Basic Physical Chemistry

TOPIC 1 : MATTER
Prepared By : Madam Wan Siti Hafizah Binti Wan Mohd Azmi
At the end of the topic, student will be able to..

1.1 Explain The Concept of Matter

1.2 Explain The Mole Concept

1.3 Determine The Chemical, Empirical &

Molecular Formula

1.4 Explain Units & Dimension in Physical

Chemistry
1.1 CONCEPT OF MATTER
Matter : Anything that has mass and occupies space.

 All matters consist of tiny particles called

atoms.
 Atom is composed of three primary particles ;
electron, proton and neutron.
 An element consists of only one type of atoms.
 Every element can be identified by its proton
number. Structure of atom

 Proton number (Z) : The total

number of protons in nucleus. Proton number also known
 Nucleon number (A) : The total as Atomic number.
number of protons and neutrons in Nucleon number also
known as Mass number.
nucleus.
 Particle Theory of Matter

According to this theory all matter consists of tiny and discrete particles that are constantly in motion.
These particles are held together to different degrees by forces of attraction. The particles in a certain
substance may be atoms, molecules or ions.

Atoms
 Atoms are neutral (that is, not electrically charged) particles. Examples are atoms of copper,
hydrogen and carbon,
 Atoms are the most basic units for any element, for example the oxygen atom is the most basic unit
of the element of oxygen,
 Atoms are capable of taking part in chemical reactions, for instance a carbon atom can combine with
an oxygen atom to form carbon dioxide, and
 Atoms can exist independently, for example the sodium atom and potassium atom.
 Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same element having same proton
number but different nucleon numbers.
 Isotopes of an element have same chemical properties but different physical
properties.
 Molecules
• Molecules are neutral (that is, not electrically charged) particles. Examples are oxygen
gas and nitrogen gas,
• Consist of two or more atoms, of the same kind (for instance the oxygen molecule, O2)
or of different kinds (as in the case of the carbon dioxide molecule, CO2),
• Molecules can be formed from atoms in small groups (for example simple molecules such
as the oxygen molecule, O2 and the ethanol molecule, C2H5OH) or big groups (for
example the big and complex protein molecules, which consist of millions of different
atoms), and can exist independently, for example the nitrogen molecule (N2) and the
glucose molecule (C6H12O6).
 Ions
• Ions are electrically charged particles which are formed
from electrically neutral atoms or molecules through the
loss or gain of one or more electrons.

• Positively charged ions are formed when electrically

neutral atoms or molecules lose electrons. They are
known as cations.

• Negatively charged ions are formed when electrically

neutral atoms or molecules gain electrons. They are
known as anions.
Example:
Physical Properties of Matter
 Typical physical properties of substances include;-
• Smell / scent
• Colour
• Volume
• Texture
• Conductivity
• State ( gas, liquid or solid)
• Density
• Solubility
• Melting point
• Boiling point
Physical State of Matter
• Matter exists in three possible states or phases, the
solid, liquid and gaseous states at various
temperatures and pressure.
• The physical state of a substance at any particular
temperature or pressure is influenced by the properties
of its particles such as:
 Arrangement, freedom and speed of motion
 Energy content
 Forces of attraction between the particles
 The Properties of Particles in Solids, Liquids and Gaseous
Property Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangemet of Densely packed and Arrangement of particles less Particles unarranged and
particles ordered arrangement of ordered but particles still in widely spaced.
particles: Particles held in contact.
fixed positions

Forces of Very strong and cannot be Moderately strong and easily Very weak.
attraction overcome because of low overcome because particles at
between energy content of particles higher energy state.
particles

Freedom of No free motion, only Free motion but limited to low Move freely at high speed,
motion vibration and rotation (no speed and within a small area. besides vibrating and
translational motion) Liquid particles show vibrational, rotating.
rotational and translational
motion.

Energy content Lowest Moderately high Highest

Arrangemet of particles
How does matter
change from one
state to another ?
Elements and compounds can move
from one state to another when specific
physical condition change.

 Temperature (energy)
 Pressure
 Change of State by Temperature
• Matter can change from one Change of state Name of Transfer of energy
process
physical state to another when it
is heated or cooled and its Solid Liquid Melting Heat energy is
temperature changes. absorbed

• In a change of state, a transfer of Liquid Solid Freezing Heat energy is

energy takes place; heat energy released
is either absorbed or released.
Liquid Gas Boiling / Heat energy is
Table showa the names of Evaporation absorbed
processes involved in a change
of state, as well as the transfer of Gas Liquid Condensation Heat energy is
energy that occurs. released

Solid Gas Sublimation Heat energy is

absorbed

Gas Solid Sublimation Heat energy is

released
 Change of State by Pressure
Increasing the pressure on a substance forces the molecules closer together, which increases the
strength of intermolecular forces.
• Increasing the pressure on a gas may change the state to a liquid
• Increasing the pressure on a liquid may change the state to a solid
State of Matter Example
1.2 THE MOLE CONCEPT
Scientist used the atomic mass unit (amu) to express the mass
of atoms or molecules , abbreviated amu ; symbol u .

 In chemistry, particles are counted by using mole. Mole is a unit that contains 6.02 x 1023
particles and this number is called Avogadro Constant, NA
 1 mole of element always contains Avogadro Constant of atoms. We define mole as :

1 mole of an element = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of that element

In terms of molecules and ions,

1 mole of molecules = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

1 mole of ions = 6.02 x 1023 ions
 Relative Atomic Mass
 The mass of atom is to small to be expressed in units of
gram. Therefore, it is expressed relative to a chosen
standard atomic mass.
 The modern atomic mass standard is the carbon-12 with
12.01 atomic mass unit (u).
 Relative atomic mass (𝑨𝒓 ) of an element is the mass of
1
one of its atom relative to 12 of the mass of one atom of
carbon-12.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
Relative atomic mass (𝑨𝒓 ) = 1
12
× 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛−12 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

 Relative molecular mass (𝑴𝒓 ) of a molecular substances

is the mass of one molecule of the substances relative to
1
of the mass of one atom of carbon-12.
12

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒
Relative molecular mass (𝑴𝒓 ) = 1
12
× 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛−12 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
 Exercise 1

1. Calculate the relative molecular mass of

i. CO2
ii. NaCl
iii. MgCl2

[ Atomic Mass ; C=12, 0=16, Na=23, Cl=35.5, Mg=24]

 Molar Mass
 Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of particles
(atoms/molecules/ions) of a substance in gram.
Its unit is 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 .
 The mass of a mole of compound is numerically
equal to its formula weight in atomic mass unit.

Calculate formula weight and molar mass of water, 𝐻2 𝑂

2 H = 2 x 1.008 u = 2.016 u
1 O = 1 x 16.00 u = 16.00 u
Formula weight = 18.02 u

Therefore, the molar mass of 𝐻2 𝑂 is 18.02 𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏

1 mol 𝐻2 𝑂 = 18.0 g 𝐻2 𝑂
 Mass (g)

Molar
Moles mass
(mol) (g/mol)
 Exercise 2

1. Calculate the mass of 0.25 moles of NaCl [Na=23, Cl=35.5]

2. Calculate the number of moles in 4.5g MgCl2 [Mg =24, Cl = 35.5]

Interconversion between number of moles, particles, and grams

1 mole of element always contains Avogadro

Constant of atoms. We define mole as :

1 mole of an element = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

1 mole of molecules = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
1 mole of ions = 6.02 x 1023 ions
 Exercise 3

1) Calculate the number of atoms in 0.54 moles of S. 𝑨𝒓 Li = 7 , S = 32

2) Determine the number of atoms in 12.3 g Li

 Conversion between moles and gas volume
 Avogadro’s Law states that equal volume of any ideal gas contains the same number of moles (n) if
measured under same temperature and pressure.
 Molar Volume of gas is the volume occupied by 1 mole of gas.
 At standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p), the molar volume of any gas is 22.4 L (22.4 𝒅𝒎𝟑 ).
 STP conditions area defined as follows;-

Standard temperature, T = 273 K (or 𝟎𝐨 C)

Standard pressure, P = 1 atm 1 mole = 22.4 Liter
of any gas at s.t.p
1 mole = 22.4 Liter of any gas at STP

Liters of gas (at STP)

Moles =
22.4 Liters
 Molecular formula of gaseous

Name of Component (gas) Molecular formula

Nitrogen N2
Oxygen O2
Carbon dioxide CO2
Hydrogen H2
Helium He
Methane CH4
Argon Ar
 Exercise 4

1. Calculate the volume of the following gaseous at STP. [H =1, C =12, O =16]
i. 0.05 mol H2
ii. 14 g CO2

2. Nitrous oxide has the formula of N2 O.

What is the volume of 0.5g nitrous oxide gas in dm3 at STP ? [ N = 14, O = 16]

3.How many molecules are there in 1L (measured at STP ) of fluorine gas F2 ?

[Ans: 2.68 x 1023 molecules]
 Mole Conversion

Mole equal to 3 things ;-

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦

𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 =
𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬

1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles

1 mole = 22.4 L of a gas at STP

Moles and Chemical Formula
 Types of formula

Empirical Molecular
Formula Formula
1.3 THE EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULA

Empirical formula express the smallest whole number ratio of all

element present in a compound. It does not show the real composition
of molecule.

Molecular formula is the actual formula of a compound. Its shows the

exact numbers of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Name of Molecular Formula Empirical Formula Smallest ratio of

Compound element
Benzene C6 H6 CH 1:1
Glucose C6 H12 O6 CH2 O 1:2:1
Acetylene C6 H2 CH 1:1
 The relationship between the molecular formula of
compound and its empirical formula can be expressed as

Molecular formula = n x ( Empirical formula)

Where n = 1,2,3,………………

 The molecular formula of a compound is the same as its

empirical formula when n = 1.
Learn Check
Determining Empirical Formula
 Determining Empirical Formula from % Composition
2
[ Atomic mass; Na=23, B=11, H=1 ]
60.80 𝑔 Smallest no.
𝑁𝑎 = = 2.64 𝑚𝑜𝑙
23 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 of mol
28.60 𝑔
𝐵= = 2.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙
11 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
10.60 𝑔
𝐻= = 10.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 2.64
= 1.01 mol Na
2.6
2.6 = 𝑵𝑩𝑯𝟒
= 1 mol B
2.6
10.6
= 4.08 mol H
2.6
 2

[Atomic mass; C=12, H=1, O=16]

=
Determining Molecular Formula
The molecular formula can be determined from its empirical
formula if the molar mass is known.

Recall the equation :

Molecular formula = n x ( Empirical formula)

Where n = 1,2,3,……

To determine the molecular formula, we must evaluate

n (the number of empirical formula units)

𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬
n=
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚
Given that molecular mass of A is 52 u, determine the molecular formula of each
compound. The empirical formula is CH.

Molecular formula A = (𝐶𝐻) 𝑛 [Atomic mass; C=12, H=1]

molar mass (𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎)

n=
mass of empirical formula

52
n= =4
(12+1)

∴ Molecular formula of A = (𝐶𝐻) 𝑛

= (𝐶𝐻) 4
= 𝐶4 𝐻4
 Learn Check
1 2

[N=14, O=16, C=12, H=1]

 Tutorial

Ans : 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂

Ans : 𝐶5 𝐻10
1.4 UNIT & DIMENSION IN PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY
 The International System of Units (SI) is the modern form of the metric system. It is the only
system of measurement with an official status in nearly every country in the world.
 It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement starting with seven base units, which are :-
 Derivation and
Conversion of SI Unit
• Derived units are created from basic units, but are not
given a unique name.
• Some of the many possible compound units are listed
in the chart below.
 Prefixes
 A single prefix may be added to units to produce an integral power of ten multiple of the original unit.
Example: 1 kilometre = 1000 metres and 1 centimetre = 0.01 metres.
Thank You