SAN JUAN, FIONA XANDRA A.

BSN 1-D
O4/19/23

Research on the following `;

 Havighurts developmental task from infancy to old age
 Erick Erickson developmental task
 And , be able to lists down Health education plan for ages `6-11 years old ( focus of
teaching )

Havighurst’s Developmental Task Theory

Robert J. Havighurst
Robert J. Havighurst is a renowned psychologist who proposed the theory of the
development of humans. Learn about Havighurst's work, the different stages in life, and
the development task model. Robert Havighurst emphasized that learning is basic and
that it continues throughout life span. Growth and Development occurs in six stages.
Development is the process of growth and change that people go through in life.
Robert J. Havighurst was a psychologist in the 20th century who developed a theory on
how people develop through life. Let's look closer at Havighurst's theory of development:
the stages of life and the sources of developmental tasks.

Stages of Life
As we have already seen, people change a lot from when they are babies to when
they are adults. But even adults change from when they are 20 to when they are 80.
Havighurst identified six stages of life that people go through. They are:
1.) Infancy and early childhood, which lasts from birth to age 5. These are babies who are
just learning to walk and talk and figuring out the world around them.
2.) Middle childhood lasts from age 6 to age 12. During this time, children become more
self-sufficient as they go to school and make friends.
3.) Adolescence, which lasts from age 13 to age 18, comes with hormonal changes and
learning about who you are as an individual.
4.) Early adulthood lasts from age 19 to age 30 and involves finding an occupation and
often finding a life partner as well.
5.) Middle Age lasts from age 30 to age 60 and is the time when most people start a family
and settle into their adult lives.
6.) Later Maturity is the time of life after age 60. During this time, people adjust to life after
work and begin to prepare themselves for death.

Erick Erickson developmental task

Erik Erikson was a German psychologist who theorized that there's a specific
psychological struggle that takes place through the eight stages of a person's life. These
struggles, he believed, contribute to your personality throughout your development.‌
In what became known as the eight stages of development theory, Erikson provided
insights into both social and psychological development. The framework of his thinking
assesses the context of relationships in your life at these life stages.

Understanding Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development

Erikson’s theory suggests that your ego identity develops throughout your entire life during
eight specific stages:

 Infancy – Basic trust versus mistrust

 Toddler – Autonomy versus shame and doubt
 Preschool-age – Initiative versus guilt
 School-age – Industry versus inferiority
 Adolescence – Identity versus identity confusion
 Young adulthood – Intimacy versus isolation
 Middle age – Generativity versus stagnation‌
 Older adulthood – Integrity versus despair

Each of these stages is a building block that's crucial to maturation across the span of your
life. These stages don’t end with one and begin with another, though. Erikson suggested that
these stages may overlap. A stage you don't master may extend into other stages later in life.

Stage 1 — Infancy. During this stage, development centers around trust and mistrust. This
stage begins at birth and usually lasts until a baby is 18 months old. When your baby is born,
they're learning about the world around them. They're completely dependent on you for care.
When your baby cries or fusses and you meet their needs by holding, feeding, and caring for
them, you build trust. Over time, your baby learns that they can trust other caregivers, too.‌
When babies are neglected or their needs aren’t met, they develop mistrust. If trust isn’t
established at this stage of development, it's more difficult to establish later in life. They may
feel a sense of hopelessness when faced with crisis.‌
Stage 2 — Toddlerhood. During this stage, which begins at 18 months old and lasts until age
two or three, your toddler's development focuses on autonomy versus shame or doubt.
Now, your toddler's learning how to do things for themselves. By giving praise, you help them
establish a foundation for self-belief and autonomy. If you discourage your toddler or don’t
allow them to work independently, they may feel discouraged, ashamed, and doubtful of their
abilities.‌
Stage 3 — Preschool. Development at this stage centers around initiative and guilt. This stage
begins at age three and lasts until age five. Here, your child focuses on doing things
independently and begins to develop a sense of aims and goals.
When they feel encouraged, these children take the initiative to do things independently. They
feel a sense of purpose in their life. If they are criticized or discouraged by caregivers, they may
feel guilty instead.‌
Stage 4 — Early school years. Here, development centers around industry and inferiority. This
stage begins at age six and lasts till age 11. During this stage, your child's becoming aware of
their individuality. They see accomplishments in school and sports and seek praise and
support from those around them.‌
If teachers, caregivers, and peers offer support and a sense of accomplishment, they feel
competent and productive. If they don’t receive positive reinforcement for their
accomplishments, they may feel inferior or incompetent‌.‌
Stage 5 — Adolescence. At this stage, development centers around identity and role confusion.
This stage begins at around age 12 and lasts till age 18. When you hear the psychological
term “identity crisis,” it comes from this stage of development.‌
During adolescence, you’re trying to figure out who you are and establish goals and priorities
for your adult life. You’re establishing your place in the world. If young people are
overwhelmed by expectations and responsibilities at this stage, they may not be able to
establish their identity. This leads to confusion about what their needs and goals are.
Stage 6 — Young adulthood. At this stage, intimacy and isolation are the focus of
development. This stage begins at age 19 and lasts until age 40. During this time in your life,
you are establishing and building upon relationships.
If you have meaningful relationships with friends and family, you experience intimacy with
others. If you struggle with relationships, you may feel isolated and lonely.‌
Stage 7 — Middle adulthood. The development in this stage is around generativity and
stagnation or self-absorption. This stage begins at age 40 and lasts till age 65.
When you feel a sense of care and responsibility, it’s called generativity. You look out for those
around you and feel the need to pass along what you’ve learned to younger generations. But if
you don’t act as a mentor in some capacity, you may feel bitter and unhappy. This leads to
restlessness and isolation from your friends, family, and society.‌
Stage 8 — Late adulthood. The final stage of the developmental process proposed by Erikson
centers around ego integrity and despair. This stage begins at age 65 and lasts throughout the
rest of your life. If you’re satisfied with your life, you age with grace. You often feel pride in
what you’ve accomplished and want to demonstrate your wisdom to others.‌
If you don’t feel a sense of accomplishment when you look back on your life, you may fall into
despair. When that happens, you tend to focus more on regrets.

Growth & Development: 6 to 11 Years (School Age)

As kids grow from grade-schoolers to preteens, you can expect many changes from
their physical appearances to their favorite activities. Children between 6 and 11 years old
will begin valuing friendships and become more involved in activities like sports and/or
painting.

What can my 6- to 11-year-old child do at this age?

As your child continues to grow, you will notice new and exciting abilities that your
child develops. While children may progress at different rates and have diverse interests,
the following are some of the common milestones children may reach in this age group:

6- to 7-year-olds:

 Enjoy many activities and stays busy

 Like to paint and draw
 Practice skills in order to become better
 Jump rope
 Ride bikes
 Can tie shoelaces
 Can do simple math like adding and subtracting

8- to 9-year-olds can:

 Jump, skip and chase

 Dress and groom self completely
 Use tools (i.e., hammer, screwdriver)

10- to 12-year-olds may:

 Like to write, draw and paint

What does my 6- to 11-year-old child understand?

As children enter school-age, their abilities and understanding of concepts and the world
around them continue to grow. While children may progress at different rates, the following
are some of the common milestones children may reach in this age group:

6- to 7-year-olds:

 Understand concept of numbers

 Know daytime and nighttime
 Can differentiate right and left hands
 Can copy complex shapes, such as a diamond
 Can tell time
 Can understand commands with three separate instructions
 Can explain objects and their use
 Can repeat three numbers backwards
 Can read age-appropriate books and/or materials

8- to 9-year-olds:

 Can count backwards

 Know the date
 Read more and enjoy reading
 Understand fractions
 Understand concept of space
 Draw and paint
 Can name months and days of week, in order
 Enjoys collecting objects

10- to 12-year-olds:

 Write stories
 Like to write letters
 Read well
 Enjoy talking on the phone or texting

Wellness and Fitness Milestones

Kids at this age need physical activity to build strength, coordination, and confidence —
and to lay the groundwork for a healthy lifestyle. They’re also gaining more control over
how active they are. Kids who enjoy sports and exercise tend to stay active throughout their
lives. Staying fit can improve how kids develop in school, build self-esteem, as well as
prevent obesity, and decrease the risk of serious illnesses such as high blood pressure,
diabetes and heart disease later in life.

What is “normal” physical growth for a 6- to 11-year-old child?

For 6- to 11-year-olds, there continues to be a wide range of “normal” regarding height,

weight and shape. Kids tend to get taller at a steady pace, growing about 2-2.5 inches (6 to
7 centimeters) each year. When it comes to weight, kids gain about 4–7 lbs. (2–3 kg) per
year until puberty starts.

This is also a time when kids start to have feelings about how they look and how they’re
growing. Some girls may worry about being “too big,” especially those who are developing
early. Boys tend to be sensitive about being too short.

Try to help your child understand that the important thing is not to “look” a certain way,
but rather to be healthy. Kids can’t change the genes that will determine how tall they will
be or when puberty starts. But they can make the most of their potential by developing
healthy eating habits and being physically active.

Your doctor will take measurements at regular checkups, then plot your child’s results on a
standard growth chart to follow over time and compare with other kids the same age and
gender.

How can I help my child grow?

Normal growth — supported by good nutrition, enough sleep, and regular exercise — is
one of the best overall indicators of a child’s good health. Your child’s growth pattern is
largely determined by genetics.

Pushing kids to eat extra food or get higher amounts of vitamins, minerals, or other
nutrients will not increase their height and may lead to weight problems. Accepting kids as
they are helps them build self-acceptance. Good mental health is important for healthy
development, strong relationships and resilience.
 How active should my 6- to 11-year-old be?

School-age kids should have many chances to do a variety of activities, sports, and games
that fit their personality, ability, age, and interests. Through physical activities, kids learn
about sportsmanship, setting goals, meeting challenges, teamwork, and the value of
practice.

Physical activity guidelines for school-age kids recommend that they get at least 1 hour of
moderate to strong physical activity daily. In addition:

 Most of the physical activity should be aerobic, where kids use large muscles and
continue for a period of time.
 Examples of aerobic activity are running, swimming, and dancing.
 School-age kids usually have brief bouts of moderate to strong physical activity
alternating with light activity or rest throughout the day. Any moderate to strong
activity counts toward the 60-minute goal.
 Muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening physical activity should be included at
least 3 days a week.
 Children naturally build strong muscles and bones when they run, jump and play.
Formal weight programs aren’t needed. However, they are safe when properly
designed and supervised.

Fitness at Home

Many parents and kids think of organized sports when they think of fitness. Though there
are many advantages to signing a child up for a sports team, practice and games once or
twice a week will not be enough to reach activity goals. Also, parents shouldn’t rely on
physical education in schools alone to provide children with enough physical activity.

Here are some ways to keep your child moving at home:

 Make physical activity part of the daily routine. From household chores to an after-
dinner walk, keep your family active every day.
  Allow enough time for free play. Kids can burn more calories and have more fun
when left to their own devices. Playing tag, riding bikes around the neighborhood,
and building snowmen are fun and healthy.
 Keep a variety of games and sports equipment on hand. It doesn’t have to be
expensive — an assortment of balls, hula-hoops, and jump ropes can keep kids busy
for hours.
 Be active together. It’ll get you moving, and kids love to play with their parents.
 Limit time spent in sedentary activities such as watching TV, using electronic
devices, being online and playing video games.

If you run out of possibilities at home, take advantage of local playgrounds and athletic
fields. Make family fitness outings part of your regular routine. Let family members choose
an activity — go hiking, ice skating, or try out the rock-climbing gym. Anything goes, as
long as everyone can participate. And remember: You’ll help show your kids that exercise is
important by regularly exercising yourself.

How long should my 6- to 11-year-old sleep?

School-age kids need 9-12 hours of sleep at night. Bedtime problems can start at this
age for a variety of reasons. Homework, sports, after-school activities, screen time, and
hectic family schedules all can contribute to kids not getting the sleep they need. Sleep-
deprived kids can become hyper or irritable and may have a hard time paying attention in
school.

It’s still important to have a consistent bedtime, especially on school nights. Leave
enough technology-free time before bed to allow your child to unwind before lights-out.
Consider switching off the electronics at least an hour before bed. Avoiding keeping a TV in
their bedroom.
Communication Milestones

How does my 6- to 11-year-old child interact with others?

A very important part of growing up is the ability to interact and socialize with
others. During the school-age years, parents will see a transition in their child as he or she
moves from playing alone to having multiple friends and social groups. While friendships
become more important, the child is still fond of his or her parents and likes being part of a
family. While every child is unique and will develop different personalities, the following are
some of the common behavioral traits that may be present in your child:

6- to 7-year-olds:

 Cooperate and share

 Can get jealous of others and siblings
 Like to copy adults
 Like to play alone, but friends are becoming important
 Play with friends of the same gender
 May have occasional temper tantrums
 May be modest about body
 Like to play board games

8- to 9-year-olds:

 Like competition and games

 Start to mix friends and play with children of different gender
 May be modest about body
 Enjoy clubs and groups, such as Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts
 May become curious about relationships, but does not admit it

10- to 12-year-olds:

 Will value friendship; may have a best friend

 May develop romantic interests
 Like and respect parents
 Enjoy talking to others

How can I help increase my 6- to 11-year-old child’s social ability?

Consider the following as ways to foster your school-aged child’s social abilities:

 Set and provide appropriate limits, guidelines and expectations and consistently
enforce using appropriate consequences.
 Model appropriate behavior.
 Offer compliments for your child being cooperative and for any personal
achievements.
 Help your child choose activities that are appropriate for your child’s abilities.
 Encourage your child to talk with you and be open with his or her feelings.
 Encourage your child to read and read with your child.
 Encourage your child to get involved with hobbies and other activities.
 Encourage physical activity.
 Encourage self-discipline; expect your child to follow rules that are set.
 Teach your child to respect and listen to authority figures.
 Teach your child to be aware of consequences of their behavior and empathy for
others.
 Encourage your child to talk about peer pressure and help set guidelines to deal with
peer pressure.
 Spend uninterrupted time together – giving full attention to your child. A strong,
loving relationship can have a direct positive influence on your child’s mental health.
 Encourage time outside.
 Limit television, video game and computer time.