ANGELITO GARCIA JR.

BSCRIM-1A

ACTIVITY 2. READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY - UNTIL OCTOBER 6, 2021.

1. Explain the relationship of the Cavite Mutiny to the GOMBURZA

On January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in Cavite arsenal
rose in mutiny. The mutineers had a secret understand with the Filipino soldiers in
Manila for a concerted uprising. The suburb of Sampaloc, in Manila, celebrated its
fiesta that night with a brilliant display of fireworks. Thinking that the fireworks
had been set off by the Manila troops, the Cavite plotters rose in arms. They killed
their Spanish officers and took control of the arsenal.
Government troops under Felipe Ginoves rushed to Cavite the following
morning and a bloddy battle ensued. Many of mutineer, including sergeant
Lamadrid, were killed in the fighting. Fathers Zamora, Gomez and Burgos were
among those who championed the cause of Filipino priests who had not been
receiving their due from the Spanish authorities. At that time the Filipino priests
were not allowed to hold high and profitable positions in the church because of
their brown skin and Asian ancestry. After a farcical trial by a military court,
Fathers Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora were sentenced to die by the garrote, a
strangulation machine. The blood of the martyrs of 1872 was thus the fertile seed
of Filipino nationalism.

2. Research what is all about the BALAGUER TESTIMONY

Balaguer was one of the Jesuit priests who visited Rizal during his last hours at
Fort Santiago and affirmed that he had managed to convince Rizal to denounce
Freemasonry and return to the Catholic bosom. In an affidavit issued after his
return to Spain in 1917, Balaguer also claimed that it was he who solemnly
celebrated the wedding of Josephine Bracken and Rizal hours before the hero's
execution. In addition, according to Balaguer, Rizal woke up several times,
confessed four times, attended mass, received communion and prayed the rosary,
which all seems atypical.

3. CUERPO DE VIGILANCIA included a report on the last hours of Rizal ,

written by FEDERICO MORENO.
There is one issue in Jose Rizal’s life that historians have debated on several
occasions but remains unsettled. That issue is whether Rizal, on the eve of his
death, re-embraced the Catholic faith and disassociated himself from Masonry.
The matter is controversial because parties on both sides are affiliated with an
 organization that promotes moral values and the pursuit of truth. The pro-
retraction camp is represented by the Jesuits, the archbishop of Manila, and a few
other members of the Catholic hierarchy. Since they are all ordained priests, they
are assumed to be truthful in their pronouncements. Their opponents are the
members of Masonry, an organization that promotes brotherhood, integrity,
decency, and professionalism.
This paper resurrects the retraction controversy in the light of the emergence of
another primary source that speaks about what happened to Rizal on the eve of his
death. This document was never considered in the history of the retraction
controversy because it was made available to researchers only in the past decade.
The author of the report is a credible eyewitness because he was physically present
in the vicinity of where Rizal was detained. His narrative is lucid and contains
details that cast doubt on the credibility and reliability of earlier primary sources
on which previous narratives were based. This document needs serious
consideration and should be included in the discourse on Rizal’s retraction.

Question;

Give the events in the LAST HOURS OF DR. JOSE RIZAL, in the statements of
the CUERPO DE VIGILANCIA

4. What is all about EL GRITO DE REBELION or CRY OF REBELLION?

The term "Cry" is translated from the Spanish el grito de rebelion (cry of
rebellion) or el grito for short. Thus, the Grito de Balintawak is comparable to
Mexico's Grito de Dolores (1810). However, el grito de rebelion strictly refers to a
decision or call to revolt. It does not necessarily connote shouting, unlike the
Filipino sigaw.

5. What are the different dates and places in the Cry of Rebellion.
An officer of the Spanish guardia civil, Lt. Olegario Diaz, stated that the Cry
took place in Balintawak on August 25, 1896. Teodoro Kalaw in his 1925
book The Filipino Revolution, wrote that the event took place during the last week
of August 1896 at Kangkong, Balintawak. Santiago Alvarez, the son of Mariano
Alvarez, the leader of the Magdiwang faction in Cavite, stated in 1927 that the Cry
took place in Bahay Toro, now in Quezon City on August 24, 1896. Pío
Valenzuela, a close associate of Andrés Bonifacio declared in 1948 that it
happened in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896. Gregorio Zaide stated in his books
 in 1954 that the "Cry" happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896. Fellow
historian Teodoro Agoncillo wrote in 1956 that it took place in Pugad Lawin on
August 23, 1896, based on Pío Valenzuela's statement. Accounts by Milagros
Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas claim the event to have
taken place in Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod, Barangay Banlat, Quezon City.

6. Research the document entitled “THE RETRACTION” of Rizal’s belief in the

Catholic Faith.
One of the most intriguing of all was the issues of Jose Rizal was his alleged
retraction which was all about his reversion to the Catholic Faith and all other
issues linked to it such as his marriage to Josephine Bracken. That issue was
claimed to be true by the Roman Catholic defenders but asserted to be deceptive
by anti-retractonists. They claim that the retraction document is a forgery, but
handwriting experts concluded a long time ago that it is genuine. Rafael Palma’s
opus on Rizal, titled “Biografia de Rizal” is so anti-Catholic that the Church
successfully opposed its publication using government funds. In an article
authored by Romberto Poulo, Rizal’s affiliation in Masonry was accounted to have
caused drastic change to his religious ideas. It was in the moment Rizal set foot on
European soil when he was exposed to a great deal of distinctions between what
was happening to his country, the discriminations, abuses, partialities, injustices,
and some other things made to cause sufferings to his countrymen, and what was
the actual scene of the European nations. He observed that Europe was a lot more
different compared to the Philippines in terms of way of life, attitudes towards
Roman Catholicism, and most importantly, the freedom all the citizens enjoy.
The exact copy had been received by Fr. Balaguer in the evening immediately
preceding Rizal's execution. Jose Rizal with the addition of the names of the
witnesses taken from the texts of the retraction in the Manila newspapers. Fr. Pi's
copy of Rizal's retraction has the same text as that of Fr. Balaguer's "exact" copy
but follows the paragraphing of the texts of Rizal's retraction in the Manila
newspapers. In order to marry Josephine, Rizal wrote with the help of a priest a
form of retraction to be approved by the Bishop of Cebu. This incident was
revealed by Fr. Antonio Obach to his friend Prof. Austin Craig who wrote down in
1912 what the priest had told him; "The document (the retraction), inclosed with
the priest's letter, was ready for the mail when Rizal came hurrying I to reclaim it."
Rizal realized (perhaps, rather late) that he had written and given to a priest what
the friars had been trying by all means to get from him.
Surely whether Rizal died a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing
from his greatness as a Filipino. It is because of what he did and what he was that
we revere Rizal. Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal: the hero who courted
 death “to prove to those who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our
duty and our beliefs”

7. Research the objectives of the KKK or KATAASTAASAN,

KAGALANGGALANGAN, KATIPUNAN ng mga ANAK ng BAYAN (explain each
objectives)
▪ The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after
declaring the country’s independence.
>With a government in operation, Aguinaldo thought that it was necessary to
declare the independence of the Philippines. He believed that such a move would
inspire the people to fight more eagerly against the Spaniards and at the same time,
lead the foreign countries to recognize the independence of the country.
▪ The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene,
fine morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism.
▪ The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the
poor oppressed.

8. How about the LA LIGA FILIPINA establish by JOSE RIZAL; give its objectives
On July 3, 1982, in the Philippines, Doctor Jose Rizal founded La Liga Filipina.
The goals were to integrate the entire archipelago into a single community with
equal rights for Filipinos and Spaniards.
Mutual protection in all times of need;
Defense against all types of violence and injustice;
Promotion of education, agriculture, and commerce; and study and implementation
of reforms.
Jose Rizal worked very hard to ensure that the gathering was peaceful. The
Spanish authorities, on the other hand, thought it was risky. Rizal was
surreptitiously captured four days after it was founded on the night of July 6, 1892.
Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal's deportation to Dapitan the
next day.
La Liga Filipina ceased to exist after Rizal's incarceration. Domingo Franco and
Andres Bonifacio reformed it after that. The organisation split into two factions:
the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged to continue to support La
Solidaridad in Spain and the Katipunan in the Philippines.

9. In your own opinion, give your meaning to the word PHILIPPINE

REVOLUTION.
For decades, the life of Filipinos has been defined by one thing: political
oppression. Orlino Ochosa is correct in saying that " a revolution is no dinner
party. " a war is defined by the blood that is spilled by combatants and a revolution
 by the ideologies of those individuals who aspire to real and lasting social
transformation. Violence in this respect can only result in the obliteration of
society's enemies, but only a true revolution can change people's lives.
To revolt is not only to believe that there is something wrong in this world, but
also that, as human beings with dignity, people deserve decency and respect in
life. Filipino nationalists and the illustrator class then had a real enemy: colonial
Spain and American imperialism. But in a real revolution, not all heroes come to
be revealed, or revered, for as always, it is the victors who write the story of war
and triumph. Filipinos often fight two enemies at the same time: their colonizers
and themselves.
In the same manner as the Americans, who taught us democracy and a
presidential system, have ignored Mindanao. Then, many of our leaders have also
forgotten the cause of the brave and valiant lesser-known Filipinos who, history
tells us, chose to continue the fight for our independence from oppressive rule.

10. Give just the summary of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

“Noli me tangere” the first novel. The story of Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, an
enlightened man who returned to the Philippines after a long study visit to Europe.
He endeavored to improve the condition of his village by building a school.
Resistance from the brothers who followed him and from his father. Crisostomo
was engulfed by the news of a revolt that led to his arrest. He escaped from jail
with the help of his faithful friend Elías while being pursued by the Civil Guard.
Elijah was shot, although everyone thought that Crisostomo had been killed. After
their marriage plans were dissolved and they believed that
Crisostomo was dead, Maria Clara, Crisostomo's lover, decided to enter the
monastery.

"El Filibusterismo", the second novel, continued the story of Juan Crisostomo
Ibarra. After spending several years in another country, he returned. Crisostomo
now disguises himself as Simoun, a jeweler with a strong influence on the
governor-general. Simoun's wish was to carry out a bloody revolution and take
revenge on everyone involved in his tragedy. She used his money and influence to
instigate an uprising among oppressed and unhappy people like him. The only sign
of old Chrysostom in him was his love for Maria Clara, whom he wanted to save
from the monastery. However, she died before Chrysostom could save her.
Crisostomo decided to end it all by blowing up a meeting of important people with
a lamp full of nitroglycerin. The explosion would kill the government and church
officials who would be attending the dinner. The planned chaos did not materialize
and instead, Crisostomo was hunted down and then shot.