Experiment 1 (7th Semester)

University of Zakho Mechanical Eng. Dept.
7th Semester 2023-2024

Refrigeration and AC Lab
Experiment No. (1)

Heat Pump (Heating)
Concept: A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to
what is called a thermal reservoir. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite
direction of spontaneous heat transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space and
releasing it to a warmer one
1. PURPOSE:
1. Determining the coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump (heating).
2. Comparison between COP for a Carnot heat pump and heat pump system in
heating mode.
2.APPARATUS:
The heat pump using working fluid (R134a) consist of the following parts
(See fig. (1)):
1. Reciprocating Compressor: compresses the vaporous working fluid from
evaporator pressure to condenser pressure.
2. Shell and Coil Condenser: reject heat at constant pressure to the water.
3. Sight glass: used to see working fluid state after heat rejection process.
4. Pressure gauge: used to measure condenser pressure.
5. Thermostatic expansion (throttling) valve: expands the liquid working fluid at
constant enthalpy process.
6. Shell and Coil Evaporator: absorbs heat from the low temperature
reservoir(water) at constant pressure.
7. Sight glass: used to see working fluid state after heat absorption process.
8. pressure gauge: used to measure evaporator pressure.
1
University of Zakho Mechanical Eng. Dept. 7th Semester 2023-2024
Fig. (1) heat pump apparatus
3. THEORY:
Fig. (2) ideal cycle of the heat pump
2
The ideal refrigeration cycle shown in figure(2), includes the following processes:
1-2: Isentropic compression, s2=s1 .

2-3: constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser.
3-4 : Throttling in the expansion valve, h3=h4 .
4-1 : constant pressure heat addition in the evaporator.
The refrigeration effect (evaporator) may be calculated as follows:

𝑹𝑬 = 𝒒𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒑. = 𝒒𝑳 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒
Where:
h1 is the enthalpy at evaporator outlet (compressor inlet) at evaporator pressure,
kJ/kg.
h4 is the enthalpy at evaporator inlet (expansion valve outlet) at evaporator pressure,
kJ/kg.
The work added to the compressor, per unit mass, is
𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏
Where h2 is the enthalpy at compressor outlet (condenser inlet) at condenser pressure,
kJ/kg.
The rejected heat from the condenser is:
𝒒𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. = 𝒒𝑯 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑
Where h3 is the enthalpy at condenser outlet, kJ/kg.
The coefficient of performance of the heat pump (heating) is:

𝒒𝑯 𝒒𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷 = = =
𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏
The Carnot COP of the heat pump is determined using the following:
𝒒𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝐜𝐚𝐫,𝐇𝐏 = =
𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝑻𝑯 − 𝑻𝑳
3
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Pour a measured quantity of water inside water reservoir so that the heat
exchanger (condenser) is completely immersed in water.
2. Run the unit by using the main switch of the electrical power.
3. Record the readings of the temperatures and pressures of the evaporator and
condenser at specified time.
4. Repeat the third step each 5 minutes until the readings become stable.
For last reading:
5. Draw p-h and T-s diagram.
6. Calculate refrigeration effect, RE.
7. Calculate work added to the compressor, wcomp.
8. Calculate heat rejected qcond to the water.
9. Calculate the coefficient of performance for heat pump (heating), COPHP.
10. Calculate coefficient of performance for heat pump Carnot cycle, COPcar, HP.
Time Pc Pv TCi TCo TVi TVo

NO. Min. bar bar °C °C °C °C
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
5. Discussions:
Q1/ What are the types of heat pumps? Explain them?
Q2/ what is the relationship between COP of system and time when system starts
in steady state?
Q3/ what are error sources occurring in this experiment and how to reduce it?
Q4/ what is the relationship between pressure of evaporator and COPHP, then
pressure of condenser and COPHP?
Q5/ What is the difference between the heat engine and heat pump.
5

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University of Zakho Mechanical Eng. Dept.

7th Semester 2023-2024

Experiment No. (1)

evaporator pressure to condenser pressure.

4. Pressure gauge: used to measure condenser pressure.

5. Thermostatic expansion (throttling) valve: expands the liquid working fluid at

constant enthalpy process.

reservoir(water) at constant pressure.

8. pressure gauge: used to measure evaporator pressure.

Fig. (1) heat pump apparatus

Fig. (2) ideal cycle of the heat pump

1-2: Isentropic compression, s2=s1 .

The refrigeration effect (evaporator) may be calculated as follows:

The coefficient of performance of the heat pump (heating) is:

Time Pc Pv TCi TCo TVi TVo

Q1/ What are the types of heat pumps? Explain them?

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