UNIT 2: STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

LESSON 3: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

CONTEMPLATE.
Let us think about how economic globalization affects the community. The important institutions
related to global economy are provided below. Find a partner and select one or two concepts or
words. Discuss what the particular concepts or words mean to you or what you know of them?
What is the impact to their community?
Globalization has had an impact on the standard of living and quality of life of individuals
and families all over the world. The degree of prosperity, comfort, material goods, and
necessities available to a particular social class in a particular geographic area is referred to as
the standard of living.

ASSESSMENT.
“THE GLOBAL FREE TRADE HAS DONE MORE HARM THAN GOOD”
I don’t think that free trade has done more harm than good. There are different impacts
on different industries, but I don’t know of any measure of human well – being that has
decreased as a direct result of free trade. I believe that there are more good than harm simply
by increasing the output and variety of goods that made available.
LESSON 4: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

CONTEMPLATE.
What are your thoughts?

I advocate reducing food waste since food is wasted due to inefficient operations, bumpy
or terrible roads, and insufficient storage facilities. Food will be used more efficiently if storage
facilities are improved and adequate preparations are made; less food will be wasted. The
second recommendation I make is to reduce the risk of commercialization; if the food was
grown for the purpose of feeding the community, food insecurity will be reduced. Farmers will be
able to grow more food crops and cash crops after the market for food crops has stabilized. If
there is enough food on the market, there will be less risk of commercialization. Governments
should also implement programs that can allow farmers to know when there is sufficient food for
everyone.

COLLABORATE.
Productivity
Productivity refers to the volume of work employees complete successfully and
according to schedule. Having high productivity means a company is making their production
quotas, business operations are track and the business is fulfilling all orders on time.
An organization may suffer from productivity losses because of employees loss interest
in the work or get distracted, teams are understaffed and stress inducers like unrealistic
deadlines and poor leadership and make working challenging.
To combat this organizational issue, managers may benefit from hiring on additional staff
or provide employers with breaks so they can relieve stress. Slowly ease your team members
into upcoming changes so they can prepare accordingly and set deadline that are realistic and
achievable.

ASSESSMENT.

1. What does domesticating an international norm mean?

Domesticating international law is a process of incorporating international law provisions,
standard and practices into a country’s national jurisprudence. It could be through presidential
orders, legislation, ratification or accession to international treaties.

2. What is an example of globalization initiatives affecting local government?

Companies can develop more cost-effective ways to create their goods as a result of
globalization. It also boosts global competition, which lowers prices and provides customers with
a wider range options. People in both emerging and developed countries benefit from lower
prices since they can live better on less money.

3. Name an international organization and identify its role in global governance.

World Trade Organization (WTO) it expanded the reach of trade rules deep into the
regulatory structure of almost 140 sovereign states affecting the daily lives of all citizens.

Lesson 5: MARKET INTEGRATION

CONTEMPLATE.

EXAMPLE OF COMPANIES
1. Procter and Gamble - MNC
2. Nestle - MNC
3. Sony Corporation - TNC
4. Microsoft - MNC
5. Apple, inc - TNC
6. Google - MNC
7. Facebook - MNC
8. Ford Motor - MNC
9. Allianz - MNC
10. General Electric – TNC

Reflect:

1. What is the similarities of MNC’S and TNC’S?

TNC’S are decentralized organization that operate or support the production of good and
service in more than one countries other than their own. MNC’S is a centralized management
structures that produces investment, services or management in at least one in addition to its
home country.

2. What are difference between the two?

TNC’S do not have subsidiaries but just many companies, do not have a centralized
management system, and able to gain more interest in the local market since they maintain their
own system. While MNC’S have a own company and its subsidiaries have a centralized
management system, and facing
barrier in decision making due to its centralized management system.

ASSESSMENT.
1. When prices in different regions or for different rated items follow similar trends over
time, this is known as market integration. Market integration benefits customers by expanding
the range of financial services and investment options available to them, as well as enhancing
competition in the provision of such services. An economy can boost productivity, increase
stability, give new chances for specialization, and minimize protectionism through integrating
markets.

2. If there was an effective world environment criminal court or something, there would
be no methane leaks, no overfished international waters, no population exporting, and no race
to the bottom for invasive tourism. There are no equivalent environmental safeguards in
existence, and there is no organization to enforce them.
LESSON 6: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

CONTEMPLATE.
Imagine you are a “global governor”. List at least 10 achievements below in governing the world
for your first 100 days.

1. Reformed Economic Development Plan

2. Addressed Social Security Issues
3.Global Climate Change Adaptation
4. Approved Ways to Poverty Elimination
5. Convenience In Global Transportation
6.Upgrading Ways of Governance
7. Upgrading the Trading System
8. Addressing Countries Boarder Security Issues
9. Peace planning
10. Providing solutions to Environmental problems

CONTEMPLATE.
The quality of possessing supreme, autonomous control over a territory is known as
sovereignty. It can be found in a power to rule and establish law that is based on a political fact
that cannot be explained just on the basis of the law. The Philippines is a democratic and
republican state, according to the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. People's
sovereignty is vested in them, and they are the source of all government authority.

CREATE AND COLLABORATE.

1.
Since its inception, the United Nations General Assembly, or UNGA, has been a forum
for lofty declarations, sometimes bold language, and rigorous debate on the world's most
important issues, ranging from poverty and development to peace and security. From
September to December, the assembly, as the UN's most representative organ, holds a general
discussion at the organization's headquarters in New York, and special sessions at other times
to address specific topics. The seventy-sixth session, which will take place in 2021, will be
convened in person after the historic first of a totally virtual assembly last year. Despite the fact
that the event had a limited seating capacity and a need that attendees be COVID-19-
vaccinated, many foreign officials, including Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, ignored the
restrictions.

2.
The United Nations Charter governs membership in the organization. All peace-loving
countries that accept the United Nations Charter's obligations and, in the opinion of the
Organization, are capable of carrying them out are welcome to join. States are admitted to the
United Nations on the advice of the Security Council and by a decision of the General
Assembly.

3.
The General Assembly of the United Nations is the organization's main deliberative
body. It is composed of delegates from all EU member states, each of whom has one vote.
Here's where you can learn more about the General Assembly. The Security Council is in
responsibility of ensuring international peace and security, according to the Charter. It is made
up of 15 people, each of whom has one vote. The Charter requires all Member States to abide
by Council decisions. Here you may discover more about the United Nations Security Council.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), a founding UN Charter body established in 1946,
is where the world's economic, social, and environmental concerns are discussed and debated,
as well as policy proposals. The Trusteeship Council is a body that is in charge of overseeing
The Trusteeship Council was formed to provide international oversight for 11 Trust Territories
and to ensure that sufficient self-government or independence preparations were undertaken.
International Court of Justice (ICJ) - The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the main judicial
body of the United Nations. The Court's mandate includes resolving international legal issues
and advising the UN and its specialized entities.
 UNIT 3: LEGAL BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

LESSON 7: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

CREATE AND COLLABORATE.

The Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process committed gross abuse of discretion
when he neglected to carry out the required consultation process as prescribed by E.O.
Republic Acts Nos. 3 and 7160, as well as Republic Acts Nos. 8371 and 8372. The secret
mechanism used to establish and craft the MOA- AD is contrary to and in excess of lawful
authority, and amounts to a capricious, coercive, arbitrary, and totalitarian exercise of power. It
demonstrates a severe breach of positive obligation, as well as a virtual refusal to do the task at
hand. The MOA-AD is incompatible with the present Constitution and legislation. Not only are its
specific provisions illegal, but so is the concept that underpins them, namely, the associative
relationship envisioned between the GRP and the BJE, because the notion assumes that the
associated entity is a state on its road to independence.

The government and the separatist Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) announced that
they had achieved a deal to expand Mindanao's independent Muslim region. The proposed
memorandum of understanding for ancestral domains (MOA-AD). It was supposed to have its
own "basic law" police and internal security forces, banking and financial system, civil service,
education, legislative and electoral institutions, as well as complete control over mineral and
other natural resource exploitation and disposal.
LESSON 8: STATES, NATIONALITY, AND STATELESSNESS
1. Does it possess all the elements mentioned?
The Philippines has been a state, a unique polity, and an independent nation since July
4, 1946. The Philippines meets all of the criteria for being classified as a state. It meets the
needs of the population. A democratic republic governs the country. It has a defined territory; in
1987, the Philippine archipelago was designated as national territory. The Philippines has the
potential to create links with other countries because we are one of the United States' longest
allies.

2. How do you say so?

The Philippines is a sovereign, self-governing nation that enjoys full diplomatic and
international recognition. For an entity to be called a state, it must have the following
characteristics. All of the following must agree: territory, people/citizens, government, and
sovereignty. In today's world, international recognition is now regarded a fifth criterion. Because
it possesses all of the above, as well as international recognition, the Philippines is considered a
state.

3. Study three (3) existing states all over the world. Discuss in the space below how the states
you chose were create.
Exploration and occupation helped shape the United States of America. Christopher
Columbus' arrival in 1492 marked the beginning of European colonization of the Americas. The
bulk of colonies were established after 1600, and the United States was the first country with a
well-documented history. As a result of cession, Ukraine was founded. Ukraine declared
independence when the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, which was recognized by a
referendum in December 1991. The conquest of England resulted in the formation of Wales. In
the late 13th century, King Edward I attacked the western Principality of Wales, claiming it as an
English dominion.

COLLABORATE.
1. Find two (2) news excerpts about the refugee crisis in Syria.

GMA NEWS - The United Nations estimates that more than three million Syrians have
become refugees as a result of the civil war that has decimated their country, with a million
entering in the last year alone. The UN's refugee agency announced in a statement that the
rising refugee crisis in "Syria" will reach a record high of three million people today, emphasizing
that the figure does not include hundreds of thousands of others who fled without registering as
refugees.
ABS-CBN NEWS - According to the United Nations, despite the coronavirus pandemic, the
number of people escaping violence and persecution grew last year, reaching over 82 million,
more than double the level a decade ago. Following a record-breaking year in 2019, global
displacement numbers grew by roughly three million in 2020, according to a new UN estimate,
leaving one percent of humankind uprooted and displaced.

3.Discuss how Philippines participated in the said refugee crisis.

 According to the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Philippines is willing to absorb Syrian
refugees in response to the humanitarian crisis in Europe (DFA). The Philippines, according to
Foreign Affairs spokesman Charles Jose, might be a temporary destination for migrants
awaiting resettlement approval from a host country. Jose stated that the Philippines must
assess its resources and capacities before opting to accept refugees fleeing war-torn countries.
However, only a small percentage of the millions of migrants and asylum seekers that arrive in
the Philippines in quest of protection and assistance really make it to the Philippines. In 2018,
the Philippines received less than a thousand refugees.
LESSON 9: LAW OF THE SEA

COLLABORATE.
In a tribunal dispute in the South China Sea arbitration, a five-judge tribunal established
under the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in The Hague favored the Philippines. A near-
unanimous victory for the Philippines, as well as a stinging judgment on the legality of China’s
artificial island building and other operations in the South China Sea. The following are the
reasons for this:
1. The parties’ respective rights to maritime areas in the South China Sea are
“comprehensively” governed under UNCLOS. As a result, China’s nine-dash line is invalid to the
extent that it asserts “historic rights to the seas of the South China Sea”
2. None of the features in the Spratly Islands can produce an EEZ, and the Spratly
Islands as a whole can’t either. As a result, the Tribunal determined that some regions are
within the Philippine EEZ and are not impacted by any potential Chinese entitlement.
3. China violated the Philippines' sovereign rights in the EEZ. China did so by interfering
with Philippine fishing and hydrocarbon exploration, erecting artificial islands, failing to restrict
Chinese fishermen from fishing in the Philippines Exclusive Economic Zone, and interfering with
Philippine fishermen's customary fishing rights around Scarborough Shoal (without prejudice to
the question of sovereignty over Scarborough Shoal). China's construction of artificial islands on
seven features in the Spratly Islands, as well as illegal fishing and harvesting by Chinese
people, are in violation of UNCLOS responsibilities to protect the maritime environment. Finally,
Chinese law enforcement warships physically stopped Philippine vessels near Scarborough
Shoal in 2012, posing a serious collision danger. China, on the other hand, is sticking to its
claims and has built a man-made island in the disputed zone. President Xi Jin Ping stated that
the ruling, which declared large areas of the sea to be neutral international waters or the
exclusive economic zones of other countries, would not affect China’s territorial sovereignty or
marine rights in the seas, and that China was still “committed to resolving disputes” with its
neighbors.

ASSESSMENT.
1. Identify one important takeaway from this lesson.
I learned the relevance of international law as a result of how other countries react to
judgements. It has ramifications for the legitimacy of governments and the economic context in
which they operate. The UN/international law has a bad reputation as a result of situations
where Security Council members use vetoes to protect their interests or strategic partners, but it
is precisely because of their disregard for international law that countries like Russia, China, and
Iran have a much harder time negotiating international partnerships and being treated equally.
Because everyone expects them to break the law, their company's costs have skyrocketed as a
result of their negative reputation. The goal of international law is to keep things under check.
It doesn’t eliminate or settle all problems, but it does provide international relations some
regularity. People will come to expect instability and antisocial behavior from you if you (as a
country operate in this manner. It doesn’t function as a criminal justice system, but I’m not sure
if ‘global police” is really viable or acceptable at this time in history.
LESSON 11: PRINCIPLES ON INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

CONTEMPLATE.
Search the Internet for the Supreme Court-decided case titled: international Service for
the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Inc. v. Greenpeace Southeast Asia (Philippines),
G.R. Nos.
209271 July 26aubergin
1. Provide a summary of the case in the space below.
Plaintiffs, a consortium of environmental non-governmental organizations, civil society
activists, and scientists, challenged the decision to provide Biosafety permits and authorize field
testing of a pest-resistant biotechnologically modified eggplant.
2. Explain how the precautionary approach/principle was applied in this case.
The plaintiffs claimed that the bioengineered aubergine field trials infringed on their
constitutional right to health and a balanced ecology because the environmental compliance
certificate No. 1151 was not obtained prior to the project's implementation and there are no
scientific peer-reviewed studies demonstrating that the By gene used in the genetically modified
organism is safe for human consumption and the environment. As a result, the plaintiffs sought
that in this case, the precautionary principle be used. The plaintiffs also claimed that the field
test project violated Sections 26 and 27 of the Local Government Code, which require public
participation.