Batch Operating System1

Batch Operating system groups jobs that perform similar type of functions. These
groups are treated as a batch and are executed at the same time. A computer
system with this type of operating system carries out the following activities related to
batch processing:

● A job is defined as a single unit which is made up of a predefined

sequence of commands, data, and programs.
● These jobs are kept in a memory executing them without manual
information.
● Processing is done in the order in which they are submitted, i.e., first come
first serve.
● The operating system releases memory of a job as soon as it is executed
successfully.
● An executed job is kept in an output spool for further printing or
processing.

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Advantages of Batch Processing

● It relieves the operator from the manual assignment of jobs.

● These operating system offer high performance as the next job is executed as
soon as the previous job is finished.

Disadvantages of Batch Processing

● Its program is difficult to debug.

● A job can enter into an infinite loop.
● If a big job enters a processor, it might cause a delay for the next jobs in the
queue.
● Shorter jobs may have to wait for longer duration if a longer job enters the
processor.

Examples

● Hadoop
● Spark

Distributed Operating System in OS

August 21, 2019

Distributed Operating System

Distributed operating system a software model set over a collection of networked,
independent, communicating nodes which are physically separate from one another.
These independent components process jobs which are assigned by multiple CPUs
into the network. A distributed operating system is the extension of the network
operating system which supports highly integrated machines which are connected to
carry out a single task. Some of its features are:

● The system has independent failure modes. It means that the system
components may fail without affecting the rest of the system.
● All the components of the distributed system work at the same time.
● Each system component has its local clock. All the clocks of the different
system might not record the same time. Also, the clock in each hardware may
run at different rates. Such a feature is called Clock Drift and only occurs in
the case of Distributed systems.
● The most powerful feature of a distributed system is scalability. The operating
system supports growth and can be used for industrial purposes.
Learn more about types of operating system here.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System

● It delivers better performance than a single system.

● It is easily scalable.
● It allows resource sharing

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

● Sharing may cause security issues.

● Message loss occurs in the network.
● Resource overloading is an issue.

Examples of Distributed Operating Systems

● Ubuntu
● Windows Server 2012
● Linux (Apache Server)

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 Time Sharing System in OS
August 21, 2019

Overview
Time-sharing system is a type of operating system which allows multiple users to access
resources of a particular system from different locations. These systems were introduced in
the 1960s as one of the perceptible models and represented a major part of the
technological shift.

The architecture of a time-sharing system is also known as multi-tasking system which is a

logical extension of the concept of multiprogramming. In this method, the time of a single
processor is shared among different users over a network simultaneously.

Time-sharing system performs multiple tasks over a single Central Processing Unit (CPU).
The processor switches between the different assigned tasks to complete them individually.
This switch occurs so frequently that the overall throughput remains unaffected from this
approach. For instance, the processor executes each of the user programs in a short burst
during the transaction process. This short burst is also referred to as a single quantum of
computing. This means, when ‘n’ users want to use the processor, then each one of them
can get a dedicated time quantum to complete their tasks.

The time-sharing operating system uses CPU scheduling as well as multiprogramming

concepts to offer each of the users a small part of the operating time. The concepts of the
time-sharing operating system align with those of the batch processing systems. It is also
said that computers which were designed primarily as batch systems have been changed to
operate as time-sharing systems.

Basic features

∙ Every user gets a dedicated time for the operation.

∙ Simultaneous tasks are carried out at once.

∙ Tasks no longer have to wait for the previous task to finish to get the processor.

∙ Quick processing of multiple tasks.

∙ Equal time given to all the processes so that they operate smoothly without any
significant delay.

The following figure states the basic structure of a time-sharing system.

Learn more about types of operating system here.

Reasons to use time-sharing operating system

● To run multiple tasks simultaneously.

● More efficient and convenient to use.
● Better performance

Advantages

Some of the advantages of the time-sharing system are as follows:

● Quick response to the users.

● No duplication of data.
● No duplication of software applications.
● Reduces CPU idle time.

Disadvantages

Some of the disadvantages of a time-sharing system are as follows:

● Problem of reliability
 ● Risk regarding security and reliability of user programs and data.
● Data communication conflicts.

Examples

Several computers were developed as time-sharing operating systems. These

included some concepts of batch processing systems as well. Some of these are:

● Multics
● Unix
● TOPS-10 (DEC)
● TOPS-20 (DEC)

Multiprocessor Operating Systems in OS

August 21, 2019

Overview
When two or more central processing units operate within a single computer system,
it is referred as a multiprocessor system.

In such computers, these multiple CPU’s have a close connection and

communication to share data and programs. These multiple processors also share
operating system resources such as memory, buses, printers, and other peripheral
devices.

Multiprocessor systems are used when users need extremely high processing speed
to process a high volume of data. In most of the cases, such operating systems are
used to carry out scientific calculations or operations such as satellite processing,
deep data analysis, and weather forecasting.

The entire task of a multiprocessing system is managed by an effective running

operating system. This system allocates different tasks to multiple processors
present in the system architecture. The multiprocessing systems are also designed
to operate tasks which are multithreaded. These are tasks which are subdivided into
smaller tasks to reduce the overall processing time.

The operating system assigns these small threads to different processors so that
they can run independently resulting in improved performance. Some of the basic
features of multi-processing systems are:

● They support processes to run in parallel.

● Multi-threading features improve performance reducing the overall operating time.
 ● It is used in areas such as artificial intelligence, expert systems, image processing,
etc.
● It dynamically shares resources among multiple processors in the system
architecture.
● It has Shared data and resources such as memory, buses, and peripheral devices.

Learn more about types of operating system here.

Advantages

Some of the advantages of multiprocessing systems are:

∙ Increased throughput (increased number of processed programs per second)

∙ Cost effective as it shares the same resources a single processor is using in a

system.

∙ Increased reliability – Distributed workload results in increased reliability of the

overall computer system.

Disadvantages
 Some of the disadvantages of multiprocessing systems are:

∙ Failure of even one of the processor negatively affects the overall speed of the
operating system.

∙ These systems are expensive

∙ More sophisticated operating systems are required to manage programs and data.

∙ The computer system requires a large main memory

Multiprocessing operating systems may be sub-categorized based on the number of

processors, main memory, and the purpose of the operating system. Every processor is also
symmetric and is dedicated to carrying a dedicated task.

These processors can also be assigned some specific tasks based on their processing
power. Also, some hardware and software considerations may be required to develop these
tasks. Some of the most common multiprocessor operating systems are UNIX and OS/2.

Desktop Systems in OS
August 21, 2019

Overview
The control program that operates in a user’s machine is termed as the desktop
system. Such a system is also referred as a client operating system. The client
can be said as a computer in a network where the user performs some task or
activity over the network.

Such computer operating systems do not have complete control over the resources
but use the network to access them. Also, these operating system only use the
network to carry out tasks such as downloading a file from the network or browsing
the internet.

Desktop operating systems usually operate with a server computer which has the
complete control over the resources. Also, the processing power remains completely
in the hand of the server operating system. The server operating system is
developed in such a way that it can fulfill all the requirements and requests of the
client or the desktop operating system.

Desktop or the client operating system is completely dependent on the server

operating systems and are ineffective in the absence of a server.

Basic Features
Some of the features of a client operating system are:

● Basic operating features such as data sharing, internet browsing, and

detecting hardware.
● Needs minimal memory requirements
● Highly budget friendly
● Better utilization of resources
● Less operational complexity

Advantages

Some of the advantages of a client operating system are:

● Centralization of resources as all the resources are present at a common

location.
● Better management of resources as the files are stored at a single place. This
also avoids redundancy of resources such as printers and scanners.
● Remote access to the server gives processing power to every user.
● High security as only the server needs to be secured from threats and attacks.
● The server can play different roles for the different
Disadvantages

Some of the disadvantages of a client operating system are:

● Network congestion as multiple requests from the clients can block the
network traffic.
● The architecture of request and response is not robust enough for heavy
processing.
● If the server fails, all the desktop systems connected over the network fails.
● If the service interrupts, the task has to be started from scratch. For instance,
if a desktop system requests a file download which gets interrupted, the file
becomes corrupt, and the entire process needs to be carried out from the
start.
● The operating system architecture is highly costly.
● A professional IT personnel is needed to manage and maintain such an
operating environment.

Examples

● Windows 95
● Windows NT

Clustered System in OS
March 7, 2020

Overview of Cluster
System
Clustered Operating Systems resembles parallel operating systems as they
possess multiple CPUs. However, a cluster is created when two or more
computer systems are merged. Primarily, in a cluster, computers share
common storage, and the system works together.
To make a cluster operating system function efficiently, there exists two
clusters: hardware and software cluster. A hardware cluster enables high-
performance disk sharing between systems, while the software cluster allows
all systems to work together.

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Cluster Software
Every node of a cluster system has cluster software which is responsible for
monitoring the operations of the cluster system. In case any of the cluster nodes
fails, then the rest of the nodes takes control of all its storage and resources and
restarts the functioning of the cluster system.

Types of Cluster Systems

Primarily, there exists two types of cluster systems:

● Symmetric Cluster: In this type of clustering, all the nodes run applications and
monitor other nodes at the same time.
● Asymmetric Cluster: In this type of clustering, one of the nodes is in a hot standby
mode, while rest all nodes run different applications. The node which is in hot
standby mode continuously monitors the entire cluster and act as a replacement if
any of the nodes fails.
● Parallel Cluster: These clusters enable multiple users to access the same data on
the shared storage. It is accomplished by using special software versions and
applications.
Classification of Clustered Systems on its Operations

Clustered Systems can be used for several purposes as listed below:

1. Load Balancing clusters: In this type of cluster, nodes share the workload for load
balancing which enhances the system performance.
2. High Availability: To increase the availability of the clustered system, additional
nodes are present in the cluster. These extra nodes are put to use when any of the
existing nodes fails. These clusters are known as failover clusters or HA clusters.

Advantages of Clustered System

The benefits of clustered system are:

1. High Performance
2. Increased fault tolerance
3. High scalability

Disadvantages of Clustered System

The limitations of clustered system are:

1. Expensive to implement
 2. System establishment, monitoring, and maintenance is complex

Real Time Operating System in OS

August 21, 2019

Overview
Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is an operating system which guarantees output or
response within a specified time constraint. In other words, a real-time operating system works in
real time utilizing deterministic constraints and optimizing time usage by avoiding unexpected
delays.

Constituents of RTOS
RTOS comprises multiple components which are as follows:
1. Scheduler: It decides the order of execution for tasks and threads based on a
priority scheme.

2. Symmetric Multiprocessing: RTOS efficiently handles multiple tasks processing

to ensure the parallel processing of code.

3. Function Library: A standard interface that can hold the Application Program
Interface (API) to call functions within it. It connects the respective application code
to the kernel. Primarily, Application code directs requests to the kernel through
function libraries.

4. Context Switching Time: It is the time that a scheduler takes to switch tasks
between one running thread and another.

5. Memory Management: Memory management is done by the operating system to

ensure adequate memory is available to run a program and to refer to an object
stored in memory.

Type of RTOS
The real-time operating system can be classified in three categories:

Hard Real Time Operating System

Hard real-time systems are a deterministic system that must operate within a
stringent time frame. In other terms, these systems are considered to have failed if
they are unable to perform the function within the deadline. For example, the Aircraft
control system, anti-lock brake, etc. Precisely, hard real-time systems are critical
systems which can prove deadly if they do not operate in specified time.

Soft Real time Operating System

Soft real-time operating systems are also time-bound operating systems. However,
these systems do not have a critical timeline, which can be missed and operations
can be delayed by some time. For example, the reservation system, digital camera,
mobile phones, etc.

Firm Real-Time Operating System

The firm real-time operating system operates within time constraints, for example,
Visual inspection in industrial automation, video conferencing, etc. The time limits in
these systems are not stringent, but if these deadlines are missed, it is highly likely
that some undesired results may occur.

Learn more about types of operating system here.

Applications of RTOS
RTOS finds application in the following domains:

Industrial Applications

• Chemical Plant Control

• Automated Car Assembly Plant

• Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)

Medical Applications

• Robot Used in Recovery of Displaced Radioactive Material

Peripheral Equipment

• Laser Printer

Automotive and Transportation

• Multi-Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) System

Telecommunication Applications

• A Cellular System

Aerospace

• Computer On-board an Aircraft

Internet and Multimedia Applications

• Video Conferencing

• Cell Phones

Defense Applications

• Missile Guidance System

Miscellaneous

• Railway Reservation System