WRC 297

REVISED BULLETIN 297 SEPTEMBER 1987
Welding Research council
bulletin
LOCAL STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS DUE
TO EXTERNAL LOADINGS ON NOZZLES
SUPPLEMENT TO WRC BULLETIN NO . 107
(Revision I)
by J . L . Mershon, K . Mokhtarian, G . V. Ranjan and E . C. Rodabaugh
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Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to
External Loadings on Nozzles—Supplement to
WRC Bulletin No . 107 (Revision I)
By J. L. Mershon, K . Mokhtarian, G . V . Ranjan, and E. C . Rodabaugh
CONTENTS
Foreword 1 creased experimental data made available during the

Foreword to Revision I 1 ensuing years underscores the need for a "cook book"
1 .0 Nomenclature 2 of the Bulletin 107 type . The persistence of this need
2 .0 Introduction 2 was a major motivating factor for preparation of this
3 .0 Calculations of Stresses 3 "Supplement" provided here in Bulletin 297 that
3 .1 P, M c , ML Nozzle Loads, Stress broadens the coverage of Bulletin 107.
Equations 3 In this document methods and data are given for
3 .2 P, M c , ML Nozzle Loads, treating two normally intersecting cylindrical shells,
Limitations 4 that is, cylindrical nozzles radially attached to cylin-
3 .3 M T , V c, VL Nozzle Loads 4
3 .4 Stresses Due to Combined Nozzle drical vessels (shells) . Stresses in both the nozzle and
Loads 4 vessel can be determined, and the range of vessel di-
4 .0 Evaluation of Loads 5 ameter-to-thickness ratio covered is increased over
5 .0 References 5 that of Bulletin 107 . The analytical method used was
Figs. 3 through 60 6-63 derived and developed by C . R . Steele on the basis of
Appendix A--Example Calculations 64 thin shell theory.
Appendix B—Comparison of This As with any undertaking of this type, several per-
sons made important contributions to the production
Bulletin's Results with FEM
Analyses Results 69 of this document . The work was done under the Task
Appendix C—Comparison of This Group on Development of Design Procedures for Cy-
lindrical Shells of the Subcommittee on Reinforced
Bulletin's Results with
WRC Bulletin 107 Curves 74 Openings and External Loadings chaired by W . C.
Acknowledgements 76 Kroenke . J . Hagstrom, Task Group Chairman, super-
Figs. C-1 through C-12 77-88 vised and coordinated the overall project . Members of
the Task Group were: R. E. Gleason, H . T . Huang, J . L.
Mershon, E . C. Rodabaugh, R . W. Schneider, G . V.
Ranjan, and G . E . 0 . Widera.
W. L . Greenstreet
Chairman, PVRC Design Division
Foreword
WRC Bulletin 107, "Local Stresses in Spherical and Foreword to Revision I
Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings, " by K . R. Studies of Figs . 59 and 60 of this Bulletin have
Wichman, A . G . Hopper, and J . L . Mershon, has been resulted in the conclusion that the curves in these
widely used by design analysts since its initial publica- figures cover a very narrow range of geometric param-
tion in August 1965 . This continued use despite ad- eters, and, in fact, some of the labels on the curves of
vances in analysis methods and capabilities and in- Fig. 60 of the August 1984 printing of Bulletin 297
were in error . Figs . 59 and 60 were inserted in the 1984
version of this Bulletin to provide some insight con-
cerning flexibility. However, they can only provide
J . L . Mershon, is a Consultant and lives in Shedd, OR, K . Mokhtarian, is approximate values of flexibilities for the case of thin
with CBI Na-Con, Inc ., Oak Brook Engineering, in Oak Brook, IL, G. V.
Ranjan, is with SST SYSTEMS, Inc ., in Sunnyvale, CA, and E . C . Roda- shells having simply supported boundary conditions
baugh, is with E . C . Rodabaugh Associates, Inc ., Hilliard, OH
Publication of this report was sponsored by the Subcommittee on Rein- with the ends remaining round but free to rotate . A
forced Openings and External Loadings of the Pressure Vessel Re-
search Committee of the Welding Research Council . comprehensive set of data is currently being prepared
Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 1
for nozzle flexibility . This revised Bulletin corrects the
labels on Fig . 60 and provides statements concerning
the limitations of these figures . The specific changes
are listed below:
1. Page 4—Minor editorial change.
2. Page 5—Add reference 11 and add a paragraph
describing the limitations of Figs. 59 and 60.
3. Fig . 59—Describe the boundary conditions of the
cylindrical shell.
4. Fig . 60—Describe the boundary conditions of the
cylindrical shell and correct the labels on the
curves for circumferential moment.
5. Page 69—Make corrections to example No. 3 cor-
responding to the updates of Fig . 60.
6. Page 74—Update Table B-7 in accordance with
the changes to Fig. 60.
Continued review of the relevant data has indicated
that the curves of this Bulletin provide a generally
conservative approximation of the stresses . Appendix
A provides additional guidance for application of this
Bulletin. Fig . 1—Positive directions for external loads on radial nozzle in cylin-
drical shell and definition of geometry . Loads VL , Vc, P, Mc, ML, and MT
1 .0 Nomenclature act at nozzle-to-shell intersection and form right-hand system.
Symbols used in the formulas and equations in this

text are listed below: ac = circumferential stress in nozzle
D S = stress intensity for combined loads
= mean diameter of vessel
Ke = elastic-plastic correction factor used in
d = outside diameter of nozzle
fatigue evaluation [see NB-3228 .5 of Ref. 1]
T = thickness of vessel
A = L/(DT) 1/2
t = thickness of nozzle
= angle around nozzle (see Figs . 1 and
2 .0 Introduction
0 2)
A = (d/D) (D/T)1/2 This Bulletin is a supplement to Welding Research
P, M c, ML, Council (WRC) Bulletin 107 2 and is specifically appli-
MT, Vc, cable to cylindrical nozzles in cylindrical vessels . As
and V L = nozzle loads as defined in Fig . 1 such, stresses in the nozzle at the juncture with the
L = length of vessel*
= bending moments per unit length of
Mr, Me shell wall (see Fig. 2)
= membrane forces per unit length of
Nr, No shell wall (see Fig. 2)
1 .1 Nomenclature Applicable to Table 1
mr = Mr /P, or Mrd/Mc, or Mrd/ML
nr = N rT/P, or N rTd/M c , or Nr Td/ML
me = M 0/P, or Med/Mc , or Mod/ML
no = NrT/P, or N BTd/Mc , or NrTd/M L
1 .2 Nomenclature Applicable to Nozzle-to-Vessel
Intersection
ar = direction stress in vessel (see Fig. 2)
Qe = direction stress in vessel (see Fig . 2)
as = axial stress in nozzle NOZZLE
SHELL
* For nozzles not centered in the vessel shell, an equivalent vessel length L can
be calculated from the following formula:
8L 1 L2
L
[(L1)112 + (L2)"2}2
where L1 and L 2 are the distances from the nozzle center line to the vessel Fig . 2-Positive directions for stresses, internal membrane forces and
ends . internal bending moments in'shell
2 Revised WRC Bulletin 297
Table 1—Index to Figs. 3-58, Stress Resultants at Nozzle- 3.0 Calculation of Stresses
to-Vessel Intersections
3.1 P, Mc, M L Nozzle Loads, Stress Equations
Stress Figure Number Surface stresses in the vessel in the vicinity of the
Resultant d/t Pb Mob
ML
s
41
A
nozzle junction are calculated by equations
mr 10 3 23
20 4
30 5 24 42 P- (nr f6m}~
T2 r (1)
50 6 25 43
100 7 26 44
nr 10 8 27 45
20 9 28 46 ao P • (no ± 6mB), (2)
47 8 T2 B
30 10 29
50 11 30 48
100 12 31 49 Mi
me 10 13 32 50 Qr (nr f 6mr), (3)
= 2
20 14 Td
30 15 33 51
50 16 34 52 Mi
100 17 35 53 aB = (no ± 6mo) . (4)
no 10 18 36 54 Td2
20 19 37 55
30 20 38 56 Nozzle-axial surface stresses at the nozzle-vessel
50 21 39 57 junction are calculated by equations (5) and (6).
100 22 40 58
The term containing nr has been introduced to cor-
a See Nomenclature, Section 2. rect the moment applied to the nozzle by subtracting
Stress resultants on 0 = 90°—270° plane (traverse plane) . Stress
b
resultants for P load on 0 = 0°—180° plane are generally less than the
NrT/2 from the radial moment on the shell side of the
values on the transverse lane (i.e ., 90°—270° plane) and are not given junction .
in this report. For conservatism, they are assumed to be the same as
those on the transverse plane. v = P t ± (6m r — 3n) (5)
C Stress resultants on 0 = 0°—180° plane (longitudinal plane).
a t2 r
7rd
va = Mi 4t (6mr — 3n)r (6)

t2 d Ld
vessel that were not covered by WRC Bulletin 107 can In Eq. (5) the nozzle cross-sectional area is calculat-
be calculated . This Bulletin gives data for larger D/T
ratios than in WRC Bulletin 107, provides better read- ed as rdt, and in Eq. (6) the nozzle section modulus is
ability for small values of d/D, and includes the effects calculated as ird 2t/4 . These are approximate expres-
sions appropriate for nozzles with larger d/t ratios . For
of nozzle neck thickness . Section 3 gives the procedure nozzles with smaller d/t ratios, the following exact
for calculating stresses in the vessel or nozzle in the expressions should be used . For the cross-sectional
vicinity of the junction.
This Bulletin presents tabular data from Shelltech area,
Report 81-5 3 in a form suitable for use in design work A ='r (d2 — di2).
(Figs. 3-58) . Also, data on flexibilities of nozzles from 4
Shelltech Report 80-2 4 and a Shelltech progress report For the section modulus,
5 dated May 15, 1983, are included as Figs . 59 and 60.
The Shelltech data, which are for P, Me, and M L 7(d4 — di4)
nozzle loads, are supplemented by approximations for
Mt, Vc, and V L nozzle loads that are the same as WRC S — 32d
Bulletin 107 approximations . The limitations on the where
use of the data for P, Me, and ML nozzle loads are
included in Section 3 . Section 4 contains a caution di = d — 2t = nozzle inside diameter.
concerning the calculation of nozzle loads where the
loads are imposed by a piping system. In this Bulletin, the nozzle circumferential mem-
Appendix A shows, by two examples, how the proce- brane stresses are set equal to the vessel shell circum-
dures of Section 3 can be used and provides comments ferential (0 direction) membrane stresses at the noz-
on the significance of the calculated stresses . Appen- zle-vessel junction . This assumption is justified by the
dixes B and C give comparisons of the stress calcula- fact that the maximum nozzle stresses occur at the
tion methods with finite-element calculations and the shell junction, and at this location both the nozzle and
WRC Bulletin 107 method (stresses in vessel) . These the shell have the same radial strain . Nozzle circum-
are included to remind the reader that significant un- ferential bending stresses are assumed to be negligible
certainties exist in the calculation of stresses in the compared with the membrane stresses . Thus, the noz-
complete structure consisting of a nozzle welded to a zle circumferential stresses are
vessel subjected to nozzle loads . Verification complet-
ed to date indicates that the results reported in this a= P (n)B (7)
c T2
document are generally conservative .
acts as a nearly rigid insert, so reasonable results for
crc = 2 (no). (8)
Td the vessel stress are obtained for any d/t . Although the
shallow-shell solutions used by Steele 3 may be valid up
In Eqs. (3), (4), (6), and (8), M i = Me or M L . The
to a d/D ratio of 0 .5, the exact limit of application
positive part of the signs is for the outer surface of the
depends on the D/T ratio . This is indicated by Figs . 3—
vessel or nozzle, and the negative part is for the inner
58, where curves for different T/t and d/t values ex-
surface.
tend up to different values of X . It is not recommended
Figs . 3—58 give m r , me, and no as functions of d/t, X
that curves be extrapolated beyond the A values for
and T/t . Table 1 is an index of Figs . 3—58 . In using
which stress resultants are plotted.
these figures, interpolation is required between the T/
In addition to the limitations given by Steele 3 de-
t lines on a given figure and between the figures for d/t.
noted above, the limit D/T < 2500 is recommended.
The interpolations and other aspects of calculating
The reason is that the theory is linear elastic and does
stresses for P, M c , or M L loads are illustrated by the
not necessarily account for nonlinear effects or buck-
example calculations in Appendix A.
ling . Test data are available for D/T up to 2500 ; those
The signs of the stress resultants obtained from
data give reasonable assurance that the theory is ap-
Figs . 3—58 are based on the assumption that the exter-
plicable up to D/T = 2500.
nal loads P, M c, and ML are positive . Positive direc-
Figures 3—58 are limited to d/t < 100 because it was
tions of the external loads are indicated in Fig. 1.
deemed that this would cover essentially all applic--
Table 2 shows the signs of the membrane and bending
tions of nozzles in vessels or piping . The figures in-
stresses at azimuth angles of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°
clude d/t = 10, which, for stresses in the vessel, gives a
caused by positive external loads and assuming posi-
reasonable approximation for any smaller d/t . It is
tive values for the stress resultants read from Figs . 3-
recognized that, with D/T < 2500, there are significant
58 . Either negative stress resultant values or negative
portions of Figs . 3—58 that are " out-of-bounds . " The
external loads will reverse the signs shown in Table 2.
lines labeled T/t = 0 correspond to D/T of infinity and
A plus sign means a tensile stress and a minus sign
are used to represent rigid plugs and as an aid to
means a compressive stress . The listed signs apply to
interpolation. Even nozzles with large d/t ratios can be
both the vessel shell and the nozzle, with the exception
considered rigid plugs in this instance.
of the circumferential bending stresses in the nozzle
The theory is applicable to "isolated" nozzles, where
that are not covered in this Bulletin because of their
isolated means that the nozzle must be sufficiently
insignificance. The notation (i) behind an azimuth
remote from any other stress discontinuity so that the
means the inner surface and the notation (o) behind
effect of the other discontinuity is negligible in the
an azimuth means the outer surface.
vicinity of nozzle-shell junction . Theoretically, this
3 .2 P, Mc , ML Nozzle Loads, Limitations distance may be very large, but if the distance from the
Steele ' s theory is applicable to the intersection of a junction is greater than about 2,f DT on the vessel or
nozzle whose axis is normal to the surface of a vessel 2 Jdt on the nozzle, the theory is deemed to provide
and where both nozzle and vessel are treated as thin- reasonable design guidance.
walled cylindrical shells . According to Steele, 3 for The theory is not applicable to nozzles that protrude
thin-shell theory to be valid, d/t 20, D/T 20, and inside the vessel . The nozzle, if of a different thickness
d/T >_ 5 . However, if the nozzle thickness is large, it than the attached branch pipe, should have an axial
length of not less than 2 \[c-ft--. The nozzle must be at-
tached to the vessel by a through-penetration weld.
Table 2—Stress Signs for Positive Loads and Positive
Stress Resultants 3.3 MT , Ve , VL Nozzle Loads
Loading Stresses in the vessel at the nozzle may be estimated
Stress Location P M~ ML by
Membrane 0° (i), 0° (o) +
180° (1),180° (o) + + T = 2M T /(ird2T), (9)
90° (i), 90° (o) + +
270°(i), 270°(0) + T = 2V i/(irdT) . (10)
Radial 0°(i) +
bending 0°(0) + Stresses in the nozzle at the vessel may be estimated
180° (i) by
180° (o) + +
90° (i) T = 2M T/(ird 2t), (11)
90°(0) + +
270°(i) + T = 2Vi /(irdt) . (12)
270°(0) +
Circumferential 0° (i) + In Eqs. (10) and (12), Vi = V c or V L . Equations (9)—(12)
bending 0° (o) +
180°(i) are nominal shear stress equations . For D/D up to
180°(0) + + about 0 .1, the equations are deemed to be reasonably
90° (i) accurate . For larger d/D (e.g ., d/D = 0 .5), the equa-
90° (o) + +
270°(i) +
tions may be significantly inaccurate.
270°(o) + 3 .4 Stresses Due to Combined Nozzle Loads
Stresses as a function of 0 are then the calculated stresses due to the calculated loads
share that inaccuracy . This aspect is particularly sig-
Load
Longitudinal Transverse nificant for the large D/T vessels covered by this Bul-
plane plane letin, because nozzles in such vessels are very flexible.
(0 = 0°,180°) (0 = 90°, 270°) If the nozzle flexibility is not included in the piping
P Maximum Maximum system analysis, P, Mc, and ML may be overestimated
M, Negligible Maximum by several orders of magnitude.
Maximum
ML Negligible Reference 3 does not provide data on flexibility of
nozzles in vessels . However, Ref. 4 and the Shelltech
For a few combinations of A, d/t, and T/t, the maxi- Progress Report 5 dated May 15, 1983, provide some
mum stresses occur off the indicated planes ; Figs. 3—58 data on flexibility . These data are included here as
represent the off-plane stresses for those combina- Figs . 59 and 60.
tions of parameters. It is to be noted that the curves in these figures cover
Stresses due to MT, V c, and VL may conservatively a narrow range of parameters and are appropriate only
be assumed to be constant as a function of 0 and equal within this range of parameters . They provide approx-
to the calculated maximum value . However, these imate values of flexibilities for the case of thin shells
loads produce shear stresses and, for comparison with having simply supported boundary conditions with
allowable stresses in pressure vessel and piping codes, ends remaining round but free to rotate. Furthermore,
it is appropriate to calculate stress intensity by the for Fig . 59, t > T and thus the nozzle can be considered
following equation. to be essentially rigid . Nozzles with a large d/t ratio
S = largest absolute magnitude of: may be significantly more flexible than indicated by
1/2{ur + u, + [(° r QQ ) 2 + 4r1 1/24 (13a) some of the data here . Further, it was shown in Ref. 11
that the flexibilities are very sensitive to assumed
1/2{Qr + Q8 — [(a r — a8) 2 + 4T 9 1/9, (13b) boundary conditions for short cylindrical shells and
that this sensitivity is more pronounced for large pene-
[(7r — Q8 ) 2 + 4T2 ] 1/2 . (13c)
trations. The use of Figs. 59 and 60 for geometries and
For the longitudinal plane, boundary conditions other than those used here,
Uj = aa(P) + (TJ(ML) ; ( 14 ) could, therefore, result in significant inaccuracies.
More information on this subject can be found in
for the transverse plane, Refs . 6, 7 and 11 . A general discussion of flexibility
0) _ 0"j (P) + o j (Mc) ; (15) factors as well as a comprehensive presentation of de-
sign data is planned for a future WRC bulletin.
where j = r or 0, o3 (P) = stress due to nozzle load P, and Appendix A includes an example of the conversion
similarly for aj (ML ) and (r;(Mc ) . For both planes, of data from Figs. 59 and 60 to a "flexibility factor"
T = T(MT ) + T(V,) + T(VL ) . (16) whereby the effect of nozzle flexibility on a piping
system is intuitively apparent to piping system design-
Equations (13)—(16) apply directly to stresses in the ers.
vessel . For the nozzle, Eqs . (5)—(8) provide a method
for calculating the axial and circumferential stresses in
5 .0 References
the nozzle . Accordingly, Eqs . (13)—(16) may be applied
1. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec . III, Nuclear Power Plant
to the nozzle by substituting O-a for ar and a., for c.o. Components, Div . 1, American Society Mechanical Engineers, New York,
1983 .
Equation (16) is a conservative approximation that 2. Wichman, K . R., Hopper, A. G., and Mershon, J . L ., "Local Stresses in
can be used when shear stress are not significant com- Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings, " WRC Bull. No.
107 (Aug. 1965, revised March 1979).
pared with the direct stresses. However, if shear 3. Steele, C . R. and Steele, M . L ., Reinforced Openings in Large Steel
Pressure Vessels: Effect of Nozzle Wall Thickness, Shelltech Report 81-5
stresses due to Vc and VL become significant, it should submitted to PVRC Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings and External
be recognized that their maximum values and zero Loadings, Shelltech, Dec . 1981, revised Sept. 1983.
4. Steele, C. R ., Evaluation of Reinforced Openings in Large Steel Pres-
values occur 90° apart from each other. Thus, Eq . (16) sure Vessels, Shelltech Report 80-2 submitted to PVRC Subcommittee on
Reinforced Openings and External Loadings, Shelltech, Dec. 20, 1980. [Also
should be separated into the following two expres- see " Stress Analysis of Nozzles in Cylindrical Vessels with External Loads, "
ASME Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, (Aug . 1983) .]
sions : 5. Steele, C . R ., Reinforced Openings in Large Steel Pressure Vessels,
Progress Report submitted to PVRC Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings
T c = T(M T ) + T(Vc) for Vc , (16a) and External Loadings of the Design Division, Shelltech, May 15, 1983.
6. Hagstrom, J. and Billimoria, H . D ., " Stiffness Coefficients and Allowa-
TL = T(M T) + T(VL) for VL . (16b) ble Loads for Nozzles in Flat Bottom Tanks," ASME Journal of Pressure
Vessel Technology, (Nov. 1978).
7. Specifications for Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels (Advanced Design
The larger shear stress from Eqs . (16a) or (16b) should and Construction) British Standards 1515, Part 1, Appendix A.
be used in Eqs . (13a), (13b), or (13c). 8. ANSI Code for Pressure Piping, ANSI/ASME B31 .1, Power Piping,
American Society Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1980.
9. Rodabaugh, E . C . and Moore, S . E ., Comparisons of Test Data with
4 .0 Evaluation of Loads Code Methods of Fatigue Evaluation, ORNL-TM-3520, Union Carbide Corp.
Nuclear Div ., Oak Ridge Nat . Lab., Nov . 1971.
10. Mayfield, M . E ., Rodabaugh, E . C., and Eiber, R . J., Relevance of
External loadings on nozzles usually are imposed by Fatigue Tests to Cold Leg Piping, NUREG/CR-0325, National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Va ., Sept. 1978.
a piping system attached to the nozzle . Magnitudes of 11. Mokhtarian, K. and Endicott, J . S ., "Sensitivity Analysis of Flexibility
the loads are calculated by an analysis of the piping at Cylinder-Cylinder Junctions, " in Design and Analysis of Plates and
Shells, G . E . 0 . Widera, H . Chung, D . Hui, eds ., ASME Special Publication
system . If the piping system analysis is not accurate, PVP-Vol . 105, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1986.
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6 Printed copies are not controlled.

Revised Printed
WRC Bulletin 297on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)
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Printed copies are not controlled. Printed on: 2020-01-15 (UTC) 9
Stresses in Cylindrical Shells
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in Cylindrical on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)
Shells 13
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Stresses Printed
Shells 21
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22 Revised WRC Bulletin

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Fig. 20—Internal force stress resultants no due to P-load—(d/t = 30 .0)
Printed copies are Stresses

Shells 23
•FcC.BiWpx(si\%oD~S.u2eO01'Ht1v-:Iy=gU/MwnYI"nL♦NrR►,;l—Za•47V6r>fTj$bEdmF!cq•_JA^S)„\Woe2O•. i0P-C.l~g3sy:+1Yw twHBYDpMuknt`"'U%=/Ir. N1 iI. hN
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Fig . 22-Internal force stress resultants no due to P-load-(d/t = 100 .0)

Stresses Printed
Shells 25
irSJ :/M~MMMM/~MMMM~//~ IIMII MM~ ~ ~
MMD' IMIMIM ' i
IMMMM/NI//'~M~AI~IMMAM//N~~M~M~/wM~
IIINNMIM .' .MI~N~M~MMMY/MI~YwM~ ~N~:Mw1~wrMMMMMAw
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nNlll •M1rN~
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26 Revised
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Fig . 32—Internal moment stress resultants me due to Mc-load—(d/t = 10 .0)

Stresses PrintedShells
in Cylindrical on: 2020-01-15 (UTC) 35
Fig . 33—Internal moment stress resultants mo due to Mc-load—(d/t = 30 .0)
36 Revised WRC Bulletin 297on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)

Printed copies are not controlled. Printed
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38
Revised WRC Bulletin 297

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46 Printed copies are Revised

WRC Bulletin 297 on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)
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52 Printed copies are Revised WRC Bulletin

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Appendix A—Example Calculations in detail how the stress intensities in the first line of
A-1 Example No. 1—Stresses for Each Load Table A-3 (vessel, longitudinal plane, and outer surface)
Assume that an isolated nozzle in a vessel has the were calculated.
dimensions: From Table A-2, the membrane stresses due to P and
ML are 2,400 + 670 = 3,070 psi in the r-direction, and
D = 1200 in ., T = 1 .00 in ., d = 30 in . and t = 0 .375 in.
The assumed t nozzle loads are: 9,190 + 2,390 = 11,580 psi in the 0-direction . The shear
stress due to M T , Vc , and V L is 281 + 562 + 450 =1,293
P = 35,340 lb, Mt = 397,610 in .-lb, psi . Equations (13a) and (13b) then give:
Mc = 530,140 in .-lb, Vc = 26,510 lb,
ML = 265,070 in .-lb, S = {3,070 + 11,580 ± [(3,070 -11,580) 2
VL = 21,210 lb.
+ 4 X 1,2932] 1/21/2
The parameters for use with Figs . 3-58 are:
The + part of the ± sign gives the larger value of S,
A = (d/DWD/T = (30/1200)x/1200/1 .00 = 0 .866,
d/t = 30/0 .375 = 80, S =11,770 psi
T/t = 1 .00/0.375 = 2 .67. From Table A-2, the bending stress due to P and M L
Table A-1 shows the values of mr , nr , m 0, and no ob- is 31,800 + 9,010 = 40,810 psi in the r-direction and
tained from Figs. 3—58. Interpolation on d/t between 23,300 + 6,890 = 30,190 psi in the 0-direction . The shear
figures with d/t = 50 and d/t =100 and on T/t between stress does not influence the bending, hence Eq . (13)
2 and 5 was used to obtain the data given in Table A-1. gives:
The data from Table A-1 are used in Eqs . (1)-(8) to S = 40,810 psi.
obtain the stresses shown in Table A-2. Typical calcu-
lations are shown below. From Table A-2, the total stress due to P and M L on
(1) Total Qr in vessel due to P = 35,340 lb, Eq . (1): the outer surface is 34,200 + 9,680 = 43,880 psi in the
r-direction and 32,490 + 9,280 = 41,770 psi in the 0-di-
Qr = (35,340/1 .002)(0.068 ± 6 X 0 .15) rection. The shear stress is 1,293 psi and is included
= 2,400 ± 31,800 psi = 34,200 psi outer surface, since it influences the total S . Accordingly, Eq. (13a)
-29,400 psi inner surface. gives:
(2) Total o-e in vessel due to .Me = 530,140 in.-lb, Eq. S = {43,880 + 41,770 + [(43,880 — 41,770) 2
(4): + 4 X 1,293 2] 1/2 }/2
cre = [530,140/(1 .002 X 30)1(0.12 ± 6 X 0.16) = 44,490 psi.
= 2,120 f 16,960 =19,080 psi outer surface, -14,840 The stress intensities in the second through the fourth
psi inner surface. lines of Table A-3 were calculated in a similar
(3) Total cra in nozzle due to ML = 265,070 in.-lb, Eq. manner.
(6): For nozzle stresses in Table A-2, ur = V a and x = o-° .
As an example, total stress intensity for the nozzle,
= [265,070/(0.3752 X 30)1[4/80r ± (6 X 0.17-3 X longitudinal plane, and outer surface is calculated as
0.076)] follows : The total stress due to P and M L on the outer
= 1,000 ± 49,760 = 50,760 psi outer surface, -48,760 surface is a-a = 175,900 + 50,760 = 226,660 psi (Table
psi inner surface. A-2). With 0'c = 9,190 + 2,390 =11,580 psi and r due to
Calculations of stresses due to MT , Vc, and VL , using M T , Vc, and VL equal to 3,450 psi, Eq . (13) gives:
Eqs . (9)—(12), are quite simple . For example, by Eq. S = {226,660 + 11,580 + [(226,660 -11,580) 2
(9) + 4 X 3,4502]1/21/2
T = 2 X 397,610/(7r X 302 X 1 .00) = 281 psi = 226,720 psi.
gives the shear stress in the vessel due to M T and, by Eq.
(11) A-3 Significance of Calculated Stresses
To continue the example, we assume that the mate-
T = 2 X 397,610/(7r X 302 X 0.375) = 750 psi rial is a carbon steel such as ASTM A106 Grade B . This
gives the shear stress in the nozzle due to M T . material has a specified minimum yield strength of
35,000 psi. For A106 Grade B piping, the allowable
A-2 Stress Intensities Due to Combined Loads stress range at temperatures up to 650° F in piping
Equations (13)—(16) were used to obtain the stress codes such as ANSI B 31 .18 is between 22,500 and 37,500
intensities shown in Table A-3 . The following indicates psi, depending on the magnitude of "sustained " loads.
The calculated stress in the nozzle, considered as a piece
of straight pipe using ANSI B 31 .1 proposed methods,
is
t The loads are such that nominal stresses in the nozzle are:
P/(rdt) = 1000 psi, M,/(rd2 t/2) = 750 psi,
M/(rd 2t/4) = 2000 psi,
ML/(7rd 2 t/4) = 1000 psi,
2V,/ rdt) = 1500 psi, SE _ (Mc2 + ML2 + MTZ)i/z/( dzt)
2V . /(rdt) = 1200 psi . 4
Table A-1-Example Calculations, Values of mr, n r , me, and no for A = 0 .87, d/t = 80, Tit = 2 .67
mr nr me no
d/t Figure Value Figure Value Figure Value Figure Value
Load
P 50 6 0.14 11 0,080 16 0 .11 21 0 .25
100 7 0.15 12 0,060 17 0 .11 22 0.26
80 0.15 0,068 0 .11 0 .26
Me 50 25 0 .20 30 0 .10 34 0.16 39 0.11
100 26 0.22 31 0 .08 35 0 .16 40 0 .13
80 0.21 0 .09 0 .16 0 .12
ML 50 43 0 .16 48 0,088 52 0.13 57 0 .26
100 44 0.17 49 0,068 53 0 .13 58 0 .27
$0 0.17 0,076 0 .13 0 .27
Table A-2-Example Calculation, Stresses Due to P, Mc, and M L a

Equation psi b
(Jr, Equation ae, psic
Load Part No. Membrane Bending Total s No. Membrane Bending Total d
P Vessel (1) 2,400 31,800 34,200 (2) 9,190 23,300 32,490
Nozzle (5) 1,000 174,900 175,900 (7) 9,190 - 9,190
Vessel (3) 1,590 22,270 23,860 (4) 2,120 16,960 19,080
Mc
Nozzle (6) 2,000 124,400 126,400 (8) 2,120 2,120
ML Vessel (3) 670 9,010 9,680 (4) 2,390 6,890 9,280
Nozzle (6) 1,000 49,760 50,760 (8) 2,390 2,390
a P = 35,340 lb, P/(irdt) = 1000 psi, Me = 530,140 in .-lb, Mc/Ord 2 t/4) = 2000 psi, ML = 265,080 in .-lb, ML/(ird2t/4) =1000 psi.
b For the nozzle, the stresses are as (axial)
C For the nozzle, the stresses are ac (circ .)
d Stresses are for the outer surface.
Table A-3-Example Calculation, Stress Intensity a for Combined Loads

S (psi)
Part Plane • Surface Membrane Bending Total
Vessel Longitudinal Outer 11,770 40,810 44,490
Inner 11,770 40,810 37,830
Transverse Outer 11,530 54,070 58,310
Inner 11,530 54,070 50,160
Nozzle b Longitudinal Outer 12,690 224,660 226,720
Inner 12,690 224,660 234,340
Inner 12,560 299,300 307,690
a Calculated by Eq . (13).
b For the nozzle, ar = as and ae = o .
= [(530,140) 2 + (265,070) 2 in that it indicates a strain, due to the loadings, of about

1 .0%. A106 Grade B material is quite ductile, hence the
30 2 0
+ (397,610)9112/ TX x .375 = 2,693 psi. calculated stresses do not indicate that the vessel/nozzle
4 intersection cannot maintain the loads in a one-time
Despite the fact that the nozzle-pipe is stressed to application . For cyclic loads, a fatigue analysis should
about 1/10 of the levels allowed by ANSI B 31 .1, we see be performed to guard against fatigue failure.
in Table A-3 that the maximum S is 307,690 psi . This More generally, if membrane normal and shear
is typical of nozzles in vessels with large D/T and large stresses are below the material yield strength, and if the
T/t. materials (including welds) are reasonably ductile, then
Perhaps the first thing that should be done, in an the major significance t of the total stresses is with re-
actual case, is to make sure that the loads have been spect to fatigue.
appropriately calculated as discussed in Section 4 . As- An appropriate "peak stress" factor must be included
suming that this has been done and the loads are in fact, in a fatigue evaluation. For the purpose of this example,
appropriate, we note that S = 307,690 psi is about 9
times the material yield strength. Nevertheless, for the .
discontinuity-type bending stresses involved in P, Mc, t There may be unusual exceptions such as a glass-lined vessel or a material that
and ML loadings, the value of S = 307,690 psi is relevant may be sensitized by plastic straining.
we assume a peak stress factor of 1 .00 . An evaluation of the outside of the shell . At this location, the following
the fatigue life can be made using the procedure given stresses are calculated from Eqs . (1)-(4).
in Subsection NB of Ref. 1.
Load ur(psi) o 0 (psi)
We consider the cycle of applying all six loads si-
multaneously and removing them simultaneously . The P 49,700 22,900
maximum primary-plus-secondary stress intensity Mc 32,300 12,900
range, PL + PB + Q, is then equal to S (max .) = 307,690 Total 82,000 35,800
psi . Since this is above the 3Sm limit (= 60,000 psi for The total shear stress is again T = 1,293 psi.
A106 B at 100F), the simplified elastic-plastic analysis The maximum shell stress intensity as calculated
of NB-3228 .5 can be used . This Code paragraph allows from Eq . (13a) is:
exceeding the 3Sm allowable provided that the stress
intensity range, excluding thermal bending stresses, S = 182,000 + 35,800 + [(82,000 – 35,800) 2
does not exceed 3S m and that a factor K e is applied to + 4 X 1,2932] 1/21/2
the peak stress intensity used for fatigue analysis . Test = 82,040 psi.
data9 "° show that the K e factor provides ample con-
servatism when the displacement-controlled loads, such It is seen that for t = 1 in ., the maximum stress intensity
as those due to restraint of thermal expansion of the has shifted to the vessel, transverse plane, and outer
piping system, contribute to the range of stress inten- surface.
sity. In the following fatigue evaluation, it is assumed Continuing with the assumption that the peak stress
that the stress intensity ranges are due to displace- factor is 1 .0 and using the fatigue evaluation procedure
ment-controlled loads . Accordingly, an estimate of the of Ref. 1 :
fatigue life can be obtained by calculating the stress 1– 0 .2 82,040
amplitude Sa = Ke S (max)/2 = 5 X 307,690/2 = 769 ksi. Ke =1 .0+ -1 =1 .73
0 .2 X 2 60,000
Using Sa = 769 ksi, the Code Figure I-9 .1 indicates that
the vessel/nozzle is acceptable for about seven cycles of S. =1 .73 X 82,040/2 = 71,000 psi
the loadings. N = 2,000 cycles.
Although the preceding may allay the question of A design cyclic life of 2,000 cycles is more than adequate
some designer who happens to have a vessel/nozzle for most vessel/piping installations . Further increase
similar to this example, which has been in satisfactory in the nozzle wall will not reduce the maximum S . In this
(noncyclic) service for many years, most designers would example, making T/t = 1 .0 is about an optimum . If, for
probably prefer to have lower calculated stresses . An some reason, the designer wishes to have lower calcu-
obvious "fix" in this example is to increase t by, for ex- lated stresses by the procedures given herein, he
ample, using a 1.0-in.-thick nozzle with a length of 2 dt might:
= 2 /30 X 1 .0 = 11 .0 in . In the following, we briefly run
through the recalculation of S in the transverse 1. change the piping supports to reduce the loads,
plane. and/or
The value of X remains 0 .866 but now d/t = 30/1 .0 = 2. use an insert plate in the vessel to increase T and
30 and T/t = 1 .0. For these parameters, the following also further increase the nozzle thickness, t.
stress resultants are obtained from Figs . 5, 10, 15, 20, 24, A-4 Example No . 2—Model and Loads
29, 33, and 38. Assume an isolated nozzle in a tank or vessel with the
following dimensions:
Load mr nr me no
P 0 .22 0 .086 0 .078 0.18 D =1800 in.
Mc 0 .29 0 .088 0.11 0 .07 T =1 .0 in.
T i = 2 .0 in . (thickness of insert plate)
For the nozzle, the maximum stress intensity occurs on d = nozzle outside diameter = 25 in.
the inside of the neck. At this location, the following t = nozzle thickness = 0 .5 in.
stresses are calculated from Eqs . (5) thru (8). W = width of insert plate = 80 in.
Load 0a (psi) a e (psi) Fig. A-1 is a sketch of this example model.
P -37,155 6,360 Assume the following loads are applied by the nozzle
Mc -25,330 1,240 to the shell at the nozzle-shell intersection:
Total -62,485 7,600 P = 10,000 lb,
Mc = 500,000 in .-lb,
The total shear stress r = 1,293 psi as calculated in ML = 400,000 in .-lb.
Section A-2.
The maximum nozzle stress intensity as calculated A-5 Nozzle Reinforcement
from Eq . (13c) is: Most codes include rules for replacement of shell area
cut out by a penetration, within certain limits from the
S = [(–62,485 – 7,600)2 + 4 X 1,293 2] 1/2 = 70,130 psi
penetration to shell junction . Such area replacement
For the vessel, the maximum stress intensity occurs on rules are meant to restore the internal pressure capa-
P the stresses due to local loads do not cause an overstress
of the unreinforced portion of the shell.
For this example, W = 80 in . is greater than 1 .65 V/RT
=1 .65,/900 X 2 = 70 in . and, therefore, the value of T
D =25 to be used in the calculations will be the insert thickness
of 2 in.
A-6 Calculating Stress Resultants
W=80 The parameters used for the analysis are
•--t=0 .5
d 25
x_ =0 .42;
N/DT x/1800 X 2
d/t_ 25 =50;
0.5
T/t =2= 4.
0 .5
Fig . A-1—Model geometry—All material A-36 The values of dimensionless stress resultants are tab-
ulated in Table A-4:
The following surface stresses are calculated from Eqs.
(1)—(4):
Due to P
bility of a shell with a cutout, and do not account for any 10,000 (0
local loads applied to the shell by the nozzle . Such local .10 f 6 X 0 .12) = 250 ± 1,800 psi;
r (2)2
reinforcement is normally in the form of an insert plate
10,000
or a pad plate ; (sometimes in combination with a QB = 2 (0 .36 ± 6 X 0 .20) = 900 ± 3,000 psi.
thickened nozzle neck). (2)
The rules of this bulletin do not directly cover the
treatment of local reinforcement ; however, with some Due to Mc
judgment in the use of these rules, a reasonable analysis 500,000
of reinforced penetration junctions can be made. ar (0 .10 ± 6 X 0 .14) = 500 ± 4,200 psi,
(2) 2 X 25
If the width of the shell reinforcement (pad plate or
500,000 (—0
insert plate) is less than 1 .65-/RT § , then conservatism 0a .07 ± 0 .27) = -350 ± 8,100 psi.
would require that no credit be taken for the reinforcing (2) 2 X 25
material when calculating stress resultants at the
junction. Due to ML
The recommended value of T to be used in such cases 400,000
is the thickness of the shell . However, bending stresses, 6r = (0.10 ± 6 X 0 .14) = 400 ± 3,360 psi,
(2)2 X 25
both in the shell and nozzle neck, may be higher as a
result of local reinforcement . This possibility could be 400,000
QB (0 .13 ± 6 X 0 .25) = 520 ± 6,000 psi.
=(2)
2X 25
investigated by using the value of insert plate thickness
or a combination of shell and pad plate thicknesses for The axial nozzle surface stresses at the shell junction are
"T" in calculating M r and Me. calculated from Eqs . (5) and (6):
If the width of the shell reinforcement (pad plate or
insert plate) is equal to or greater than 1 .65,/RT (T Due to P
being the insert plate thickness or shell plus pad plate _10,000 0.5 }(6X0.12—3X0 .10)
thickness, depending on whether reinforcing is in the Qa (0 .5) 2 zr X 25
form of insert plate or pad plate), it can be assumed that
the thickness of the reinforced portion of the shell would = 255 ± 16,800 psi.
determine the state of stress at the nozzle-to-shell Due to Mc
junction. The value of T to be used with the rules of this
Bulletin could be the insert plate thickness or a com- 500,0004X0.5 ±(6X0
.14—3X0 .10)
bination of shell and pad plate thicknesses . For such a X 25 LW X 25
(0 .5) 2
cases, the stresses in the shell at the outer end of the = 2,037 ± 43,200 psi.
reinforcing plate should also be checked, to assure that
Due to ML
= 400,0004X0.5 ~(6x0
a .14—3X0 .10)
§ For this check, it is recommended that the value of T to be used be the insert
(0 .5) 2 X25 7rX25
thickness for insert plate reinforcing and the shell thickness plus pad thickness
for pad plate reinforcing. = 1,630 ± 34,560 psi.
Table A-4—Values of Dimensionless Stress Resultants for A = 0 .42, d/t = 50, Tit = 4
mr nr me no
Load Figure Value Figure Value Figure Value Figure Value
P 6 0 .12 11 0.10 16 0 .20 21 0 .36
Mc 25 0 .14 30 0.10 34 0.27 39 -0 .07
ML 43 0 .14 48 0.10 52 0.25 57 0 .13
The circumferential nozzle membrane stresses at the pressure, allowed by various codes and standards are in
shell junction are calculated from Eqs . (7) and (8): the range of 0 .6 to 0 .7 times yield strength. For A36
material, such allowable stresses will be in the range of
due to P
21 .6 to 25 .2 ksi . The allowables for local membrane
10,000 stresses at discontinuities such as nozzles are normally
Q~ = (0 .36) = 900 psi,
2 1 .1 to 1 .5 times as high as those for general membrance
stresses, depending on the design code and the nozzle
due to Me
details used . The limit on local bending stresses depends
500,000 on the nature of the loads . For noncyclic (very infre-
ac — (—0 .07) = -350 psi,
(2) 2 X 25 quent) loads that do not reverse direction, the local
surface stress intensities could be allowed .to go as high
due to M L
as three times the general membrane allowable . How-
400,000 ever, for reversible cyclic loads, amplitude of the surface
(0 .13) = 520 psi .
2 2 X 25 stress is usually limited to 1 .5 times the general mem-
brane allowable (for example, see Ref. 1) . For this ex-
The calculated stress components are summarized ample problem, the maximum calculated membrane
in Table A-5. and surface stress intensities in the vessel are, respec-
A-7 Stress Intensities due to Combined Loads tively, 1,420 and 11,650 psi, both of which are less than
the allowable for general membrane stresses . If either
There are no shear stresses calculated for the imposed
loads, therefore, Eqs . (13a)—(13c) reduce to the fol- of these values exceeds the increase allowed over general
membrane stress, then - either the internal pressure
lowing:
stresses would have to be reduced, the insert plate
S = largest absolute magnitude of d r, o-o, o'r, — o . thickness increased, or the loads reduced.
The stresses in the nozzle wall are considerably higher
The values of S for the outer and inner surfaces, on
than those in the vessel shell . This is to be expected
longitudinal and transverse planes, have been calculated
because of the relatively thin nozzle neck . In this ex-
and tabulated in Table A-6 . It should be noted that for
ample, the maximum calculated surface stress intensity
the longitudinal plane, the stresses from P and M L
loadings have been combined, whereas for the is 62,292 psi, which is just under three times the allow-
able general primary membrane stress intensity for A36
transverse plane, the stresses from P and M c loadings
have been combined . The stress components in Table material . Therefore, the selected nozzle configuration
is satisfactory for the specified external loads if they are
A-5 are for the outer surface . For the inner surface, the
noncyclic and nonreversible and the vessel is not subject
sign of the bending stresses will be the opposite of those
to internal pressure. If the loads were cyclic and re-
shown in Table A-5.
versible, an elastic-plastic fatigue analysis, as demon-
A-8 Significance of Calculated Stresses strated in Example No . 1 in Appendix A, would have to
The general membrane stresses, due to internal be performed.
Table A-5--Stresses due to P, Mc and ML

0'r, Psi a ae, psi b
Load Part Membrane Bending Total Membrane Bending Total
P Vessel 250 1,800 2,050 900 3,000 3,900
Nozzle 255 16,800 17,055 900 — 900
Mc Vessel 500 4,200 4,700 -350 8,100 7,750
Nozzle 2,037 43,200 45,237 -350 — -350
ML Vessel 400 3,360 3,760 520 6,000 6,520
Nozzle 1,630 34,560 36,190 520 520
Stresses in this table are for the outer surface.
For the nozzle, the streses are a. (axial).
b For the nozzle, the stresses are o, (circ .)
Table A-6—Stress Intensities for Combined Loads
S psi
Part Plane Surface Membrane Bending Total
Vessel Longitudinal Outer 1,420 9,000 10,420
Inner 1,420 9,000 7,580
Transverse Outer 750 11,100 11,650
Inner 750 11,100 10,550
Nozzles Longitudinal Outer 1,885 51,360 53,245
Inner 1,885 51,360 50,895
Inner 2,292 60,000 58,258
a For the nozzle, er = (fa and no = ~~.
Example No. 3 Appendix B—Comparison of This Bulletin's

Nozzle Flexibility Results with FEM Analyses Results
Reference 1, NB-3686 .5, defines a nozzle flexibility Introduction
factor by the equation: The purpose of this Appendix is to compare stress
e= kMd (A.1) resultants, nozzle stresses, and stiffness factors ob-
EIb tained from this Bulletin to stress resultants, nozzle
stresses, and stiffness factors calculated from the re-
where e is the rotation of the nozzle axis with respect to
sults of linear elastic, 3-D finite element analyses per-
the vessel surface, in radians. formed for the same geometries . The finite element
E = modulus of elasticity, and I b is the moment of
analyses were done by the Chicago Bridge and Iron
inertia of the nozzle ; Ib = ird3t/8. It is informative to Company (CBI) using their version of the "SAP4 "
derive a k from the M/(ET 38) given in Fig . 60:
Structural Analysis Program for Static and Dynamic
0= M (A.2) Response of Linear Systems . Membrane and bending
ET3f(X) behavior is included in the plate elements.
where f(X) is the parameter (M/ET 3 8) obtained from Description of Analysis Models
Fig . 60 . Equation (A.2) can be written as:
The geometries of the four configurations analyzed
Md kf d \ 2 f t \ 3 1
0 = (A.3) consist of a small nozzle in a larger cylindrical shell as
E(ird 3t/8) Li kt) kT) f(a) shown in Fig. B-1 . The geometry of the nozzle in each
and k is the quantity in [ ]. of the four configurations is identical and is flush on
Consider an isolated nozzle in a simply supported the inside of the shell and projects outward from the
vessel . The dimensions are assumed as those in Exam- shell . The thickness, mean diameter, and length of the
ple No . 1: X = 0 .866 for the 0.375-in. wall nozzle, d/t = nozzle are 0 .2 in., 10 in ., and 100 in. (10 diam), respec-
80, and T/t = 2 .67 . By interpolating between the T/t tively . The nozzles are assumed to be welded to the
curves of Fig . 60 for ML, f(X) = 1 .9 and Eq . (A .3) gives: cylindrical shells with full penetration welds ; however,
any affects of corner fillet welds are disregarded in the
k = 0.3927(80)2 (0.375) 3/1.9 = 69.75. analyses. The thickness of the shells varies inversely
From Fig . 60 for Mc, f(X) is a function of A as well as T/ with the mean diameter of the corresponding shells
t and the value of k ranges between approximately 204 such that the X values (dNDT = 0 .51) remain constant
and 179 for A between 14 and 100. for all four configurations . Table B-1 summarizes the
To bring the nozzle k's into perspective for piping geometry of the four configurations analyzed . Note
systems designers, the flexibility factor for a long radi- that the third and fourth models listed in Table B-1
us elbow in the 30 in . X 0.375 in. pipe is 21 .5. The exceed the D/T limit of 2500 recommended in Section
nozzle k 's, ranging from 70 to 180, indicate that the 3 .2 of this Bulletin.
nozzle flexibility is equivalent to the flexibility of 3 to 8 For each configuration, a model consisting of one
elbows ; concentrated as a point spring at the juncture quarter (90°) of the nozzle and one quarter (90°) of the
of the pipe with the vessel . Of course, the effect of the shell circumference was generated with two-dimen-
nozzle flexibility will depend on the details of the pip- sional plate/shell elements having six nodal degrees of
ing system and its supports, but it is apparent that in freedom. To ensure that the results at the nozzle/shell
many piping systems ignoring the nozzle flexibility junction are not influenced by the boundary conditions
could lead to an order of magnitude overestimate of set at the top of the shell, 1455 in . (about 100,ERT) of
the moment loads on the nozzle . the shell vertically from the horizontal centerline of the
K4
----" Modeled Portion
if!'
A je 6te•~tTat
names aF s+rrrrtitr
',!-r4 ( . B
Fig . B-1—Nozzle-to-shell model configuration Fig . B-2—Finite element mesh
nozzle was included in the model . At the top edge of the Stiffness factors were calculated using deflections and
shell, the translational displacements in the radial di- rotations at nozzle to shell junctions obtained from the
rection as well as the rotations about all axes were re- finite element analyses and listed in Table B-2 . For the
strained through the use of boundary elements. Along radial load cases, the following formula (shown in Fig.
the edge of the shell, which lies on the vertical plane 59) was used
away from the nozzle/shell junction (through the y axis),
a = ( P /w )/( P/w)PT,LOAD
a symmetry boundary condition was imposed . Sym-
metric/antisymmetric boundary conditions, as appli- where
cable, were imposed along the model edges, which lie on
a = stiffness factor,
the vertical and horizontal planes . These planes pass
P = radial nozzle load,
through the centerline of the nozzle . See Fig . B-2 for a
w = radial deflection due to P,
plot of the finite element mesh for the R = 500-in.
( P/w)PT.LOAD = 4 .95 ET 2/DA 1/2 ,
configuration.
As shown in Fig . B-2, the size of the elements in the E = modulus of elasticity,
T, D, A as defined in Sec . 2 of this
vicinity of the nozzle/shell junction was made suffi-
Bulletin.
ciently small (less than 0.25 RT) to ensure that accu-
rate results are obtained in this area . Away from the
For the moment load cases, the following formula was
junction, the element size was gradually increased to a
used (see Fig. 60)
much larger size since these regions were modeled to
account for their stiffness only. M
a=
ET30
Model Loadings and Results
Three separate unit load cases were considered in the where
finite element analyses . They were
M = moment load on nozzle (either M L or M c),
1. unit radial nozzle load P = 1000lb, 8 = rotation at centerline of nozzle in radians due
2. unit lonitudinal moment ML = 1000 in .-lb, and to either M L or M c ,
3. unit circumferential moment Mc = 1000 in .-lb.
A = L/ DT.
All stress resultants were calculated from component
stresses output by the finite element program . The From Table B-1, we obtain for all four analyzed
stress components were factored by the following terms, models:
as applicable, to obtain the reported nondimensional
L = 2910 in .,
stress resultants : (1) The inverse of the unit load, (2) the
DT = 400 in .2,
corresponding shell thickness, and (3) the nozzle outer
diameter (d = 10.2 in .) . A = 2910/ 400 = 145 .5.
Table B-1—Dimensions and Shell Parameters of the Four Analyzed Models
Model
in . D (in .) dm (in .) T (in .) t (in .) T/t A = d/ d/t L (in .) 1 (in.)
200 R 400 10 1 .0 0 .2 5.0 0 .51 51 2910 100
500 R 1000 10 0 .4 0 .2 2 .0 0 .51 51 2910 100
1000 R 2000 10 0 .2 0 .2 1 .0 0 .51 51 2910 100
2000 R 4000 10 0 .1 0 .2 0.5 0 .51 51 2910 100
As an example of a stiffness factor calculation for a ra- neck . Stiffness factors calculated from the finite element
dial load, we consider analysis Model No . 2 from Table results listed in Table B-2 are compared to corre-
B-l: sponding stiffness factor values read from Figs . 59 and
60 of this Bulletin in Table B-7 . The stiffness factor data
E = 28,000 ksi, in Figs . 59 and 60 were obtained from Ref. 4 and the
T=0 .4in .,
Shelltech Progress Report dated May 15, 1983.
D =1,000 in .,
It must be pointed out that some minor variations of
(P /w )PT . LOAD = 4 .95 X 28,000 geometric parameters among the models compared
X (0 .4) 2 /1,000(145 .5) 1/2 =1 .84, exist. The d/t ratio and the X value of the finite element
models are 51 and 0.51, respectively, whereas the d/t
P =1 kip,
ratio and A value for this Bulletin's calculated values,
w = 0 .523 in . (from Table B2), used in the comparison, are 50 and 0 .50 respectively.
a = (1/ .523)/1 .84 =1 .04. In Table B-3 it will be noted that for this Bulletin 's
nondimensional stress resultants for the radial load
As an example of a stiffness factor calculation for a
case, only one value is given, whereas for the CBI finite
moment load (ML ), we consider analysis Model No . 3
element analysis stress resultants, values in both the
from Table B-1.
longitudinal and transverse planes are provided . This
M = 1 in . -kip, is because this Bulletin provides stress resultants for the
T = 0 .2 in ., radial loading in the transverse plane only . The stress
B = 0 .00325 radians (from Table B-2), resultants calculated in the transverse plane are, con-
servatively, assumed to be equal to those in the longi-
a 1 =1 .37. tudinal plane.
28,000 X (0 .2) 3 X 0 .00325 It is seen in Tables B-3, B-4, and B-5 that the non-
dimensional stress resultants calculated by the finite
Comparison of Results
element method and by this Bulletin are in reasonably
The stress resultants and nozzle axial stresses from
good agreement . The stress resultants calculated by this
the finite element analyses are compared to calculated Bulletin tend, in general, to be more conservative . The
values from this bulletin in Tables B-3, B-4, B-5, and
maximum nozzle neck stresses calculated by this Bul-
B-6 . Table B-3 compares the nondimensional stress
letin were always found to be higher than those calcu-
resultants for the radial load case . Tables B-4 and B-5 lated by the finite element method, as demonstrated in
compare the stress resultants for the longitudinal and Table B-6 . However, the difference in the stresses cal-
circumferential moment load cases, respectively . Table culated by the two methods is not unreasonably large
B-6 compares maximum axial stresses in the nozzle and, therefore, the use of the somewhat conservative
method of this Bulletin for evaluating nozzle neck
stresses is considered reasonable.
The radial load stiffness factors calculated for Models
2, 3, and 4 show excellent agreement with the stiffness
Table B-2--Deflections and Rotations at Nozzle to Shell factor values read from Fig . 59 as can be seen in Table
Junction B-7 . The Model 1 calculated radial load stiffness factor
shows a more pronounced difference from the Fig . 59
Longitudinal Circumferential
rotation due to rotation due to value. The same is true for the calculated moment load
Radial deflection 1000 in.-lb 1000 in .-lb siffness factors as compared with those read off Fig . 60.
Model due to 1000 lb longitudinal circumferential Because the data presented in the stiffness factor curves
(in .) radial load, in . moment, radians moment, radians
200 R 0 .0408 0 .0000515 0 .0000795 of this Bulletin are quite limited (particularly in Fig . 60),
T/t = 5 the differences between the calculated values and those
500 R 0.523 0.000533 0 .000933 read off the curves can be considered acceptable.
T/t = 2
1000 R 4.02 0.00325 0 .00626
T/t = 1
2000 R 31 .9 0.0245 0 .0484
T/t = 0 .5
Table B-3-Comparison of Nondimensional Stress Resultants for Radial Load Case a
Stress Resultant
Mr/P TNr/P Me/P TNe/P
Method Method Method Method
FEM FEM FEM FEM This
analysis result This analysis results This analysis results This analysis results This
Model Longi- Bulletin Longi- Bulletin Longi- Bulletin Longi- Bulletin
(in.)
Transverse
TransuerseLocation tudinal b Transuerse b results tudinal b Transverse b results tudinal b b results tudinal b b results
200 R Shell to 0 .022 0.038 0 .074 0 .057 0.063 0.078 0 .193 0.223 0.206 0 .402 0.361 0 .386
T/t = 5 nozzle
junction
500 R Shell to 0 .100 0 .181 0 .219 0 .078 0.105 0.112 0 .087 0 .152 0 .134 0 .265 0.224 0 .274
T/t = 2 nozzle
junction
1000 R Shell to 0 .107 0 .280 0 .303 0 .060c 0 .090 c 0 .089 0.041 0 .110 0.104 0.233 0 .210 0.255
T/t = 1 nozzle (0 .094) (0 .094) (0 .112) (0 .112)
junction
2000 R Shell to 0 .098 0 .313 0 .327 0 .057 0 .079c 0 .071 0.033 0 .109 0 .098 0213 0.219° 0.235
T/t = 0 .5 nozzle (0 .086) (0 .086) (0 .231) (0.231)
junction
FEM values are based on d/t and A of 51 and 0 .51, respectively. This Bulletin's values are based on d/t and A of 50 and 0 .50, respectively.
b In longitudinal and transverse planes as shown in Fig . B-1.
C
FEM maximum occurs off the plane . Values reported in parentheses are off the plane.
Table B-4-Comparison of Nondimensional Stress Resultants for M L Load Case a

Stress Resultants in longitudinal plane (see Fig . B-1
dM, TdNr dMB TdNe
ML ML ML ML
FEM This FEM This FEM This FEM This
Model analysis Bulletin's analysis Bulletin's analysis Bulletin's analysis Bulletin's
(in.) Location results results results results results results results results
200 R Shell to 0.048 0 .093 0 .061 0.089 0.286 0 .272 0.265 0 .221
T/t = 5 nozzle
junction
500 R Shell to 0.184 0 .224 0 .095 0.108 0.161 0 .141 0.123 0 .108
T/t = 2 nozzle
junction
1000 R Shell to 0.249 0 .270 0 .069 0.072 0.102 0 .094 0.095 0.086
T/t = 1 nozzle

junction
2000 R Shell to 0.259 0 .278 0.046 (0.048) 6 0.048 0.091 0 .085 0.102 0 .098
T/t = 0.5 nozzle
junction
a FEM values are based on d/t and A of 51 and 0 .51, respectively. This Bulletin's values are based on d/t and A of 50 and 0.50, respectively.
b FEM maximum occurs off the plane. Values reported in parentheses are off the plane.
Table B-5—Comparison of Nondfinensional Stress Resultants for Mc Load Case a
Stress resultants in transverse plane (see Fig . B-1)
dM, TdNr dMe TdNe
Mc M Mc Mc
FEM This FEM This FEM This FEM This
Model analysis Bulletin's analysis Bulletin's analysis Bulletin's analysis Bulletin's
(in.) Location results results results results results results results results
200 R Shell to 0.053 0 .095 0 .051 0.091 0.315 0 .300 -0 .055 (0.102) 6 -0 .065 (0 .084) c
T/t = 5 nozzle
junction
500 R Shell to 0 .202 0 .242 0 .090 0.112 0.181 0 .159 -0 .050 -0 .089
T/t = 2 nozzle
junction
1000 R Shell to 0 .277 0.300 0 .061 (0.063) 6 0.071 0.114 0 .107 -0 .023 (0 .029) 6 -0 .047
T/t = 1 nozzle
junction
2000 R Shell to 0 .299 0.314 0.030 (0 .039) b 0.038 0 .106 0.097 -0.003 (0 .036) 6 -0.007 (0.034)°
T/t = 0 .5 nozzle
junction
a FEM values are based on d/t and of 51 and 0 .51, respectively. This Bulletin's results are based on d/t and A of 50 and 0 .50, respectively.
b FEM maximum occurs off the plane . Values reported in parentheses are off the plane.
C This Bulletin's maximum occurs off the plane . Values reported in parentheses are off the plane.
Table B-6—Comparison of Maximum Axial Stresses in Nozzle Neck °

Maximum axial nozzle
stresses Psi b
Due to axial load Due to longitudinal Due to circumferential
P =1000 lbs moment ML =1,000 in.-lb moment M =1,000 in .-lb
Method Method Method
FEM This FEM This FEM This
Model analysis Bulletin's analysis Bulletin's analysis Bulletin's
(in .) Location results results results results results results
200 R Nozzle at 3,500 5,360 440 790 460 820
T/t = 5 shell
junction
500 R Nozzle at 20,000 24,620 2,050 2,610 2,300 2,840
T/t = 2 shell
'junction
38,920 2,850 3,570 3,200 4,020

1000 R Nozzle at 31,000
T/t = 1 shell
junction
2000 R Nozzle at 30,000 43,820 2,800 3,870 3,450 4,500
T/t = 0.5 shell
junction
a FEM M values are based on d/t and A of 51 and 0.51res respectively.

P bulletin's values are based on d/t and X of 50 and 0 .50, respectively.
b For the axial load P and the circumferential moment M~~ the reported maximum axial stresses occur in the transverse plane and for the longitudinal moment M L in
the longitudinal plane.
lane. All reported stresses occur on the outside of the nozzle at the shell junction.
Appendix C—Comparison of This Bulletin's
Results With WRC Bulletin 107 Curves
Introduction
Currently, the generally accepted procedure for cal-
culating shell stresses due to applied nozzle loads is
based on Welding Research Council Bulletin No . 107.
The WRC Bulletin 107 curves are based on theoretical
results derived by Professor Bijlaard for the case of a
uniform, unpenetrated cylindrical shell subjected to a
distributed load applied over a rectangular area . The
net force vector for the distributed load used by Bijlaard
was equivalent to the applied moment or thrust . Some
adjustment to the theoretical Bijlaard results was made
by the authors of WRC Bulletin 107 based on experi-
mental data ; these adjustments are discussed in Ap-
pendix A of that Bulletin.
A comparison of the curves given in WRC Bulletin
107 with this Bulletin's results (based on Professor
Steele's theory) for two intersecting cylinders is,
therefore, of considerable interest to designers . In
plotting the comparisons presented in this appendix,
the curves from WRC Bulletin 107 have been redrawn
using A = d/-\/DT as the abscissa . It is possible in this
manner to present the WRC Bulletin 107 data as single
curves for all values of R/T and to make a direct com-
parison with this Bulletin's results.
Professor Bijlaard's stress resultants as given in WRC
Bulletin 107 are either in the circumferential direction
with respect to the vessel shell (using the subscript 0)
or in the logitudinal direction with respect to the vessel
shell (using the subscript X) . Professor Steele's stress
resultants presented in this Bulletin are given in the
radial and circumferential directions with respect to the
co
~~ co 0 co nozzle using the subscripts r and 0, respectively . To
2 2 2 obtain a direct comparison of the stress resultants in this
0
•H Bulletin and WRC Bulletin 107, it was necessary in Figs.
o
C-1 through C-12 of this appendix to use stress resul-
tants on the two main planes of symmetry only (axes
:tCOt 0°–180° and 90°–270° as shown in Fig. 1). It should be
C.) w0)
.51co
recognized that in some cases maximum stress resul-
0 . 0 0 tants do occur off these two main planes of sym-
L
Et metry.
Plotting of Figures C1 Through C12
0 0
WRC Bulletin 107 stress resultants are plotted in
0
ON
a o 0 terms of the parameters :
e 0) = ' 0) = _ 0) = '
• 0) =
* L"i
N04u) N0• " 0.875ro
0, 0 N
• Nom
• r, a)
az z z z Rm
Rm
Y T '
xo
II o I o II where
•
•
o
to E
--. o?4Ei
---- cvE~
o
o
ro = outside radius of nozzle,
Rm = mean radius of vessel,
T = thickness of vessel shell.
This Bulletin's stress resultants are plotted in terms of
the parameters:

adjustment factor in this case is 16/7.
For nondimensional membrane stress resultants due
to external moments, the expressions are
WRC Bulletin 107:
where Nj/( Mi/Rm 2 13),
d = outside diameter of nozzle,
this Bulletin:
D = mean diameter of vessel,
T = thickness of vessel shell, N k Td/M i ,
t = thickness of nozzle neck.
where
In the stress resultant plots of WRC Bulletin 107 the
abscissa is 0, whereas in this Bulletin the abscissa is A. Nj = longitudinal (N i ) or transverse (No) thrust
WRC Bulletin 107 results in terms of A, 0, and 7 can be per unit length of shell wall,
rewritten as follows: N k = radial (Nr) or circumferential with respect
to nozzle .(No) thrust per unit length of shell
0 .875 d wall.
D
See above for definitions of other terms.
D
2T ' The required adjustment factor in this case is 16/77.
For nondimensional bending stress resultants due to
then
external radial loads, no adjustment is necessary as their
expressions are identical in WRC Bulletin 107 and this
0 .875 Bulletin . For nondimensional membrane stress resul-
The above expression for A consolidates the multiple tants due to external radial loads, the expressions
curves in WRC Bulletin 107 for different 7 values into are:
single curves . This was first demonstrated by J . L. WRC Bulletin 107:
Mershon.
The ordinates (stress resultants) read from the WRC Nj/(PRm),
Bulletin 107 plots also need adjustments to correspond this Bulletin:
to the stress resultant definitions in this Bulletin.
For nondimensional bending stress resultants due to NkT/P,
external moments, the expressions are where
WRC Bulletin 107: P = external radial load.
Mj/(Mi/Rm/ ), See above for definitions of other terms.
this Bulletin: The required adjustment factor in this case is 1/7.
M k d./M i, The curves in WRC Bulletin 107 are valid only up to
a 7 value of 300 ; therefore, this Bulletin's curves (with
where a D/T ratio above 600) should not be compared to them.
M i = external longitudinal (ML) or This limitation does not apply to curves in Figs . C-1–
circumferential (Mc) moment, C-12 with a T/t ratio of zero because these curves rep-
Mj = longitudinal (M X ) or transverse (MO) resent rigid plugs as explained in Section 3 .2 of this
moment per unit length of shell wall, bulletin . For nozzle configurations with discrete T/t
M k = radial (Mr) or circumferential with respect values, the minimum A below which this bulletin 's
to nozzle (MB ) moment per unit length of curves should not be compared to WRC Bulletin 107
shell wall . curves can be determined as follows:
See above for definitions of other terms. d/D = A2(T/t)/(d/t).
The WRC Bulletin 107 stress resultant,
Rearranging the above expression gives
Mj/(Mi/Rmf3),
can be written as WD/T)(T/t)
Mj (0.875r 0 )/M i . where
To convert to this Bulletin ' s expression for stress re- D/T = 27.
sultant, which contains the nozzle outside diameter d,
it is necessary to multiply the WRC Bulletin 107 stress As an example, consider Fig . C-5 for the curve with T/t
resultant by 2 and divide'it by 0 .875 . Thus, the required = 2 and d/t = 10,

10 nozzle neck thickness are especially important for
A= = 0.204.
W600) X 2 achieving efficient designs of cylinder intersections for
the larger nozzles . Shell bending stresses are relatively
For the curve with T/t = 10 and d/t = 100,
more important for the smaller nozzles, (A 0 .7).
100
A= = 0.408.
0/600) X 10 Comparisons for Applied Radial Loads
Comparisons for shell bending stress resultants are
Below these A values, the curves from this Bulletin
shown in Figs . C-9 and C-10, and for membrane stress
should not be compared to the WRC Bulletin 107
resultants in Figs . C-11 and C-12 . It should be noted
curve.
here that stress resultants due to radial loads were cal-
Comparison for Applied Moments culated by Professor Steele on the circumferential plane
Figures C-1—C-8 show portions of this Bulletin's re- of symmetry only, but are conservatively used in this
sults and the comparable curves derived from WRC Bulletin on the longitudinal plane of symmetry also.
Bulletin 107 for moment loadings on a nozzle in a cy- The WRC Bulletin 107 results and this Bulletin 's
lindrical shell. results follow a consistent trend, with this Bulletin 's
For an applied longitudinal or circumferential mo- results being somewhat greater for the shell radial
ment, the maximum shell radial (relative to nozzle) (relative to nozzle) bending moments for thick nozzle
bending moments calculated by this Bulletin generally necks and for shell circumferential (relative to nozzle)
occur for a rigid nozzle . Figs . C-1 and C-4 show Mrd/(ML bending moments for nozzles with thin necks . A similar
or Mc ) values for the rigid nozzle (T/t = 0) together with trend holds true for the membrane stress resultants.
the corresponding WRC Bulletin 107 results . For this Again, it is desirable to avoid a thin nozzle neck con-
very important loadings case, this Bulletin ' s results and figuration for nozzles with a large d/t ratio in order to
the WRC Bulletin 107 results are reasonably close, with get an efficient design . For the heavier nozzle necks, the
this Bulletin ' s results being somewhat more conserva- load can be carried at the intersection by a combination
tive. For discrete nozzle thickness, this Bulletin's results of radial and circumferential bending and the WRC
do not deviate significantly from the rigid nozzle case Bulletin 107 values are approximately equivalent to the
up to T/t values of 2 . For T/t = 2, this Bulletin's results average of the two moments given by this Bulletin ' s
are very close to the WRC Bulletin 107 values, and for results.
T/t greater than 2, the WRC Bulletin 107 results for
Mrd/(M L or M c ) are generally conservative as demon- Summary of Comparisons
strated by the T/t = 10, d/t = 100 curves plotted in Figs. Because the calculated stress resultants at a nozzle
C-1 and C-4. to cylinder junction are largely determined by force and
Values of circumferential (relative to nozzle) shell moment equilibrium considerations, WRC Bulletin 107
bending moments (Mo) for large, thin nozzles calculated results and this Bulletin 's results compare reasonably
from this Bulletin can be greater than the WRC Bulletin well in most areas . However, in some areas, there are
107 values for applied moments in the radial or cir- significant differences because of different analysis
cumferential direction . Figures C-2 and C-3 show this assumptions.
Bulletin ' s results for T/t = 10 and d/t = 100 and the Designs based on either set of calculated results
results for the rigid nozzle, along with the WRC Bulletin should account for the reinforcing details used . The
107 values . For thicker nozzle necks, T/t = 3 and less, WRC Bulletin 107 values were calculated for an un-
the Mod/M c values are generally less than the WRC penetrated shell whereas this Bulletin's results are
Bulletin 107 values . The thicker neck causes the radial subject to the limitations outlined in Sect. 3 .2 of this
shell bending moment, Mr, to increase with a corre- Bulletin.
sponding decrease in Mo. Also, precautions should be taken in using the WRC
Membrane stress resultants for applied moments are Bulletin 107 results for larger nozzles with thin necks,
shown in Figs . C-5—C-8 . For A values less than ap- A>_1andT/t>2.
proximately 0 .7, the shell membrane stress resultants
calculated by this Bulletin are generally greater than the
Acknowledgements
WRC Bulletin 107 values for discrete values of T/t. For
large nozzles with thin necks, the circumferential Many individuals and organizations have contributed
membrane forces (No) calculated using this Bulletin are to the preparation of this document . In particular, the
generally larger than the WRC Bulletin 107 values ; re- financial support of the American Iron and Steel In-
sults are shown for T/t = 10 . For the larger nozzles, the stitute, which made this work possible, is greatly ap-
WRC Bulletin 107 membrane stress resultant values are preciated ; similarly, the input and technical guidance
conservative for T/t equal to approximately 2 or less. provided by the Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings
The membrane stress resultants are more important and External Loadings of the Pressure Vessel Research
as design parameters for larger nozzles, and limits on Committee is acknowledged.

not controlled. Printed on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)
WRC Bulletin 297
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REVISED BULLETIN 297 SEPTEMBER 1987

Welding Research council

by J . L . Mershon, K . Mokhtarian, G . V. Ranjan and E . C. Rodabaugh

These Bulletins contain final Reports from projects sponsored

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Printed copies are not controlled. Printed on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)

For more information, see www.forengineers.org

Copyright © 1987 The Welding Research Council.

Welding Research Council

Printed copies are not controlled. Printed on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)

Printed copies are not controlled. Printed on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)

Foreword 1 creased experimental data made available during the

Symbols used in the formulas and equations in this

va = Mi 4t (6mr — 3n)r (6)

lf) M=►"~IIiNMM MNAM~==

Fig. 3—Internal moment stress resultants m, due to P-Toad—(d/t = 10 .0)

6 Printed copies are not controlled.

rw. .ww.ww .w=re. " =

Fig . 4—Internal moment stress resultants mr due to P-load—(d/t = 20 .0)

Printed copies are not controlled. Printed on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)

Fig . 5-Internal moment stress resultants mr due to P-Toad-(d/t = 30 .0)

8 Printed copies are not controlled.

Fig. 6-Internal moment stress resultants mr due to P-load-(d/t = 50 .0)

Fig . 7—Internal moment stress resultants m r due to P-load—(d/t = 100

10 Printed copies are not controlled.

ENW.-IWAMMM.-M-71AW.'i/ 0 ag-M .' NEFOLI M.M.El!=.IM!==

r " ~iar~ri : i I'~ ~iii"" .-= _ - - =-- __----

iuiri iimu IrU

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IMMIMMIM ME WIALpyrMIM61 1 _._~_ .. ,

Fig . 9-Internal force stress resultants o f due to P-load-(d/t = 20 .0)

12 Printed copies are not controlled.

Fig . 10—Internal force stress resultants nr due to P-load—(d/t = 30 .0)

cO mommomME - --'--:-- '

Fig . 1 1—Internal force stress resultants nr due to P-load—(d/t = 50 .0)

14 Printed copies are not controlled.

Fig . 12-Internal force stress resultants nr due to P-load-(d/t = 100)

Printed copies are not controlled. Printed on: 2020-01-15 (UTC)

Fig. 13—Internal moment stress resultants me due to P-load—(d/t = 10 .0)

16 Printed copies are not controlled.

Fig . 14—Internal moment stress resultants m8 due to P-Ioad—(d/t = 20 .0)

Fig . 15-Internal moment stress resultants me due to P-Toad-(d/t = 30.0)

Fig . 16—Internal moment stress resultants me due to P-load—(d/t = 50 .0)

Printed copies are not controlled.

IrMrrY.wN\\Nr NY.M' rI.-- .~-ww-~.iY

Fig . 17—Internal moment stress resultants me due to P-load—(d/t = 100 .0)

20 Printed copies are not controlled.

VW.. MUNI. MM.. MM... =pi 'O.EMO.W n. = VENnIVVIINn

Fig . 18—Internal force stress resultants no due to P-load—(d/t = 10 .0)

Printed copies are not controlled.

Fig . 19-Internal force stress resultants no due to P-load-(d/t = 20 .0)

22 Revised WRC Bulletin

Fig. 20—Internal force stress resultants no due to P-load—(d/t = 30 .0)

Printed copies are Stresses

rlrr~_rnM ' . /ate

Fig . 22-Internal force stress resultants no due to P-load-(d/t = 100 .0)

Fig. 23-Internal moment stress resultants mr due to Mc-load--(d/t = 10 .0)

==WtaleWit WEI MM.gpM

Fig . 24—Internal moment stress resultants mr due to Mc-load—(d/t = 30 .0)

Printed copies are not controlled.