. in food gathering, hunting, fishing, primitive
Hinduism is the oldest ethnic religion of agriculture etc, there are about 300 million
indigenous people worldwide, constituting
the world which was founded about 3000 B.C
about four percent of the total population of the
(B.C.E) in India. Today it has over 8 million world living in more than sixty countries.
followers in the world but main concentration
is in India and Nepal. Nearly 99 percent of The percentage of tribal to total
the total Hindu population is concentrated population is as high as over
in south Asia. Its sacred book is Bhagavad 90 percent in Greenland, 66
Gita. Buddhism is also one of the oldest percent in Bolivia and 40 percent in Peru. In
religions of India which was founded by Lord India share of tribal people to total population
Buddha around 525 B.C (B.C.E). Its spread is 8.2 percent.
in several Asian countries (China, Myanmar,
India, Srilanka, japan, Mangolia, korea and Sometimes the tribal people are being
South East Asian countries) due to its liberal termed as the fourth world. The first – second
philosophy. Its two main sects are Hinayana and third world believed that “the land belongs
and Mahayana. to the people” whereas the fourth world believes
Judaism is the oldest Monotheistic faith that “the people belongs to the land”.
which is regarded as the parent of Christianity. It
originates 4000 years ago in the Middle East. At 5.4 Tribal Distribution in world
present it has about 14 million followers living
Some major tribal group of the world
in U.S.A, Europe and Asia. Chinese religions
particularly who are living and struggling
include two main beliefs called Confucianism
and tao-ism. Confucianism was established by 1. Equatorial Forest region: Pigmy, Semang,
Confucious (551-479 B.C (BCE)). Taoism was Sakai, Boro, Papuan, etc.
established by Lao Tse (604-517 B.C (BCE)). 2. Grasslands: Masai, Kyrghizs, etc.
Jainism is also born in India as a reaction 3.
Tropical deserts: Bedowin, Bushman,
to orthodox Hinduism. It was founded by Lord Aborigines etc.
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4. Mountainous region: Bhotia, gujjar, Naga etc. slender with ling feet, hands and fingers. Their
5. Monsoon regions: Gonds, Santhals, Todas, skin colour ranges from light chocolate to dark
Bhils, etc. brown. They have high and long head, thin face
and nose. Their lips are less thick than that of
6. Arctic cold regions: Eskimo, Lapp, Alute, Negroid people. Masai occupy the interior
Chukchi etc. plateau of the equatorial Africa. The territory
of the Masai lies between 1ºN and 6ºS latitudes
and covers all the rift valleys in this region.
Pigmies
The pigmies are Negroid people and are
also called Negrillos. They are short stature,
flat nosed, wooly haired, long headed and black
people. The average height of men and women
Bedouin
are found 150cm. So they are also called dwarf. In Arabic, Bedouin means desert dwellers.
The pigmies are those who live in scattered The Bedouins are most important among the
parts of tropical Central Africa. They are found tribal of South West-Asia and North Africa.
in many sub-groups in the equatorial forest They are pastoral nomads and keep camel,
region of Africa mainly in Congo basin 3ºN and sheep, goats, horse etc. The Bedouins occupy the
3ºS latitudes along both sides of the equator. In desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula including
addition some groups of Pigmies are also found Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Syria and
in the forests of Philippines and New Guinea. Jordan. The Bedouins belongs to the mixture
of Mediterranean and Armenian races. They
Masai
are medium stature people with long narrow
face, prominent nose, dark eyes and hair. Their
complexion is wheatish to pale.
Bushman
Bushman is the tribal people of Kalahari
Desert in southern Africa who are still engaged
in hunting and gathering economics. They are
on constant run for both food and water. Their
homeland Kalahari Desert lies in Botswana,
Namibia and southern Angola. The bushman
The Masai of east Africa belong to the territory is a wide plateau about 2000 meters
pastoral society and are known as the best and above the sea level with sub tropical climate.
most typical cattle herders not only of Africa The bushman are included in the Negroid
but also of the world. Masai people are tall and stock. They are very short in stature and have

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Igloo
long head, short and flat ears, and yellowish
brown complexion. On the whole the Negroid
characteristics prevail among the Bushman.
Eskimos
Eskimos also called Inuits are tribes of
tundra cold region in Canadian northland,
Alaska, Greenland and north-eastern Siberian
coastal region. The Eskimos are Mongoloid Sledge
race. The main physical
Eskimos are migratory by nature and
characteristics of the
construct ice houses called Igloos. For travelling
Eskimos are short stature,
on ice shield the Eskimos use sledge which is
Flat narrow face, small
usually built either of whale bone or of wood
snub nose, yellow –brown
whichever is available. It is drawn by two or
complexion and coarse
more dogs, caribous or rain deer.
straight black hair. Hunting
and fishing are the main occupations of the
Tribal in India
Eskimos. They live in igloo and practice hunting
way known as Maupak. The Eskimos wear India is the home to large number of
clothes of caribous or reindeers skin and other indigenous people, who are still untouched
furs. by the lifestyle of the modern world. With
more than 84.4 million, India has the largest
population of the tribal people in the world.
These tribal people also known as the adivasis
are the poorest in the country, which are still
dependent on haunting, agriculture and fishing.
Some of the major tribal groups in India include
Gonds, Santhals, Khasis, Angamis, Bhils, Bhutias
and Great Andamanese. All these tribal people
have their own culture, tradition, language and
lifestyle. There are more than 50 tribal groups
in India. Most of the tribal belong basically to
the Negroid , Australoid and Mongoloid racial
stocks.
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Bhils main festival celebrated among the Angamis in

Bhils are popularly known as the bow Nagaland
men of Rajasthan. They are the most widely Bhutia
distributed tribal groups in India. They form
Bhutia tribes are of the Tibetan origin. They
the largest tribe of the whole South Asia. Bhils
migrated to Sikkim around 16th century. In the
are mainly divided into two main groups the
northern part of the Sikkim they are known as
central or pure bills and eastern or Rajput Bhils.
the Lachenpass and Lachungpass. Bhutias forms
Gonds 14% of the total population of Sikkim. Losar
The Gonds are the tribal community mostly and Losoong are the main festivals celebrated
found in the Gond forests of the central India. among the Bhutia tribes.
They are one of the largest tribal groups in the
world. Gonds have been largely influenced by
the Hindus and for the long time have been
practicing the Hindus culture and traditions. The Sentinelese tribe, the most dangerous
tribe in the world!
Santhals
Santhals are the third largest tribe in India.
They are mostly found in the states of West
Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand and Assam.
They belong to the pre- Aryan period and have
been the great fighters from the time of the
British.
Munda
Munda tribe mainly inhabit in the region Located far into Andaman and Nicobar
of Jharkhand, although they are well spread in Islands, the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean,
the states of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Odisha North Sentinel Island is one of the most isolated
and Bihar. Munda generally means headman of places on earth. This remote island is home
the village. Hunting is the main occupation of to the Sentinelese tribe, the most dangerous
the Mundas tribe. tribe in the world. The Sentinelese are hunter-
gatherers, as agriculture is not known to them.
Khasi Their diet consists mainly of coconuts and
Khasi tribe is mainly found in the Khasi fish that can be found in the shallow waters
Jaintia hills in Meghalaya and in the states of around their shores. The Sentinelese would
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, West Bengal be described as Stone Age people. The women
and Jammu and Kashmir. They form the large wear fibre strings tied around their waists, necks
part of the population in the state of Meghalaya. and heads. The men also wear necklaces and
headbands, but with a thicker waist belt. The
Angami men carry spears, bows and arrows. Sometimes
Angami tribe belongs to the extreme the Sentinelese appeared to make friendly
north eastern part of the country, in the state of gestures at others they would take the gifts into
Nagaland. The total population of the Angamis the forest and then fire arrows at the contact
is around 12 million. They are quite popular for party. The population of North Sentinel Island
is estimated at 250 individuals. The Sentinelese
their woodcraft and artwork. Sekrenyi is the
do not want help from outsiders.

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Chenchu tradition of Folk tales, songs and poetry. These

Chenchu inhabit in the Nallamalai hills, tribes are Hindu and belong to the shiva sect.
which have been the part of the Nagarjuna Kota: The Kotas are mainly concentrated
Sagar Tiger Sanctuary for centuries in Andhra in the Tiruchigadi area in the Nilagiri hills. They
Pradesh, India. They are mainly found in are distinguished by their colourful Folk dances
the districts of Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, and are basically musicians, who play at Badaa
Praksham, Guntur, and Kurnool. funerals. They are mainly engaged in producing
Great Andamanese handicrafts. These tribes of Tamil Nadu are
expert iron smiths, potters and carpenters. In
Great Andamanese is the Negroid tribe
order to maintain distance and status in society,
inhabitant in the Andaman group of Islands.
the Kotas implement elaborate tattoos.
They form the largest population among the
other tribes found in these islands. According to Kurumbas: The Kurumbas tribes of this
the census the population of Great Andamanese state inhabit the intermediate valleys and forests
is now limited to few individuals. in Villages and were known for their black
magic and witchcraft in the past. Their way of
Tribals in Tamilnadu living today has changed from their original
Tribes of Tamil Nadu are concentrated gathering and hunting existence to working
mainly in the district of Nilgiris. Of all the in Coffee and Tea plantations as labourers.
distinct tribes, the Kodas, the Thodas, the Kurumbas are perhaps the only main caste
Irulas, the Kurumbas and the Badagas form in southern India that has a specialized and
the larger groups, who mainly had a pastoral distinctive Kurumbas Language.
existence. Other tribes include, Kattunayakan
Irula: The Irula tribes of Tamil Nadu
and Paliyan.
occupy the lower slopes and forests at the base
According to census 2011, tribal population of the Nilgiri Hills. They constitute the second
in Tamil Nadu is 7, 94,697. There are around 38 largest group of tribes after the Badagas and are
tribes and sub-tribes group in Tamil Nadu. The similar to the Kurumbas in many ways. This
tribal people are predominantly farmers and tribe produces honey, fruits, herbs, roots, gum,
they are much dependant on the forest lands. dyes etc., and trades them with the people in
the plains. In the recent times the Irulas help in
Toda: Men from the family of the tribes
catching snakes and collect the snake venom.
are occupied in milking and grazing their large
herds of buffaloes. Their settlements are known Paliyan: They are of the food gathering
as ‘Munds’. They do not worship any god and communities of Tamil Nadu. It is believed that
their consciousness is cosmic. They live in the Paliyan originally belonged to the Palani
Nilgiris. Today, there are about a thousand hills. They are distributed in the districts of
Todas left. Madurai, Tanjavour, Pudukkottai, Tirunelveli
and Coimbatore.
Badaga: The Badagas belong to the
backward class and are not classified as tribal.
Language
They are an agricultural community, dwelling
in the higher plateau of the Nilgiris district in Language is an identification mark for
the state of Tamil Nadu. They are engaged in different cultures. Because language is essential
tea cultivation and potato growing. They form to communication, it strongly influences
the largest group of tribes and boast a rich oral the sort of political, social and economic we
XII Geography 98

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create. As a result, economic and religious 6. Dravidian- malayo – Polynesian- -

system frequently follows patterns of language a. Dravidian, b. Malayan, c. Melanesian,
distribution and political borders quite often d. Micronesian, e. Polynesian, f. Austro-
parallel linguistic boundaries. In modern times Asiatic.
linguistic diffusion has been facilitated by trade, 7. Palaeo Asiatic- a.Yukaghir
tourism, media and international organizations.
It has helped in the development of the linguistic
As many as half of the world’s
pluralism. The greatest linguistic diversity is
7,000 languages are expected
attributed to heterogeneous societies.
to be extinct by the end of this
Tamil is one of the longest- century; it is estimated that one language dies
surviving classical languages in out every 14 days.
the world. The earliest period of
Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from Major Languages of India
300 BC (BCE) – AD (CE) 300. It has the oldest
India has a rich Linguistic heritage and
extant literature among Dravidian languages.
has heterogeneous ethnic and social groups,
which have their own languages and dialects.
ajor linguistic Families
M According to census of India 1961, there were
of the World 187 languages spoken by various sections of
The classification of languages by origin Indian society. 23 major languages were spoken
and historical development is known as a by about 97 percent population of the country.
genetic classification. The languages which are 22 languages excluding English are mentioned
the descendants of common ancestral language in the eighth schedule of the constitution of
are called proto – language. India as follows; Kashmiri, Punjabi, Hindi,
Urdu, Bengali, Assamese, Guajarati, Marathi,
G.L. Trage has classified the languages
Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Sindhi,
of the world into 7 linguistic phylum and
Sanskrit, Oriya, Nepali, Kongani, Manipuri,
30 linguistic families. Linguistic families are
Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali of these
further classified in to sub families of languages,
languages, 14 were initially included in the
which denote major languages.
Constitution. Subsequently, Sindhi was added
1. Indo-European - a. Indo-Iranian, b. Latin or in 1967 by 21st constitutional amendment act;
Romantic, c. Germanic, d. Balto –Slavic, Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added
e. Celtic, f. Hellenic in 1992 by 71st Constitutional Amendment
2. Sino-Tibetan - a. Chinese, b. Tibetan, Act; and Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali
c. Burman were added in 2003 by 92nd Constitutional
3. Afro-Asiatic – a. Semitic, b. Egyptian, Amendment Act. Indian Languages belong
c. Cushitic, d. Chadic mainly to four linguistic families
4. African – a. Niger – Congo (Atlantic, Voltaic, 1. Austric – Munda, Mon-Khmer
Benu-Nagar)
2.
Dravidan – Tamil, Telugu, Kannada,
b. Sudanic (Chari-Nile, Saharan,)
Malayalam, Gondi, kurukh, orean, etc.
c. Click Languages (Khoisan)
3. Sino- Tibetan- Bodo, Karen, Manipuri, etc.
5. Ural-Altaic - a. Finno-Igric, b. Turkic,
c. Mangolic, d. Tunguzic 4. Indo - Aryan – Hindi, Urdu, Sans.

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Dialect the state. Many people are familiar with the old
A distinct linguistic form peculiar to a and familiar dialects of Tamil such as Chennai,
region or social group but which nevertheless, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli.
can be understood by speakers of other forms
of the same language. The two main types of 5.5 Political Geography -
dialects are the geographic dialect, spoken by Concept of Nation and State
the people of the same area or locality, and the Nation
social dialect used by people of the same social
A nation is a group of people who see
class, educational level or occupational group.
themselves as a cohesive and coherent unit
Major dialects in India based on shared cultural or historical criteria.
More than 40 languages or dialects in India Nations are socially constructed units, not
are considered to be endangered and are believed given by nature. Their existence, definition,
to be heading towards extinction as only a few and members can change dramatically based
thousand people speak them officials said. on circumstances. Nations in some ways can
be thought of as “imagined communities” that
According to a report of the census
are bound together by notions of unity that can
Directorate, there are 22 scheduled languages
pivot around religion, ethnic identity, language,
and 100 non –scheduled languages in India. The
cultural practice and so forth.
scheduled languages are 11 from Andaman and
Nicobar, Seven from Manipur and Four from State
Himachal Pradesh. There are 42 languages spoken
A State is an independent, sovereign
by less than 10,000 people. Some other languages
region and its government exercise control over
also are in endangered position in India.
certain spatially defined and bounded area,
Major dialects in Tamil Nadu whose borders are usually clearly defined and
Tamil is an interesting language with a internationally recognized by other states.
range of native dialects. The language has several
charming improvisations in different regions of Vaishali was established as
a republic by the 6th century
B.C (BCE), prior to the birth of
Fact File Gautama Buddha in 563 B.C (BCE), making
it the world's first republic.
UNESCO’S five levels of language risk:
Safe: Widely spoken
Nation-State
Vulnerable: Not spoken by children
The nation state is a system of organization
outside the home (600 languages)
defined by geography, politics and culture.
Definitely endangered: Children not
The nation is cultural identity that is shared
speaking (646 languages)
by the people, and the state is the governing
Severely endangered: Only spoken by administration. A nation state must have a
oldest generations (527 languages) shared national identity, physical borders,
Critically endangered: Spoken by and a single government.
only a few members of the oldest
A nation-state is a political unit with a well-
generation, often semi-speakers (577
defined territory, inhabited by a people who are
languages)
well-organised, possess sufficient powers and
XII Geography 100

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consider themselves to be a nation by virtue of Types of Boundaries

certain binding factors which may be emotional Boundaries can be classified according to
and which are reflected in law and governance.
their relationship with the cultural landscape.
5.5.1 Frontiers and Boundaries Some boundaries were established prior to the
Frontiers: International frontiers and permanent occupation of areas by the present

boundaries separate land, rivers and lakes inhabitants. In some cases patterns of settlement
subject to different sovereignties. In 1900 were already developing so that the boundary
frontiers had almost disappeared and had been ultimately established has a different relationship
replaced by boundaries that are lines. A Frontier
to the cultural realities of the area involved.
is a politico geographical area, lying beyond
defined borders of a political unit into which This classification is known as the functional or
expansion could take place genetic classification of boundaries.
Different between Frontier and Boundary

Frontier Boundary
1. Natural 1. Mostly Anthropogenic
2. Areal Concept 2. Linear Concept
3. Frontiers have no political dispute 3. B oundaries vary often disputable by the
rival nations
Frontier generally has mountainous area, 4. But boundaries have no such criteria
4.
desert, marshes, etc. Thus, inhabitable
5. Frontiers are dynamic 5. B oundaries are static because once fixed,
they hardly change
Boundaries: A boundary is a line demarcating Genetic Classification of the

the recognised limit of an established political boundaries
unit, administrative region or geographical region 1. Antecedent Boundaries
e. g a state, country or district.
The boundaries drawn before the cultural-
political realm.
China has the maximum
Such boundaries were non-contentious.
number of neighbours
E .g, N. Africa and the state boundaries of USA.
touching its border. The 14
countries touching its border are: India, 2. The Subsequent Boundaries
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, hen the cultural realms are fully developed &
W
Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, political boundaries are contentious.
Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan and Nepal Such boundaries are irregular or amorphic
boundaries.
E.g. the countries of Europe.
Canada, the world’s second
largest country, shares the 3. Superimposed Boundaries
longest international land hen a political boundary divides a
W
border with the United States. The Canada- homogenous cultural region and across the
US land border is 8,893 km long.

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boundary the people with similar ethnicity are 3) The Outer or Insular Crescent - It includes
found. North and South America, Africa (south of
E.g. Pakistan occupied Kashmir Sahara) and Australia. Besides, it also includes
the Great Britain and Japan because of their
4. Relict Boundaries
insularity from Eurasia.
istorical boundaries which only exist in the
H
books. According to Mackinder, one with control
over Heartland will be in an unstoppable position
E .g. Persia, the boundary between east & West
to rule the world. Heartland, with its agricultural
Germany.
and industrial resources would conquer the
5.5.2 Geopolitics: Global inner crescent and Outer crescent would follow
Strategic views later. He conceptualized his theory as:
Who rules East Europe commands the
The study of the way a country’s size,
Heartland.
position, etc, influence its power and its
relationships with other countries. Political Who rules Heartland commands World
activity is influenced by the physical features Island.
of a country or area of the world. Geo politics Who rules World Island commands the
is concerned with how geographical factors World.
including territory, population, strategic
Mackinder later argued that key to control
location, and natural resources endowments as
Heartland lays in Eastern Europe, reflecting
modified by economics and technology affect
a powerful strand of pre and post- Versailles
the relations between states and the struggle
geographical thinking concerning the news to
forward domination. It is battle between land
separate the powerful states of Germany and
power and sea power which is going to lead the
Russia by the creation of ‘buffer states'.
world continents by one.
Influence - His theory was put to test
Mackinder described the political history
during the World War II when the Heartland
of the world as continuous struggle between
could become the power centre of the world if
land and sea powers. According to him, the
either Germany unites with Russia or China or
Columbian era of sea powers, which gave
Japan thrashes Russia. But the shattering defeat
Europe its pivotal position for four centuries is
of Germany turned Heartland into a power
coming to an end. And in the struggle between
vacuum.
land and sea powers, the ultimate victory is
going to be of one possessing land powers. The area highlighted in red is the heartland,
He divided the earth into 3 tiers. blue is rim land and the encircled area is the
world island.
1) The Heartland - area of interior and Arctic
drainage in the Eastern Europe, covered by The heartland is inaccessible from top
mountains on three sides and Arctic in north. because North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents
This is a natural fortress on earth, inaccessible Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea are
to sea powers. all frozen throughout the year. The hearland is
inaccesible from the bottom because of Middle
2) The Inner or Marginal Crescent - area of
Eastern desert, Iranian Plateau, Himalayas,
Europe and Asia adjoining the Heartland and
Plateau’s of Tibet and Siberian mountains. This
Africa, north of Sahara.
makes heartland immune to any conquests
from any other side than Eastern Europe.
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E
N
S
W
ER
W
PO
SEA
INACCESSIBLE
LAND POWER
R
SEA POWE
WORLD -ISLAND
BOUNDARY OF
HEARTLAND
THE HEARTLAND
RIMLAND
Not to Scale

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The only gateway to the heartland is Economic Union, SCO, SAARC, and ASEAN
through Eastern Europe. So, protecting one all cooperating with one another in changing
gateway would be far easier than protecting the the world order.
whole land. Moreover, the heartland was self Missile Defense Shield, Prompt Global
sufficient with most of the resources and wasn’t Strike, and the Naval Race
dependent on trade from outside world.
The basis of American control over the
So, Mackinder believed that the one who world is through economic means as enforced by
controls the heartland would be able to control military ones. In certain cases, though, the US is
the Rimland and as a result the world-Island, unable to directly attack its rivals such as Russia
and the one, who rules the world Island, would and China without suffering unacceptable
rule the world. Although this theory made damage through a nuclear second strike, ergo
sense at that time (1904), when there was no why Washington is pushing to build anti-missile
significant aviation and naval power, it does not installations all around Eurasia in order to ring
make much sense now. in these Great Powers and diminish their most
5.5.3 21st Century Geopolitics of credible deterrent capability. Complementary
with this are the US’ space weapons, whether
the multipolar world order
based in this theatre (X37-B and the policy of
To put it succinctly, the unipolar world “Prompt Global Strike”) or directed towards it
is characterized by the US’ predominant (anti-satellite weapons, whether kinetic such as
hegemony in a wide variety of spheres, whether missiles or non-kinetic like lasers).
exercised directly through unilateral initiatives
Neither the US’ missile shields nor its
or indirectly (“Lead From Behind”) through
space-related weaponry are sufficient enough
its regional and institutional partners. The
for ensuring that the country is defended from
Multipolar forces in the world are working to
submarine-launched ballistic missiles, which
replace the US-led international order with
form a crucial component of any country’s
a diversified array of multiple stakeholders
nuclear triad. This explains why there’s an
in order to bring balance to International
ongoing naval race across the world as the
Affairs. Importantly, they seek to do this
US seeks to ensure its dominance in the high
through progressively reforming international
seas in the face of rising competition from
institutions such as the UN, IMF, World
Russia, China, and others. The global ocean is
Bank, and others, as well as creating their own
also important for another reason as well, and
counterparts to some of them like the BRICS
this one relates back to the economic basis of
New Development Bank or outright forming
American dominance over the world. China
entirely new and unprecedented organizations
depends on the international waterways for
like the SCO.
the vast majority of its trade, which makes it
One of the latest proposals has been to inordinately vulnerable to any US efforts to
broaden the BRICS format through what has now block certain chokepoints such as the Strait of
been called the “BRICS-Plus” strategy, which Malacca and Suez Canal.
essentially seeks to have each of the five member
states encourage multilateral cooperation OBOR’s Global Reorganization
between each other’s respective regional Understanding the sudden systemic-
integration organizations. As Russian Valdai shaking consequences that any hostile action
Club expert Yaroslav Lissovolik describes it, this like this could inflict for China’s domestic
could see Mercosur, the SADC, the Eurasian
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socio-economic stability, the People’s Republic Altogether, the above stratagem explains
prudently foresaw the need to pioneer the essence of China’s One Belt One Road
ambitious trans-continental trade routes to its (OBOR) global vision of New Silk Road
crucial European partner, as well as secure the connectivity, which is designed to transform
Sea Lines Of Communication (SLOC) along its the world’s trading networks so as to facilitate
existing maritime ones in order to safeguard its the transition from a unipolar American-led
access to the growing economics of Africa. The international order to a diversified Multipolar
latter are exceptionally important nowadays one safeguarded by a host of Great Powers.
because their growth is expected to allow Beijing
to relieve itself of its industrial overproduction To live in a world where geography is
so long as it can succeed in building up these respected and not ignored is to understand the
marketplaces and stabilizing them. As for the constraints. Many obstacles simply cannot be
Western Hemisphere, China wants to increase overcome. That is why the greatest statesmen
its soft presence here as a means of competing work near the edges of what is possible.
with the US and asymmetrically countering Geography establishes the broad parameters–
America’s moves in the South China Sea. only within its bounds does human agency have
a chance to succeed.
1. Heritage – culture that may be inherited.
olk- Relating to traditional art or culture of a community.

2. F
3. Confucianism - a religion based on the ideas of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.
4. Nationalism - the feelings of affection and pride that people have for their country.
Cyberwarfare - The use of the internet to attack an enemy, by damaging things such as
5.
communication and transport systems or water and electricity supplies.
6. Frontier - It is a geographical boundary between the countries.
7. Mongoloid - a member of a group of people who mainly live in Mongolia.
8. Semitic – refers to the race of people that includes Arabs and Jews, or to their languages.
9. Monotheistic - refers to the belief that there is only one god.
10. G
eopolitics - the study of the way a country's size, position, etc. influence its power and its
relationships with other countries.

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Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. Which of the given statements is true?
a) India has the world's highest number of languages.
b) I ndia has the world's third highest number of languages, after China and Russia.
c) India has the world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea.
d) India and England have the third and fourth highest number of languages respectively.
2. Which of the following is untrue about the Occidental realm?
a) West European is the most industrialised and urbanised culture.
b) Continental European culture is influenced by different political and economic thoughts, while
Islam remains an important influence.
c) Mediterranean Europe includes countries lying to the south of the Alps. It is the region of
dominance of Christianity.
d) Anglo-American and Australian cultural realms are practically the offspring’s of west European
culture.
3. It is estimated that one language dies out every.
a) 14 minutes b) 14 days
c) 14 months d) 14 years
4. Of the UNESCO’s five levels of language risk, definitely endangered languages children do not
speak are
a) 457 languages b) 970 languages
c) 646 languages d) 374 languages
5. Who stated the following?
“Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland.
Who rules Heartland commands World Island.
Who rules World Island commands the World”.
a) Humboldt b) Hutton
c) Spikeman d) Mackinder
6. Which country has the maximum number of neighbours touching its border?
a) China b) Canada
c) Russia d) India
7. Which of the following is an example of Relict Boundaries?
a) Persia and the boundary between east & West Germany
b) Pakistan occupied Kashmir
c) N. Africa and the state boundaries of USA
d) The countries of Europe
8. The Heartland theory was proposed by
a) Humboldt b) Hutton
c) Spikeman d) Mackinder
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9. All of the following are supporting the Heartland theory of Mackinder except,
a) The heartland is inaccessible from top because North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Kara Sea,
Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea are all frozen throughout the year.
b) The hearland is inaccesible from the bottom because of Middle Eastern desert, Iranian Plateau,
Himalayas, Plateau’s of Tibet and Siberian mountains.
c) The only gateway to the heartland is through Eastern Europe.
d) This makes heartland immune to any conquests from any other side.
10. Which one is rightly matched?
a) Austric – Munda, Mon-Khmer.
b) Sino – Hindi, Urdu, Sans.
c) Indo-Aryan – Tibetan, Bodo, Karen, Manipuri, etc.
d) Dravidan – Sans, Karen, Manipuri, etc.
II Very short answers

11. Name any two tribes living each in
Equatorial Forest region:
Grasslands:
Tropical deserts:
Mountainous region:
12. Write a short note on Todas.
13. On what bases the race is classified into? Name them.
14. What are the four linguistic families Indian Languages mainly belong to?
15. Write a short note on Indie Cultural Realm
III Short answers

16. Write a short note on OBOR
17.Distinguish between Frontier and Boundary.
18. Define cultural realm and mention its major divisions.
19. How is Caucasoid different from Mongoloid?
20. What did Mackinder divide the earth into? Explain them in short.
IV Detailed answers
21. Describe the Genetic Classification of the boundaries.
22. Explain the major Languages of India
23. On the outline map of the world, show the three tier boundaries of Heartland theory.

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Activity
Feature Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid
Skin colour Pale reddish white to Brown to black brown
olive brown. yellow brown.
Stature Medium to Tall. Medium tall to Medium Tall to very Short.
Short.
Face Medium broad to very
broad molars high and
flat tends to medium high
Head Form Long-broad and Short Predominantly long,
Medium, high-very high. Low height.
Hair color Brown to brown black, Brown black light curl
Straight. and wooly.
Body Build Linear to lateral slender Tend to be linear and
to refuge. muscular.
Nose Usually high, narrow to Low to medium form,
medium board. medium broad.
Blood Group High in B. High is Rh(D).
Eye Colour: light blue to Colour: brown to
dark brown , lateral eye brown black, vertical
– fold occasional eye – fold common
Reference
1. Cultural geography, Majid Husain
2. Cultural geographies. An Introduction, John Horton and Peter Kraftl
3. Political geography, Sudeepta Adhikari
XII Geography 108

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ICT CORNER
CULTURE AND POLITICS
This activity enables the students to

understand about the
Cultures of the different countries as
videos. A great activity.
Steps
• Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan
the QR code. A page opens with colorful pictures
• When we touch it , It opens into another page with many
options
• When we select the required or desired country it opens
into another page.
• It contains a video. That video contains all the cultural
things of the country like food,cloth etc.
Step 1 Step 2
Website URL:
Play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=culturalsdelmundo.documentaldeculturals.com
*Pictures are indicative only.

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UNIT
7
Sustainable
Development
➢ To describe the

7.1 Introduction
importance of
7.2 Concept and Goals of Sustainable Sustainable
development Development.
7.3 Climate Change and Sustainability ➢ To highlight the
7.4 Watershed management and its interconnectivity
importance between man, environment and
7.5 Environmental Impact Assessment economic growth.
7.6 Measures for promotion of ➢ To understand the United Nations
sustainable development Sustainable Development Goals.
➢ To underline individual's role in
creating a sustainable earth.
7.1. Introduction
In the last few centuries there has been a United Nations and Sustainable
drastic change in the lifestyle of man. Agricultural Development
growth, industrialization, urbanization, rapid Sustainability was first featured in the
advancement in science and technology have principles adopted by the United Nations
decreased mortality rates and caused rapid growth Conference on the Human Environment held at
of population over the earth. With increase in Stockholm on 16 June 1972. It was now realized that
population there is an increase in the demand for development needed to be sustainable – it should
natural resources leading to overuse, of nature not only focus on economic and social matters,
and its resources. Nations began to wake up to the but also on matters related to the use of natural
fact that the earth’s resources are depleting at an resources. The United Nations commissioned
alarming rate and that something has to be done a group of 22 people from both developed and
to sustain them. This led to develop the world in a developing countries to identify long-term
sustainable way. Sustainability is supported by four environmental strategies for the international
pillars which are cultural vitality, economic health, community. This World Commission on
environmental responsibility and social equity. Environment and Development (WCED), was
All nations in the world focus on sustainable headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland, then the
development as a major task. Prime Minister of Norway. This commission came
130

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to be known as the Brundtland Commission, The United Nations Conference on Sustainable

which submitted its report, entitled Our common Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio
future, to the UN in 1987. 2012, Rio+20 or Earth Summit 2012 was
The Brundtland Report focused on the third and recent International conference
the needs and interests of humans. It was on sustainable development. It was hosted by
concerned with securing a global equity for Brazil in Rio de Janeiro from 13 to 22 June
future generations by redistributing resources 2012.
towards poorer nations to encourage their
economic growth in order to enable all human 7.2 Concept and Goals of
beings to achieve their basic needs. The report Sustainable Development
highlighted the three fundamental components
In 1980 the International Union for
of sustainable development, the environment,
the Conservation of Nature introduced the
the economy, and society, which later became
term "sustainable development". Sustainable
known as the triple bottom line.
development is development that meets the
The 1992 and 2002 Earth Summits held
needs of the present without compromising the
at Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg were the
ability of future generations to meet their own
United Nations Conference on Environment
needs.
and Development (UNCED), a direct result of
the Brundtland Commission. An important A primary goal of sustainable development
achievement of the Rio summit was an is to achieve a reasonable and equitably
agreement on the Climate Change Convention distributed level of economic wellbeing that can
which led to the Kyoto Protocol. be continued for many human generations.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1972:Stockholm UN
1 Conference on Human 2 3
1962:Rachel Carson’s 1987:Brundtland
Book “Silent Spring” Development, first bringing Commission: “Our
becomes the catalogue together heads of state on Common Future”
for modern a massive scale to address
environmentalism the queson of environment
and development
1992: Earth Summit

6 5 4
* Rio Declaraon
2000:Millennium 1997:Kyoto
* Agenda 21
Development Goals Protocol
* CSD
* CBD
* UNFCCC
2002: Johnnesburg 7 8 9
Conference on
2009: COP 15 Copenhagen
Sustainable Development And Now
2010: COP 16 Cancun
Rio + 20....
2011: COP 17 Durban
* Johannesburg plan of
Implementaon
131 Sustainable Development

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,

In 1992, the UN a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals
Conference on Environment (SDGs). The goals are to be implemented and
and Development published achieved in every country from the year 2016
the Earth Charter, which to 2030.
outlined the building of a Countries adopted a set of goals to end
just, sustainable, and peaceful poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity
global society in the 21st century. The action for all as part of a new sustainable development
plan was known as ‘Agenda 21’ for sustainable agenda. Each goal has specific targets to be
development. achieved over the next 15 years.
In September 2015, the United Nations For the goals to be reached, everyone needs
General Assembly formally adopted the to do their part: governments, the private sector,
"Universal, integrated and transformative" civil society and people.
17 PARTNERSHIPS
FOR THE GOALS
ECONOMY
8 DECENT WORK AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH 9 INDUSTRY,
INNOVATION
AND
10 REDUCED
INEQUALITIES 12 RESPONSIBLE
CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
INFRASTRUCTURE
SOCIETY
1 NO
POVERTY 11
SUSTAINABLE CITIES
AND COMMUNITIES 16 PEACE AND JUSTICE
STRONG 7 AFFORDABLE AND
CLEAN ENERGY 3 GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING 4 QUALITY
EDUCATION 5 GENDER
EQUALITY 2 ZERO
HUNGER
INSTITUTIONS
BIOSPHERE
15 LIFE ON
LAND 14 LIFE BELOW
WATER 6 CLEAN WATER
AND SANITATION 13 CLIMATE
ACTION
THE GLOBAL GOALS

for Sustainable Development
1 NO
POVERTY 2 ZERO
HUNGER 3 GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING 4 QUALITY
EDUCATION 5 GENDER
EQUALITY 6 CLEAN WATER
AND SANITATION
7 AFFORDABLE AND
CLEAN ENERGY 8 DECENT WORK AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH 9 INDUSTRY,
INNOVATION
AND
10 REDUCED
INEQUALITIES 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
AND COMMUNITIES 12 RESPONSIBLE
CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
INFRASTRUCTURE
13 CLIMATE
ACTION 14 LIFE BELOW
WATER 15 LIFE ON
LAND 16 PEACE AND JUSTICE
STRONG 17 PARTNERSHIPS
FOR THE GOALS
THE GLOBAL GOALS

INSTITUTIONS
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Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms Goal 6: Ensure access to water and
everywhere sanitation for all
One in five people in developing countries Clean, accessible water for all is an
still live on less than $1.90 a day, many people essential part of the world we want to live in.
risk slipping back into poverty. Economic There is sufficient fresh water on the planet to
growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable achieve this. But due to bad economics or poor
jobs and promote equality. infrastructure, every year millions of people,
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food most of them children, die from diseases
security and improved nutrition and associated with inadequate water supply,
promote sustainable agriculture sanitation and hygiene. By 2050, at least one
in four people is likely to live in a country
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries can
affected by chronic or recurring shortages of
provide nutritious food for all and generate
fresh water.
decent incomes, while supporting people-
centred rural development and protecting the Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable,
environment. A profound change of the global reliable, sustainable and modern
food and agriculture system is needed if we are energy for all
to nourish today’s 815 million hungry and the
Energy is central to nearly every major
additional 2 billion people expected by 2050.
challenge and opportunity the world faces
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and today. Sustainable energy is opportunity – it
promote well-being for all at all ages transforms lives, economies and the planet.
Significant strides have been made in
Goal 8: Promote inclusive and
increasing life expectancy and reducing some
sustainable economic growth,
of the common killers associated with child and
employment and decent work for all
maternal mortality. Major progress has been
made on increasing access to clean water and Sustainable economic growth will require
sanitation, reducing malaria, tuberculosis, polio societies to create the conditions that allow
and the spread of HIV/AIDS. people to have quality jobs that stimulate the
economy while not harming the environment.
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and quality Job opportunities and decent working
education for all and promote lifelong conditions are also required for the whole
learning working age population.
Major progress has been made towards
increasing access to education at all levels and Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure,
increasing enrolment rates in schools particularly promote sustainable industrialization
for women and girls. For example, the world has and foster innovation
achieved equality in primary education between Inclusive and sustainable industrial
girls and boys, but few countries have achieved development is the primary source of income
that target at all levels of education. generation, allows for rapid and sustained
increases in living standards for all people,
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and and provides the technological solutions to
empower all women and girls environmentally sound industrialization.
Gender equality is not only a fundamental
human right, but a necessary foundation for a
peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.

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Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and Goal 15: Sustainably manage forests,
among countries combat desertification, halt and reverse
To reduce inequality, policies should be land degradation, halt biodiversity loss
universal in principle paying attention to the needs Forests cover 30 per cent of the Earth’s
of disadvantaged and marginalized populations. surface and in addition to providing food
Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, security and shelter, forests are key to combating
resilient and sustainable climate change, protecting biodiversity and the
homes of the indigenous population. Thirteen
Cities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture,
million hectares of forests are being lost every
science, productivity, social development and
year while the persistent degradation of dry
much more. At their best, cities have enabled
lands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion
people to advance socially and economically
hectares.
Common urban challenges include congestion,
lack of funds to provide basic services, a shortage Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and
of adequate housing and declining infrastructure. inclusive societies
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable This Goal is dedicated to the promotion of
consumption and production patterns peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
Sustainable consumption and production development, the provision of access to justice
is about promoting resource and energy for all, and building effective, accountable
efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and institutions at all levels.
providing access to basic services, green and
Goal 17: Revitalize the global
decent jobs and a better quality of life for all.
partnership for sustainable
Its implementation helps to achieve overall
development
development plans, reduce future economic,
environmental and social costs, strengthen A successful sustainable development
economic competitiveness and reduce poverty. agenda requires partnerships between
governments, the private sector and civil
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat society. These inclusive partnerships built upon
climate change and its impacts principles and values, a shared vision, and
Climate change is now affecting every shared goals that place people and the planet
country on every continent. It is disrupting at the centre, are needed at the global, regional,
national economies and affecting lives, costing national and local level.
people, communities and countries dearly today
and may be even more tomorrow. Fact File
Paris Agreement
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use
To address climate change, countries
the oceans, seas and marine resources
adopted the Paris Agreement at the
The world’s oceans – their temperature, COP21 in Paris on 12 December 2015.
currents and life – drive global systems that The Agreement entered into force shortly
make the earth habitable for humankind. thereafter, on 4 November 2016. In the
Careful management of this essential global agreement, all countries agreed to work to
resource is a key feature of a sustainable limit global temperature rise to well below
future. 2°C, and given the grave risks, to strive for
1.5°C.
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7.3 Climate Change and ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more
Sustainability intense heat waves.
The Earth's climate has changed throughout 1.

Temperatures will continue to rise -
history. In the last 650,000 years there have been Experts agree that greenhouse gases which
several cycles of glacial and warm periods each trap heat and prevent it from leaving the
lasting thousands or millions of years. Most earth’s atmosphere are mostly responsible
of these climate changes are attributed to very for the temperature spike.
small variations in earth’s orbit that changes 2. Frost- free season (and growing season)
the amount of solar energy our planet receives. will lengthen - it could actually have
It is understood that at present the Earth's detrimental effects on the crops we grow.
climate is getting warmer which is referred to Warmer weather helps pests survive
as ’Global Warming’. Earth's temperature has longer which can destroy crops. Rising
gone up about one degree Fahrenheit in the temperatures are also expected to contribute
last 100 years. This is a very small change but to a shift in areas which are agriculturally
small changes in earth's temperature can have most productive and the crops that grow
big effects. Some effects are already happening there.
such as melting of glaciers, rise in the level of 3. Changes in precipitation patterns - The
oceans, prolonged droughts, excessive rain and contrast between wet and dry areas will
floods, etc. increase globally. In other words, the wet
areas will get wetter and the dry areas will
Reasons for Climate change get drier.
Burning fossil fuels emits gases into the 4. More droughts and heat waves - With rising
atmosphere. Burning fossil fuel to provide temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns,
energy, coupled with the effects of major heat waves and droughts are increasing in
transportation and deforestation causes a rapid frequency and intensity.
increase in global temperatures. This can change 5. Sea level rise - Scientists have determined
the climate of a place. that global sea level has been steadily rising
Effects of climate change – Scientists had since 1900 at a rate of at least 0.1 to 0.25
predicted in the past that the result from global centimeter per year. Sea level can rise by
climate change are now occurring, loss of sea two different mechanisms with respect to
climate change.
United Nations Frame work 6. Arctic likely to become ice-free - The Arctic
Convention on Climate Change Ocean is expected to become essentially ice
(UNFCCC) Process for Climate free in summer before mid-century.
Change Adaptation, On17, May
Response to Climate Change
2017: Policy makers, implementers, supporters
and investors from all over the world met There are two main responses to climate
during the UNFCCC Bonn Climate Change change.
Conference at the Technical Expert Meeting 1. Mitigation - which addresses the root causes
(TEM) on Adaptation to discuss ‘Integrating of climate change, by reducing greenhouse
climate change adaptation with the Sustainable gas emissions.
Development Goals and the Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction.

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2. Adaptation - seeks to lower the risks posed 6. Organic farming - Soils are an important
by the consequences of climatic changes. sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Both approaches will be necessary to deal Nevertheless, deforestation making way
with the global changes that have already for conventional agriculture is increasingly
been set in motion. depleting this sink. Sustainable and organic
agriculture helps to counteract climate
Mitigation measures:
change by restoring soil organic matter
It is important that we learn how to reduce content as well as reduce soil erosion and
climate change, and put them into practice now, improve soil physical structure. Organic
before it is too late. farming uses natural fertilizers and helps
maintain crop yields.
1. Cleaner alternative energy sources: One
important way to fight climate change is to
reduce our reliance on and usage of fossil 7.4 Watershed management and
fuels, and depend on alternative renewable its importance
and greener sources of energy such as wind Watershed is a geographical area drained
energy, solar energy, water or hydropower, by a stream or a system connecting stream in
biomass, and geothermal energy. which water from all over an area flow under
gravity to a common drainage channel. A
2. Energy saving tips - we can adopt energy
watershed system delivers water through rills,
saving tips by investing in more expensive
gullies and streams to a larger body of water.
energy-saving appliances like the compact
fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs, Air- Watershed management is proper
conditioners, refrigerators etc. Switching off utilization of land and water resource
our electrical appliances when not in use. for optimum production with minimum
hazards to natural resources. It relates to soil
3. Green driving tips - The best strategy to
and water conservation proper land uses,
reduce toxic gas emissions is definitely to
promote afforestation and sustainable farming
reduce the use of automobiles. Use public
practices, conserve farmland and pastureland,
transport, carpooling, use of electricity maintaining soil fertility, proper management
powered cars or two wheelers can be an of local water for farming, drainage, construct
alternative. small dams for flood protection, improving
4. Reduce - Reuse - Recycle practices - individuals standard of living and thereby
Reducing, reusing and recycling helps us promote ecological balance.
conserve resources and energy, and reduce
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions Key steps in watershed management
produced thereby. Watershed plans should first identify the
5. Re-forestation - The cleanest and most characteristics of the watershed and inventory
the watershed’s natural resources. The first steps
efficient remover of carbon dioxide from
in watershed management planning are to:
our atmosphere actually is nothing but
green plants and trees. The rate at which i)
Delineate and map the watershed’s
we are cutting down our trees and forests boundaries and the smaller drainage basins
to make way for human developments has within the watershed.
greatly reduced the earth’s ability to remove ii) Map and prepare an Inventory of resources
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. in the watershed.
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iii) Prepare an Inventory and map the natural Integrated Wasteland Development Program
and manmade drainage systems in the (IWDP) were launched subsequently in various
watershed. hydro-ecological regions. Entire watershed
iv) Prepare an Inventory and map land use and development programs primarily focused on soil
land cover. conservation and rainwater harvesting during
1980s and before.
v) Prepare a soil map of the watershed.
vi) Identify areas of erosion, including stream Rain Water Harvesting (RWH)
banks and construction sites. Millions of people throughout the
vii) Identify the quality of water resources in the world do not have access to clean water for
watershed as a baseline; and domestic purposes. In many parts of the world
conventional piped water is either absent,
Watershed Management in India: unreliable or too expensive. One of the biggest
Watershed development project in the challenges of the 21st century is to overcome the
country has been sponsored and implemented by growing water shortage. Rain Water Harvesting
Government of India from early 1970s onwards. (RWH) has thus regained its importance as a
Various watershed development programs like valuable alternative or supplementary water
Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP), Desert resource, along with more conventional water
Development Program (DDP), River Valley supply technologies. Water shortages can be
Project (RVP), National Watershed Development relieved if rain water harvesting is practiced
Project for Rain-fed Areas (NWDPRA) and more widely.
Precipitaon
W A
T
E
R
S H E D
Overland
Wetland flow
TER
INF
ILT DWA
R N
AT OU
ION DAM GR
RIVER

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Need for Rain Water Harvesting followed in recent decades has brought about
i) To overcome the situation of inadequacy of large scale changes in the earth systems. We
water supply. are already feeling the impact of these changes
upon our health, livelihoods and safety. On the
ii) The most economical way to increase the
other hand, the fruits of development are not
ground water table.
equally distributed. Some countries and some
iii) To replenish the sub soil of the urban area communities have a high standard of living, while
covered with pavements. others are not able to meet their basic needs.
iv) To recharge the underground water table at
Development projects in the past were
places where the availability of rain water is
undertaken without any consideration about
higher or to overcome the situation of water
their environmental consequences. As a result
logging.
rivers and lakes have been polluted, air pollution
v)
Rain water harvesting also improves the has reached threatening levels and pilling of
quality of underground water through a domestic and industrial wastes has resulted in
process called dilution. land degradation. Industrialization and economic
vi) To get water for irrigation of greenbelts, growth provided material comforts but at the
farms, gardens, etc. same time deteriorated the quality of life.
Rain Water Harvesting Techniques The Objective of EIA

There are two main techniques of rain water (i)
To identify, predict and evaluate the
harvestings: economic, environmental and social impact
1) Storage of rain water on surface for future of development activities
use. (ii)
To provide information on the
2) Recharge to ground water. environmental consequences for decision
The storage of rain water on surface is a making and
traditional technique and structures used were (iii) To promote environmentally sound and
underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs, sustainable development through the
etc. Recharge of ground water is a new concept identification of appropriate alternatives
of rain water harvesting and the structures and mitigation measures.
generally used are: Recharge pits filled with
boulders, gravels, and coarse-sand, Wells, Steps in the EIA Process
Trenches etc. The eight steps of the EIA process:
i) Screening: First Stage of EIA, which
7.5 Environmental Impact determines whether the proposed project,
requires an EIA and if it does, then the level
Assessment
of assessment required.
Every country strives to progress ahead.
ii) Scoping: This stage identifies the key
One aspect of progress is economic development
impacts that should be investigated. This
through manufacturing and trading. Every
stage also defines the time limit of the study.
country builds industries which provide
employment, serve the consumers needs iii) Impact analysis: This stage of EIA identifies
and help to generate revenue. The dominant and predicts the likely environmental and
pattern of development that humankind has
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social impact of the proposed project and Environmental Impact Assessment in

evaluates the significance. India
iv) Mitigation: This step in EIA recommends EIA was introduced in India in 1978, with
the actions to reduce and avoid the potential respect to river valley projects. On 27 January
adverse environmental consequences of 1994, the Union Ministry of Environment and
development activities. Forests (MEF), Government of India, under the
v) Reporting: This stage presents the result of Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, made
EIA in a form of a report to the decision- Environmental Clearance (EC) mandatory
making body and other interested parties. for expansion or modernisation or for setting
vi)
Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy up new projects listed in Schedule 1 of the
and effectiveness of the EIA report and notification. Since then there have been 12
provides the information necessary for amendments made in the EIA notification of
decision –making. 1994. Both central and state authorities share
vii) Decision-making: It decides whether the responsibility of EIA’s development and
the project is rejected, approved or needs management. EIA is now mandatory for 30
further change. categories of projects, and these projects get
viii) Post monitoring: This stage comes into Environmental Clearance (EC) only after the
play once the project is commissioned. It EIA requirements are fulfilled.
checks to ensure that the impacts of the The MoEF recently notified new EIA
project do not exceed the legal standards legislation in September 2006. The notification
and implementation of the mitigation makes it mandatory for all projects to get
measures are in the manner as described in environment clearance from the central
the EIA report. government under the following categories:
RAW MATERIALS
EXTRACTION
MATERIAL
END OF LIFE PROCESSING
PRODUCT
USE
PART
MANUFACTURING
ASSEMBLY

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(1) Industries
(2) Mining
(3) Thermal power plants
(4) River valley projects Baripada: A hamlet that conserves forest,
promotes growth
(5) Infrastructure and CRZ
(Coastal Regulation Zone)
(6) Nuclear power projects.
However, the new legislation has entrusted
the decision of clearing projects on the
state government depending on the size/
capacity of the project. EIA appraises the
environmental health and social implications
of planned developmental projects. It thus
links environment with development. The goal Baripada, a small hamlet straddling the
of EIA is to ensure environmentally safe and Maharashtra-Gujarat border, is a collective tribal
sustainable development. wisdom which has taken it to the next level. With
a population of barely 1,000, the village has not
7.6 Measures for Promotion of only helped conserve their forest but also meet
Sustainable Development the United Nations’ sustainable development
goals, benefiting everyone in the process.
As discussed earlier, the United Nations 17
The villagers conserved the forest. And, forest
Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets helped in conservation of water. Water enabled
are part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable agriculture and farming. Farming brought
Development adopted by 193 Member States at prosperity, which in turn helped improve literacy.
the UN General Assembly Summit in September And, literacy broadened horizons and led us to
2015, and which came into effect on 1 January total transformation.
2016. These goals are the result of international Having developed dairy and poultry over the
consultations that brought national governments years, the villagers have also evolved a system for
and millions of citizens from across the globe marketing their products. This ensured a steady
together to negotiate and adopt the global path flow of revenue and kept poverty at bay. The
to sustainable development for the next 15 year. villagers share their common land with landless
The SDGs and targets will stimulate action families to ensure ‘zero hunger’ and ‘reduction of
in the following critically important areas: inequality’.
poverty, hunger, education, health and well- Besides, the villagers are game for any experiments
being, education, gender equality, water and involving water, land, forest conservations,
sanitation, energy, economic growth and decent biodiversity registration, biogas, solar power,
building basic infrastructure through public
work, infrastructure, industry and innovation,
participation. “Decisions on prohibition, tree
reducing inequalities, sustainable cities,
plantation were made at the village meeting and
consumption and production, climate action,
immediately implemented. But, to restrict entry
ecosystems, peace and justice, and partnership. of humans and animals in the 445 hectares of
This agenda recognises that it is not enough to village forest was a major task”.
focus on economic growth alone but in creating
more equal societies, and a safer and more
prosperous planet.
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Which countries are achieving the countries, only Germany and France can
UN Sustainable Development Goals be found among the top ten performers.
fastest? The United States ranks 42nd on the Index,
while Russia and China rank 62nd and 71st
The ultimate aim of the Sustainable
respectively. Also in the top 20 were Canada
Development Goals is to end poverty, protect
(13th), the Czech Republic (15th) and Slovenia
the planet and ensure prosperity for everyone.
(17th). Asia-Pacific’s top performers Japan,
Each goal has specific targets that need to be
Singapore and Australia rounded off the list
met by 2030.
at 18th, 19th and 20th, respectively. The SDG
So how close are countries to meeting Index underlines that despite achieving high
them? To find out, non-profit organization percentages, all countries still have their work
Bertelsmann Stiftung and the UN Sustainable cut out to close the remaining gap.
Development Solutions Network have
India ranks 116 out of 157 nations on a
created a prototype index that measures their
global index that assesses the performance
performance.
of countries towards achieving the ambitious
Sweden leads the list, followed by sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Denmark and Finland. Among the G7
1. Coastal Zone: The area that extends 5. Health: The condition in which the body is
from the high tide mark on land to the sound and the mind is free,
edge of the continental shelf, which is the 6. Aerosol: Fine liquid, solid or gas particulates
submerged part of the continent. that remain suspended in the atmosphere
2. Earth Summit: The high level inter- for varying periods.
governmental meeting on environment of 7. Logging: Activity of felling trees and
the earth held in Rio-de-Janeiro, brazil in preparing the timber.
june 1992.
8. Gully: A ravine formed by the action of
3. Global Warming: The slow gradual rise in water.
the temperature of the earth due to emission
9. Biomass: Organic matter used as fuel
of excess quantities of radiation-trapping
specially in a power station for the generation
gases.
of electricity.
4. Local Authority: An official body
responsible to a higher body doing some of
the administrative and welfare work of the
locality e.g., Panchayats.

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Exercise
I. Choose the correct Answer
1. Who headed the World Commission on Environment and Development?
a) George Perkins Marsh’s b) Gro Harlem Brundtland
c) Edward Goldsmith’s d) Fruitz Schumacher’s
2. Sea level rise is occurring steadily at the rate of __________ per year
a) 0.01 to 0.25 centimetre b) 0.1 to 0.25 centimetre
c) 0.1 to 0.025 centimetre d) 1 to 0.25 centimetre
3. Rain water harvesting improves the quality of _____________ water.
a) Sea b) Ocean
c) River d) Under ground
4. which is the best strategy to reduce toxic gas emissions.
a) Public motor transport b) Use private transport
c) Use of electricity powered cars d) Two wheelers can be an alternative
5. In which year was EIA introduced in India
a) 1947 b) 1950
c) 1956 d) 1978
6. Expand the term UNFCCC
a) United Nations Forum on Climate Change Council
b) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
c) United Nations Framework Conveyance on Climate Change
d) United Nations Forum Conveyance on Climate Change
7. Reducing inequality within and among countries fall under sustainable development
a) Goal 10 b) Goal 7
c) Goal 15 d) Goal 5
8. The United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets are part of the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted at the UN General Assembly Summit
in September 2015 by
a) 183 b) 193
c) 173 d) 163
9. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature introduced the term "sustainable
development in
a) 1990 b) 1980
c) 1970 d) 1960
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10. In the Paris Agreement at the COP21 in Paris on 12 December 2015 all countries agreed
to work to limit global temperature rise to
a) Below 2 degrees Celsius,
b) Above 2 degrees Celsius
c) Between 2 degrees Celsius and 4 degrees Celsius
d) Between 2 degrees Celsius and 6 degrees Celsius
II. Very short answers

1. What did the Brundtland Report Highlight?
2. Explain Goal 15 in sustainable development.
3. What are the two main techniques of rain water harvesting?
4. Expand and define the term EIA.
III. Short answers
1. What is meant by ‘Sustainable Development’? State any two primary goals of sustainable
development?
2. State any three reasons for climate change.
3. Write a note on organic farming.
4. Write any three statements on the need for rain water harvesting.
5. Name six countries achieving sustainable goals the fastest.
IV. Detailed answers
1. Explain the Environmental Impact Assessment in India.
2. Describe the effects of climate change.
3. Explain the process used in the environmental component of EIA?
V. Practice
Project :1.Study of your local area.
• Draw a rough map of your neighbourhood (villages, ward, town).
• Get the information about your local area in the past through the older family members or
neighbours.
• Compare it with the present rough map
• Write a short note on those areas in your locality that require sustainability.
Reference
1. Environmental Impact Assessment, Larry W. Canter
Web reference
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WODX8fyRHA#action=share
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g75FRAF6wlc

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ICT CORNER
SUSTAINABILITY
This activity enables the students to

understand about the need to sustain
our natural resources. It helps them to
understand more about how to use the
three Rs to maintain the given resources
Steps
• Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code. A page opens with
two options . “Instructions and Play game”
• Read the instruction well before start to play
• Many objects will appear on the screen you have to collect it with the help of the toy on
the screen and classify it .
• Then you have to put it in the three bins according to the instructions.
• The time limit is two minutes only. At the end of the game you will see your score.
Step 1 Step 2
Website URL:
http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-content/richmedia/1/1143/
project/dist/desktop.html
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UNIT
8
Man-Made Disasters
- Public Awareness For
Disaster Risk Reduction
8.1 Introduction ➢ Understand the

8.2 Community based Disaster community based
Risk Reduction Disaster Risk Reduction
approaches.
8.3 Man - made disasters
8.3.1 Stampede ➢ List out the important
8.3.2 Drowning man-made disasters.
8.3.3 Fire Accident ➢ Describe the rules of action during
8.3.4 Industrial Disasters stampede.
8.3.5 Road Accident ➢ State how to protect one -self from
drowning.
8.1. Introduction ➢ Explain the measures of how to prevent
"Mumbai railway station stampede kills at least 22" fire accident
➢ Elucidate the rules of action for
“Rush-hour crush on footbridge connecting two
transport accident.
stations was triggered by falling concrete that
caused panic!”
The above incident throws some lights on
At least 22 people have been killed and more
how to be aware of the accidents we encounter
than 30 injured during a rush-hour stampede on a
in our daily walk of life. Let us try to answer the
bridge between two railway stations in Mumbai. The
following questions:
crush occurred on a narrow footbridge connecting
Prabhadevi station, formerly Elphinstone, and 1. Which is more important life or the scheduled
Parel station during the Friday, September 29, 2017 journey to be completed?
morning commuter rush and amid heavy rain. 2. Why rushing in anything may be disastrous?
“There was a huge crowd on the foot over bridge.
3.
Why timely communication is more
Everybody tried to leave at once and it appeared one
important to avoid accident?
of them slipped and fell, triggering the stampede,”
said an Indian Railways spokesman. Another The root of the word disaster (“bad star”
spokesman said the number of people on the bridge in Greek and Latin) comes from an astrological
was higher than usual because people were using theme in which ancients used to refer to the
the station to shelter from the rain. destruction of a star as a disaster.
145

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reduction and general development initiatives

Terms to know: in the coming years.
1. Hazard is a potentially damaging physical
event or human activity which may 8.2 Community-Based Disaster
cause the loss of life or injury, property Risk Reduction
damage, social and economic disruption Community is a group of people living in the
or environmental degradation. same place having homogenous characteristics.
2. Disaster is a serious disruption of a society It includes shared experiences, locality, culture,
functioning, causing widespread human, language and social interests. Community-
material losses which exceed the ability of based disaster risk reduction is a process within
the affected society to cope using its own a community and for the community. Reducing
resources. risk in communities should address the root
3.
Disaster risk management is a set of causes of risks and address it through local
activities, including structural and non- knowledge and expertise. Performance and the
structural measures to avoid (prevention) arts provide a variety of creative opportunities
or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) to communicate. Important messages through
adverse effects of disaster. live experiences. Examples include: Street
4. Capacity - the assets, resources and skills theatre, dramatic readings, skits and plays,
available within a community that can puppet shows, poetry reading.
be used to reduce the risks or effects of a Dance, flash mob activities in large urban
disaster. settings (a group of people who assemble
5. Disaster risk reduction includes activities suddenly in a public place, perform an unusual
that will minimize disaster-related losses act and then disperse), tapping into oral
of life and property. traditions such as story-telling, music and sing-
along, mural-making and other hands-on art
Disaster is a serious disruption, causing and design activities. All of these can involve
damage or injury to people, buildings, roads, volunteers and community members, as
livelihoods, or the environment, which exceed performers and audiences. Skilled performers
the community’s ability to cope. find creative ways to engage their audience.
The magnitude and impact of disasters are 8.3 Man - made Disasters
increasing and disasters have disrupted social, Disaters induced by human beings are
economic and environmental community man-made disasters. It includes fire accident,
activities worldwide. International data shows transport accident, structure failure, minining
that disasters have taken, over the last 10 accidents, explosions, stampede etc. In this
years, more than 478,000 lives. It has affected lesson, we study about some of the man-made
2.5 billion people and caused direct economic disasters.
losses in the amount of 690 billion US dollars
worldwide. 8.3.1 Stampede
Recent financial studies underline the The term stampede is a sudden rush of a
urgent need for a shift from sole disaster crowd of people, usually resulting in injuries
response to disaster risk reduction. Therefore, and death from suffocation and trampling. In
efforts should be made to ensure that disaster stampede, the term mob or crowd is used to refer
risk reduction is an important aspect of poverty to a congregated, active, polarized aggregate
XII Geography 146

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of people, which is basically heterogeneous can do in preparation is to try and know the
and complex. Its most salient features include topography of the place. This will help you find
homogeneity of thought and action among its the exits. So, when struck in a stampede, try to
participants and their impulsive and irrational identify these exits.
actions.
Causes of stampede
Incidents of stampedes can occur in
numerous socio-cultural situations. These
stampede incidents can be categorized into the
following types: Entertainment events, escalator
and moving walkways, food distribution,
processions, natural disasters, power failure,
religious events, fire incidents during religious/
other events, riots, sports events and weather
related events. 2. Keep Your Hands by Your Chest: Your
hands must be up by your chest like they would
be in a boxing position. This makes it easy to
move. It also stops your ribs from getting
crushed by the crowd on both sides. When
the crowd pushes you from front and back,
your lungs will be affected. You will suffer of
suffocation.
Large religious gatherings are the major

stampede events in developing countries like
India. As stated in a newspaper in 2013, 79
percent of stampedes in India have taken
place at religious events.
Stampede Management
Crowd management
is defined as the systematic
planning and supervision of
3. How to move when on your feet: In
the orderly movement and
the middle of a moving crowd, do not resist
assembly of people. Crowd
the flow by standing still or sitting down. The
control is the restriction or
force is too much to fight. Like in a wave, there
limitation of group behavior.
is force and in crowd situation. Keep moving
The rules of action for stampede diagonally between the pockets of people
1. Notice Alternate Exit: First thing to whenever there is a lull. Try to move towards
know in such situations is the route out. If you the exits but not towards walls or fences where
are attending an event, one of the things you you might be cornered. Keep moving with the
crowd to avoid falling.
147 Man-made Disasters

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If someone extends his/her hand for help, grab

hold to keep them up.
Child safety Tips: Take a second, take a photo.

Before taking children out to any
event, pull out your phone and take a photo
of each child individually a selfie. That way
you have a picture of how they looked that
day. The photo can be sent to police to aid
in locating the child in case the child is lost
in a crowd.
4. How to move if you fall: If you fall and 8.3.2 Drowning

get back on your feet, cover your head with
Drowning is the 3rd leading cause of
your hands and hurl up in a fetal position.
unintentional injury death worldwide,
Basically, avoid exposing your lungs to the
accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths.
crowd. Keep trying to find an opportunity to
There are an estimated 3,72,000 annual
get up.
drowning deaths worldwide. Children, males
and individuals with increased access to water
are most at risk of drowning. Drowning is the
process of experiencing respiratory impairment
from submersion/immersion in liquid;
outcomes are classified as death, morbidity and
no morbidity.
Fact File
It is one of our most visceral fears;

thrashing in the deep, far below the
water’s surface, lungs burning for oxygen.
Drowning claims hundreds of thousands
of lives every year, a great many of whom
are young children. Of course, exposure to
water is a key factor in drowning, but there is
5. Communicate smartly: When trapped
a strong economic correlation as well. Those
in the crowd, use sign language such as waving
in poorer countries are far more likely to be
your hands up one side after another so that you
drowning. In Bangladesh, 17,000 children
will not get exhausted.
drown annually that’s 46 a day.
6. Conserve energy: Keep calm and do not
try to scream. That only increases panic. Fresh Water and Salt Water Drown
7. Set a meeting place: Arrange a meeting You Differently.
place, in case you get separated, one inside and
another one outside.
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Fact File continue Prevention

There are many actions to prevent
drowning. Installing barriers (e.g. covering
wells, using doorway barriers and playpens,
fencing swimming pools etc.) to control
access to water hazards.
Community-based, supervised child care
for pre-school children can reduce drowning
risk. Teaching school-age children basic
swimming, water safety and safe rescue skills
is another approach.
At first glance, it would appear that Setting and enforcing safe boating,
swimming in the ocean is far more dangerous shipping and ferry regulations is an important
than swimming in a lake. Crashing waves part of improving safety on the water and
and riptides can easily sweep beachgoers to preventing drowning. Building resilience to
their doom. But shockingly enough, about 90 flooding and managing flood risks through
percent of drowning cases occur in freshwater. better disaster preparedness planning, land
The reason involves a bit of chemistry. Fresh use planning, and early warning systems can
water is more similar in composition to our prevent drowning during flood disasters.
own blood than salt water. When it is inhaled
into the lungs, it passes into the bloodstream 8.3.3 Fire Accident
through osmosis. When the blood is so radically
Massive forest fires may start in hot and
diluted, cells burst, leading to organ failure. The
droughty weather as a result of lightning,
entire process takes two to three minutes.
and human carelessness or from other causal
Ocean water contains far more salt than factors. Fires can lead to the destruction of
human blood. When it is aspirated, the body buildings, wooden bridges and poles, power,
attempts to regulate itself by transferring transmission and telecommunication lines,
water into the lungs, thickening the blood. warehouses of containing oil products and
It takes considerably longer to kill a person, other fuel. It causes injury to people and
between 8 to 10 minutes, allowing a much animals.
greater chance of rescue.
Students’ activity
Males are especially at risk of drowning, Mock Drill: To escape a fire, stop, drop,
and roll. In case your clothes burn, stop
with twice the overall mortality rate of females.
running, drop on the floor and roll to stop fire
Studies suggest that the higher drowning rates
spreading.
among males are due to increased exposure to
water and riskier behavior such as swimming
alone, drinking alcohol before swimming
alone and boating. Drowning accounts for During droughts or windy weather, fire
75% of deaths in flood disasters. may destroy low vegetation and trees. The
spreading speed of low fire is 1-3 m/sec and
high fire may reach up to 100m/sec.

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Preventive Measures
Think why? 1. Create a safe zone between the house and
Smoke kills more than fire. flammable plants.
2. Cut off all the branches of trees with below three
meter height standing near your house.
3. Remove moss and dry branches from plants
Rule of actions for Fire Accident-Do’s standing near the house.
1. W
hen Fire accident occurs, warning 5. Clean ditches and pits from dry branches and
should be given by shouting or ringing leaves.
bell. 6. Keep flammable materials in the checked safe
containers.
2. E
xtinguish the fire using sand and other
7. Ask your relative or friend living in a different
fire extinguishers.
location to be your contact person.
3. M
ain switch should be switched off 8. Have a fire extinguisher and know how to use it.
immediately.
4. If clothes started burning, the victim A natural gas vent in Iraq
should roll on the ground to extinguish known as The Eternal Fire of
the fire. Baba Gurgur, meaning 'Father
of Fire' has been burning
5. T
he combustible materials found
continuously for over 4,000 years, and it has
near the fire accident place, have to
been mentioned by Herodotus, and Plutarch.
be discarded so that the fire does not
spread to them.
6. If fire breaks out with smoke spreading,
During fire accident
cover the nose, crawl and move out. 1. When water cannot be used (because the
equipment is plugged-in) or there is no
7. T
hink that life is more valuable than water and the fire is not strong, you can
belongings. use cooking soda or calcite soda, washing
8. M
ove from the fire accident place to a safe powder, sand, soil.
place. 2. Keep your head no higher than 30 cm above
the floor; above this height accumulation
of heavy harmful gases may exists.
3. If there is no opportunity to leave the room,
move towards a window, and try to get the
attention of people by giving signals.
4. If your clothing has caught fire do not run
because this will intensify burning. Take
the clothes off, throw them in a safe place
and put out the fire.
5. If you are near a fire in a forest and cannot
extinguish the fire by yourself, immediately
inform people who are nearby about the
necessity to leave the hazard zone.
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Explosion: Explosions is the result of

Tips to use fire extinguisher:
a shock wave. This overpressure can kill
Put out small fire with fire extinguisher or people but usually the indirect effects of
cover the source of fuel with blanket. For fire collapsing buildings, breaking of glasses and
extinguisher remember to use pull safety pin falling of debris causes far more loss of life
from handle. Aim at the base of the flame. and severe injuries. There are different types
Squeeze the trigger handle. And sweep from of explosions which include gas explosions
side to side at the base of the flame. and dust explosions. Gas explosions occur
when a flammable gas mixes with air. Dust
Things that must never be done during explosions occur when flammable solids,
a fire especially metals, in the form of fine powders
1. N
ever pour water on burning electrical are intensively mixed with air and ignited.
equipment if it is switched on. If a TV Chemical release: Sudden release of
set, a refrigerator is burning, turn off the toxic vapours has the potential to cause death
electricity from the main switch. and severe injuries several kilometres from the
2. D
o not jump from windows of upper release point. They are carried by water and
floors. air. Their release into public sewage systems,
3. Do not panic. rivers, canals and other water courses, either
directly or through contaminated water used
4. D
o not try to extinguish the fire by
in fire fighting can result in serious threat to
yourself.
public. The number of casualties depends on
the weather conditions, population density in
8.3.4 Industrial Disasters
the path of the cloud and the effectiveness of
Industrial hazards consist of four principle the emergency arrangements.
hazards. The hazards encountered are fire,
explosion, toxic release and environmental Environmental Damage: Release of
damage. This is because industries engage other substances, not directly toxic to humans
in different processes involving a wide range can cause major pollution problems. It is
of different raw materials, waste products becoming increasingly recognized that damage
and final products. Danger originates to natural resources such as plant and animal
from technological or industrial accidents, life can have serious long term consequences.
dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures E.g. destruction of trees is increasing the effect
or certain human activities. It may cause the of global warming and extinction of animals
loss of life or injury, property damage, social are severely disrupting food webs and causing
and economic disruption or environmental an increase in pests.
degradation. Means of reducing the industrial hazards
Fire: This is the most frequent hazard. Fire Process of Safety Management: Reliability
can also produce toxic fumes like Acrolein, assessment of process equipment, incorporating
Carbon monoxide and Cyanides. Physical safety tips, scrubbing system, etc, should be
structures can be damaged either by the done before effecting major process changes.
intensity of the heat or combustion. It may also Safety Audits: Periodical assessment
have an effect on essential services like power of safety procedures, performance of safety
and instrumentation. systems and gadgets along with follow up
measures should be carried out.

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Emergency Planning: A comprehensive risk analysis indicating the impact of consequences

and practiced emergency procedures should be done. This can be done by communities as well as
national or regional corporation authorities.
Training: Proper training of employees and protective services should be done.
Fact File
The 1984 Bhopal Gas Disaster

The human cost (esmates) December 3, 1984
A cloud of methyl
Up to 10,000 deaths in first three days. isocyanate gas
Bhopal
leaks from the
Addional 25,000 people died of related UNION CARBIDE
injuries by 1994. pescide plant.
N
CITY
W E
S
N
CHINA
TA
KIS
PA
Area
BHOPAL affected
UPPER by gas
LAKE leak
MADHYA
PRADESH
Not to Scale
8.3.5 Road accident Basic road safety rules for students:

It is estimated that 1.34 million people 1. Aware of the road signals
are killed in the road accidents every year. Assist students to learn the traffic lights
Road accident is the 8th leading cause of death and signs. Check out the relevance of each
globally. Every year, up to 50 million people color:
suffer serious, life-altering injuries which, in
many low- and middle-income countries. ➢➢ G
reen light is an indication for
“go”- Whenever the signal turns green,
Primary road safety risk factors in low the vehicle can move ahead.
and middle-income countries include:
➢➢ R
ed light is an indication “to stop”- All the
1. Speeding vehicles have to stop, when the red light
2. Drink-driving is on.
3. Non-use, or improper use of helmets, and ➢➢ Y
ellow light is an indication “to slow
4. Non-use, or improper use of seatbelts down”- When the yellow light turns on,
you should slow down your vehicle and
Strengthening the capability of the prepare to stop.
road traffic police to enforce traffic laws is
fundamental to deterring road users from ➢➢ “Walking man” signal at intersections are
violating the laws, to reduce harm and to constructed for the pedestrians. Recall the
reduce inappropriate and unsafe behaviors on fact that you will be authorized to cross
the roads. the road only when the signal turns green.
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Ensure that there are no vehicles, both on you can interpret the following instances to
the left and right side of the road. students:
➢➢
Never attempt to cross the road, if the ➢➢ I f a horn is heard, stop and cross only after
signboard signifies “Don’t walk” message ensuring that no vehicle approaches you
or the walking symbol turns red. from left or right side of the road.
2. Stop, look, and cross 4. Don’t rush on roads
In fact, students will either walk to school Students will not be tolerant and have
or to the bus stop for waiting their respective a tendency to dash across the road to reach
school bus. The only task of students is to cross the other side. In addition, they become
the road prudently, right after the school bus absent-minded when they are having fun and
drops them off. Hence, we should undertake henceforth bound across or along the road.
the responsibility to provide adequate guidance Therefore, teach them to remain placid while
for crossing the road cautiously. they are near the road.
We teach them to be aware of various road 5. Relevance of Sidewalks
signs and recommend them to utilize the zebra
crossing while crossing the road. If there are Persuade students to avail the service of
no markings or signs, the following procedures sidewalks whenever they walk on the road.
can be worthwhile: Demonstrate them how to cross the road
safely. Motivate them to avail the sidewalks
➢➢ C
heck the right side, after that to the left
even though it is not a busy street.
side of the road for the incoming vehicles.
➢➢ If you notice a vehicle is approaching, 6. Crossroads and pedestrian crossings
wait for the vehicle to pass and then safely Students will have a tendency to scoot
cross the road. across the street. This will become particularly
➢➢ D
o not cross the road at the turns, it is perilous since vehicles will never slow down
unsafe. unless there is a cross road or relevant
➢➢ N
ever cross the road between the stopped signal. Notify your students to cross only at
vehicles. intersections and avail the pedestrian crossings.
If there is no crossroad or pedestrian crossing,
However, accompaniment is required for
you can admonish students to comply the rules
the children aged below 6 years and you should
mentioned above.
compulsorily hold their hands while crossing
the road. 7. Place the hands inside the vehicle
3. Listen A multitude of students have the habit of
placing their hands outside the vehicle while
Educate the child to be extra vigilant
it is moving. They will lay their head out and
while they cross the road at the turns. As a
wave with exhilaration. This is a familiar sight
consequence, listening can only aid them. For
among the school bus students. Nevertheless,
this reason, instruct your child to listen and
these behaviors can have significant
ensure whether a vehicle is approaching or
consequences. Due to carelessness, they will
not. Ordinarily, vehicles apply horns at turns
be injured by vehicles, which advance from the
and at unmanned intersections to provide
opposite direction.
a warning to other road users. Meanwhile,

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Back to School.
MOTORIST TIPS FOR CHILDREN’S SAFETY
What Can I Do?

Stop
Always stop when directed to do so
by a school patrol sign, school
Distance patrol officer or designated crossing
Stop your car far enough from guard
the bus to allow children the necessary
space to safely enter and exit
the bus.
Do Not Pass
All Stop
It is illegal to pass a school bus that is
stopped to load or unload children. Traffic in both directions stop on Stay Alert
undivided aroadways when students Children are the least predictable
are entering or exiting a school bus. pedestrians and the most difficult to see.
Never Pass on Right

Seeing Yellow
Never pass a school bus on the right.
School buses use yellow flashing
lights to alert motorists that they are
preparing to stop to load or unload
children.
Stay Behind
Traffic behind a school bus
(traveling in the same direction) Don't Honk
must stop. Don't honk your hom, rev your engine
or do anything to rush or scare a child
Seeing Red Look Out
in front of your car.
Take extra care to look out for
Red flashing lights and an extended stop sign
children in school zones, residential
arm signals to motorists that the bus is stopped
and children are getting on or off the bus. areas, playgrounds and parks.
Crosswalks
Do not block the crosswalk.
8. Never cross road at bends ➢➢ N

ever stand, stroll or sprint inside a
Bends are evidently the blind spot for moving vehicle.
motorists. When you attempt to cross at bends, ➢➢ R
emain seated and hold the rails on the
the driver will be unable to recognize you seats until the school bus halts.
and stop the car at the right time. As a result, ➢➢ D
o not put your hands outside the moving
students will be hurt while crossing at bends. vehicle.
9. Remain safe on a bicycle
11. Get off the vehicle at the curb side
If students ride bicycle to reach the school,
Ask your students to memorize the
ensure that they adhere to the following cycling
following safety tips and conform to the rules
rules:
while they get down from the school bus:
➢➢ U
tilize the bicycle lane. If such a lane
➢➢ E
nsure that you reach the bus stop prior
does not exist, ride the bike either on the
to the scheduled bus timing in order to
extreme left or right side of the road and
avert the circumstance of running behind
glide along with the traffic.
the school bus.
➢➢ N
ever permit your students to ride
➢➢ F
orm a queue to board or descend the
on congested streets without your
school bus.
supervision.
➢➢ D
isembark the school bus at the
10. Staying safe in a moving vehicle
curbside in order to evade unnecessary
In a moving vehicle, you can ensure the endangerment and hindrance to other
student’s safety with the assistance of a seat vehicles.
belt. Let them practice the following safety
rules in your absence:
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Top 10 Road Safety Tips for Children
1 Crossing the road 6 Getting off a bus

On a green light, look both Watch out for cars or
ways and listen for traffic motorcycles when getting off
before crossing
7 Crossing the road without
signal lights
2 Around the corner Pay additional attention
Do not run into the roadway before crossing
8 Wear a seat-belt
3 Do NOT jaywalk Children under 13 are safest
Make sure to use a crosswalk in the back seat
9 Do NOT play between cars

4 Watch out for big cars
stationed side by side
Stay away from big cars turning
the corner
Do NOT play behind cars 10 Use safety gear on

5
bicycles and in-line skates
Drivers may not be able to
Use bicycle lanes when
see you
available
1. Disaster: A serious disruption of the 5. Prevention: The outright avoidance of

functioning of a society involving human, adverse impacts of hazards and related
and material, and impacts that exceed the disasters.
ability of the affected society to cope using 6. Public awareness: The extent of common
its own resources. knowledge about disaster risks, the factors
2. Disaster risk reduction: The practice of that lead to disasters and the actions that
reducing disaster risks through systematic can be taken, to reduce vulnerability to
efforts to analyze and manage the causal hazards.
factors of disasters. 7. Resilience: The ability of a society exposed
3. Mitigation : The lessening of the adverse to hazards to resist, absorb, adapt to and
impacts of hazards and related disasters recover from the effects of a disaster.
4. Preparedness: The capacity developed 8. Hyogo Framework for Action – a global
by organizations, to effectively anticipate, blueprint for disaster risk reduction efforts
respond to, and recovers from the impacts between 2005 and 2015 – by providing
of disaster events. specific operational guidance for promoting
disaster risk reduction.

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Exercise
I. Choose the Correct Answer
1. The spreading speed of low fire is
a) 1 – 3 m/sec b) 3 – 5 m/sec
c) 4 – 6 m/sec d) 6 – 8 m/sec
2. It is important to practice Drop, Cover, Hold for
a) Fire b) Earthquake
c) Lightning d) Flood
3. To cut off all branches of trees standing near our house is to prevent
a)Earthquake b) Flood
c) Fire d) Drought
4. Which one of the following is the rule of action for stampede?
a) Find lower place or cavity and squat there if the area is open.
b) Avoid rock slides and landslides if you are in the mountain.
c) Keep your hands by your chest
d) Keep your head no higher than 30 cm above the floor.
5. The 1984 Industrial gas disaster occurred in
a)Delhi b) Pune
c) Bhopal d) Noida
6. The percentage of death worldwide due to unintentional injury during drowning is ________.
a) 5% b) 7%
c) 10% d) 2%
7. The natural gas vent known as the Eternal fire of Baba Gurgur is located at which country?
a) Iran b) Iraq
c) Yeman d) Kuwait
8. Every year, ______ people are killed in the road accidents.
a)4.34 million b) 2.34 million
c) 3.24 million d) 1.34 million
9. In India ____ of stampede occur in religious events.
a) 69% b) 59%
c) 79% d) 49%
10. Drowning account for ____ of deaths in flood disasters.
a) 75% b) 65%
c) 55% d) 85%
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II Very short answer

11. Why should not we cross roads at bends?
12. What are the causes of fire accident?
13. List major areas of stampede.
14. Write any three preventive measures of fire accident.
15. Write any two road safety risk factors.
III Write the short answer

16. Why are we drowning faster in fresh water than ocean water?
17. Write any three do's during fire accident.
18. Mention any two means of reducing industrial hazards.
19. Write any three preventive measures of drowning.
IV Write in detail
20. List the basic road safety rules for students and explain any three of them.
21. Write any three do’s and don’ts for fire accidents.
22. Explain the rules of action during Stampede.
V Mock drill exercise

1. Prepare a school disaster management plan focusing on the following mock drills that can be
scheduled to be conducted by the various committees.
I. Drop, cover, roll mock drill for fire
II. Stampede
VI Group discussion
1. Discuss in group how you can manage stampede suppose you are trapped in the crowd in a festival
site/ Mall. Draw easy exit route map of the site and discuss about.
References
1. Introduction to Disasters (reference – unisdr.org, 2006 edition)
2. Disaster Mangement module. TNSCERT.
3. Farabi, Hamid. "Safety: A major objective in the Chemical and Petroleum Industry." 1992.
4. Mannan, Sam. Lee's Loss Prevention. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, 2005.

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ICT CORNER
MAN MADE DISASTER (FIRE)
This activity enables the students

to understand about the nature of the
man made and disaster and how we can
handle the situation.
Steps
• Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code. A page opens with “Play”
symbol.
• When we touch it , It opens into another page with instuctions. When we finish that it opens into
another page. Contains many fire fighting vehicles.
• Select the vehicle of your choice then do every thing according to the given instructions.
• At last when we finish everything ie quench the fire we will be satisfied for our task.
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3 Step 4
Website URL:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.frosstudio.mytownfirerescue
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Unit Overview Learning Objectives

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Culture Region (iii) An “associative cultural landscape” which

Cultural Landscape Language

87 Cultural and Political Geography

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Norms and Archaeological remains), Natural

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 88 12/07/2021 4:16:10 PM

Occidental Realm part of the occidental culture as a result of

89 Cultural and Political Geography

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 89 12/07/2021 4:16:10 PM

greatly influenced by Vedic values. Though the Folk Culture

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 90 12/07/2021 4:16:10 PM

91 Cultural and Political Geography

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 91 12/07/2021 4:16:14 PM

NEGROID MONGLOID CAUCASOID AUSTRALOID

3. The Caucasoid nose moisture from getting dried by the wind.

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 92 12/07/2021 4:16:14 PM

Ethnicity kingdoms also supported and were tolerant of

India is a unique country with great diversity Religion

93 Cultural and Political Geography

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 93 12/07/2021 4:16:14 PM

Major religions of the world Mahavir who was a Contemporary of Lord

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 94 12/07/2021 4:16:14 PM

95 Cultural and Political Geography

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 95 12/07/2021 4:16:15 PM

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 96 12/07/2021 4:16:16 PM

Bhils main festival celebrated among the Angamis in

97 Cultural and Political Geography

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Chenchu tradition of Folk tales, songs and poetry. These

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 98 12/07/2021 4:16:16 PM

create. As a result, economic and religious 6. Dravidian- malayo – Polynesian- -

99 Cultural and Political Geography

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 99 12/07/2021 4:16:16 PM

XII Geography 100

TN_GOVT_XII_Geography_chapter 05.indd 100 12/07/2021 4:16:16 PM

consider themselves to be a nation by virtue of Types of Boundaries

Frontiers: International frontiers and permanent occupation of areas by the present

Different between Frontier and Boundary

Boundaries: A boundary is a line demarcating Genetic Classification of the

101 Cultural and Political Geography

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103 Cultural and Political Geography

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1. Heritage – culture that may be inherited.

 olk- Relating to traditional art or culture of a community.

3. Confucianism - a religion based on the ideas of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.

6. Frontier - It is a geographical boundary between the countries.

7. Mongoloid - a member of a group of people who mainly live in Mongolia.

9. Monotheistic - refers to the belief that there is only one god.

105 Cultural and Political Geography

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II Very short answers

Culture Region (iii) An “associative cultural landscape” which

olk- Relating to traditional art or culture of a community.

3. Confucianism - a religion based on the ideas of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.

6. Frontier - It is a geographical boundary between the countries.

7. Mongoloid - a member of a group of people who mainly live in Mongolia.

9. Monotheistic - refers to the belief that there is only one god.

➢ To describe the

The Earth's climate has changed throughout 1.

II. Very short answers

8.1 Introduction ➢ Understand the