Food Habits of Age Groups

Division of Psychology: University of Bradford
PSY7021-B Advanced Psychological Research

Methods
Assessed research article lab
Question 1: MANOVA
1. Is there a difference between males and females and those in different

age groups, on [pick three of the health and food choice variables]?
Grouping variables:
 Age (18-29yr, 30-39yr, 40-54yr, 55-65yr)

 Gender (male, female)
Health and food choice variables:
 Internal Health Locus of Control

 External Health Locus of Control
 Reasons for food choice:
 Health
 Mood
 Convenience
 Sensory Appeal
 Natural Content
 Price
 Weight Control
 Familiarity
 Ethical concern
 Habit
 Nutritional Self-efficacy
1) What is the design of the analysis? Between Subject Design
2) What are the independent variables? Gender, Age Group
3) What are the dependent variables? Habit, Nutritional Efficacy, Health
Task 1 – the analysis
Remember to round up to 2 decimal places.
Table 2:
Gender Age Habit Nutritional Health
Efficacy
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Male 18-29 3.16 .89 3.41 .84 3.32 .89
30-39 3.19 .82 3.34 .87 3.27 .84
40-54 3.20 .76 3.25 .83 3.24 .78
55-65 3.21 .84 3.14 1.00 3.19 .86
Female 18-29 3.24 .89 3.48 .77 3.23 .86
30-39 3.12 .90 3.32 .86 3.32 .81
40-54 3.27 .87 3.33 .90 3.39 .83
55-65 3.6 .76 3.42 .79 3.51 .73
5) Describe what the descriptive statistics are showing (comment on both the
means and the standard deviations).
Above table presents descriptive statistics related to three variables, including
habits, nutritional effectiveness, and health, categorized by gender and age
groups. Above findings display that, on average, individuals of both genders
across different age groups exhibit comparable levels of habit, nutritional
efficacy, and health. The obtained scores suggest that the participants
generally express positive habits, effective nutritional practices, and relatively
high levels of health. The standard deviations, which quantify the dispersion of
data within each group, indicate that the responses within each category
exhibit a reasonable level of consistency and do not exhibit substantial
deviations from their respective group means.
6) Is Box’s test significant? No
7) Can we assume sphericity of covariance? Yes
8) Looking at the ‘Multivariate Tests’ table, report the main effect of Gender
using full statistical notation (round up to 2 decimal places), reporting Pillai’s
Trace:
(F(df1, df2) = 3.00, 9.00 p = 000)

____________________________
9) Is this significant? Yes
10) Report the main effect of AgeGroup using full statistical notation (round
up to 2 decimal places):
(F(df1, df2) = 9.00, p = 000)
11) What do these findings suggest?

The results of this study indicate that both gender and age group exert
significant impact on the dependent variables under research. In essence, it
can be observed that both gender and various age cohorts exert an influence
on the outcomes under investigation, including but not limited to habits,
nutritional efficacy, and overall health. The obtained p-values, specifically p =
0.000, provide compelling evidence to reject the null hypothesis and lend
support to the proposition that these factors are indeed exerting an influence
on the observed outcomes.
Go to the table titled ‘Tests of Between-Subjects Effects’.
Looking in the row labeled Gender, report the ANOVAs for:
12) DV 1 – Health
Report using full statistical notation:
(F(7.341) = , p .007 )
14) DV 2 – Nutrition Self efficacy

(F(3.475) = , p .063 )
15) Is this significant? No
16) DV3 – Health

(F(7.688) =, p .006 )
Go to the section of the output titled ‘Gender’
For DV 1: Habit
18) Write the mean for male 3.190
19) Write the mean for female 3.334
For DV 2: Nutrition Self efficacy
For DV 3 Health
24) Summarize the univariate findings for Gender for each DV. Comment on
the direction of the means for each DV.
Across all three dependent variables (Habit, Nutrition Self Efficacy, and
Health), the mean scores for females consistently indicate higher values in
comparison to their male counterparts. This finding suggests that, on average,
females show slightly higher scores in Habit, Nutrition Self Efficacy, and
Health when compared to males. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge
that the disparities in means may not be significant, given that the numerical
values are relatively proximate. However, the results of this study indicate a
possible pattern in which females tend to report marginally more favorable
outcomes in Habit, Nutrition Self Efficacy, and Health, as compared to males.
Looking in the row labeled AgeGroup, report the ANOVAs for:
25) DV 1 – Habit
(F(3.533 ) , p .014 )
27) DV 2 – Nutrition Self Efficacy

(F(2.019), p .110)
29) DV3 – Health

Report using full statistical notation
(F(.249) p .862 )
Go to the section of the output titled ‘AgeGroup’
For DV 1: Habit
31) Write the mean for:
18-29 - 3.251
30-39 - 3.153
40-54 - 3.238
55-65 - 3.407
32) From the pairwise comparison table, which of these age groups is
significantly different to each other?
All values are significantly different to each other.
For DV 2: Nutrition Self efficacy
33) Write the mean for:

18-29 - 3.449
30-39 - 3.332
40-54 - 3.292
55-65 3.280
All values are significantly different from each other.
For DV 3
35) Write the mean

18-29 - 3.349
30-39 - 3.293
40-54 - 3.320
55-65 - 3.352
All values are significantly different from each other.
Looking in the row labeled Gender*AgeGroup, report the interaction

ANOVAs for:
37) DV 1 – Habit
(F(3.005 ) = , p .030)
39) DV 2 – Nutrition Self Efficacy

(F(1.305) , p .271)
41) DV3 – Health

(F 1.398 , p .242)
43) If an interaction is not significant, do you need to carry out further

interpretation? No
44) In the spaces below, paste the means plot(s) you created for each
significant interaction
Habit
45) What does the interaction appear to be showing?
Above graphical representation shows that there is no significant difference in
eating habits among various age groups of males. Graphical data of various
female age groups suggest significant difference in eating habits among them.
There is significant difference between age groups of 18-29 and 55-65 years.
also there is slight difference in age groups of 30-39 and 44-54 years of
individuals.
Nutrition Self Efficacy

Above graphical representation of nutrition self-efficacy of male and female. It
can be observed that nutrition self-efficacy of male is high in 18-29 years of
age groups and that is slightly decreasing as age is increasing. Same it be
seen that nutrition self-efficacy is high in 18-29 years and 55-65 years.
Health
Above graphical representation shows that male of 18-29 years are health
conscious as they tend to have good eating habits. This health consciousness
behavior is reducing as age is increasing.
Health-conscious behavior is slightly high between age groups of 18-29 years
and 55-65 years. that is linked to healthy eating habit and nutrition self-
efficacy.
48) Summarize the main findings (remember to comment on the direction of

the means). Comment on the pattern of the means – see lecture and lab
practical notes for guidance:
The observed trend in the means indicates that, compared to the "Habit"
variable, males exhibit a modest rise in mean scores as they age, while
females' scores remain relatively stable, with a slight increase observed in the
oldest age group.
In relation to the variable of "Nutrition Self Efficacy," it is observed that there is

a marginal decline in the average scores among males as they advance in
age. Conversely, females exhibit a relatively stable pattern of scores across
different age cohorts.
When examining the aspect of "Health," there is a lack of a definitive and

consistent pattern observed for both males and females. The average scores
exhibit slight variations among different age cohorts, lacking a discernible
trend.
It is crucial to acknowledge that the disparities in average scores among

various age cohorts may not be significant, given that the confidence intervals
are relatively narrow in the majority of instances. The observed patterns in this
study offer valuable insights into the potential influence of gender and age on
the dependent variables. However, it is important to conduct additional
statistical analyses or hypothesis testing in order to determine the significance
and magnitude of these interactions.

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Division of Psychology: University of Bradford

PSY7021-B Advanced Psychological Research

Assessed research article lab

1. Is there a difference between males and females and those in different

 Age (18-29yr, 30-39yr, 40-54yr, 55-65yr)

Health and food choice variables:

 Internal Health Locus of Control

2) What are the independent variables? Gender, Age Group

3) What are the dependent variables? Habit, Nutritional Efficacy, Health

Task 1 – the analysis

Remember to round up to 2 decimal places.

6) Is Box’s test significant? No

7) Can we assume sphericity of covariance? Yes

(F(df1, df2) = 3.00, 9.00 p = 000)

9) Is this significant? Yes

(F(df1, df2) = 9.00, p = 000)

11) What do these findings suggest?

Go to the table titled ‘Tests of Between-Subjects Effects’.

Looking in the row labeled Gender, report the ANOVAs for:

13) Is this significant? Yes

14) DV 2 – Nutrition Self efficacy

15) Is this significant? No

16) DV3 – Health

17) Is this significant? Yes

Go to the section of the output titled ‘Gender’

For DV 2: Nutrition Self efficacy

20) Write the mean for male 3.287

21) Write the mean for female 3.389

22) Write the mean for male 3.256

23) Write the mean for female 3.401

Go to the table titled ‘Tests of Between-Subjects Effects’.

Looking in the row labeled AgeGroup, report the ANOVAs for:

26) Is this significant? No

27) DV 2 – Nutrition Self Efficacy

28) Is this significant? No

29) DV3 – Health

Go to the section of the output titled ‘AgeGroup’

31) Write the mean for:

For DV 2: Nutrition Self efficacy

33) Write the mean for:

35) Write the mean

Go to the table titled ‘Tests of Between-Subjects Effects’.

Looking in the row labeled Gender*AgeGroup, report the interaction

38) Is this significant? No

39) DV 2 – Nutrition Self Efficacy

40) Is this significant? No

41) DV3 – Health

42) Is this significant? No

43) If an interaction is not significant, do you need to carry out further

Nutrition Self Efficacy

47) What does the interaction appear to be showing?

48) Summarize the main findings (remember to comment on the direction of

In relation to the variable of "Nutrition Self Efficacy," it is observed that there is

When examining the aspect of "Health," there is a lack of a definitive and

It is crucial to acknowledge that the disparities in average scores among

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