Math 10C

Relations and Functions

STUDENT NAME: ________________________________

CHAPTER EXAM DATE: _________________________

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Math 10C
Unit: Relations and Functions
Topic: Representing Relations
Objectives:

 Represent relations in different ways.

NOTES
A Set is a collection of distinct objects.
An element is one object in the set.
A relation associates the elements of one set with the elements of another set.
A set is shown as a list in braces. Eg the set of natural numbers to 5 is {1,2,3,4,5}. The order that the
elements in the set are listed does not matter.
Consider the following sets:
Set1:{apples, bananas, beans, carrots, corn, oranges, pears, peas, pineapple, potatoes}
Set2:{Fruit, Vegetables}
We can associate all of the elements in set one with an element from set two. This means that the two
set are a relation.
We can show a relation as:
A set of ordered pairs,
(apples, fruit), (bananas, fruit), (beans, vegetables), (carrots, vegetables), (corn, vegetables),
(oranges, fruit), (pears, fruit), (peas, vegetables), (pineapple, fruit), (potatoes, vegetable)
A table,

Produce Classification
Apples Fruit
Bananas Fruit
Beans Vegetable
Carrots Vegetable
Corn Vegetable
Oranges Fruit
Pears Fruit
Peas Vegetable
Pineapple Fruit
Potatoes Vegetable

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An arrow diagram,
can be classified as a
Apples
Bananas
Beans
Carrots Fruit
Corn Vegetable
Oranges
Pears
Peas
Pineapple
Potatoes

And a graph (when one or both sets are numbers).

Example: Northern communities can be associated with the territories they are in. Consider the
relation represented by the table.

Community Territory
Hay River NWT
Iqaluit Nunavut
Nanisivik Nunavut
Old Crow Yukon
Whitehorse Yukon
Yellowknife NWT
 Describe the relation in words.

 Represent this relation as a set of ordered pairs

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  Represent this relation as an arrow diagram

Example: Different towns in BC can be associated with the average time, in hours, that it takes to
drive to Vancouver. Consider the relation represented by this graph.

Average Travel Time To Vancouver

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Time(h) 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Horeshoe bay Lillooet Pemberton Squamish Whistler

 Represent this relation as a table

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  Represent this relation as an arrow diagram.

Sometimes a relation has so many ordered pairs that it is impossible to represent them in a list or a
table. We can modify the arrow diagram to model this situation.
Example: In the diagram below, describe the relation in words and then give two ordered pairs
that would belong to this relation.
has this number of letters
English Words Natural Numbers

Assignment: Textbook page 261 #2-4, 6-9, 11, 13

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Math 10C
Unit: Relations and Functions
Topic: Properties of Functions
Objectives:

 Develop the concept of a function

NOTES
The domain is the set of elements in the first set (the x-values).
The range is the set of elements in the second set (the y-values).
A Function is a special type of relation where each element in the domain is associated with
EXACTLY one element in the range.
Here is two different ways to relate vehicles and the number of wheels it has.
Diagram 1: Diagram 2:

1 Bicycle Bicycle 1
2 Car Car 2
3 Motorcycle Motorcycle 3
4 Tricycle Tricycle 4
Unicycle Unicycle

Diagram 1 is not a function because one element in the first set (2) is associated with two elements
from the second set (bicycle and motorcycle). Diagram two is a function because each element in the
first set is associated with only one element in the second set.

Example: Given the following relations, state if they are also functions and explain your
reasoning. If it is a function, identify the domain and range.

 (1,6),(2,4),(3,5),(4,6)(5,5)

 (4,2),(6,2),(6,3),(8,2),(9,3)

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  Is the square of

1 -3
-2
4 -1
1
9 2

 Has this number of days

January 28
February 30
March 31
April

An Independent variable is a variable whole value is not determined by the value of another variable
and whose value helps determine the value of another (dependent) variable. In a relation between
hours worked and gross pay, the hours work would be the independent variable.
A Dependent variable is a variable whose value is determined by the value of another (the
independent) variable. In a relation between hours worked and gross pay, the gross pay would be the
dependent variable.
Example: The table shows the costs of student bus tickets, C dollars, for different numbers of
tickets, n.

Number of Tickets, n Cost, C ($)

1 1.75
2 3.50
3 5.25
4 7.00
5 8.75

 Why is this relation also a function?

 Identify the independent and dependent variables. Justify your choices.

 Write the domain and range.

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Sometimes the independent variable is also described as the input value and the dependent variable is
the output value. This means that the input value is any number in the domain and the output is any
number in the range.
Function Notation is used to show the independent variable in a function for example, f(x) means that
the value of the function f depends on the value of the independent variable x.
If we want to know the value of money we have given a certain number of quarters we can write an
equation to represent this like v  0.25q . A function like v  0.25q can be rewritten in function
notation like this v(q)  0.25q . We would read this as ‘v of q is equal to 0.25 times q’. This notation
shows us that q is the independent variable and v is the dependent variable. When we have an equation
that is not related to a context such as y  4 x  3 we can write this in function notation as
f ( x)  4 x  3 . This is read as ‘f of x is equal to -4 times x plus 3’.

We can also use function notation to solve equations given either the input or the output.

For example, given v  0.25q and that we have 3 quarters we can substitute 3 in for q.

v(q)  0.25q
v(3)  0.25(3)
v(3)  0.75

Or the question could ask us to solve for q when v(q)  5.00 .

v(q)  0.25q
5.00  0.25q
20  q

Example: The equation C  25n  1000 represents the cost, C dollars for a feast following an
Arctic Sports competition, where n is the number of people attending.

 Describe the function. Write in function notation.

 Determine the value of C(100). What does this value represent?

 Determine the value of n when C (n)  5000 . What does this number represent?

Assignment: Textbook page 270 #1-10, 13-17, 19, 22

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Math 10C
Unit: Relations and Functions
Topic: Interpreting and Sketching Graphs
Objectives:

 Describe a possible situation for a given graph

 Sketch a possible graph for a given situation

NOTES
The properties of a graph can provide information about a given situation.

Example: This graph shows the depth of a scuba diver as a function of time.

 How many minutes did the dive last?

 At what times did the diver stop her descent?

 What was the greatest depth the diver reached? For how many minutes was the diver at that
depth?

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Example: This graph shows how the volume of water in a watering can changes over time.
Describe each segment of the graph.

Example: Each point on this graph represents a person. Explain your answer to each question
below.

 Which person is the oldest? What is his or her age?

 Which person is the youngest? What is his or her age?

 Which two people have the same height? What is this height?

 Which two people have the same age? What is this age?

 Does this graph represent a function?

Example: At the beginning of a race, Alicia took 2s to reach a speed of 8 m/s. She ran at
approximately 8m/s for 12s, then slowed down to a stop in 2s. Sketch a graph of speed as a function of
time. Label each section of your graph, and explain what it represents.

Assignment: Textbook page 281 #1-6, 9-12, 14, 15, 17

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Math 10C
Unit: Relations and Functions
Topic: Graphs of Relations and Functions
Objectives:

 Determine the properties of the graphs of relations and functions

NOTES
Example: In an environmental study in Northern Alberta, Joe collected data on the numbers of
different species of birds he heard or saw in a 1-h period every 2 hours for 24 hours. Alice collected
data on the temperature in the area at the end of each 1-h period. They plotted their data:

 Does each graph represent a relation? A function?

 Which of these graphs should have the data points connected? Explain.

Remember that the domain of a function is the set of values of the independent variable (x-values) and
the range of a function is the set of values of the dependent variable (y-values). When the domain is
restricted to a set of discrete values, the points on the graph are not connected.
A relation that is not a function has two or more ordered pairs with the same first coordinate. So when
the ordered pairs of the relation are plotted on a grid, a vertical line can be drawn to pass through more
than one point. This is called the Vertical Line Test. A graph represents a function when no two
points on the graph lie on the same vertical line.

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Example: Which of these graphs represents a function? Justify your answer.

Example: Determine the domain and range of the graph of each function.

Example: This graph shows the approximate height of the tide, h meters, as a function of time, t,
at Port Clements, Haida Gwaii on June 17, 2009.

 Identify the dependent variable and the independent variable. Justify your choices.

 Why are the points on the graph connected? Explain.

 Determine the domain and range of the graph.

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Example: Here is a graph of the function g ( x)  4 x  3 .

 Determine the range value when the domain value is 3.

 Determine the domain value when the range value is -7.

Assignment: Textbook page 293 #1-12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22

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Math 10C
Unit: Relations and Functions
Topic: Properties of Linear Relations
Objectives:

 Identify and represent linear relations in different ways

NOTES
The table of values and graph show the cost of a pizza with up to 5 extra toppings.

Write a rule for the pattern that relates the cost of a pizza to the number of its toppings.

How can you tell from the table that the graph represents a linear relation?

We can identify a linear relation is different ways.

 A description in words
 A set of ordered pairs
 A table of values
 An equation
 A graph

If we had the description ‘the cost for a car rental is $60 plus $20 for every 100 km driven’, we could
show this was linear in a number of ways.

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A table of values.

A set of ordered pairs.

A graph.

An equation.

The rate of change (slope) is the change in the dependent variable divided by the change in the
independent variable or rise/run or change in y divided by change in x.

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Example: Which table of values represents a linear relation? Justify your answers.
The relation between the number of The relation between the amount of
Bacteria in a culture, n , and time, t minutes. goods and services tax charged, T dollars,
and the amount of the purchase, A dollars.

t n A T
0 1 60 3
20 2 120 6
40 4 180 9
60 8 240 12
80 16 300 15

Example: Graph each equation. Which equations represent linear relations? How do you know?

 x  2

 y  x  25

 y  25

 y  x 2  25

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Example: Which relation is linear? Justify your answer.

 A dogsled moves at an average speed of 10km/h along a frozen river. The distance travelled is
related to time.

 The area of a square is related to the side length of the square.

Example: A hot tub contains 1600L of water. Graph A represents the hot tub being filled at a
constant rate. Graph B represents the hot tub being emptied at a constant rate.

 Identify the dependent and independent variables.

 Determine the rate of change of each relation, and describe what it represents.

Assignment: Textbook page 307 #3-8, 11-14, 16-19

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Math 10C
Unit: Relations and Functions
Topic: Interpreting Graphs of Linear Functions
Objectives:

 Use intercepts, rate of change, domain and range to describe the graph of a linear function.

NOTES
Any graph of a line that is not vertical is a function and we call these functions linear functions.
The vertical intercept or y-intercept is the value of y when x=0. This means that it is the value of the
graph on the y-axis. To determine the y-intercept, evaluate f(x) when x=0 or f(0).
The horizontal intercept or x-intercept is the value of x when y=0. This means that it is the value of the
graph on the x-axis. To determine the x-intercept, determine the value of x when f(x)=0.

Example: Find the y-intercept, x-intercept, rate of change, domain and range or each graph.

Example: Sketch a graph of each of the linear functions.

y  x3 y  3x  5

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f ( x)  2 x  1 f ( x)  6  x

Example: Which graph has a rate of change of -5 and a vertical intercept of 100? Justify your
answer.

Example: This graph shows the total cost for a house call by an electrician for up to 6 hours of work.

The electrician charges $190 to complete a job. For how many hours did she work?

Write an equation to represent this situation.

Assignment: Textbook page 319 #1-4, 6-11, 16

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