CE411 Mahmud

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Lecture Note on

Course No.: CE 411


Title: Structural Analysis & Design-III

Prof. Dr. Md. Mahmudur Rahman


E mail: mahmudurdr@aust.edu
mahmud402@yahoo.com
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
4th Year 1st Semester
Course No.: CE 411, Course Title: Structural Analysis & Design-III

FACULTY NAME AND CONTACT


Professor Md. Mahmudur Rahman
E mail: mahmudurdr@aust.edu
mahmud402@yahoo.com

List of Reference Books/Lecture Notes

Title First Author/Authors

1. Moment Distribution Method Prof. Sohrab Uddin Ahmed

2. Structural Analysis of Indeterminate Prof. Md. Mahmudur Rahman


Structures (Lecture Notes)

3. Fundamentals of Structural Analysis Sujit Kumar Roy


with Computer

4. Structural Analysis Hibbeler, Russel C.

5. Moment Distribution Gere

6. Structural Theorems and Their Neal


Applications
.

1
.- l4o*enl };s+ribcon M'thod
cHApTE{<
-
il*4 ).|uo''noln- ot'd InJ'
ft. rL*"1*:,",.S;,
c :nli":trWfrY^:hiXl!;
uT "" -
[r bYLurn
,

JrJi.ns of- (r'I't\-


sloli --lr
r. !,,u -'-
#amt'l'ut1"tl
94rY,r.+uru..
'rt. sld' . tyA" t $u z-l
z'D !*a"'-- i
"4;l'lpvlurn ia"nri$er as
;:-;:-'f::;:J:: a * ea.'\

d olerrni nob., gku cf uw'


$

?.

yl'i'l''a'',"'ol'\:*;3
-rhe s+vuclu,o'
;"r#;'et r' brlums 1""? .Tffi:,f,f^^Y##:-
i*u
,ilH;;l#-_;fr
anAfov \t\o'(L
#,ff#',ic ,
,inJe-s+nu.1u

To sol'to *,ffi.'i6;
\\Y':,::;*;;':+5i:,:!r#,^r:f"""19:;#i*'
vadunda"fs
e,o.lted znon
";; ;;+,,;;
;
i
lff musl- b'-
gtfJ;')
I
d.J^*.a,k,i;; so-
i"f'ntd..";nanls'
lft"'--',,:,5 "P'nn

ilonp ova eo'n'-


/tr
-2-
Ddr^inafi'on s-lrli e i n de[eu,rn i n a e Qoei) r-
E" fianes nnl !itr;*,^
sv??orlreo.liun,
h = 3m + VL 91
-r lNole:- Ea.h.YnaYnbev
nag 3
h ul

7 '^ ^ . r lon*' $*iofstu'9heczaY, tNlol. th€


olr\

(no, q, L;= nos oljointe ;ii.^;ilu- 3 ay 6h


I \;;
I
'.odi

L^::::;"""{s*c n dnleurnin au[t'e dos'

Example f.1 :-)elermine dogi.ft' tf* JttloLs'Y s+ut+urns-

9olu,firn:- (i) n =!^3 +4-7x4 =J 1,e.Jost=(

6t r: 3x 6+3-7.xL =3 t.e. dosi = 3


:,L t.e.dosL=L
(,, n =!x{+5-TxL

Fov 4*st s]lru .l-r^"os


unKrtfrfr;
Not" '. - Eo.h rn arn be' has *6nA
Y|= rn + f --Zi CA*iof'P'9 6t\t
ea&^.1oinl +1,{D e1l,-t"li
tru,
TF7=O ',TF1=O
-7-
Exaur plr- 1.2-:- >"+*rnina tL 4eqree- of indelerrni nacy f"t +hz
;ry-frugr.

s"l"lion:-

dusLry -=rn+Y-7)
=22+ (ztl+, - 2x lL
= Z .4"4
AJ,D
A""l s Melf,od
ei
g :-A frlarnes ol *.fh odsior tK"
a"olY; s
+
',* ter^inole- E4tur-lt^ zs
rnenlbneA bQ)our -
Y
^\L
, fdom enl );glri bH,hon l{al{''od
| 5lope-1"3{nclion V\efi'od r... rI-r
]isplacrrnuttt Vtuttt
^.-\:.ol
Mfe['od ov
*h4Snuss @irect)
iir) Mo.lvix Mel,hod '- ov FoYce vre+hod
.- ifio u,f r+i Me+hod

i, Colu*n dory Mathod


'An
*hon
I The- Mathod of con s;s|alrlD+rm
Mejf,od
v, Ennt%f
-t+ -
ln"**t U"lt*"l"ln"n:o i- rhie rv'ethod :::;'N
d-r" t"[:
:', ffi t'rr
WorffiXnindelerninof,
ru
ffii:Xff
^

,.4ry-fif#,
ffi; A"*ir*- no loinl r"ornan{.

I+ is lr, pt@er ol ..$,,ii.:"X-"T;r;*,?^,X!n'l3fift*^


{letn' .1w you-es is Eucu4giue- a19t
ou} tr "Yde4nzu.
1nona*hod is' base1on
yf. !fibr:rY1f*t !"Js -
L)1lte fixeJ-end mornenh CraD th' .f"t
frn near end o4tiln-
ii) Monenf duelo roloAbn 4
end r^rhito- tL near
olfi.- Jav
t,mf;"'*
' is
rol-o'lio''
end J.xad '
hn]*nnn th' {-o
i, Momanf due to K' 'rnl6ue'4ronslo,,1''on
enJs o[ IF' noYbov-

mo'nenls oit{ !r osnsidereA


5iq1^ c-onvnv,h'on','- Anh -e)o'xt'trse'
a9 +Vo.

evg
\r -dt M!^
eug
_5-

- t.a - enJ Mo*nnls {or 6L Je ur l.^dinf cas.t


l

.P

*? -+ rE
- tL

(- -Pbor
*Pat P
T ?*h) = |

$N

;b D |
k;^ ' l'tJ-:aG?xr-t+;
^-,,.., ,
+ t(b
I
(zo,-b)
.-
P"BGT' 1 P
T T"3i-q
+ttt
Za+b) =
Q.a-+b) =L

oln7,
, I'(J
t_--
T?L
L

rter+.ry)
?4i,:"1
lzL u?
-e*
De{.qrnin fion .{ 4if{nns( ,+a+or, r :- *',$"ess &"|^llo*.L) i"
&f',ed ae ih<- *"rn^l pr.d""Y "r'if rol-aliun'

_LLQ) - rhe aY end ixed Cs-t"^d aYi.)

E,T,L

wy4 *Ym dr^pa'^


Nlag
-'-ET W+
EI

o ruvr Poinf e
to, =u , t --=mlt';!::'t'"",";T
4t{(u^ .L,,
s+Mud +$an -).* =o
indi"ie;
t 3"'r5F-a
L'r'\e r+r{en
:>-tf/lnB +MeA:fMtB --Ihis ay*tion ovq
fotk<.far er,d, t.e.&YY)
+na} flrlf o[ lhc- rnornarl is eawi")
f*.to* : L
AB€.r''"/ wL Can t^:rlte -
4B:'4 )Qoe:cka'2^*ut'"t"b')"aoAa^JB
= rry€r
,*l-r@^s4t'1no)L + I'ltaa t=A

) MAB:.ry
I L.e. K =ryL
tt.-
-{-n

enA rE
@/?LQ\ -rhz Ery

E,\,L
a fY\
A

hg
&^flaH"
-Ve,
lfinet
/et wni
IB 61.Y. | '^,4
* oT:,t * n*r:!il,;1#Aun,,4-
)rlroo{o"^
t^'''r'f '
P
oi n

% bet=, B
o*= 'Yu ) *Kn ["] Yet
, 34 1
21=-WH
+
7', | =IAns +,
+lYlAB--
:-,

l,+,u*"" q -';*,1 /' ::;,; ;"tr::{ :H;


hOt^: At.Omettl,M n"A'"V**'*t
corr'sidzY a- ioint
i*- S"'- "; ,ot *n

o
o [hr,P7 lt*'o}.'h'6n=
Lr*
?,,,
,\D

YellLliyel
join't Yelf
Vlytib'Lun*
rvtr.-+ q) =
._M
\r* \e*
-B-
' # vr[Aon "] )
')oi

ato = 01g = 0).- Alo =

+ _!h: W-W W
vro.ffi=ff-6=o

-2Sn = h!.rn; Ba =t M ,l/!c =k,lso =+


d^slr;bulu) a.e,*d'rvnto tL s+^gl"'5
in
i'<. 7tneya,(, Morne* is
6t lL monbevs.
i,* S*- * i, &#rd osl:.'-disl';buiun !u*'r'v'
i.o. r=!€.r

Fxavnpl 1.? :- De.le.rmin efr. mornanfe ^] ..yoi^l


e o[' tr'- Nlo*'y
fravne.
'
'[OY

sl"n{>

| So{*on
,- MI, = Msu = - 60 r-lt
I * and D ,rz,lMt-s
ftA

o
I t+lxzt.
= t.zer Do = -te = 7E
Fro =
+
-\
l*. =n[b.= '+$ h.=+L=a'zs
L._ ffit
*9-
bu*on 6/ rno*nn+
_)is+ri
-+ o,zs
Msp
FEMT *6O qu. a . fAgR :+5 Y-[t
Dln.+ +45 MA. :'tS V-tt
+4s +15 uded Jro* ttr-+abl)
{N ota :- FixeJ,.yoints dye-.exd

;xar\' \z t.t+:- Find al ff- enA mo.mesrls o4 fi JdllorliY {rate .

Bou
I .+{A,1
"10 /
o
1.2 K/tt *tlt I

E zI,to
2oY-*L
l6'

So{u}ion:-
Mi, = I9-\Jt - 10 Y-+L ', VtE^ = -'lO V-f t
K qr"d ) d^il) )U'lribu*ior' IrLlu
Yie=# =:q-Er
DeR = o'1 o'4 0.2 03 o.+
4a - FrY =-slr Dgg = ot'Z Il*
EM)=To
FI
lrlss Mnc b
#c-ryL=t'yET
kep *!ry:t'LeI I' Dec = o'3
Dey = o'+
D

M
,|4J +
+-9
1 +2 +3
+Z 4-3
r+
4
zk = +Dr
Ntu, o*har enJ *o**r.k
: Io '/- (o+19 = McE: Lxz ? t.5 V-*L
'lAE
nE-tv + L^ L- -/
4O'5 Y-,ft
i'f,gs-o+L*?-") = { v-tt Mru = L^4 - 2 K-,lt

.,

-a
-lo -
Exa"r,pte "
enA tnomenls fo* th. ftlfo(''y?
frane-'

K
2A
e'

(n r.unsfn"l>

5u I ulion
F 2o\+€ = *2g'g K-+t
i- ML.=*G
[g'a v-tt
M: r= -
90
^6x+ - - 'l-

10"

K ar"d > ^rol ues


I DEh= O'LLV
l<eR =fr I+e

l+EI
=.+er
IEI
I Dee = o'z|l
KEg =
Io =. l| :-\
.3Er Dg.= o'L
Ke.' =# = I
Kge
t+EI
i-
? .+EI ) Dal = o'zLT
- to
7{: I';EI
)ishbufi su tilL Allrs, enJ rnornenb
a.217 o.tIT o217 IAaa = +^e'o
'L+) = -s'rt Y+F
v-'lL
lilc* =''5'12
MgE = L*e'o'c'+)
ilpeyr+ +29'8
q, = tr Qo'z+) = -e'tz4['l
-192
I co,,,t- +g.a<4 r rA;
r D M-; -10-U+ -f ie -+Ig'L
izu+ 4. -lo.?+ +?olz o
-ll -
B.ar"lle-'t.6'.'Fov lfr, bcam shoan bo)a.r., livrJ all 1L .td moner.l
T; dr$ffixev ^orrrn rlr dioxram aird srnteh aelle.teJ sh","
Klft K
1 2o'
26/ ?o / (x er,nsta"+)
A 6o'
?-
SdAo"'.- tr { x6o
Mne --L- ' 12- =*?ook-|+ ; *Eo='3oo v-lL
K'f-t
.20r+o = #loo tt-f L ) vtF"B:-7oo
I^
[c -+T
K a)^d D \ra] ves
q =o.I66TEI I DsA= Q'+o
Kea=
Ker=% =o'to EI J+ Ds" = o'co
#o'te67EI
othev enA rno vnevis
ho1 = rToo + L (zzo +uoq ="Vo K-k ) Mleg= F pa +[ &'o-toD E-bov4t

Bendin4 r^ome^]- &oflT an


,l (ft

hy Rr +o
EMe =o ? -47x6of Qoxrlto 5Mc =o
+3+0 -22'O 7 O
2 3gy'=14'E tc U)
R*7 =32 K U)
v
Erp) GFD)
Lg 5'5

@*r)
-12-
D4e.le| shaq.

Exa* Lelnvminz c":t( tfr- od morneN


Drq,^; baxdintrnorn e* diay"t @vra)

Z F/JI I+
K

4jI y=U1oirl D
zoi r=9oo
frrner ktt2z girnifar lo *I:l'i.15,L
Jtl"f,oh '- r-+t ; *f,n 7 -37'5 Ylt
k+t ) ML = -K'& K-tt
t,-+t

K and -D ,mlgtt
=ry=64E ')P =o'7gV
tbA
Dga

KD.= 3El3{.=I+sE Der= o'+lb)


:-K =lO9E
-lZ-
)iql-rLbu,lian h.bla

.597 . 417 I

l/lsA Mac lvlc6 Mcp


FEM -87.5 +€6,L7 -66.67 +20
COM =+ +27'?b R
DM+ -90'92 -24 '69 -+4+6.6 o
-69'y +e9.31

NP, Mns =rgT.5 + L^Cg81 +37'5):* 2z'Io K-'ft

gF D and BMD

LYI{b z 4tL
A B 9
22.to 69.Et
RAy

:tsB =o >- &io{r +(sxQxr's


5M. = o ) -%7x2o +loxl)xto -+x5l6B'!l=
*{z'to-69'31 =o
-' .R"J,=Qo^*-4 - irl = 21'59 YQ
TI.9L zz.qy
(srY A 9
n.21

pnD DGMD
^
- l+:
7-r tro?'te .g :-De,Lr"mine tho, and
1
motllQrvfs *f,*joinit6, B ard ,
lL Jatto;tY Irana t

lq=u,r;"+
L+'* tt ril
Bw> ' l\- I,=Z4o ;n
I
d+
in+
6rd
lr=try
ZK_-*] J
t ,rrl
+
+l
lE
I rott T rott

@ ME" =*
n;'o *5
=
K-tL
) tl'F.g = - 5 k-'J?
,!. =.F'ry',=*3 v'tt ) nie = -7 v-lt

KonJ) wlues
trExt44
KBo
=T=72t KcB= 72E Da=o +o
= lr?rcq g I'agr=
1-},1=o'So
k., = ?'Youo' =72E
I(r0.,
KB"
lo =72 o.S0 = o- +o
2k = tEm VcE = '.8^li9- = 3e E J Dq6 : o'zo
zk :l9Oe
hs+"ibu/','0, {*tq
0.go 0"5o o.+o o"bo 0.20
FErvr-+ +f I l.',9, Vtc* M"p I tvtlg
l+5
coM-> l*i.ro
'* -5 l-3
DM+ -? 2A -?.3o \\
3ffi; -'rY
Dftrr --s
_.?z+ t- +2.2o +3.20 lo,

,66
l"z3
.o #
''
N ole:
)ishlbuA ola
At{.avt'*}e-
i"n'

5M-+ ;q +3.t+ I
+.o? +,09 +.OL rrzx{- YWj
-z.gh +3.89 -- -t"o, ? &:n-S ttr'^ )
E7 rl=r-------a

- lq. h

A t lqvn&uliEl, i bL.fi o n Tabl <-


= ,LyO
vva McE
ftu+ o +5 -5 -7
bnn + -z-5 -Z'S 3.2 t.L
e9M l, (o { -) - ,29
Dl/t -,?O -'g o ,5o
-29 .tfD
_.rzr ,og
-o€ -w
. rb

*'o+ 'oz+
5,u + -3'q 3.+7 3.gg
@Nt)

I
-15-
Exampla '[
'9 -'- Duf.rrni y\e- 16,u end fno me:rf,s 4 tE" fd{omrY
L"Drau> BMD ond suzl .h de$a.led shryz
fo-
D
5'
B

rt
Ig covtEb"{ )

goxl0
So[ u]io,^ t- tnL
,,'AB = : IOOt-{t; M; = -rlo K-ft
K ond D vaj ueg -
DDB= 5v1
bEr ,+,D T DBR= o'2 KuB: - g€,7 I [>
KaR = .+:1O I ?ET7 = .GEtJ'Ba=
'l+2-9

ket = +er/, ,ttgtE ' ) De.=o,+ \,: /5


,Ce1'I?E rJ T:rqer
keo = taEI/s ' %u =o,4
2K : z')EI

)isfribhl',on lalla
.Ll ,571 .+29
"2
Ms^ M-rt VlpB Moe NoE,
-l0o o o o +L88'7e+ro) =110 61 r-t|
1- zo ++o MAB - too

Vcs= Ln+?-'+l = 'H r-f,?


2'1

+ t.t) -9.59

.+'ov - -+9
-_-\-

-le -

goq ; ie'r?_
? f+Z't4ll
B* ?e'7e
)

Fov ynembey ftg


-
lFuu =o
+ Ro/ = +g'tg

1s'+?
iro'61 -
D"dn cted shoq,z
-lf--

Mod;{;"1 sfiffnrt,
Fbr fu eox. ol -y rrn4'7 a'J^'nd s7 ^,^.hJ,
-','('^o'
:t: a^iv'r lnat sW ffi
Jr'mI n;lA;' X; P"* ^!,.::Yi
T)ffi#t ffinr, tL fav d ':
"-^i
{"*t'a"'ru' is also mod'i'"r srdl-

fo. Sm ia skl-{wct is s- 4Er/r '

syrntntby
Xlo [;J.; ed si;JIwst,, V'=*EI/EV"*fu
V' = OA/fT * FY
Anll'- s1t,iYnnl"
,,,'d i',i'i(geJ
K' - 3El/L ?t*h^J"'
@"L Pa't'"ah)

ba*it*"n oJ. wod;,[;e) A!{noss

Le*s corosi&x 1tr' itann shPoh


)r.
b)ow.Th.o- rnahbv
-Jc Wtfenk
ffi;.lr t*t col2t*'itru-T *erv.bg.- Yt
7"i"trt*t anls7rnrn ehtc"l u'se--
L
- lY A E['!n-DYe']o'
,l 'n-, f [,^.hn^ n1/^'
Daufi'oh
t# ry -

fY *r.=
TQu,*o)
fu'7;* +MtL='+Qo-, n,.uf ,
Mr , = %.0
\q
o.n.r=^fl.. (luet" i7^^'.,
->
Agai", {ot nenL* 7t - " 'CF"r
.\rweh1
MrD= ?Ei-@r+ o)
o
=)Mr =':kQo+e; ^^3;r:J;"
,a/tl
l*'01=o
+ =
Mrp A t.o.r'=
fft. t{o,
^ltrtl"n"l,7
-l$,*

1.10 '- Fov Itro <onli nrou3 boa,^ shourn be)oo, dn-lnv''.ino*,
?awr?lo
fL a\a r"noYn n,.ls'
tftt r2 t! It

5@2t+'

Sol"hoh'- W,.. noti.e tF^I tho s{ru .Iurn is s)nm dvtcaL 'J6-I tk-
t^id gpaYt 6L rn€r^ bev cD.
yrl,
0Fr
F-l,t', klt
--+ry=*57'6 *Fro = -57'e

l'nFcp = -ryt =457'6 V-*t

K anJ D vaJue-g Dcs ='€LT


Kg6=
% ='!2s EI ]*oto='\29 KcD-W Dcl ='79?
Kgc {:'z5er
2K =.29176"I
Disjvibufion Wlz
@ @ @
I .+29 '57L .ee7 I .333
Mc-u
FEwI-+ 57.6 -57'6 o o 57'6
@Mr)
.DMJ -57.6 -lg,L < --
+(,.A'h \ -79'40 - lg.L
+ CoM
q-76 *- ?- Dt'n
-'Z!,. *J +2'
-70,19 -1.O'DT
aegM
+'94 \-- -l'9L -'96 * PM
-'o9
_ vz R .> +'27 + C3^t'A
\ -\r er .lg --'09 r- lM
+'Oi -
-L7a81+n.zg +.ftlY.
t

-76.W +36.4+
-||9 --
Exarn ple- 4.II Drlernina drl tkc. qd nnom€rJp j*
- fK. itftouh*}-
{"t e.WG.^, BlnD anJ sr'u}'h ddu.ted sha4e '
ed 6ok
B lo' 20' lo' c
zo', zl 7o" zI
2o' 20'
I T

@ Ne- nohce tfrt tr, tbur)"yLLs n ,J','s/rnn.k;."1 .

Mtr, = * Uo -
t, @o -27\t0 = +225
K-l.b
W ^
K ond D rraj ws DishltAon +"b1"
Kslt-- Ln;:t = o-2ecrr.r K DB\ = o'3+g
I
Ksc=ry=o'tu:. f" W.= o'7e
= o'Tel
J DsE = 0'26
-rle=%
zK = o,WEi
2M+ 48'1|l't4n'q-58'5
3g r'
Nou,,, l4AB = Lx (re'+s)= -79
BMD. kl
Uiiv=4* Qre'E) = -ze'zs
z?'?9
Re/ ,-# eoF

t
:l'Ac = Q )-RE7 x+6 'rQoxtn)+t?l'?sr+L=o
+ Ref = 3C'8€ te U)
zit$f
4

4r7'xt
-?;O'-

*kt^.r,;-.a; nt*:ft"iffi ';*H, k^y


- E*e*pl+-r, u crr-'"a
Q$+ @-z3s,Nalj,€'x'1r)
{aflqPt3'
,i* ^'",W .r
8o r-ht
tott + b[bB slt #
Soluho1a MI"= ry =

,V-Yn.ofup-
t,Sr
l+t
"-' lt? A"E'- ry
. -r{r:J",r n *a=- '4 = -ts'tKil
-- "[
- I-A,
TK='7EI
;sli; Aulinw TaAz
'9Tl .4441.116
Nul',,
ll6-L -748 }/tp.'= l+Ut'9++2'
o ec Y' tT)
= 2Z'7?
v-*l
lb,Ts - _=q
-9.94,t z.lz
l.OG -30

l7r,LL -l+h
T

I De"Lrrnine- th- i"


&0cw

R4.. (e, to-q, friutdor-,i+oD f CIinl-s o$ Wu


;{= ^+isrc-
Jr ayn &.
I @raslav"t,
ehouort- be)&w. Ef

LO
K 5 Rll'b
,>
g rrft t74
Sotuli s'n : fi x.d end ffr-;rr*'Jr'
tr
tf +t t5$t
MEc=
ry=r3s wM ) M"+ -=
-tzs r-f-
K \.. D votuas
Dg.= ' 5 +5
De. ='455
tg
:48r.7

K.g =fr--t
4Er ;gLZeT
L lD* = :aZ o
"z?8
Kcu -z? =:+#)\LE=
--.24 )DeD= .3"7L
Vae
,,,.1 j

{Yc

*ai-
-
-21 -

Strufr;-r^r'fh support s*[lemer* :- Devfve- 1f.- aytesti ons "+


L s;e]*ler ant.
CA/?LG)- Bc+fi en|s $xeJ
- aY Qe 4a onvo- w e- ea)\
"*
k r[T
ALL
A Lly= A ', r*u-P%l*w
ol eo'

*,)* ? = tfl orna,$ "+ Yet


t l'\ -t. A
Yer

EI

CovzL(D - Frr' =na is sil^^Plt Eu??ovha"l ,

we ca'x
nnil- aYQtu ++,*YQw
%r*orn
l, -
ulofl;

ho=A ', reA:r",lATl4Hp-#


-5L
B b)"t' r' ' Poinl- ^
j** tAr'l' B
^k "lYel
?t txlx$)^
,L / % =b
,EIA
>_vl. #r=A -2 [r/f = +
-22-
Er,avn?le l.'lL o- Tha sugporl E o{ t[n J"lfou}i ry !'rame- sef,fleg Lin,
d^ot,rnda'l,de anJ g inch *ifrLlr^l1rd .V+elrr^i#e 1E- en4 *ornod-s
yesfii"+ $'o* 44r-arc- SNatnn*S.lttr, E=3o,,ooo t<sv

Drar,., e&v anJ evehh de\l"JeA sltqe '

B +oil=t++o intf c
'flr,ro,^+ 20' .aJ
f=?J1-O tT't '

9olJio", 'n

r[. = Vr[g =+ exZo,oooxlkloxz


fhonrz2%
t97. s v-*t
Mrre=M[c=-W^
= - lgT'5 K- [t

KondD
'l
rrA=
ry =,4he DBa='+Og K., = t44E DcB:O'79

Dgl= .lg2 ;, = !^z-W = 48 E I "oo = o. 2e


>- k - lgLE
KBc =
ry-lI+4€ Dgr= '40 9
zk = !5ZE
-z? -
Dishib on l"-UIo

'l+og '1.92 .l+A9 .75 .2s M^g C' higr- t'LlP


=o
Man Msc Mcg M"s
FFru -"; o
lYlps
= Lx ezc' e7) = -t9' +?
coq.-, 197.5 +t97.5 97'E
Dru'+
o O o I{e. =-leT'5*L!'rnll+l
+ -vc'Le -7*C9
?'Eq -38'3t 7 _* tgz.g u-trt
)u -> - 5'88 - r'gg +28.76 9.Se
Jt + t.to -2.9+
Dta+ -.1+S -'+t + 2.2o +'74
CO|Aur +'o8 -, .lT
13
h-> -.09 -'6? + +'o C

EM.> -93'ot -?6'97 +177'12 t7?'tL

BMD 177'tL je-lle.f"r shape-

1?7'tL

8b'06 n o'aL

|q,49

lQr'z

e' en) t,.ono-"|' due k-fL


Exavnplc-1.t3 :- Del.,,.m*e1L rnernb
supptrl l'
to*ohon| scflleme* , lL
gs= ',,o16
'u J i;xod "e|'to'ft

%lt^lt;h - Vrl, - *Iff'lq' oo I6

"
C
lo
Gueh:- f'6 =txt{'Foe = tLne 'Q =+e'+
El = \O,0OO c Y-tf

K e- D rrdues
fut='5
f6u'r a2l o
)^^ -t-61-l'6
Dla -'5 rA+ + l-6 l-t.6
-z+*
ll '.- Dn-luvrnlrre_ rn€
Exarn?le- 'l .'t4, eroJ rnornar-tr due fE lE
st;;y?orl se*ilen ^b* -
mention e-l &.loh) -
^f= ^e
wavl)
0A = 'ao1 ra.d C"( oc1uase) a-B = '6+ trt C4ok)n
AA = .ot jt Ldrrdh Pa,d) Ac : .ot?s ff fof ouDn
oard)

A4 r , 3r L Gvev',-
E=7o,0Oo trst, f = I,OOO inF

Jdu/rur,-

t{/ c
iotTf
OOI \'
A -..'--
oA
= -,

c
lA'on = 4x?o/O0oX l00bx.oo/
Qon a)
xlv +
€, x?o, oo o xl o o o x
0o ^ ru)-
CoU -' o r)Al L *b
= -83.?7 +ZT 5 = *291.67 lr-+b
M
[o = - L* &s'??) *77 5 = 7??'39
* r-[t
ffioa-=^ =-Ig7'; v-/iY

K a"d ! ues
^r*l Dro = '/,7 );ek;bufi'or, *o,LI'
Dr. ='L lAsn
Zf< -Wr FEIf\ -lkr',
DM
-s7'9
EM + +?-7{ -27r
Noru' +r" e? t-793.sg) = +ze L'et Y'W
MAe = +29{'17

lv1.g =o t.. t+;"r sYr6Yl)

I
-25-
Exarnple t.'tf '- Find the. end -oter.{^s oltF- tsllotrtnfiame,
ah" t,tfr-t A ,ulole, 'olYog Qoc4aise ar'J 15. s'*7'ovt D s9&1es rind
YzY 4',' r4!A . E= ?4 660 Ks L .

zo', I=zoo in

I=3oD int+

(o(Jion Fixad e^d rnornanls


- I
Gut) .
FEtll due 1" Load g'.-
; MFrB= -ee'eT K-lt
M?o5*2x2&/r"t+&.€7tz-}t
M$U = *5xlD ='{-50 F-[t _2-

*Er=-ry=-lt'll
l- K'lt
Mhv*ry=+*uu'zztr-|l )
FEM dua tb c&lene:tg "* E- Lf,F+t' Q) = -zo'g
= - +l-el
1r4',, ME
t^[FB-e € 4xSo,oooxto?x'.ol
6xl?-)
Qo* ^1, ^=
?x?Qoro^b4 * ?.6'ot+ V-l+ ', nn ie - o
nbo =* fzo* lf ^h =

K ahJ D ,nlues As+il.Jion lnble


I
.lt4 ,zrl I
'15+'l
KsA=
ry=zoE I DBR =
TrelI -m
Mls
Ksc= Dgc= .Lr5
ry=BoE l" i*'{ -?;O'93 +26o\)
9.99
lKey
=ry?=zoe), 'zlt DB, = iTil- -r t"t -err
4o.e4 >- - e \+16.6?
l-"f6 ,\Jl --rs.e6
| s.e6 -+lb.b s I
Z'K : t?OE : -Zt-+7 l-sr'Ll+$\'oq -50l+so
Nfu,
+ L Qr'r? zo'9) : -47 '# {t
+
Mng = -t1l'L7
'u) = *o'99k7t
W--+D?L+*.Qst'c+tt
_t4 _

S{ru rluve,,Eifh ioinl -l"ans lo},un t Cst^'qy fro bl e,^)

Exa rtle 1.16'.-Dalerrnine aL( enJ mo rnnn[s IL of tL folfoon


@rau^.-r BMD and g*e-lch 4e!1e'le& shoqe'

g
3oK 4r

@t Consb,*l;

solulion,- w e- noliee *oI fi'ts is swajr Tvoblem'T "i'a* B< esa


t
.ou. l'"n, w+dlr1 . 9uf,,V , hsrizonla'L'4's7lau-'ne:4 is '
/#A Hf r ose)
v- rv,
is = MLo = # W; ;:: ;-:: ry
I
(
-'.Ther, MF.r=+W"-
to" =_. LxLeC(.L] =+2oO
=1160
V-

K arn d D \^[ue g

Kga= 4et 7 o.zeT ) Dea= /3 kr.= .t+El I D.s= 4/i


2D
Kgc = +EI -=6.+Et
t+
Dgc =7s KcD=+=Jrrj"r.o =e/i
)isJri tuti"n -ld,t^ >K
-J
>K =-'/ EI
Y> z/g
V+
M M c Now,
+t0O o
-57,14
CI +2oo l4*g= +loo *LQn-22- rc, = rsz'u tz-ft
-* rb.z9 *78.'97
- 114.2
- 85-+l
=4t.7e
.t7
-+ 6.1 7- Muu= CI L' H;,g*9'rVy"rt)
+'58
+.o6
+94-tz + tzt-os
-2? -
J.r &ttsurtt"J & :Pla<"-tro"t r---
t"li"t &":)
%, tF2a..o [f." 6'
P- g'gL-t!'lt =o 2P=20'9?f
.'- Mulli rlTiny {u.lo1,,f = T- = *u,
Rp2i = lZt'os/ o
+ i= t'+73
= | 2'Il

=8/?.'t(+8h.zD/ro
: g'92- l<
m
Shovan be'lou
Thq6, F;" ol tosull e = (n"dh in F,3 A) n t'+?9 , and
BMD

D€J-l ecJ slaYL

---1
,
I
I
I
iit/
[v
?ta
-b.t-

g*a^do r.E'- Find th.- enJ "nornanlr JoY tK- fdlouttuV Jrane '

K
trp_.-+ tsiu c
15'
I
?."33I

Solu,h'on '.- lfi.'- nslirc tha-t thi s is a- t-ry Eoblen'


rh' 1"inf c
Can rn ove

rrg
?:lp.Yt BaseA oh th- #2zurn, we (3\\ lsr
ttl C' A 'Lu
J^r-t
P"lnt) = 5?'12'
I

I 0=
I

ht 5?'12 2 /= 'Tsa
+ =
I

b
l
It
O, { A 2 d' =l'25
- 9in 59'19
"";'^.:rlou=m?^=+ryJi2zg/:r@
,*e,
t5' x'!5
^ ? Ito Y''+
lAFu.='*',* = -6gxtl =

Mb = Mb c=* =+1e v-'ft


'od'W'*"
l< a!1J D \d,u 8s D<lg ='5
l<cB- o'5333
Er Jt )cp ='5
Vaa --
ry =o.zll+ttl -\ lr,e='333
KcD =O't?)9
EIJ
4. - -ryr=
-a/

o'gi,31lrJ fo. ='ttT


l5
-*-7O -

o, +a,L

.??? '5 othev e,.J Yn 6Y'flz.rth
'eL t
to c) = * roe ' 1 v'{+
lfisa
+l0o
@o
-15 -l5o I
M.p
F lro
Mng =
!1D. =
*loo++* fue

*llo+Ln gD
'z-
':,-rro) =+445'9v'tv
rO o
+I L, L4 l-rzZ'te
q{
o
+rL.G
+1.? ,+Z-19 -B'77
+t.99
--*'27
-.?, .6e
I

+'lz -
+'lL +.2\ -'L9
-'DL -,oe
!-ltg'Y -lt+b'9l"t+o'z

Thzv., ,r,su-[ls p" ,otturnef, d''sg\a:%ixe


glr,. !ra*")
'". E=o$u"Gn'
%,r\A - ,.. rn4. t*ll+ ==O
\a9r
1 lo9'l+lt+S'9
\l 3i-tl't+6xso+
t'.. ,^:;.-,rs.r'x
$r - n-
p?= C4
fiz'Lr3lt C+)
t*z.Lpglt
:2'?6
p+ rffiluo'9lu0'9
-*E> V I
rn..lLnlu ir,yr 4a.lo', | =
.'-lnwt{'l'1\ lo' ffr,
ilg't tr^ R1 *)xzzL
Frna,L r,-sd+ t =@-sulh
15'

shourn VdorP
'-
109'l rwf , onJ
A
Rar.= (ob' ,*,::e')/t
= 15-t sY lo)
-'
Fit.h-Ru*r^.ttt 4ov
assurne d
'u rr\a,^,n*"'[

'*g'L

L51'\
Ot

?,w'
Fi, oJ- vs$lt
D

..-
I
--27 -
. --Jrl{ o^.7Jta'o'

so'
U'"- tt
golulion:. No noli'e'ft'at 1i' :: 3r:iy*,f'j$, f :
No atlo r\ottc<- """,rt, o:rlAlorn- .^..,^r "^om"nl&sl.ibu,t,-
J e Thern''trrual*'
K;tr.:*t*"**''
,{B* i Mie =|&--i't
v--yL:rt'so3asol

t'
',r, '|,s' I
r
IL, r ot'A 9.'mJtro'
n
^, tleA =='g
lr3=_'.,r
ry^:: 'l er) De.- =
tsea =

^ kga'ffi'-'-
ue$=o' "rL+
pishibnlioo {orlo-
-
eI J
: '2(c? _,.,";li:::
;;-.Tr::nt "t
,5 .5 5
KcB-
'KcD=G L@ -'1c(tel\ )cD ='9
,5
Msa
-tt
z7 ''
w+#
+lo
-37'5 +?o +20
,----
o
l/ot''
' , !.r6sr*r ) ='5
,- +l
v-+t
w- -?s-?e Mne =
19
v-|t
-2.3,t+ -2.94 +9'79 9.e8 = lf
+.Zg -l.la
+'59 '5?
MD. = lrSo
_.15 -.tg - .oT
+.otF +'oh
-SE- VS, -3o l+lo
42-
tL surfgor L vnor-ftov, aI
( -
t^l 'J $.J
%
AF*=o @"f" e ftane)
tt c *Qct7-7+-'3^lt =o
-3ryt
3o -S.
-J Rc* = 7K k)
Fit.l - Rerdh ol
pavt- {.
D
Rrzc
=
(r* zA/s
=zk ?) =3ke
*7R ok c btt'L *,u!',t',n*"1
Paytz- l^4r" lov o' [ov*'p=Rex
A, o{i oL-tt g'ft'utfotn-
lL^t I'tol.,

HP=+K X
itP)
; c,v,ad*J-;fiii'^'['i "
M[;; ;;4 = 40 .-'e'c"l
rrJ'4'r-
Fis.
:*t91t
2.1 S*, ll'
'-rw*'v'Jvr- ll Vvand
And D
DffaIUeS (!.orns,lo rt,I
s (cs^sid^rry -l
"^{57^*t/
asluneJ disp{aarunl. 'a.lue
| ,, I'4,I -nrtzcTl ha=.4
I ]"?"
1r

D t<ss=ry=z€crlr

g*T.Fa=
- (l
o fPntii a Jtono) )islrcb*Atn |*t"
rrgrv',2-:- A
^t n6.,
,;-' .
4 ?7= |'gLT
o aP/= y*i+
P7-- : .k .6
. . Muth dy y f""h!, I =
f, #?'75 MeR Mec-
+lO o
FinaL relrlb'*?N+ 2 = @*sutb i", A3.2')x?1s
anA ghoon hdouD '- -l+ -u

J;= to+ +G-tQ =+9 u-ft


Nau',

ti'
FiX.z-Rrsutb o[ Yu*-
-73-
h'9-l,) qnJ shsr^*' b"/sr,, -
F;NAL resulb {fust,th in A)'r Y,jvlb
-+ itn

v4t

tA $i"a*7**
Exa*pl a l'tg t-Dalavmine atl 1F'' enJ rnoma'"f' "f
ghu.*urn' K
ZO
K
lo

I= 6oo inq

20'
) lo' )
'^
+ '0'
ioinl- c ca\
(o{Jion'.- [AJe ,,oticetfJ tf''i s is o-etnu-l/problcrn'1t
lt^ro 7wh os
;;;. -Also,Tt^r* qre mll,\b" f'"ai9lK^U'"in
{'ri+riru/ri

l"*** roJ^d-s'lnorl ol lru!:IuaL ''omn'J'


k[t
"Ifi 4
r0
K
MF', ,=
BC
*zg*Vlg--=
2*
*56'zs
ktt
2ox,tg,
M?s.-ry{=-'19'75
20
-36--
cHAPTER 2-
-D4[e"lion Me{t'c'd
Sl oge

St"rr -ln/n.{i"* er"4g",


W Axd -
n ger.Jnxon ix t

thz tetlod d..s da'o)oyuA {J*J


ba'e. y'u&lui '- T&'
Ge-rrnarvJin tv+.rl
i";:n of tr''iv"fi} [l'i::;l*':;-
ii.;,;Z'i' a?,?W::,'JJ^:,
U,:."i, *,, is asprcabtoj* F-
crrns\&ovA ri

disPla<-o-m'"*
and'dohvu
A
%e 1r BI * h-
n L
-t D,L)L la
A E,I.LTIT \ .j

rJ*.; a"ht^rera*,Sml,
of * me-mbav tD'r+-^ +M-et\cL
;
l^/\^Aaa.6,

;IUt;*.,
+TA;; ;f "'''A".
ff J' J'
t'#**
nu^ unl

MRu = t^Fo, *'+ Q' ^


* n'lb 1
3t

MBA
il -iJ = m''o
Au.
Y et,:':
:diellac-.rn es''[' * I?..
r; ___

;4o:n
=MFnro ft Qfu+ os)
ea)
v\sn = uF"^ *lQoe+

I
AnoW)s sloqs
tI i) ESytes: tL $ xei <''r ^ornelfs due-fo !NA4
;7 -t,-#\
'e"J momev'{s \n lexms of Tt"- enJ
''ii);#ff; lne
{:
,*
Et&o-ss
.t

$ I,,r A"*ve- dtsgla'-^e,S


t
B

+ ttr'
iii) 1k. ['"t'/i]'*' * "al']'tvlu^
- c,rrngidav
joit"/- Yn6mtnt= '
it) Sclva {x r'rrrfr^rrsritrr- tolofi*l anJfor lsytra*n"a

FnJ movnak Jtot- ds7e--d4jlet{..'u*


9 ,fi'u-^J
e4^o*tww'
-38-
Exovr.de2.1 l- FnJ ffi* e:nl rnorne:n|s o{ 1F"- co^'{ttu ous boa,
^rnethod
ffiao-1{nrl,r"
5K

(uf c"nsla4
'/
eol*/,on,- Fird enJ *orynn[).-
*+r,', VLo: -+' 7 K-+t
r1() F l. u r-L
r.- r u r.L
t<'lL) Mb:-# 5x+x6,
--. 7 a1-2o Y1+
Vrs"= "Z#=*+'so
+7 k{f
yl|=Ma=*lx? =
t.
:-
gs)
MAs = *i ,,0 + ry Qoo*
fl:r)
a t{n B: '4ga+ '2 0s ++'tT @ssu*in
{i,nilntV,
llgA - ' 20A -+'b0B-+'lV
'2 g .+ +'go
ffi1c - t+Og 4-
*+'V0. -7'L
Mc6 = 'zhs
r|€
-loln+
1Aofi'ons, -
_(r)
--\'
l5A^--"?'Vge#'l}g+t+'17=o
L06t. Bos't' z'e+
Lt = o -'<z)
:il-=::;T ;:o'r' =o
it/L=o)
o .l'.;=o?
tY\ag+McD=o7
)M.s l'n,
\-o"P +'+CIe-'.Tt
' r '/
i>ln. = 'F --G)
+ '20a'+'l+0t-+'L-o -
A -F
-(=)

'., eoLu. @) , A.: t'ze' +4'Z)/ +


Fr* .{.() , 0n =-t 2Oe +4.4) /.+
iv.
t.(z) a
-7? -
-"fC z%++ ,?)/'41+' lev*'2tQ'zbs'+l1 L)/ +J +'e3 -o
'609+ '65 =o 2 0g :4'Ogg

'- 0A=-g'8g'r 6e=fl'alf


) +'tf x {' o g} -' +'(? = - 6"57 t'-'t
MBn ='2xe9'gg
W+'go = *c's7 l+ft
c=''*(; e)*'z^l 1.0

-3 kk
l-4g
Lr)-7'2 =
Mca a12.2y,c['os')+'Qr@'o

eIT.- enA Yno


J B
+slq"-
-DolevrniYr ^n*ls slraqe
^.J r\.azrr^ ) E\ M h and svetcl' delle"lnA
Alt lion ne]hod.Draa> B.M.D. .

k
zvltt 10

2o', I,=7 15" r= l TE


2b' Cor','h-[
kl G /)

?- U'e7 K-lt
solufi;on'.- FFM'- rvrFo, --+ry -* e6 e7 v-t-t ; UFro

MF"E= McF = *lOx 5 =


+ 5o t<-lt

l/le^bnx e1u"h'ons '--


!-
trt*s=*6e 'e7 + ry e* 0, fe*suury Q= C*nh+)

? M*g = '20Bte(" e7
Msa = -€e 'e7 " "# Q0e* 9
:-e(-C7+'+g
-+o-
lfiD.: o+ + pen* 0) ; fA.B : o+ + Qn., sr)
2 flgc = '26e7 0e+' l?23 0c
g') \Ao, : o++ @x+ o,
MgD - o-r- % Cos* ',

.+ Nlpe - 'I ge -r'2Ot


+ MBD: '2 0e+ '( 0o

loir"l eqq;t;tr iu^ e1,u#ov"


EMg =o ? trAga +MgD+Mgt
=o
lso'e"? CI) -- o
ee e9* e.s+
(0r* Ue67
F--(D
'l 0o - 6e 'eT :O -
+ 9667 0g+'t 73a0.1

51fl. =Q

0e =-2go
- -O
'l 0g+'20D=o 2
EMI :o + MPs =o +
ivr C'l) anJ Q-)
p,^+l in.,'e=-70D a"-h'o\^i
t'e'\ - e(' L7 = o -
{+)
'137> 05 0b
gY +5o - o - --(g)
'26eTSc--' zeeV
0D--61'1'l
qn 5) )-7ot-ts9'7e --o ->
ryldrq)x.2
o*1'-,1'.* x v-k
.'. [ABo = - C€:e7 +' Ul*'"''o' -r7'+e
=
e) =- 5 6 t'-&?
MB. = 'Le(tx'"' +'t773x'U'r
" -'+ts'se \L-tr+-
MBI = 'z>rQ3z'zz')t 1xk(r'l'
g1^l). a.^J a"4l**"L sk^1o - Do 7o""*-L{
lgrrer.,
-t+1
-
Exav^p\e z'3'-- F;t'J th- unL nv,-nnI'
o[ tk'- ?*kI {'^-
srdcr' a'e$"'}nA l'4"'
W gloge de$Iee*io^ me{l'od U"-
-+-,_|
u*o a'^a
0

I Cz;-r1s+r"A )

3ol. tion,- (po nolirelf'ok tk s+ru.lure ig sTnndvtJtt^"'


t7^'o1l7
toill lor- no s*n| lrnl. ;s=-g.',LeJlp -iu'-to
u-ft
FEu :- MF.o MBR = -7x5 =-35
=

b* slspzJoj..{ro" nlu"hon - ., cwl^"trl


1^;:;':;i 1ei"'l n) ffrssu".\nv
t-A . ..^..*,o er=1
trr=I

'zgs Ugu.- - o)
->ll\ec-- .,n;:.:ff,
;;:, * n,) u1"
+ Qee-r ou) a ttleo =
Mes -- br+Qee
+
roi. I etuahong
tMB= 9 * Mg.t l{ge =: * . r-oo+.20e-?9=o --
Mea-+ - LD
: o 2'60p+'z0e-7e=
+ --?5-+'Loe*'uiJn
42 22 a (- v. Y-/'
';; r\
Af

lEM. =Q
=o
f.il , 0s );ein .qualrontr)
";';:::r206-3s
]t
I I -42-
0s = -2 xQZs) = t7O

NAA
e -.hx TO +'2x U) =aL4 kll, ) Mq, = -z4 *l+

Ntrl,,, Dr aror grrnp anJ Syu*.K drJ'lrr+"A shqz- , doorseJ{


eJ:-t'T':
Exa^?),l2)'-Wslo1 slove-d$nAo^ ^u$oJ,B N^) on
d sK"'frl :^k
nevrlr olfd
olf# f"fl oY, Y
1r\o,*^j,
znJ 1"\o
enA fuam.)vatl>
A.il".tr; s\ry ei c"n* .f I'llL
f 1r
L

'5xt* ) vtuo ir -
4.rL+ v-*l 4'l(1
Solul;on I
- thr*s: T=
vr|u. = MB.-$1^7:7Y+L
Marn ber
"1"ohoh-r loir'l 4^A*)
gn) 5M9= O
={t+.{tt + #(or
lnas

= |'t{l +'208
Msn =*4-t#+ h?on*,
(1 +'*08 ... MRB = V'4
S ?r ) IAVA = -3 Mn.n.
= '-4't
*l+3-

Pgy}fl*Z* Find -tfi-,, ,no,enfs J th- .y+,tJ gd^t=


o[ fTw- 6no shtL^tr" bJ",^) wl^on lft,- uuffff,,g k]+loo^
I Ly,t dson-,,av4. DI: 7ao rtru'-l Qlx"a+11"/:'s'-n4eol-)
20 KN/YY; 35 'sv
,.
t,5DI) 3.Srn et
aB=1 cr".0)
€olt^,[ion ' FEnn due" to loaJ-s
'2O x tr
rn[e = 2o'+L 3.5?
l${'h^ ', MbO c -2O't+l kN' t^^
IL =
:
*8. 35x 3 13.t3 }+t. h^ .,' i.Af(B:
g - -, ..-13. 13 KN.r,t

Mt*e = 2o.4L+zW
3.5
+ Mne :24 OB + qLg'sV Ag
tfleez*zol+L+ YW Q:ee*CI*+W
? MAn : * lL'7g -+- 857 - l+08
(zgr -+- 0c-
T(,gi )
Ma L: r3. l3 + ?:t*9eo b-/

: 9'B +-z\ &e('67 0a+333'33 0c*


3X'o | \
M.B:-13.1}+ryr'>0.yoe -7
0e* Me 'eV gL
= -IL'+L + 333"71
ZMa:o Meo*tfru- *c
+
q $ZV q &g +33Vjl 30L* 6'95 -*o
1-[rtc_=O + Mcg :O - QrD
t-+L = c
a.> ZZZ Zz 0g
'D +
ee (. tT \L-tL,
_4 _L
=rdfry q, Q0 t(, , 0B: -?"+vl xro 0.= Z'5f. lc
( "
M\ng = 24.09+ t{-Lg'tf,KG9 'ors*,*) :22'fs KN'n^
KN"r\^
Mgn =-t6 7 5 +ggV'lry*: Qz.o29(rf9 :-tY'52
i

l{\Bc = ? B + eee e7'fe7.ozs*t$,1-73?,3i*


. @.
r*,*)- ri'52 Kf'/'h-

yT|:;*
:

xqfrz z,.e. . 4 Aov


"1/"*,T#
{ht' ry' \a
bar'd'tt+ momtw{-s -d'{-
ln,;q swilt frarne-'

-: D)rv IL
r,sr.^l I %cws"* 4
---)
D
{ercA I

Mne :rzs+ryQxo+ sB++) \X:Y*


>tff',

a
= llel+ CI-{-r

Man - -n l-s; W Qtes+ o+ %)

6Ce1 b
= 1,9V7+ 0c+'
If\c,
q1'(q
AMu':c)+ fVtBGrl&*+ Mtsr =- o
+-t5 <- l.L5 .+Z% +A 4 kl. 6. + l'66s + '80- :C
I ',

{:,;
Zlqc*c + M..g -{- McD :: o
\ :o
+ -+[.C7 +'8 ol+l'e O<-* l'233+Sc-* '6((7 r..
*6667t-l+{.4+
) ' , g 0g *Z,gzb+g <-+ =0 -^t'
SC":6-i Gv
lt
-..arb----.+&La&r [n+ I[y=]o Mv*
rw"+ [Y rl1u., Mco+Ml. %
-7,o
? W*Msol-M LD+Mp. *+{
-.\tt.zr+gs+a _n.zr+"b'+^
7 u,f,s+.bss_ v{ve4:
+r.sz3+ni..^I'r{^i7_A
A6(T 44" (ttVgc+,.tn,_ : kLld.
+2 0v *Z&e-+ 3,333 a- +S -o , -fri;)

34vi^1 gdr ),ii >- i,i, w,t2- 3R+ ..-.-.-.-


ta\
DB= -ll'}?6 ', g.-lZ'82- ', A'= l}'nT
l''29 i(\'rF'
-'^ M^^ = ll' zs- ll'?)5+ 15'77 -'
=- lB: 9 5 *
il'^ =' -tt.2s+lz'tQr'zls) -1-15'??
g x t2'
:
tL -- zz'e 5 xN' rh
+1' e x ('- l'r ) +
q | ts
M5s = . Ln
)+t'e*rt r' ^'-
M.s = --+t.(,v+'e^,0r'+ss .:j^n 3^l
: tQ'73 'il''r^i,'^'
Mpc= 'eeLaT.J1+'*Z*'(66+xl5'77
( (9'?7 --zg',sLf ldv'
5tL7
t'^.E -- t'g?b) y^-tb-[L*'

.!
.t
-4J -*
CHAPTE R 3
MATRIx METHoD oF STRULTURAL AI./ALYsIs

*Sli {lnees rne*hod, @;re +)


oqilih:gqent ^#,i
oi, r^nChoJ
MaJti* Wt;brilrn4
l{\o41.,o d
Flaxr'b; tilT *"tho d
t;.+l^oJ
Fo,rco
oY,conr.p ti{7 me#''od
Or, Method of"lib;
Consistent Deformation

Jv, sJi{[ness
"unKnoon nodo{- (.1"i"9 displacem.t'ls aYQ-
^otho|qpon+;liis ni.,-l -th"t dipla..ru,.,f
hyrn i.t,
sol,-iions sye. obln.,"fu Jmsl in rna*rix Jo* :
inlevna)- ht'"t
Jn eteril ily *uit'o'd , loiezs Ql PetJiois'
t,.n *"'^^ 1y""hhes
s'\d +ltus
ol r,tlombc-rs) eT z laien as
i*T:^:;"'oul*i^'il"i in rna-f';
" tu-
Somz G..netai- skrtt""*L nt[*s
sve(etal si'ru.{..,tu :- D Beavn s
,t Plqna *vus see
iii) Plana Jro*ne
b Plan o ,ZYfds
0 tr^el*vLossns
\tt SPace {vames
-+e -
9 Beavns
()-'
Y-/

.|,'l,,t.r+J JJ
U4r$to*rcn) ,
(pnoL)
ft% ion,
r.,l ] s+a1Li {''na '[enenls
r' -
--A.is
29 sY mrne['Y

ol sY^^&7
Pl o ne -{r,,^r, t9
9

-Atf ;oinls ayo cons'devo| t^irrjaA loinll earYy banilrry


/ro*anlg r
.c-Gn
i-e . con.ol @w) rnorn
"X[s
-Alt hern bn"s aYz 4w" - !"vcr*- Axi
"t +-* L, Shea*--fo'-
m4fnbaYS t-8 e6,y\ry band.i6cg"rn o rnev'/, <-xis I
ry axi a)-- irr
fol <)* (n',+l*r- €,on^?y zg1i on "v lension) ^Abors
LoaJg a.l *k +** \oints *ry Lood* c-an o.{ ,,rl
Gf IoaJ t"lt'.in a- rne,,\bT,
firi rn.zrn
"I-+
bov ghou,tJ b'dosigned'
ry Poe\horn

a9 Jvaw'a
meY^bav)

>&frn 7oa*srPlo nLl*u gsLe anJ Plrnr- {ramQs,'ladg


a.l in tk- ptane of tk*ryr e]nbq-^re G, PlqneY, bads)
-+€-
I BeaYnE

()-'
Y-/

Jtl,J'$.'{'J 'tJ
64"A'4',"1
QnoL) :--'i;;uul
&^ptien, *^ # !::;tff:nt
s1^rneLy
s

A^ar'oi,d'ry
I ^n) < dwro, ffn-ani-'
I

- sY^^&7 "J r-.- (f


ol
\t Plo ne -{tr..,r, iii)
J
Plana J"arna-

-ftlr -loinls a,te cu'uilqn4 ril - j:t:^[1f n esw) ben[i.X


;'; *ry-;o^nf,t
-';;';"i' ''homenfs '

-All r^embers *e 4,"'']orc'- l;;"J' V:ome'l 'shn*F


<'xis{-
munbets , **fit'#o'^- 1""4"7',t
". ll1 rnalfnbors
{ur.r- (e,tl'r* e-r,'(v"ssilon *lensiatl
'

j;;; o,* ok&- 1ol"+, -'7 Lood'g ceY\ o...I ^t


Cii i"a *+ p;fhinb'duiVner o-mernbvt, ' I ?ositrorn '

il ;;bav shoulJ
ii |t" o membov)
>&Irn geawe,pl.rne-Itu"u' anJ Plana {rames"la4
a.\ in kz. it;"" of li,- ltsvtbers @"' planar baac)
GLL;.----
Plane $'iJs
All rn er'.beYg &YL'n @nL-Plana-
-
-- loadg o.t in a Ji'oJi* y"xyeriiet^lc
to that p\ona'-

eyace -lo,r t, 9 Aga.+fa*a


,
-+*-
a

:-No. o+ d,r n hong tn'* 1r*juir^fg un rhov<


Tq6le,- -DeWa* of Jtnndorn e,o.ch
"i Joinl
S{tr.ffi
_W*otfire
Y
B<rctrn
}ansla*ror,"l
I
1fft
Rolal''ono

Ir Z
q9
A OntY v*| .-(
is
male'
crnsidcY..J
€'w/l-
Planz 7
huss
o L
plan<-
Jrarnu 7 1 3
Planz 16t
frrLl
2 3
S?o(4-
1russ 3 3
S?a.c-(-
{rnrnL 3 3 6

*-|r.,"" ol ol fL thuctuva i.€ dqtez f


jdrr,ts Lass +t- nbs rithq'"h +
E sup',tfrt. ' *u
dori = Qo "4 )Zie|n@ td-qf/n )- na'61 vnfuq'*
:5I_bdo[/:4) - no
-+9 -
ExaYn ple 3-1 .1 'O.- Delav*ina dori u* ffr- Jbl Iom"2-
Etvu.*utn,

(i) Beam
Q;) Frarn e- (ii'2 Tntss

3ol"i,on:-
1t) doKi = 4x2- Q+t+, -- +

Qr) dor; = 8^? - Q+z) ='rz


l"r, = 6\2 - Q+z+) =+
{r,1 , usu&n r
N ot- - f'^ bzarn, .^lia)- d"+''|-A:;!1fu#:"Y fX
.""Tir-ru!i:3#*h4r(bw'ff
&Jov-Zlr'on is u
i,;ohon
a- ^tnn uil
&a,^e- -(
ffilil i.o'r-';;;;,,)od'ri o5{uaso
ov ig rteqfecrod'
^
"stn'
;A-d"t"*#'
Soft,f on '.-

dotci = Bxy€ Q*') r


Lnos *rne-y^brys

-\
-50 -
.A^ iss tht|nees lrlathod

, idl"{ify deyve, "+ kinen "tri. indetrermin av @",',;)


4 ri nan oh' *Y
l

delerrnina
I

I
lr*r,l g and
it h?W re*o"intg ^rnaVei+
^rnavQ
rta.A
'(r"rr J Rasl"*^t sl'rvtl*'Q
I
I

I
I

I
I
I

cF*ili and
,;\;
,t
r. ;, onlk--Jutl7 reslra'r* shu't*vn
t:
'q?iV
ctlct',1"k- lotous '

ir,
l;;;' "'yk17to
"**'m
'T':'l" ::ruY'nt #i"m
"u eath dPI

i,.,;',
- rI {#Mx,nm:fnx#r;
;:;;';#'* a, selo*rnnn'l s
+; sM n+''
vonAons Qen Jovs'
sF'
u) Co,Jculo*- "lha,'
s.yaerPEiho/
Y
h
*51 -

Exa"np(a ,|.?.;-9y th+fness me


Yeo.$ont A U thporlt ,+ fii
tt4,l
, t^) _

E,I,L
Solulio"
u,
dort = zx2- &oD- f+
F,rtty Reslre"^,f sluctut<- GR,
,tg?gr -F,rygg -!t+trK,"fr. .

nt F ;Ptr,t =-#
-4
1L ut?
E
S{i/r'*s, tolr;*, r
'-Lflo,[<.:-Fovce in th<- &v'
Ki i +

t*/L
u)
a;rd of Ldua lo =1 :
2r/, Y

T4t
tr?*;lilttu- =l,.{#ir^ (P'^+
\:r__
Yu :B)
,-r

u1 :Q : L,.j.L"
IL 7 +gEI

((,t^ A,R*,R ,)
-
@*
utlr\ wP
\+lruv,-lx ffit =m MA= #*Y^#=+
flnnl = [ (un) RA= $+?"#r= +
Lfr] L:T]
;*.- @'pFRnt)
lwl --9o Yr
RB=$*tE)"#.=+
- 52-
Fxarnplo ine- Ifr- .ro"{i

1K. i,aPorls of fh. *to be.ar^. h{sg


I
3Fa)^
Veacti on e
"+ rnofir nnls of lhu n)ambex
end Ats.
fr'^d the
?/L
P
cs,nslu^l-
)
-/
Llz t L/, L L

LU F wL s.
,$dgr/iel;=
doki = 3x 2- Q+l+D=2- ) a-

Fullv Reslrc,"t g+ruclure q5,

il/le,nb n* For.'r- MJrir, R

c P-r = -PL/s*o'^=l: I
PL/g @"Ar)
g Ple Prnt-= ;%)
= P/e
S+ifjn ess trl"-!tI t<

Io-: JrJJz :3--


lE l* +ET/\ "y?, eI/L Krr =ry*1 =+
h1t/zt
c) Ku -L e
ET

ze/r cerf*
- ZEII 3w
T+:-i-,- ,31:9 -
3"lr LE /l-
Kz,.= ze/u
erfu ut
"Ew
-l
- 5?-
FT ' ; li friu* e'pu *[
EIlr
Tlq)
t,
L L(, .tbr\--' rzS

tlz=
WIW; = obn,?*/r,

T(6u,+ u1=o ).l,1 =-'ott+'*/n


Rwa{'tgns a,.A r*r*enks (e" ,R',QLt fflne'*uO
N''?*-
Ro-l =r ?/v o 1 i--'otttr l^A
r{er1sl
RBt 175? L uLy?1-/
;\ \rv*- \
R-\ \;; u'
\-+v*,-'*'t\
;
*^r\
v,or\ \',,ror\ t;;'l \ \'""'
\',rro'
MEAI [,,',f
l\rIC " )
[r-'rzs V'tr\ ii ]ttoLPl
tpr"* {Rg t,_, T*Fov*z,r
Lr", tt1z1

E
-54-
Fxar,.p{ e 7.1 .5 ;- % S#rrro: rm,-q-+[.oJ, d-t*P-rrnile fL rofoh'sw

tL B and L qlh- f"llot,tr Y btarh-


^,1 Jgints
iJ 11 qlt ro r-it r
€r is 6hr1^n1)

Solulrn uro
t& y
doru = |xZ- Q*'+r+D =/ >
[-t..tl Roslr*"4 S4rucfuva GPs
1oK
\vtk Mer,^b x hvnMolvix, Pr

v Prar 7 -20'82 ktt


loxro . rxr&
T*T 2t8? k4 P*r=o
= 2O'99 r-r Joinlt"@
?), =o ') ?jr= - lo
S{i#rus }01#rix, K

u1= 1 .' UZ= O


='?Dl
K, = '+EI+'+EI
. +EX, .gZr

VZt = 'ZDI
'W"'WL

l)y= 1, U1 = O

.\rrld .Lef
KZZ='{Dta-'v;EI?'gEI
-55-
Wl;bri ur," 7f Ku : ?) _Pi

"lr, >nl: ';L


1l :l [::]
:l r':,.,1
L. e . Roln*; *t 0 = V1 : 71l/e I
"n
Rola*, o n a* c = ttz -2o "{ut
==

PRALTI CE YCUREELF

e..\'5%
''
'-'/ o
lO tUt 7P,,r
e' L

Qr ctvl*"*)
-5e -
Exan\?le z.'f . 6'-- B* g\tl,w me*f'oJ, dc'letrnin c--ltw-lznd'i'
*.,n-t "* ,"f9orf, n, ^o^nrt.al ;"u't a ""1, v;ali 4,
il.i*} il;;,'+'!qtr- ta'*+*o n=6#.:yr
K
ZO
v
15 c
E
2c.'
1.5'
(er c:'"vl^*)

do ?L= ?x 7 - Q"D-'z =2
Fvl^4, Rss+rart gt"{u'n Gn/

IL lc
zo' l0
VL a,- M"l"i ^, P'
yI
?1's
%t
a ry f1:!|r-r
fn> = -27'5 Y-/
fi''Y-l
3-hf{vu+o Ua}vix. r
Et' '52?3 ar
Ft, =Qcc7+'zeG)
ltEI lztrlEL L Yzt ='1333EI
T
--:239I '02-L+
Er
't?7781
-57 -
lb =1 '., Ut = O
\.^r{#
Ef ET
'21e7 KzZ = 'Zee+

16z (-{

ov, f Y = -?r"
+ ?,
",f,
ET 55?,3 7
'':-')L:]=L: )""f';' ;IHL:
24 ,7
t9'7
I
*'f e:
tCo'ZfU ) '57?] q+' \??3 u> = o >u t? -+o'
lut =
3'
.\l )2 :
-2

'e& li on LchJ@
2'lL
It+

=l* *lY? IET kt-1


r-[t
II.A^J 1 ft::f I8'2
.21
-fl
lil.'IBt
?-,
?

[1 r;:] v; fr'a !l
-59-
M ey shf|wts.^#da,,i ##t- to"
benJ;^4 -oru# J 1L s,gporl- At'G)rtTe<hY
r,
o"l,G) Considevi'2 at'id.- d1f&rnarc
ctr: ol-6duJ*^o*ion
\J ' velul{
ar,d c-or^PaYa tL '

K Given:- (FoY
*' -'L']?- ,-*
zao itl Y 6666'67
tYt
1d-
g.,to' \ +olc /t =
p=3.ooo Ks.

1d

k\\f=tugggN05
Y-t+'

toK

rn"^^#gr'^ * o*'
lx' ?''^
?sltl 25Y-l
tL-l
pt '+=2e
tf
L5Y-I
= '+EI
K" = 'ZEI+'2e!
bE ,.LEI
-?,o Eawlituiun^ +:Ab\^
'[ET Kur =O
lnln = 25 K-+v
-5e -
'ofi\e,Ya,r +"usl
(i) bs,dlr.t..+ ax1 Y INole,: For
^-
b,siAev axia( *^,t
C
fm"*ru5
alxlr*1^{ s'{vu.
t<
5,
,?
/o
+ l{t e:tbev Evcr.- lA".hix, ?r^
fo : i, Prrg = -zE+Zt = b
e9 Pn1 --e 5 ) ?*z
5.K
E*i.ffr.d/a M#t,x, K
l)7-- l , L[t- U3 =O
V1 =1 Uz: Ug:O t.t.

Ktr =3078.9 3*10' Log9


Ur-- 4
EA.,-
?9 r+- ii Vyt to9-9
.
?4.) =O
=7/.1O"
KZt =7/'*V
2eq9 ) K.tz=zozog'7
Kzz=zo?b
6DT
z*
A =2fl97 __?2
U1p,1' btiuY^ rLl
1f^+toh.
VZ= 1, Ur = Ur=O

209 \0 >99
2 oe u{

l
I
)>eI
'+Er c) 7a709.) ?,
?pgel uL
K77= /

- 55 555.1
u,,
\,
)DL 2C)91
9 2og7 5e t,
;59s
v
brvwal) L. . -L1 4
Sdwa , ulIt -?i, (x tD /, u.,z- .1.{('xt t; + , U^=O
,
( xlo-q) -r- Cxu L --tl tr ,) l.(. - ++
MA= Z5+kngD"(l -+C
-L
-60-
:TorivL X{lW r^ K Tn€x,\ie" +6Y'(, --
Fxo*Pln='n'g =
*^.ltl^' ) lK-#{6taY1rq"*-
;"+rix,?n ond \or,-t troodovr'
?

art aJ- i"5-tt*li


""il"A\ tJ Mn I

?t* E,?I,L
o*D

E,
P T,
L

l''t r
uL
5

oi^t LyoJ U"lr, * rl s


r
?i,, --\o I
',')*t'\
?)'{n j
V2=l , ur= u9:o

tL 4u KrL = eEt/L
Krr = ffi/u+*efu=
+eL/L Yzz -- o
Kzt =
cer kz, =
e'T/t
tr
-61
V7=l , t'(1 =V2: O
flrtrA ,$ lfr"* Y".oJ-(i x, K

K= ,ry ', rE , eeL -l


L tn:
HI I t

lrEI
T try
__t
io I
l-
e€r i o \'ry)
r \\
,ry %

ExornrlL 3'I'9 bexUe


tk
I

rnofr::,:+
4 Ylft
#rr#6f:;w3b
^t|T\!'n
a 6ver
ffi"in+rL( Tzooo rsi
g'
K
(-

Sol,tlior"' :-
JoF[ = +x] -e*7)-3 =3
Merr',bo^.- &vcr- *atl"i\ ft-
cxt/e 4/
rlL F-t lxttlL LK
= 'jb ?-l
V-l
.S-
?^l -- 2'l'\\ - l2= 9'77 V-l
/ = -57'77
?rnz 24'?>4A
?wz= e'= -? K
nxLl/B -7--
=36 Pt
- 62-
54. + fY\-e/,J malrix
U1 = l, U2:1fg--:
Qzwuotr)lc :d}E
vl
Krr= 5zo8+ eLto = ll+59
e25o v-l
hx?pcor
Vy1 : 312t
ffi.1
--52D9 V-
Vgt = +8s
}eo+ kl Vz=t, Urt I =o
625c)
@+++?Lfit)/'v
= L+34

U3=1, l) 1=Uy ;O
Aze ffi
= (.?**

Kgz= 47Lr

7+7L
)VsZ:6lt?6:97

6r(Zoooxzooofirz/
z+"
= 434

',3125 |

I:1' r_ -l \r:
l, ns l7t9+ +7+
I l-_
ss I++
L- I
"7
-e+ -
,sq[ho4 ,delerrnina ffie- bav
y\anr-{russ '
tt'*t '+ U t-rroa\'r)t''
cohsb+)
-/

-{gl,*t,"1 ,:
-- 2
do l(t = 5+\z-Qr2+2+)
9J-llf ruots [nch; *' t<
U{ =1, II,L=O

&*E/r
i-' *
**k'= T .?sgseVu-
nA

tL*lfronv
xLv Sgi"a=
*ene -^'D
'Tszsff
7:;3t EYL
,'L
L6540^ry

= ry(+'35?5+'353s) -l'tc.]
D

oo Ktr

Kzl =+Ps35-'353s) =o

FYo'-f:ftr%tr'L":WT
-e5 --

G,u1 -_-o \nw


'18
I3o
Qe,oF9 \ * .?5zse4>

n"fttxw
W*/> l-
b V, -<)+*,
-
n eno=i-
-tt-'7 '35,s+(
9ir,ot
,\
-fu
cAA . K22 ?- ry[+'3s 3g+3s7O
.' )+g" E
= l'1o7 ry toi1u^t, *lnJ,ri
< o . D.= lo
?1=tt
pqrr,^r\itriuv'^ qtgalro'n, YU-?) , T=?t''
'' \:'sesg?<^a
-1[-',-1 = > uz= '585??t
% [+o+ ' nl
IL u 1'+orJ Lu'l LY')

lt/tcr"bor Jotcrs

l, F'ut''
fu u,--l I
-6e -
ix, K ar"J )"t*{-
p\ane- 4rrun.
loal *ohi., Ii
It-m h]'rll--1h.
,\n
€ ig ,,,r^*^Jr)

v ,rG' lC 15' bloK


-Fffi
stl u'|il on :
a'oi* lroAtdri''r'I
?\= - ro^G = -22'3
dori = +x z-@+t *, +u+ (1y=*^& = ++]i
,
?jt= o
?)* AoY

Ur= llz=V"=uL+ = o
Nternb,r- , Bc , CD, (A + }etojorc^-

A olwah- %x
EAD, ,.ggl- -,-tq
&
,w s.o9

\q 0;29'b 'f+egBA
fr
\

U2= | 2 t't r: Ut=U+ - o


,'- K,, : '1536 eh -+?ero {*cL
tvl Qxb,,- Bcrc-D
g, &5y-'05lruo--0
.ottd1 e7.o65e. {po?*rEh
#3ry7, ffi1p-
7
Kt'= o
K4t
=:01 Ce AA
1Y'.?1ui'i?:,;*"t
\ i,\ \ JJ
,7?'L?'
'U 'oy{
-L7 -
bz = Q* 'olFl+' ozt+) EA = 'tLsz EA ,
bz= o
Y*Z -'orlLEA
N f

Jtrrnbcp , BA, Lh.DA +


zs/1A 36'|c'*
.oe.c7
4-
i >*eA/rr
,gtCf;Eh, EY5 ? 'C,CLVEA

'l?3g EA
Kg.=Q o6c7+"'ocefled =
k+Z = -'OeL+ CA
\-l , Vt: Vz= U?: O

tllenb* , BA,, (A/ gL foto *'u


.oL(lCf' gA
+-6t|e1
9

K,rr*= QgeT+'0769) BA 7'tt+35 EA


'oTC8 64

.15? L
0 O ,DIMAEA e6O''G3L
.lLgL D .0r,, I
'092? EA
a
I

o0 .BYq-'r,qf
Ev'^'tilnqrru
e114"-
'07(v'o,tL '' o(t]"wr) .o7e*
.tsTL o o
o -o;lL
-lLgz-
o
o 'l?j99 -.6K1
0
'o+es .)flL _'.01t7 .lt+3f
-eg-
Exarhple- 9.{.lL :- ry shfirrt-x ^ nlkoJ, d nlurrr, n a i rr,,* joi^f
d, spto ce.rn errhs D and iF-<- baY iu" cP '
"k

ig csr'sf"g
G:

uL
.5ddien
do kt = I+x2-,QrZ+g =2-
)+u,
:oi# loe@
${{rt','. $t'i:. t. ?jr= - soxft =-447LK
\=1. Vz=o
K
f;r-t so(fr- =*22'ze
Vloxtbo.r, eD + ?nvof**
v
,o\tl f, *;.4o7 ='07sEA ,rr( ='ozEA
6h /'**'t147
.707
,ol77E A
.oog9 EA
blo"'14W,
0,h5"
W:,ff')
=g Wf 'xolr7A; 'ozeg E *
Kr, ,o\€h
\t = (o' T7+'rtg) eA ='Olfl eA .o172 El

VZ--(r!t=O
"u-r?fi^
/*tuo Iin0 = ,$9Lfll
.oft? Eh \
FA I
='05 1'.qt eg.v3
+

efr= -lo3; a
i'o:,sQ
5
*(r9 -

[i !Y iu"" o\-
"-Si

V:;l[:]=ffi"vr;ilti:,1=r:1"^
'o2('9u'
' +-'o35? uL= LfVTz/ea2u'---zt!tfe
.UL=il+05'7fEA .,
ggI OtO-z

rp =f:
=AD

F_ lil ffil ::A


9D

JH [;"'\
'r

FL lo;)

dor t =j)
4l -
ttris nChd, redund a"t {*cu:
Oo^a.l,olnt NL ewv\de'reA a's
unKnohTn( .

Flaxi bilr ^ubol


ffir1 slo*i. indatzrrnina"'s Qosi)
sd"J *ndu.d?'..lt -@)torL' rna
'-rl
r"r"v':{e lKe_ sh*&ro-
t\^hrnl,,
:""\
iii) fJ^['or' "#o' n.dunda
Releaa.-tr"'
f'
1ad'undant5
* t"b
'triffi#hq'Hilfi: { *;ffii"* ?+
)
;?#"ir^. 4+"*u't'\ 'oh;""c{
vi) tK- ;Ai.ili' 4'4"^' @: "1solt'n
e hhil-e
j;'* *'*' ^ -
X;;^;v :!'\y)'o^
g* I -
vf ecll^llrf- 9'
^it
' , e'F' nk' '
-72-
dn*elvmine tk- suFpq
gFD anJ BrurP also.

#
SG{,Aon:-
dogc = 3Kl +

App\uiy, X,, = J

1xX=X

displac^*o* vno+ti., u G,*rJ b, ;{l."lllJi "" d,',''


I

.
DL
+
-t.x,= E:7/ nl--3^,\
I
u{= JryJr =*l:q '.d* =@r 3Er t 6r-/
1^-4.Rg: ry

N*, gYL.
r*1
8- le l

lil=v:il-l: ]^ l*l
4?-

"€
"tdL
@r)

@,;
L
ry
Aeluvr'.(Y14 lk"-
Cu '"r^^ul a- 2 Q .L '.-g* flz'*'bi li+/ t'#oJ'
o"ri bPsm
Yqa.-li
"n ^k
A
* iK" idl ^Y
?rJ

(olu*i on '.- -
dosv:3xl+ Ct+r-Tx2
=1 )
Qile.aso.A g+'^^L+'ve '- -1
X,
lt&oX

AT'

h?"ol
\---)
--++ '-

d:*i bi r,p:*;", t e#,


f,,, = J+J* = J"rr*drL
-utr zar
o

@\a' {.ti l,t7


f,,xt =
T*f;,_W*W/nr
-- t't' V Tar''-l
= +*ffi
a4 = W*X) "<'RA

PRACT! CE

lD'-zvltL
-75-
Exqy^plz-2.2.3 ,- W fle*;biti{y ynr*hod, Jeler-in- ftr.-
ffi >,"r( E * o dh 6Zu4 axiaLdgp,r^o/,r0"
o+tfiI"- !ar^€ .{.tn
"r\h)
t2'
c>loK

@l is *'-sl-"'t)

sol#on dosi=l1x 3+ Q1D-+x3


:7 +
'-
PrJeut- ,ku.l"'- hrrb a1't
tx, *gp

EIun = - L^12^p,ox I 2-= - 9840 I t"dt- -ulse+o


"-
(/ =2?o+
\, zio4xt =
\r";,'=zl ,nr t1) = Rp
H4,, = )xlLN?^tL
+ 12xll
Ir

N@,
f ?0, =v;*l,?,1"375:H
I no,
Lr^ LlIfl
\G-
-75'A -
9vD
,>ro

I?'lf
t4fl:'e 1F^-
Fxor,.?le a.2.r+'- 81.$3x;bf+7^,lt4,,
t"'1"tta*'oD 'f lE
ffio'^ * o.Qo.n sidxirTo -.'5
.{olloo'^7 J'o*n.
.
.9*,+t
@@o
4\-!::P*u,
t<si, f= 6o00 tT A=zooit'
)

l2'

e ,,
[LzY
g'--3ooo^tu.oo 1,,
l.-#'
=r.ygxtl
dosi = 3K 3rQ+D-jxLr:l F,=RD
l

EF --SoOoxZoO
K
-- 6*to5

-oxt"/>
-? .1-
tvl? .*

vl
-ae-

Disdautne"JY Y
^oJY\*'
u4 = WAx* iryk&L (.,r Y-1-+x! leP
'I*
=rF* lrl
IJ
l'1+><'r1l'
+k I 51 ') llrt
3lw) ?,(? n = -'zvg 4
lo -4- 6xio>
l-' lL
=to/e^ = l.2t(o'

't, -- )5ior- + )-87 ftz*rxr asrrrt)fee


+
- tL*tz*t2^17 + t5xtz\tDfet

- l'29 ld k
='ozte3
=t-82* b'

**J' b,l,l7 qJ^Ao"*'', ii:.vt tl . n-Ro =r,.sto 0)


..oztwx, '= 'z4i+" )
-- It
Exa^pla- ?-2-U
Yan hohe D nia bend;{ rnom€ "+ nJ^* ttr- e-rls f
",L
'trarn bev AB. @41 at)rc,L'd
4tr rn'+'o

Qr @s+r^t)

5duli on,- dosr= 3x3r Q*D -zx|=L


Rdes\seA stourtrurz
n \rxr =Drc
\ay:D/
tf->
\5

ri "'@ rs,
u

D s7lo.^rt*# nna+ri*, v
u4 =-hfr;;el 7;';6jlrt =-:o*,!:t
-EI,rxt2oxlL l"
;r: =-u+o/et
lcxibiti 17 -'&i* ' f tz(,- /o*rc+a) *zh^\u'
{,, #xt5xr sxr s-+ tzxr 5^ ts -r'?\'' to,t*)+g(Y}45
.rt\
1,7.r= I ttlc)le r = +e+t/er
=t 125+taoo*
x L a? e; s+ ru^* [ et
[ =\+*,?
^15
I I
!::W:i)l
^ l2x( ,ntE lrt =6v6+ttzu)fe1 =23
[rr= exr2 ^tzxtLn
'::l[J Y:^
v:,"::i[l HJ"Y:'
/,' -t'ss{ e
> x2= s-zs+r () , U
=rit'tfl
7 *")
-hl-r""1'V\
D.^= 1554t'

(n4 il[:fl=[;il
4ru-'
lrc- svffiov
?-2.6,a frruitiii
Fxav^y1e (4d
^&od'detzrr^i1e ociald$""
,noJun , nJ.;
'f;-fb^ry'"5"o^o
is .,,Y.*|^J)
@t

GxfDt
k) qM4
)-
17l IL
g{ruttur,'
@
t2c
-\_\<
-ro
-t-/-
>is\lacsne
DI- un Zitr 6
^tzo
NL - L*, Z^ t76xtL + Lx? x t2ox/
? *+32c)- 96+0 +5+O = -12+ZO
fln*; tifi+ *#r&f
eI[,,= ]]xt1xlzxlz + tzKl2xt Z-r]xtzxlzxl 2+ L^z^zr3
= zg4g
c',ryAbtitT a"&*^ ., lrat=-uf y/
('
< D^=i+o"
) L88s \:+tzWo + ar= +ioK C?)
L

Exa^?\o z.zv no- Form tL drrytoc^ln


^)r,Tt'' [Y i-:i^
tlL .flexibi ti 17 rn#,i* of fL SatoiY ,ii;rqf-6AoI $,;;; #dtt

is c--{-;;
z 4lt
e
-] a
Srt*i on:- dogL :2x3+ e4-'-?^z
Rdnose) s[vvtlu"a-
tur\4 ,

7
v T -+1
L -''-'*% -/"@ t5
d d
='* T'1
L

Er u{

EI uy
r tL
t/
tsi
li
z)t8"),J
ot t2-".a
+L -- 124 =,5'l 8t:+

'nlL)Q, ). =
-a.' )dc
-+
-{5\
t2'
,7 n- gLl+D
* 9
t2 76
EI Vo {o
zej A.x *e't
9 =
-go-
dqr; 5;li

g{
rr = {xrz{L^tL =5TC
flfo = - f,x12 xl2 Kl5 = -togo
er [t7 =-bnlut''tzfl = -7L

frr-- + ^l5Kl5^15 + 12xl5Kl5 =


ET 3E28

Dr i; = lxrSxtsx 1+ r}.^x't-l = 297.f


xl Z+
Dt t r=15xrXr +l2\r =-

t -- EI 7rt log o 4?:1


t
3925 ,,,5I

V zvLu ,-)

iF'- st^?gotl- o*Ao'"t o4


Exa dz 3 2.9:- )elax* i.,.l=-
. tt-
sl"tn'-
aP me:t'ber BC
A anJ *-- .nJ rnovnan/k
' Takc-" E= ?ooo vec '
fu{lrtY ivo^e
k
26 A=zrort U
I=9Ooo r7t '
I
lf=zmin\
r= €ooo in?

s6("f,oh: - oo x 6o oo/t t+4 K-'l+-


6xlo5 ) EI= 30
Mernbet +D? EA = 30N><20o =
K
*<? 1.25x to5 tG|+*
-q\ -
Df = l'LL7.x'ot r-tt-
It'l'xlnbav Bc

Rdnor**u')*u )+*r
h,
= hx-
t*, - I

?zo< C ^7
'@
qb *v4 2D )i s?\at'*o'-t'ro'oh i','
7)
ur= l2v.5or*ofi'.e4 { loo5.
LO; /€. 5 x lo )
a t1.x2zoxr/1 "f
*pel;,z,x,= r = 'o3L 3
L= -It.t tx 5,b' (,,L,,-16
rt.?ee{7 *,4
L
g10 L = -'OZl L

\o
t*1
lo
I
l0

,/c=1
-
9
l7' lo

@ l.

Plax ili{il) *^l'i


T-
*, f
xloxr o/LzS xros)+ rzx roKl ,/ Q'cLtx,o)) +
Izxr \t / (xro)
F,, =Yrx ro

-'OO43L
{,, =-bt z Y-"to }v, I Q eLlx'o) = .go7+7
{rr= $*tz.rtz\t"l L,67xr ;) + loxlxt/
('^'o) =
-82--
w ay 4 z-

,, s*s -'bt
[
r .. *,,'aw= 1fr" Y:" ili:J= ffi l
"Q
'- ?(z - 3-gt+n 0) ', =*2'06l' t.€. Ax=z'ogt' Qrt )
h7:z'6Q
x,

iln
=[
: ]1 l, il Y:"r\= l:' il
\(O:;RSELF
pR: trtce
K
zo

I 0
K + zo', A C
50 K-{
Ege
zol f;=lOOo ,lt
lla /
zA I= eoDo
T l\= 2Oo ivrL

.-b-
-83-
E*.a*1rt1 e- fr-il'rfu ffu flcfP"J Canl' leVOr.. bW*S glror^:r,-"
?,L,lo
-- * q
Un*tt*'""o.tL".. rq cr9iffiu ,reAund^a$, (fl,.d $ltri9 nk#'{"
P")nv l" ffi* reAntL o* tf* rry
20 KN 2D xtlJ nn

G)
b

i,g[s$-*;t
[i) doge : ]/t +€*) -7*L = 7
,I
2cx5l't*
ZO
5 %
=*,

EI u, *- Fi * LoxS+ zax)
zoo
= -160 :
EJ f,, : {x 5x 5 x5 4l'L7
rn,- [,*A . '1"1
a-,
es,""fJll;t,9 Ay^'ji
:
DLUt =-ff (zx zlo f'?-c t 2aoK I
C f,,/t -*ut+'xi T
= -lC e eL, UV
*-2666' LT
2'/r -_--{ft,:3'*+
Ef f,, = $ x 2c {lD*?A z'- e , RB ):3,8q I(^J U
u^fr*bi !il/ ""Yrx*hcx^ (,, dogL:3/ I*€.D *3/'/= I
4,,*f =-ur ?X1 =€ t
-
=Z*r=*
t. € RB:
ffi-+6zs tt.r z KN/h RB: *r
'

L.ZS kN G) ./\
ets tji.

€ Lxz
00 JoE,= 3KI+(z+9 -zxz= I lr8-* =X*7
3 rn-<-(n'Jry)
Rg =tl
-8+-
ErHr= -J''*6-?)w=-f*
I
-? 41',= =-49ro
gt$,, : $t-loxfoxlc =233'2.}.
4
WAbi U\ €4Pt^Ji6^

KN
l+'gs
+xt:* %'=
t-4 t R* :t+'gs l.r' Lt)
c^]1r,4"fu
E{,wud.- Z,Z,lt ;*% F[-xibil"; + ,rnrJllnsd,
l,r.arh
yzarh-* *L D cf #r* {6tl or,.i ru '

l.i-l(N
?,5 KN
+Yr\ + +ft'.
A +*' $n

,$o.ld:1,- dosi = 3xz+pr-r-+)-3*+: t > ffi KD--

.25,re{ Ar q)
hrT "*dj

IO

urVffi,xszt
tt
^, -d ^?
, :6Lr
Dr ul = -- +@l6x*.-r LrD'* Zbtl'llu*"
,
*,*ittfe1ry;i'{::a
idi lt-- t'%s :> X1 ; +ffi=ro" Ru=l'93
-85-
Wa L3.t'tL Ho*,b;t",,17 i"J l+*-
,JD ry "nC(
q rl^- tdf6oi ry J" ar,.< u_yu+ n-iaA dqlt{*"/''k"
lo rN
* :2-
n
36{ul o1^- I desl:3X3+Gtr) +'{3
io lqy
4 \.

I
?T# J-x,:&
4\
aut*

aru, --:L^r'5x4* ts - + €, ++rs1 ) - Zpturr+zrzil


* -+, -9o *+?,'93 - -l+8'?3 xes)
,, u, - - + 9i" * ;;; l5o^'' :2[8't'8-
; - nJ -*'l' :' - +QxIr-*
-- -zg''is--?o -- 67
Eritt = bx +'+ z*4x4 -tt*+'- 9o'

Wh- - $xl+4*3*3: +5
er$,r= #)r+r> + *4d+*\ = 4L-
-- q;G-

ur-p$bi J-i V *\,' '-


nLl
I)--X :-
+ [eo,La q[^']= f=-'1
L, -{ [*,] V"'"J
s4 ri *2 -\ ., T.,,, =€l ,+ ozKN k)
,.F1 ..-^'
- =
,

h'l E:3
Lx) V'u) I=-';-uKr$
- t
c)
oxiaL
pulnxr,^ina 1F-. ,Jrl^rn ^* D ^'2
C-pwsiJ

{+^r,='*iav..
".'lrqk

Rf u
fi=)ooo
$ =z5o t!-U
I =9ooo m
-q7-
Exompl e Z.Z. 9 D-*"yrnina f,u rnorn e)\,.+ th- l;*.1
^+
S.*pport A fu, lh,- ['ra^u Shobn be)oa n4"4',ry atxid-
deforrndio"n Er i; conslan{ . G"!. ?-4oz?8.c. t+fl"u"t"")

Solulion :

7*Z+ (r+t)-
s-r*
d-OSi = Lltt) - 7t7 -l
fix-f =RB

Raleased Slru.t ra
."9F t.bS
O-' t. z,l .,

1-g - '1*-'ygd
2
Apetyi
t.6g? 5
)

'g QxSi''o )
z.Ll
,5 3't3 ',.o-&%

a# =Q
zs x
*)^.'qs-PQ'zs^fi
:
= L.oo75

G lx(z.e,l
-3'L
Eru, =-[r"f' t: 'z'+z'el
c c + t' z) + | ee+ s @'
= J'7 s x v'sxdv* *?*f
'"" (z *..c.*rz)+r.eezs@xr
2.4
",^ze Q* t'

=".r*4 1z\.L1s =24'ssg 1'c+r'z-)+ t'z (zxr'z+ z'e ))


EI[,, ={xt.sxr'z xr'z aflf: : Qr
t'
='72+14'g?e =E'ezL t c.e\xLt 5")
e)x Lr 'Eg>)
*;^fri,i'L;:;J 1";^= -6 oo*s+ tB
f,,Xt=-vt | = --'zVg KN'rn
) I s'Le ()(r = -?!,'^e?9
>x1 = --t'5g|Ne)
I

-83-
.pqgk}z.Jf : De.levmine lh,- fo,r.. irn rnz.rnber hc oJ tte-
fousl sho^r. be)cy.o .EA is, conslant.

ZKN
S s("A p^ : E+ N 6L g*,ro*:*^; i}h
l'8 rn < 4 ':fturr
Jos L=gyL+@+r- zi1:
I
i"AC d'9
Q-e' "j) b)'s Ed'ee) Fxca

Pdeo'so) sh"c,lrYq

."JR rr oinl B <_C- -- O

Go :
+l', ? -'t-'sw[c)
A
a
F'o*'++ts=o
#"3
,h
r[rn,f r*- {,5

ZlvA =o =l-5KN
Jeg, z'\ -zfl',1^:"
b-QB= t.( LIJ C'f )
Afpt:;"gilr2l
,lJ

D (- loinf <- €l* D -lxt --o r?g=:gwO


-'8 L
=-<t -F.p (Ntc)
?,x Z't^t
-6 )r,.afrix
-Fag
P l*'+ =o ) EE = -'g
Ytsrlacl*e*
aedma* *afnt

%
ffi&tL
i * i;'t ,fi n
pA DB

/-L- t' *rt"u*t' s-7*tt2'{


oh
?t
=
"f,-'
-.9
"El
= rc.768
q.pr *t b,' [iTi "{t'.'fr :'r r
*,al = -'ll 1 2 lffix t
.',u,
+ = "*
X1 l'62
t {, Fo. =l-Qz [r;
KNJ
!? .
-89-
C HAPT EP- L4

Assn*ry Techni 1Na. q g+i


{lneet Ma,kr'x

This me&al. i< basi *.,1+ s+i[ln"ss trn& l- vt l+^-shll*u


n,a,{r; x of !fr- shuc+ur{,ard allo if,. Jo\*! LoaJ na}",'b'Pj
ana rnr,.ibe,e iovre rno,*ui x, ?m qYe- WnoYaIe{ ,in a- rnove-
q-crneva-lr+nA Wa^1. fa'St oLd).41.s- above Ce$ qyL
ynq,tyi
ipxyval-J u>J{fl,+ tb" crr.&d-ta}ion o,C bul.rrda'y esnd^N*5
f,..r "J,to^. F.ai hzun*l cs'-d;t,ul 'xvo '.'yXs"A-
Local and 6.tobal *xes
Loeo"L ond (,rLob, J- ftra5 t^>i++. yesle16-+
b tu )rur, *)n er,-l
AYe ghourr" bCo Ld . Lscrl ay-bs is alsc> <dlnd ltlernbzr
axus and lhb G\tobal alo,e r,e ro ec$d Etnxhxu ois.
",1

+/ L

r, Skuc)"Y a 6)La9
Lo.aL oY lflembnv aW 6t@boL
-qC)-
Fo, a.-*xr s9 eleme,rl*, do,ri, ve- lffn shllne,ss
G>de |vo* fiff. *tln"it na;lYi x iy Loesl

Solqfion:

Bo.saA *+f- abo,te- &y"_,|,o- c^ay\


- wila
?,=?, cosg + €r1in0 I g
n1=l--se sin o 6lt-p,J
^3'
?:;:';:,..1;.T"3 t'l,6\ f'J' :?::::ll3l
e, -s"o t'lli)
i', =-?rsino+?ause) lPrl Lo
i.". P= T? .0),r =Tval'sl6ndl*,
?"rocee&yin ih. 9avne,5,'r/,, A -TA - - -(z) u=Wri'i.^"*
bdsel lt a-bqte- t,yru. ,, *n ulr,i.l. .dro
^M": "n
?, :-?, eosO
- Prsin e) Vtl=fedl -%nb o o 1fi,1
?7=?,9\nD+?rcoeg )_^ Ie I lSirne us$ o o lG I

'a:zi;i;{:":,1)' w,J L: "" 7:''#')W)


D.€.P =T'A c)
blwe, T'=kQn s?osu oL
r ff. *rar.s$o rmfion
tlna+y\y rT
-91-'
Ko- 1yafi o\n1), ,ue- LAn u)6( le-
,
)-
P:l ? 'l'r)
cm1,&vry, €1 G) ahd E{L.r) Lva ge}

T'= T -l \
v.z. Lnr/evf n o4 f :-T?anS ?ose- ol -T

lVoru,
ry 4*Iinih oh tNg_ eo,^ r^vi A €
?:R Lt
+ T?: K Tt'(
>T-t Tl=T'KT
+Pt'klu
% J4ini l, fr., P = K t( - dL)

l(=T',<T
-gZ-
Shl|n ess I\AalviX oJ c.-l"ves-ternen in l6egl N, -
t-
Uq
\ )t
r}..l,

\ 6v
*r)
ttl:I, uz=U3 =t/+ Uy=|, =U* =O
=O, eF/u Q1 =U 3
o
.7

+vi =Ekfu krr='o


Vyt =O f,' V3, a>-o
ir', = -eft/u Kyz -o
Vql =O

U3=1, L1t
-Ul-=Qq >o Vq:L , Ltt =uz:L{3 :o

o kgz= e k/u
l<43 = o
/
ep,lv

+a
in tocd
*ax-ir)
f
E|L O -Dklu
oo o

-2h/u o Dk/,
O0 o
-92 -
l< :T'Q T
L,t9trr..*

a- fr
rdvY) GXy",h6r,^2 ,tL mess vyal-\ x
<J-rn evr,l u:'r |[^ -(o ,r+ b bal aN j k u')
l< =Yeoso -IinA O o -l fe*l_ oq ol lasT 9in0 o o -l
oo
\r,,., C*O o o ll o oo o f l-s"o cosocas6en0
o lto o
I

l" o (80 -einCI ev,lt- o eNu


l\ o Oo I

o J lo o -$no )
coso
I
o Sinl c6i0 L
L' _l

: 0 o -
lc-og Cogb 6 I tcogg 6\n0
A
o o1x+
ls,ns o -.3in0 o \ l-g,r,s tss, 0 ot ll-

O 9in0 \
\- ror, o cog0 uul O
C-ogA

*9in0 bsq )
|tnt o finQ L:

= fco*e C,Es}9in 0 -G*o - (tg\ 9in0 \TEA


l* o5i^o Ei*o -co49in0 - 9\fi0
co*0 c*ogino
l-.*yu -bg|9in0
I

nCI - girlo Cogbiin 0 6*0


V*toe't
-9+-
Et anfte *.2 '. U7 A=sentlg l-u+u 1ye., li;lw/ofialL_
|htfne< nal"tY and 5 tX* uoa,;M&;, f., l-t*
+"1[ ow,^pl *r tt€s.
,hen }if;1a th, Ci sg\aca-nnnrls a^J bqr +*eQ-r
zoK

BK
=L-

36l..r/-,'or, .

N- <x
10

5
l- t"l t- r o/
Nlc:,n buy #4 ,
lzSLt
L=td t 0 :o #2, f=llq.1qt, fi =b5:
56j
,M,
+ io' EA
EA-r
ler'\t o -l
"'K-7 o1* to L#q ;l ,-s .s
-'51xfr+ \
zl o o oo I -,s -,5 I

g\-,
t o t o\ ,[-"t -'5 '5 ,; .sJ\
,*10 o c, OJ ul-'l, -'5 '5

(Hrt: u ,iAtL aahdft''J of K dtv o, \'us ")'e'*eilr)


-q5-
M€rrJ, ry h3, b =tz1o, L=l4.ttt
7 I 3+eA
rs*['r -'5 -'5 "5lx6+
gl-5 .5 5 *,5 @:135o
\
g l-'E ,5 '5 --'5
-'5 ',
I

'rl'5 *t'f

k=4 TWft fr. rh ern bu sh !( ney rw,)"i eoe


Cuui +t cn"+ "rypy7',i r*^a"rr-, ;;J iiil)
Z 4 .S L v s
K= .l o ..'l
t
o
z o o o o

-'l o 'lt'oy o+:035 -'A7i *'a7{ -'89 .035


+'obs -"O35
o+.bb7 6+'o3S 'o)5
+ D 0 *,o7i *'o3f -'o35 .p'0 35 _'635

5 *'67f -'b3{ *oy{ +'D3S

'635
-'oll +olf r'63f
L

7
-'Dls + 63y +o3s ;o3S
B
-{-io3s _'b?s ,Fo35
-'o?t

No*, ,'e',)in2 W"W a^Lihor.


tl-t.r,NpV
t st
'uhd'/I^/
c6rd;b"^+ d
,'{ , H; G L
Mr\. kLL=1 ahd oil a+Irr* q)or\o^ts oJ ;l{ rord
anJ #crlqrrrn:a
hJ,P, =O 1
-96-
-n
I'ltil}i,4 +{{n:ri nu}ri k,K,3"^+ 1o^J affin,?1
,,4^.1
gav e,
J{,- e4pr ll br Lurn e_qr; a*Yon,
Lu6:u1l
Q 1 =u2 =qr ug
-!1' G*.urp ccnd;d s,ts;
K- 1L{t ezs
t' o o o o o o o
o a o o o o O

o o .170
D o o o c>
DA
o O @ "lvo O o o
EA O
o o o o o o o
@ o o o o I o o
o o o a o o o
o o o 09 o o d

Y q ,!
gttt; y, uz= ,Tryea : gg.z/eA *Nl o4f,,y- 4isria cer^n^h
u? : z/v7 eA : zg9V/eA Wo teyo.
Bq.r Irvce-s

#2, <8. 0=E


l"{,x.c6-}t{ r r$*-q, /,(inv{
eu' 7 -'
7 *-'- ('7b? * /" a.iJ
:l 1T4;?
1t"1.

#3rDt3 , (>:J3so
t3f+Qu -L(.) x ei n,rfl
[+ra : W?
*u z) xeary
-97 -
[r:ffi u%] -rxeo t>s'*(% -Qx(in:rf
l'
: ? 'BB C:r)

U:- $,u,
Nk : tfr,j -;
u"i
)
co: o +Q,; - uz,) si" ol

U'>)
-l

%
V.L-l
-gg-
Beah^ sh ness rm}yi ceg
ili[Jna-rs rnCrin LWaw frun*tt
U.,
)

hrl)i'5, V, -l , Uz =Ul =4+:C


DEt/9
6Er/*
6er + K,, :'TIZEE
,2- tzgL l<Lt = uetf *
l-
T Kzl =-- ttel/ul
Y+t 2 bEtl L-
\ = 1., l),=u r= Uq =o

?9J/>
2 Krz: 4E[/t_
4er/u 6Et/t klr. = -- bE rlL-
Y+z = zer. lt-
V)=1, Q,=Vz=U+:O

t EI/* ILET/F

4T ? K33 = tzeL/ P
cs/tr n,f > = -6EI/*
.<zE{.
t

P U+ = l, Vt =u>=Q? = o

K+Q= \DI/e
*L€ tlu-
L "ovff*
.K
7* LEr19 -tzET/* 6Er/*1
,E: 3
=Vt
ET t* t+Er/L - LeLlf zEt/r
'rli I

H rli* ,-LTl
IZE
-6m1" lr-FJtr/* - e.r/*l
'-€.;/l:
;r/, L zDr/L -efi/r +er/r )
V
-99.-
E{,&mple4.7| Bt kssur^W t<_.hniqu e. lon n \he- sf,i#nesj
'"
;.+"'rIT [olru rn,*ri{ o} lF. Htoii\ vean.

lJz W Llz

g6{uh on '.
1vr cerns*ar'f )

lB5
U *EI r:rr^sta''l-
r
LrT=T
tfl.uvnboy #'1, Lt
#2, L=L,I r
, =
k='lTE;,h,* -,&to r!r/4 l( = -, Lew Ln/q
zlaerfu ++Er/L -Lfrl* z*/Ll
I

-lmp wn_ e LEI/* ,o/rl


\
gl-nerfp *-eatf;- Derl;*
-- LE4 e\*tzet/c - eF:rlt tzExlc -wA,:\
I

zetft -Lnl,: ryLl \\eeqr zeTlu -LeTli Wlrl


t
I
\\LW,
I _lL
ft=snt VUr.eL
T 4- rv1 ember
l
C'oiW@t ,6qf\ in-7 borrndoyshr#.d-r
{tnege rr\a}n[ ce--:
hon)
K= XEI
t2.lt Ll* *l>lE
7* l
e/t- ,r/t *{*
'/t
*LlP
-lzf l: -l* tzyt?
+,2/L, fq* *tzft L/P
LlP 7L -6fi? +/L *Llt: z/ t-
+alp +a/u
-tzft? *L/t? rz/t? *L/Lz
cl* -/t- -L/P +lv
^loo -'
Fr'r, Le- *a.fri *, Trn
,vl err^,b ev #4 l{te-v:"bev #>

Pnn
c*t)
?. ztf Y/>1
#> -r
?L/*
l

M
|

'tsl ?/z I

'+|PL/s)
fu:n 'Wg-tfu-mdytby- lovru tlah[ co9
Cr^rirk o,i0 a;X;;/ i^a;{ i o" )
?:N

IYdl'r)
+\i,o.d o u\ I

',Wj\ :Lv;r)
Bo.lh Mr7 Amdi li ur^a -+ u,
.,er, L.t
>, M s -- o
@1,f-1 L-J /er (z
bzunda,7 rn^ilb.r"a, t6
/ 0 / ^a*;k _-
?-,
t
1rr, o
G-z
o
v o
tt
o
s o
e
-PL/g
- Iol'
bou"M? ca-n,J;ho-," b e'h #
*r\iy
+k-'"%fr;( ;, r,, <auah on
L+"a4 ^a*ri^,
F* L( :*P^
V-
i iu {;Yi*te^ e is f

I I o o c> o o b
z o I o o o o o
o o r\c o o o
*et zE'I
_C
0 c o
T o o
o o o o 1 6 o
c o o 0 zel o +EL
t- T *'7e
t f
Y -?u
-loz -
CHAPTEk 5
TnPluen
J ez Lin e-9
CT.L. )

UdeL WegLtt-t's ftin.i P\e- o T"tllvence Linns r: To dro.tu


'l/rd)rv
qyah+a+iYn,L*{"Qr1c-t- Li n L, Woslau's fu;rt.-i f,ni'
nuY v-ga-fA, Tlrr- pvi nd ?1L b,z exgla-r n<J qt d6lb'-r-
^%
co-rt S'def 51- Sir^p1n besm o-e ghown bolor,..: ar.J
',p)luon'--
Lo,[ 'r
[irra f", MA is to 6z dro,,^ry.,.- --
) Plare- ern i.napinary hr19z J A ,

i) ?lace a- unl{-'un.rli'.r.1 fuo.+ ^* a} ?ornt B.


".ii
) E nJ the- rc),al'.rn v6fa.fionr oflfr--beavv.
arl s a-ru tL
'f.oo r)_Jes +tL h\ngz
iv) FinJ'{h.-tio}',un-*olal'on of ll"t.beavn ^xrs (, fE
tu:o s;lr-;9 ut ttr - hi,^-1pdua 1-6 "- u,"i l c^'ft a' ov1 e-a'c-l'-
9iJ e- I
'1 lt',Lhings
v) rh"r', rvlo'= 'rot$ on a4 hi"9' A Jr.tn fo y\| 1&"1, "* e'O*
'gta',rr:i)- ;M1o" qW4 d.{o{5 u61 cnsle-o*ft'6tn

r (unil cnrgle)
lfi:1,11

f^^6inor7figl -'a* ft

Y to
a'e cor d,
fro c"L **tenvevn \rr-
yec-u
Rola* ion ,l eduelo uni I to aj*t g,0aB:)4{ e*ton ,,* B due to
tiv.il *^ft e d A,bea
Then, M ^ : ,D4n.hon a*Bd-ue f-o unil enrgle ,.ttr[
^ vota*
=yu}ortian al B dlc fe st{.^ uu+les q*
Iri* A t[^t ruu,,.lJ yoduc.e- u'.il rr,'lra-lio. q.*A.
-lOZ -
f{.fuenee [ines ku-n otvo-"15,-ae$erl.l Shu.+uv4 &te-fr
*\Yt {4*rnt}ior" i. th. shu$uvi errvespodirq ta +tv--
s+ zs s fun.h o- 1"y ur& ch th . i nflu an .e- I inrr ej ." o D.- d"* -1 .

Exqh^pl e_ 5 .\ : ).ra'^r -++,t- il^+luayr (L l-inat o+ R6 , Rs ,\u,


fie,, Mc ) Mn

CD €
t' B

R4
1 +
-f 4
PB

,1
H
lfiv

M1 -'-S- \
-

Mn
.* lolt -
Exa e. E.z: Dra^-rth-,- in${u et1(e_ Lineg ol lflt, M "
Rn, Rr, Vu *4 Vc

Mx

Mc

.-t-
Mp

Pn

RB

Vp

VC
--IOD -
eXatrylzS.\ '. ha,^, *1te- tnltuev.<z livras ht Re,?B,tLn ,M8.,
M6 ,Vh and A6 ol th<- {sltoor7 cDnfinuo.rs beavn '

RE

RB

t/lA

NIB

Ma

AA

vA
*-lO6--
Qxav^vlz 5.k: Draur tFo \n|luznce-Linn, i{ \;3alol
W;FT|
*hvusl tq a_ ) L)tt,oo Vri".1:.a [xch-yta
Luto nty19&4 ,t\.ax.a 4'
lc cD d .t) ttt.-- ltW:'*
{ ,}{'; rt' &, dso 8'torro l.L.o[ M.],u,,."),Tl:""
+oY hi'.tdect rrtc]-.
" l*r*.A evcJ")

D
ieonlal-
l-hr,
Th"us{-

i-i)

lf"rieon{=t
Thvusl

i,D

t4or'ZonkJ-
-Thvusf

Ma"ororn-
-lo7-
E,*ample S.S'. Dra.r^, th.- inffu ener- l,jne-.!ov hoviz*h,Lvedz#*
J D ,t +F- totlowivtT !ra^u''

4
9

H
Eravnple- Dfat^l th. inllurznce of .Yu *y"
6,.7b d1J:,% i-";' dff
' li"g
;;:-W { r.
^il?^ /,h-*"

1. 1. -Fon Mo- and baArru pa**evn


-log -

+ tfru ftivon b2gu , <dcrlolu tK"- nlalua c

cL\\) trr-r'L
*^fr*il;$r tw{':it#
a

Stt,+'6h:

-ll TKAtL ,^,J-k.,L o*--L


zv'-' Uq'^^

V:"tr) r+i,l{, Tt
pulnorr'r d: s@;
W.{ t}s
,
11

{fti c*"trc^+l> C"fta*t'^ J f["cfi"'"ll dcr' -4*z- Q+t+)


,=
q
L
?h
-^t
,oqBEI

* t>
+
='oLlftEL
U(= l, Ura . tzsEJ
Kt,='i833eI
+erfi e
Vzt ; 'tz(
zI
_ .zs Fr

.aSE f,
,29 DT
l4zu -

.L _stkot' .$-^Tt"
ta
{'
t1 ) 17
*L.,

r2L r3
e -<
:--L

\)

l.->L b{-
'>s

F.f,- o -+
-lo9-
o/ r{Lf
-
o+'i, i*"*,fii"t\w,:
: u,Lp, + uzVrtu:
--
Y, V:+ q4)b H=-rrut, )(:T + +
=rl r- 36)'-*
L
rG")'] * Q'rd c-,! L:tLt+
gz'^'U* ng)
: '5lL
,W(o.tE C47W*f vc)
^+ ?' f"o*
,

ury'= 'oL1 ), X=? ' , L=tL


L(1 =o )Uz=-"oB,VZ'=O2
on) +, -lE
g-). lg
- r)"t
b,:et- +fQ t1t J "q)
= - 'zL:l ,
U---
*lr'- 1iL ovC,. nj- ce'vt-
9i; \o^)2 Foi'"trcJ'w '
;finaxd '

t^-
Pa-sKet*,' {-.t, P"teh
lL. R. )RF

;L".Rn.,RB

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