THE PAPER

SEMANTICS

This Paper Is Prepared to Meet the Duty of the Introduce to Linguistic

Supervisor Lecturer:

Ririn Fatmawati M. Pd

Created by: Group 09

ALDINA KAMILA (211210470137)

RISTA (2112104701)

AHMAD FAISAL (211210470123)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

OF FACULTY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TEACHING

OF ZAINUL HASAN GENGGONG ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

KRAKSAAN PROBOLINGGO

2023
 FOREWARD

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

Thank God for the presence of Almighty God. For His grace and guidance, the authors say
thank God for the completion of this paper well and on time. Don't forget that prayers and
greetings are always given to our lord, Prophet Muhammad SAW, his entire family and friends.

Not to forget we also thank you for Mrs / Mr guidance of Ririn Fatmawati M. Pd. who has
guided and taught us, and support us so it is resolved the paper called “semantics” and also
thanks that we are as great as saying all those who have helped us so it is resolved this paper.

The author realizes that this paper is not free from errors and deficiencies. Therefore, we
really apologize if our paper has these shortcomings. Because in essence shortcomings belong
only to humans and advantages belong only to Allah SWT. The author also accepts criticism and
suggestions from readers, and the author hopes that this paper can be useful for the author
himself and the readers.

Kraksaan, Desember 10, 2023

Editor

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

THE PAPER...................................................................................................................................i
FOREWARD.................................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER l INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................2
1.1 Background of the problem....................................................................................................2

1.2 Formulation of the problem...................................................................................................2

1.3 Writing purpose......................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION........................................................................................................4
2.1 Understanding Semantics.......................................................................................................4

2.2 Understanding Signs, Symbols, Concepts and Definitions....................................................6

2.3 Semantic Types......................................................................................................................7

2.4 Understanding Meaning.........................................................................................................8

2.5 Meaning Change Factors.......................................................................................................8

2.6 Types of Meaning According to Expert Opinion.................................................................11

2.7 Type Change in meaning.....................................................................................................18

2.8 Semantic Error Analysis......................................................................................................20

CHAPTER III CLOSING...........................................................................................................25

3.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................25

3.2 Suggestion............................................................................................................................25

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................26

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the problem

Semantics is a branch of linguistics that is at the level of meaning. Verhaar, in Pateda
(2010:7) says that semantics is a theory of meaning or meaning theory (English semantics is the
adjective semantic which in Indonesian is matched with the word semantics as a noun and
semantics as an adjective). The word semantics is agreed as a term used for the field of
linguistics which studies the relationship between linguistic signs and the things they signify
(Chaer, 1995: 2).

As time goes by, language development also develops and experiences shifts in meaning.
Shifts in language meaning cannot be avoided, this is influenced by many factors which will be
discussed in depth later in the discussion. On that basis, it is not surprising that in the last few
years in Indonesia various words have emerged that have many new meanings. However, the
meaning that was previously attached does not just disappear. Changes in the meaning of a word
that occur are sometimes almost unnoticed by the language users themselves. For this reason, it
is necessary for us to know and understand linguistics as a whole.

1.2 Formulation of the problem

Based on the background above, the problem can be formulated as follows:

1. What is the meaning of semantics?

2. What are signs, symbols, concepts and definitions?
3. What are the types of Semantics?
4. What is the meaning of meaning?
5. What are the factors for changing meaning?
6. What are the types of meaning according to experts?
7. What type of meaning changes?
8. How is Semantic Error Analysis in Indonesian?

1.3 Writing purpose

Based on the problem formulation, the aim of writing this paper is to:

1. Explain the meaning of semantics

2. Describe signs, symbols, concepts and definitions

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3. Explain the types of Semantics
4. Explain the meaning
5. Explain the factors that change meaning
6. Explain the types of meaning according to experts
7. Explain the type of change in meaning
8. Decoding Semantic Error Analysis in Indonesian

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Understanding Semantics

The word semantics is actually a technical term that refers to the study of meaning.
Semantics in Indonesian comes from the Greek word 'sema' (noun) which means 'sign' or
'symbol'. The verb is 'semaino' which means 'to mark' or 'to symbolize'. What is meant by signs
or symbols here are linguistic signs (French: signé linguistique).

According to Ferdinand de Saussure (1966), linguistic signs consist of:

1. Replacing components, which take the form of language sounds.

2. The component that is interpreted or the meaning of the first component.

These two components are signs or symbols, and what is marked or symbolized is something
that is outside language, or what is commonly referred to as the referent/reference/thing
designated.

So, Semantic Science is:

- The science that studies the relationship between linguistic signs and the things they signify.

- Knowledge of meaning or significance.

Various views from experts mean that experts have differences in interpreting semantics. It is
hoped that these different semantic understandings can develop a linguistic discipline that is very
broad in scope.

 Charles Morrist

Proposing that semantics examines "the relationships between signs and the objects to which
these signs are applied".

 J.W.M Verhaar; 1981:9

Proposed that semantics (English: semantics) means theory of meaning or meaning theory,
namely the systematic branch of language that investigates meaning or sense.

 Lehrer; 1974: 1

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 Semantics is the study of meaning. For Lehrer, semantics is a very broad field of study,
because it also touches on aspects of the structure and function of language so that it can be
connected with psychology, philosophy and anthropology.

 Kambartel (in Bauerk, 1979: 195)

Semantics assumes that language consists of structures that reveal meaning when connected
to objects in the human world of experience.

 Encyclopedia Britanica (Encyclopedia Britanica, vol.20, 1996: 313)

Semantics is the study of the relationship between a linguistic distinction and the relationship
between mental processes or symbols in speech activity.

 Dr. Mansoer pateda

Semantics is a subdiscipline of linguistics that deals with meaning.

 Abdul Chaer

Semantics is the science of meaning or meaning. Namely one of the 3 (three) levels of
language analysis (phonological, grammatical and semantic).

The semantic view then differed from the previous view, after de Saussure's work appeared.
These differences in views include:

1. The historical view is starting to be abandoned

2. Attention begins to be abandoned on the structure in vocabulary,

3. Semantics begins to be influenced by stylistics

4. Directed semantic studies on a particular language (no longer general)

5. The relationship between language and thought is starting to be studied, because language is a
force that determines and directs thought (pay attention to the development of this idea in
SapirWhorf, 1956-Language is the mirror of the nation).

6. Semantics has separated itself from philosophy, but this does not mean that philosophy does
not help the development of semantics (note also that there is philosophical semantics which is a
branch of symbolic logic.

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 In 1923 the book The Meaning of Meaning appeared by Ogden & Richards which
emphasized the relationship of three basic elements, namely 'thought of reference' (thought) as
an element that presents a certain meaning that has a significant relationship with the referent.
Thoughts have a direct relationship with symbols. The symbol has no direct relationship with the
symbol (coat of arms). Symbols have no arbitrary relationship. In relation to meaning, semantic
experts usually determine the fact that the origin of the word meaning (noun) from to mean
(verb), it contains many different 'meanings'. Leech (1974) stated that semanticists often do not
naturally think about the 'meaning of meaning' which is necessary for an introductory study of
semantics. They actually tend to explain semantics in relation to other sciences; Experts
themselves still argue that the meaning of language cannot be understood or cannot be developed
except in non-linguistic meaning.

2.2 Understanding Signs, Symbols, Concepts and Definitions

Signs in Indonesian first of all mean "used". If you hit the rattan hard enough on your
back, it will leave scars. The marks from the blow, which were reddish in color, were a sign that
a blow had occurred with a rattan in that place. From the example above we can see that the
things marked are direct.

Symbols are actually also signs. The only difference is that this symbol does not give a
sign directly, but through something else. The red color on the red and white flag is a symbol of
"purity". As Ogden and Richard (1972: 9) say, this symbol is conventional, an agreement, but it
can be organized, recorded and communicated.

Language sounds or language units are actually symbols because they are conventional.
To understand the meaning or what is referred to by the sounds of language, we have to study
them.

Symbol is a loan word that corresponds to the Indonesian word symbol. In this essay the
two words are considered to represent the same concept, although the usage distribution may be
different.

Language symbols in the form of words, combinations of words, or other units of speech
are the same as symbols and signs in other fields "representing" a concept that exists in the world
of ideas or our thoughts. For example, the word (chair) "represents" a concept in our minds in the
form of an object that can be used as a seat with its shape in such a way that it is comfortable to
sit on.

The concept as a referent of a symbol can never be "perfect". For this reason, if we
mention (chair) or (youth) or any symbol, people often ask "what do you mean by that chair?" or
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also “what or who do you mean by that young man? All of them try to formulate the concepts
that exist in the world, their ideas in a formula called a definition or limitation. In general, this
definition or limitation provides a more detailed formulation of a concept.

2.3 Semantic Types

Several types of semantics are differentiated based on the level or part of the language that is
the object of investigation, namely:

 Lexical Semantics

Lexicle is an adjective form derived from the noun form lexicon (vocabulary, vocabulary,
vocabulary). The unit of the lexicon is a lexeme, which is a meaningful unit of words (Chaer,
2002: 60 in Wahab 1995). If lexicon is equated with vocabulary or vocabulary, then lexemes can
be equated with words. Thus, the meaning of the lexicle can be interpreted as meaning that is
lexicon, lexeme, or word. The meaning of lexicles can also be interpreted as meaning that is in
accordance with its reference, meaning that is in accordance with the results of observations
from the five senses, or meaning that is truly real in our lives. The study of language meaning
which focuses more on the role of language elements or words in relation to other words in a
language is commonly referred to as lexical semantics.

 Grammatical Semantics

The level of grammar or grammar is divided into two sublevels, namely morphology and
syntax. Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words, as well
as the processes of their formation; while syntax is the study of the relationship between words
and words in forming larger units, namely phrases, clauses and sentences. Morphological units,
namely morphemes and words, as well as syntactic units, namely words, phrases, clauses and
sentences, clearly have meaning. Both the morphological process and the syntactic process
themselves also have meaning. Therefore, at this level there are semantic problems, namely what
is called grammatical semantics because the object of study is the grammatical meanings of that
level.

 Sentence Semantics

Verhaar (1978: 126 in Parera 2004) stated that sentence semantics discusses things such as the
topicalization of sentences which is a semantic problem, but not a grammatical problem.
Regarding the semantics of this sentence, according to him, it has not yet attracted much
attention from linguistic experts.

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2.4 Understanding Meaning
Meaning is an inseparable part of semantics and is always attached to whatever we say.
The meaning of meaning itself is very diverse. Pateda (Chaer, 2001: 79) suggests that the term
meaning is confusing words and terms. This meaning is always integrated into the utterance of
words and sentences. According to Ullman (Pateda, 2001:82) suggests that meaning is the
relationship between meaning and understanding. In this case, Ferdinand de Saussure (Chaer,
1994: 286) expressed the meaning of meaning as an understanding or concept that belongs to or
is contained in a linguistic sign.

The concept of meaning (KBBI) is a way for someone to make sense of an object or thing
that contains important elements. Example: a book, we can interpret it as scientific material,
sheets, and so on. But if we talk about the concept of meaning, the study of books is very broad,
starting from meaning, meaning and concept. That's when we talk about a book.

The meaning of the vocabulary that a person masters is the main part of the semantic
memory stored in our brain, which is called denotative meaning, or often also called descriptive
meaning or lexical meaning. It is the relationship between a word and the concept of an
object/event or situation symbolized by that word.

In yesterday's discussion it was mentioned that language is a system of sound signs. In

semantic discussions what is discussed is the relationship between the word and the concept or
meaning of the word, as well as the object or thing referred to by that meaning which is outside
language.

2.5 Meaning Change Factors

Many factors cause changes in the meaning of a word. Are as follows:

1. Developments in science and technology

In this case, a word that previously contained the concept of meaning about something
simple, is still used even though the concept of meaning contained has changed as a result of new
views or new theories in a field of science or as a result of technological developments. For
example, the change in the meaning of the word literature from the meaning of writing to the
meaning of imaginative work is one example of the development of the scientific field. New
views or new theories regarding literature have caused the meaning of the word literature, which
previously meant "books with good content and good language" to mean "works that are
creatively imaginative".

2. Social and cultural development

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 Social and cultural developments also influence changes in meaning. For example, the
word brother in Sanskrit means one stomach or one womb. Nowadays, although the word brother
is still used in that sense, it is also used to refer to anyone who is considered an equal or has the
same social status. This also happens with almost all kinship words or terms such as father,
mother, brother, sister. The cause of this change in meaning is possible because in the pre-
independence era (and also several years after independence) to refer to and greet people of
higher social status, the words sir or madam were used. Then after independence and the
realization that the terms sir or madam had a colonial odor, we replaced them with the term sir or
ma'am.

3. Different fields of use

Words that become vocabulary in certain fields in everyday life and use can also be used
in other fields or become general vocabulary. So, these words have new meanings, or other
meanings besides their original meaning. For example, the word work which comes from the
agricultural sector with all kinds of derivations as seen in the phrase working on rice fields,
cultivated land and so on, is now widely used in other fields with a new meaning which means
working as seen in the phrase working on a thesis, working on a drama script and so on. -other.
From the examples described, these words may have a meaning that is not the same as the
meaning in their original field, you just need to remember that the new meaning of these words is
still related to the original meaning. These words are used in other fields metaphorically or
comparatively. In conclusion, the meaning of the word used is not in its field and the meaning of
the word used in its field of origin is still in its polysemy because these meanings are still related
to each other or there are still similarities between one meaning and another.

4. There is an Association

Words used outside their field, as discussed in the previous section, still have a
connection or connection in meaning with the meaning used in their field of origin. Somewhat
different from changes in meaning that occur as a result of use in other fields, here the new
meaning that emerges is related to other things or events related to the word. In the example of
the word envelope and the word money, there is an association that is related to the container.
The word envelope comes from the field of administration or correspondence, its original
meaning is letter cover. In addition to letters usually put in envelopes, other things like money
are also usually put. Therefore, in the sentence "Give him an envelope so that your business can
be finished quickly." In this sentence the word envelope means money because the envelope in
question does not contain a letter or contains nothing but contains money as a bribe.

5. Sensory Response Exchange

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 In the use of language, there are many cases of exchange of responses between one sense
and another. Spicy tastes, for example, which should be perceived by the taste buds on the
tongue are changed to be perceived by the sense of hearing as seen in the utterance of the words
which are quite spicy. Another example of a rude word that should be responded to by the sense
of touch is the skin, but it can also be responded to by the sense of sight of the eye as in the
sentence His behavior is rude. This exchange of sensory organs is usually called synesthesia.
This term comes from the Greek sun meaning the same and aistheticas meaning visible. In
general use of the Indonesian language, there are many symptoms of synesthesia. Other
examples occur in several phrases, namely the sound is pleasant to hear, the color is pleasing to
the eye, the sound is very heavy, the shape is sweet, the sound is delicious and there are many
other examples.

6. Response Differences

Every lexical element or word actually synchronically has a fixed lexical meaning.
However, because of the outlook on life and standards of life in society, many words have a low
taste value and are less pleasant. Apart from that, there are also those that have a high taste value
or are enjoyable. Words whose value decreases to a low level are called pejorative, while those
whose value increases to a high level are called ameliorative. For example, the word wife is now
considered pejorative while the word wife is considered ameliorative. The same thing happens
with the word men and husband, the words bang and bung. The taste value is most likely only
synchronic. Diachronically there is a possibility that it could change. The development of a view
of life which is usually in line with cultural and societal developments can enable changes in the
pejorative or ameliorative value of a word.

7. There are abbreviations

In Indonesian there are a number of words or expressions which, because they are often
used, without saying or writing them, people understand their meaning. Therefore, many people
just use the abbreviation rather than using the full form. For example, someone said "his father
died" of course he meant he died but only said he died. This also happens with the word pass
away which means going home to Rahmatullah, to the library which means going to the library,
to the lab which means going to the laboratory and so on. If you look closely, in the case of word
abbreviation, this is not an event of a change in meaning that occurs because the meaning or
concept is fixed. What happens is a change in the form of the word. Words that were originally
in full form are shortened to shorter forms.

8. Grammatical Process

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 Grammatical processes such as affixation, reduplication and composition will also cause
changes in meaning. But in this case what has actually happened is not a change in meaning
because the form of the word has changed as a result of the grammatical process and this process
has given rise to grammatical meanings.

9. Term Development

One effort in developing or forming new terms is to utilize existing Indonesian

vocabulary by giving them new meanings either by narrowing, expanding or giving new
meanings. Just as the word plank, which originally meant thin wooden slabs, has now become a
term for housing, the word terrace, which originally meant the core or essence of wood, now has
a new meaning, namely main or leader.

2.6 Types of Meaning According to Expert Opinion

Through various sources, various terms can be used to impart types or types of meaning.
Pateda (Chaer, 1986:59) has listed alphabetically 25 types of meaning, namely effective
meaning, denotative meaning, descriptive meaning, extension meaning, emotive meaning,
reflective meaning, idealistic meaning, intentional meaning, grammatical meaning, figurative
meaning, cognitive meaning , conceptual meaning, construction meaning, lexical meaning, broad
meaning, pictonal meaning, propositional meaning, central meaning, referential meaning, narrow
meaning, stylistic meaning, and thematic meaning. Meanwhile, Leech Haer, 1976: 59) whose
work is widely quoted by people in terms of semantics, distinguishes seven types of meaning,
namely (1) conceptual meaning, (2) Connotative meaning, (3) stylistic meaning, (4) affective
meaning, (5) reflective meaning, (6) collocative meaning, (7) thematic meaning. Note that
connotative, stylistic, affective, reflective and collocative meanings fall into a larger group,
namely associative meanings.

Below we will discuss the types of meaning based on various sources that have been put forward
by linguists.

1. Narrow Meaning

Narrow meaning is a meaning that is narrower than the whole utterance. Bloomfield
(Pateda. 1933: 126) argued that there are narrow meanings and broad meanings in changes in the
meaning of utterances. A broad meaning can be narrowed, or a word that originally had a broad
(generic) meaning can have a narrow (specific) meaning because it is limited.

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 Kridalaksana (Chaer, 1993: 133), provides an explanation that narrow meaning
(specialized meaning, narrowed meaning) is the meaning of an utterance that is narrower than its
central meaning; for example, the meaning of the head in the stone head. Furthermore,
Djajasudarma (1993: 7-8) explains that words with broad meanings in Indonesian are also called
general meanings (generic) which are used to express general thoughts or ideas. If a general idea
is added with details, the meaning will be narrowed (have a narrow meaning), as in the following
example.

(1) Dress in women's clothing

(2) Siblings with siblings Step brother Cousins

(3) Line with sire line slash and so on.

2. Broad Meaning

Wide meaning (widened meaning or extended meaning) is the meaning contained in a

word that is broader than expected by Djajasudarma (Pateda, 1993: 8). With almost the same
understanding, Kridalaksana (Chaer 1993: 133) provides an explanation that extended meaning
(extended meaning, situational meaning) is the meaning of an utterance that is broader than its
central meaning; for example, the meaning of school in the sentence He went to school again at
Seskoal is broader than the meaning of 'building where you study'.

Words that have broad meanings are used to express general thoughts or ideas. Words
that have a broad concept can emerge from a narrow meaning, as in the following Indonesian
example.

Underwear with clothes

Wheelchair with seat

Serve by preparing

Giving by donating

Inheritance with property

Taste by eating, etc.

3. Cognitive Meaning

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 Cognitive meaning, also called descriptive or denotative meaning, is meaning that shows
the relationship between a concept and the world of reality. Cognitive meaning is straightforward
meaning, meaning as it is.

Cognitive meaning is often used in engineering terms. As has been mentioned, cognitive
meaning is also called descriptive meaning, denotative meaning, and conceptual cognitive
meaning. This meaning is never connected with other things in an associative way, meaning
without interpretation, relationship with other objects or other events. Cognitive meaning is the
actual meaning, not the figurative meaning or parable. Example: tree.

4. Connotative and Emotive Meaning

Cognitive meaning can be distinguished from connotative and emotive meaning based on
its relationship, namely the relationship between words and their referents () or the relationship
between words and their denotation (the relationship between words (phrases) and people,
places, traits, processes and activities outside the language; and the relationship between words
(phrases) with certain characteristics that are connotative or emotive.

Connotative meaning is meaning that arises from cognitive meaning (via cognitive
meaning), to which cognitive meaning other meaning components are added. Meanwhile,
Kridalaksana (Chaer: 1993), provides the understanding that connotative meaning is the same as
connotation, namely the aspect of the meaning of a word or group of words which is based on
feelings or thoughts that arise or are evoked in the speaker (writer) and listener (reader). For
example, the word skinny has a neutral connotation, meaning it has no value

Connotative meaning can be distinguished from emotive meaning because what is

mentioned in the first part is negative and what is mentioned later is positive. Connotative
meaning arises as a result of our emotional associations with what is said or what is heard.
Connotative meaning and emotive meaning can be differentiated based on the society that
created them or according to the individual used (oral or written) as well as according to the field
in which they are contained. Connotative meanings change from era to era. Connotative and
emotive meanings can be incidental.

Emotive meaning is meaning that involves feelings (speaker and listener; writer and
reader) in a positive direction. This meaning is different from the cognitive (denotative) meaning
which shows a relationship between the world of concepts (reference) and reality, the emotive
meaning shows something else that is not completely the same as what exists in the world of
reality (Djajasudarma, 1993).

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 A word can have an emotive meaning and be free from cognitive meaning or two words
can have the same cognitive meaning, but the two words can have different emotive meanings.
The emotive meaning in Indonesian tends to be different from the connotative meaning; Emotive
meaning tends to refer to negative things (meaning).

5. Referential Meaning

Referential meaning is the meaning of language elements that are very closely related to
the world outside language (objects or ideas) and which can be explained by component analysis;
also called denotation; the opposite of the connotation of Kridalaksana (Chaer, 1993: 133).

A word or lexeme is said to have referential meaning if it has a referent, or referent.

Words such as horse, red, and picture are words that have referential meaning because they have
references in the real world. On the other hand, words such as and, or, and because are words
that have no referential meaning because they have no referent.

Djajasudarma (Chaer, 1993), explains that referential meaning is meaning that is directly
related to reality or a referent (reference), referential meaning is also called cognitive meaning
because it has a reference. This meaning has a relationship with concepts, as well as cognitive
ones. Referential meaning has a relationship with the concept of something that has been
mutually agreed upon by the language user community.

6. Meaning of Construction

Construction meaning is the meaning contained in construction. For example, the

meaning of belonging is expressed by word order in Indonesian. In addition, the meaning of
belonging can be expressed through enclitics as endings that indicate possession. Kridalaksana
(Chaer, 1993), construction meaning is the meaning contained in construction, for example
'belonging' which in Indonesian is expressed in word order.

Examples given by Djajasudarma (1993) regarding the meaning of this construction

include:

1. That's my book

2. I read my book

3. That woman is my mother

4. The house is far from here

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5. Where is your house?

7. Lexical Meaning and Grammatical Meaning

Lexical meaning (English lexical meaning, semantic meaning, external meaning) is the
meaning of elements as symbols of objects, events, etc. This lexical meaning belongs to
language elements separately, regardless of context. For example, the word culture (English)
'culture', in the Shadily & Echols dictionary is mentioned as a noun (KB) and means: (1)
politeness, culture; (2) reproduction (biology); whereas in the Indonesian Dictionary I, culture is
a noun, and its meaning; (1) mind, reason; (2) culture; (3) regarding culture, which has
developed (civilized, advanced). All meanings, both basic forms and derived forms, which are in
the dictionary are called lexical meanings.

Still in terms of meaning, Djajasudarma (Bateda, 1993) further explains grammatical

meaning which is a comparison to lexical meaning. Grammatical meaning (English grammatical
meaning, functional meaning, structural meaning, internal meaning) is a meaning that concerns
intralanguage relationships, or meaning that arises as a result of the function of a word in a
sentence.

Regarding these two types of meaning, Kridalaksana (Chaer, 1993) explains that lexical
meaning (lexical meaning, semantic meaning, external meaning) is the meaning of language
elements as symbols of objects, events, etc.; This lexical meaning is possessed by language
elements regardless of their use or context. Furthermore, grammatical meaning (grammatical
meaning, functional meaning, structural meaning, internal meaning) is the relationship between
language elements in larger units; for example, the relationship between words and other words
in a phrase or clause.

Thus, lexical meaning is the meaning that a lexeme or word has or exists even without
any context. For example, the lexeme horse has the lexical meaning 'a type of four-legged animal
that is usually ridden'; The lexeme pencil has the lexical meaning 'a type of writing instrument
made of wood and charcoal'; and the lexeme water has the lexical meaning 'a type of liquid that
is usually used for daily purposes. So, if you look at these examples, the lexical meaning is the
actual meaning.

Different from lexical meaning, grammatical meaning only exists if grammatical

processes occur, such as affixation, reduplication, composition and sentenceization. For example,
the affixation process of the prefix ber- with the basis of clothes gives rise to the grammatical
meaning 'to wear or wear clothes'; with the basis of a horse, it gives birth to the grammatical
meaning of 'doing recreation'.

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8. Ideational Meaning

Ideational meaning is explained by Djajasudarma (Chaer, 1993), ideational meaning is

the meaning that arises as a result of the use of words that arise as a result of the use of words
with concepts or ideas contained in units of words, both basic and derivative forms. We
understand the ideas contained in the word democracy, namely the political term (1) (form or
system) of government, where all the people participate in governing through their
representatives; people's government; (2) an idea or outlook on life that prioritizes equal rights
and obligations as well as equal treatment for all citizens.

We look at the word democracy in the dictionary, and if we pay attention to its
relationship with other elements in the use of the word, then we determine the concept that is the
idea of the word. Likewise, the word participation contains the meaning of a pleasant feeling,
people will be happy if they are said to be slim. Likewise, the word skinny, which is also
synonymous with the words skinny and slender, has a negative connotation, an unpleasant taste,
people will feel bad if they say their body is skinny.

Ideational 'maximum activity of someone who takes part in an activity (active

contribution)'. With the ideational meaning contained in it, we can see the understanding
contained in the meaning of a word.

9. Meaning of Proposition

Propositional meaning is the meaning that emerges when we limit the understanding of
something. We can see words with propositional meanings in the field of mathematics, or in the
field of exact sciences. The meaning of a proposition also contains suggestions, things, plans,
which can be understood through context.

In the exact field, especially mathematics, we are familiar with what is called a right
angle, the meaning of the proposition is ninety degrees (900). The meaning of a proposition can
be applied to something that is certain, and cannot possibly be changed again, for example, in
language we know propositions:

a. One year is equal to twelve months

b. The sun rises on the eastern horizon.

c. One day is equal to twelve hours.

d. Living creatures will die.

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e. Surge is a very good place.etc.

10. Central Meaning

Kridalaksana (Chaer, 1993: 133) provides a central meaning which is the meaning of a
word which is generally understood when the word is given without context. Central meaning is
also called featureless meaning.

Central meaning is the meaning of each word which is the core of the utterance. Every
utterance, whether clause, sentence or discourse, has a meaning which is the center (core) of the
conversation. The central meaning can be present in the context or not present in the context.

A person who dialogues can communicate communicatively about the core of a

conversation, and the speaker and interlocutor will understand the central meaning or dialogue
because of strong reasoning. As an example we can see in the following expression:

a. The table is round.

b. Prices are increasing.

c. Recently there have been frequent floods.

11. Pictorial Meaning

Pictorial meaning is the meaning of a word that is related to the hearing or reader's
feelings. For example, in a meaningful situation we talk about something that is disgusting and
causes feelings of disgust for the listener, so that he stops the activity of eating.

Feelings arise immediately after hearing or reading something, a disgusting expression,

or a feeling of hatred. Feelings can also be feelings of joy, in addition to other feelings that we
have experienced or can experience at any time. Pay attention to the following example, we can
determine the meaning of the pictorial.

a. Why did you say his name?

b. The toilet was very dirty.

c. Ah, he's ridiculous.

d. He lives in that muddy alley.

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e. The car almost went into a ravine, etc.

12. Idiomatic Meaning

An idiom is a unit of speech whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meaning of its
elements, both lexically and grammatically. For example, grammatically the form of selling a
house means 'those who sell receive the money and those who buy receive the house'; the form
of selling a bicycle means 'the one who sells gets the money and the one who buys gets the
bicycle'; but in Indonesian the form of selling teeth does not have the same meaning as selling a
house or selling a bicycle, but rather means 'laughing loudly'. So, the meaning that the form of
selling teeth has called idiomatic meaning. For example, other forms, toil, green table, backbone,
etc.

Kridalaksana (Chaer, 1993) calls it a figurative meaning (transferred meaning, figurative

meaning) which is the use of words with meanings that are not true. Furthermore, Djajasudarman
(Pateda, 1993) provides the definition of idiomatic meaning as lexical meaning formed from
several words. Words that are combined with other words can also produce different meanings.
Some idioms are in frozen form (not changing), meaning that the combination of words in the
idiom is in a fixed form. This form cannot be changed based on the syntactic rules that apply to a
language. Idiomatic meaning is found in expressions and proverbs. As seen in the following
example expression.

a. He worked hard for years.

b. I will not bend the knee before him.

c. Poor guy, he fell down the stairs too.

d. Like a chicken dying of hunger on a pile of rice.

e. It's not good to be a mouthy (presumptuous) person.

Idioms and proverbs are found in all languages, especially in languages whose speakers
already have a high culture. To know the meaning of idiomatics, there is no other way than to
look and read in a dictionary, especially a dictionary of proverbs and an idiom dictionary.

2.7 Type Change in meaning

In this section, several types of meaning changes that occur in Indonesian will be
described. Here's the explanation:
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1. Widespread Change

What is meant by widespread change is a symptom that occurs in a word or lexeme

which initially only had one meaning but then due to various factors it became to have other
meanings. This process of expanding meaning can occur in a relatively short period of time but
can also occur over a long period of time. And other meanings that occur as a result of the
expansion of that meaning are still within the scope of polysemy, meaning they are still related to
the original meaning. As in the word brother, which previously only had one meaning, namely
the stomach or womb, has now developed to have more than one meaning. And it has another
meaning, namely anyone who is related by blood. Furthermore, now the word brother means that
anyone can be called a brother.

2. Narrowing Change

Narrowing change is a symptom that occurs in a word that initially had a fairly broad
meaning but then changed to become limited to only having one meaning. The word scholar
originally meant a clever person or scholar and now the word only has one meaning, namely a
person who graduates from college. So, no matter how smart a person is as a result of self-study,
if he is not a college graduate then he cannot be called a graduate. On the other hand, no matter
how low a person's achievement index is, if he has graduated from college, he will be called a
graduate.

3. Total Change

What is meant by total change is the meaning of a word that changes completely or
changes completely from its original meaning. It is true that there is a possibility that the current
meaning is still related to the original meaning, but this connection seems to be very distant. For
example, the word art, which originally meant urine or urination, is now used as a term for a
work or creation of fine value, such as painting, dance, sound art.

4. Rarefaction (ufemia)

Refinement in this change in meaning is a symptom of the display of words or forms that
are considered to have a subtler or more polite meaning than those to be replaced. The tendency
to soften the meaning of words seems to be a common phenomenon in the Indonesian language
community. For example, the word prison is replaced with the term correctional institution,
dismissal is replaced with the term termination of employment, babu is replaced with the term
housemaid.

5. Roughing (dysphemia)
19
 The roughing in question is an attempt to replace words with a subtle or ordinary
meaning into words with a rough meaning. These attempts or symptoms of harassment are
usually carried out by people in unfriendly situations or when they are irritated. As in the word
put in to replace the word put in, the word ejects to replace the word take out and so on.

2.8 Semantic Error Analysis

1. Hypercorrhea Symptoms

what has been corrected again ends up being wrong.

 /s/ becomes /sy/ or vice versa

a. thanksgiving

Gratitude is an expression of thanks to God; whereas

b. conditions – full

The word laden means ‘full’; while the word condition means 'conditions that must be fulfilled

Example:

One of the requirements to become a soldier is to be physically and mentally healthy.

The cart that Mr. Farmer pushed was full of harvest.

c. legitimate

The words legitimate and legitimate are confused pairs. The meanings of these two words
are clearly different. Legitimate means 'in accordance with the 'law'; while shah means 'king'

Example:

The Shah of Iran has visited Unnes.

Afgan is now legally my husband.

d. poetry - poetry

The word sair means ‘hell fire’; while the word syair means 'old form of poetry'.

Example:
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Pramudya was busy reading poetry

Corrupt officials should always remember sair.

 /p/ becomes /f/ or vice versa

a. polio – folio

the word polio means 'bone disease'; while the word folio means 'paper size'.

Example:

His sister suffered from polio

Andi is buying folio paper at the shop.

b. when – shroud

The word shroud means '(white) cloth to wrap a corpse; while when means 'question
word to ask for time'

Example:

The body had been wrapped in a shroud.

When did you graduate?

c. pact – fact

The word pact means 'agreement' and the word fact means 'an event that actually exists'

Example:

Based on existing facts, Mali was determined to be the suspect in the case.

You are the one who must be responsible for this incident based on the existing pact.

2. Symptoms of Pleonasm

Excessive use of language elements.

Example:

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  Your friend has been waiting for a long time.

Should:

Your friend has been waiting for a long time.

 Oh, he is so adorable!

Should:

Oh, he's so sweet!

 In ancient times, many people worshiped idols.

Should:

In ancient times, many people worshiped idols.

3. Word Choice or Diction

Example:

The running competition was witnessed by the president.

Should:

The running race was witnessed by the president.

They don't take public transportation.

Should:

They don't take public transportation.

The existence of mutual suspicion between people towards each other is quite worrying.

Should:

The existence of an attitude of suspicion between people towards one another is quite worrying.

The child was walking with a limp because his leg had been broken.

Should:
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The child was walking with a limp because his leg had been broken.

4. Ambiguity

The possibility of more than one meaning in a word, combination of words, or sentence.

Example:

1. Types of affixes

bear

(ber+money : having money; ber+space : having space)

thousands

(ber+thousand: Many thousands; ber+ibu: having a mother)

numbered

(ber+numerical: having numbers; ber+frame: having a framework)

measure

(me+measure: make measurements; me+measure: carry out the action of “measuring”)

2. Idiomatic type

take off your hat; meaning, salute

out of business; that is, bankrupt

Raise your hands; that is, give up

Start a new chapter in life; it means starting a new life and forgetting the past

3. Reference and substitution types

Ali is close friends with Badu, he really loves his wife.

(he was not clearly addressing Ali or Badu)

4. Types of attributes in sentences

He received twenty-five thousand.

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(it is not clear whether the money received was twenty-five thousand or twenty-five thousand)

The new RT head's house is painted blue.

(not clear who and what is new, the RT head's house or the RT head's position)

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
The word semantics is a technical term that refers to the study of meaning. Semantics in
Indonesian comes from the Greek word ‘sema’ (noun) which means ‘sign’ or ‘symbol’. The verb
is 'semaino' which means 'to mark' or 'to symbolize'. What is meant by signs or symbols here are
linguistic signs (French: signé linguistique). The causes of changes in meaning are developments
in science and technology, social and cultural developments, differences in areas of use,
associations, exchange of sensory responses, differences in responses, abbreviations,
grammatical processes and the development of terms.

The types of changes in meaning are extensive changes, narrowed changes, total changes,
refinements, and coarsening. Factors that facilitate changes in meaning are linguistic factors,
historical factors, social factors, psychological factors, foreign language influence factors and the
need for new words.

3.2 Suggestion
This suggestion is aimed at Indonesian society in general and students. In this changing era,
weshould be more responsive to the changes that are occurring, especially in the field of
Indonesian. We must preserve Indonesian as the national language. We need to pay close
attention to the changes that occur so that the authenticity of the Indonesian language is
maintained.

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