Punctuation Marks

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Punctuation marks serve several important functions in written language.

They help
convey meaning, clarify relationships between words and phrases, indicate pauses or
intonation, and ensure that written communication is clear, organized, and easily
understandable. Here are the primary functions of some common punctuation marks:

1. Period (.): Denotes the end of a sentence. It indicates a full stop and separates one
complete thought from the next.
2. Comma (,): Indicates a brief pause within a sentence, separating elements such as items
in a list, clauses, or phrases.
3. Question Mark (?): Indicates a direct question. It is used at the end of interrogative
sentences.
4. Exclamation Mark (!): Indicates strong emotion or emphasis. It is used to convey
excitement, surprise, or urgency.
5. Colon (:): Introduces a list, explanation, or quote. It signals that what follows is
elaboration or clarification of what precedes it.
6. Semicolon (;): Connects two related independent clauses (complete thoughts) that
could stand alone as separate sentences. It's stronger than a comma but less final than a
period.
7. Quotation Marks (""): Enclose direct speech or a quotation. They indicate that the
words inside are being quoted from someone or somewhere else.
8. Apostrophe ('): Indicates possession (ownership) or contraction (omission of letters).
For example, "John's book" (possession) or "can't" (contraction of "cannot").
9. Hyphen (-): Joins words or parts of words, often to create compound words or to
connect prefixes or suffixes to root words.
10. Dash (— or -): Indicates a pause, emphasis, or interruption in a sentence. It can also be
used to set off additional information or an explanation.
11. Ellipsis (…): Represents the omission of words or a trailing off of thought. It is often
used to create suspense or indicate a pause.
12. Parentheses (()): Enclose supplementary or explanatory information within a sentence.
The content inside parentheses is not considered essential to the main sentence.
13. Brackets ([]): Also used to enclose additional information, often when editing or
clarifying someone else's text. Brackets are sometimes used to indicate changes or
corrections made by an editor.
14. Slash (/): Can indicate alternatives (and/or), dates (mm/dd/yyyy), or fractions. It is often
used in informal writing and online communication.
15. Em Dash (—): Similar to a dash but longer. It can be used to set off information or
provide emphasis, and it can also indicate an abrupt change in thought.

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