ingrained into our daily lives

amplifying misinformation - посилення дезінформації

manipulating other ones through the spread of misinformation on social media, sowing the
seeds of distrust for the government
breaking news credible
The video went viral in a matter of hours and his career was ruined.

Frontage news - The most important story that appears on the front page

Obituaries - The section of the newspaper that reports on deaths/ A short written passage
about someone who has died

Clickbait

○ Behind closed doors - In private

○ Blow over - Something that will gradually disappear
○ Cover up - To hide illegal or illicit activity from the public
○ Hit the headlines - To become news or gather a lot of publicity for something
○ Hot of the press - Very recent news
○ Keep up with - To stay informed about certain events/news
○ Leaked to the press - The unauthorised release of information to the media
○ Pull the wool over someone's eyes - To deceive someone,usually by giving false
information
○ Take by storm - To become popular or successful extremely quickly
○ Tone down - To make something less intense. harsh, or extreme
○ Turn a blind eye - To willinal pretend not to notice something. usuallv an illicit
activitv or rule-breaking
○ Whistle-blower - A person who leaks information to the press
● Although new media can be pretty daunting at first, once you learn it, it’s actually
easy to use. The results are easy to understand, and the sites are easy to navigate.

are under way - йдуть повним ходом

dense networks - розгалуженої мережі

Mass Media
1. Traditional and modern media. Types of contemporary media.
 2. The media in the United States and Great Britain.

3. Ukraine’s media landscape.

4. Ukrainian legislation on the media.

5. Reporting from the front lines: Keeping journalists safe in war zones.

6. Current problems in the media.

7. The most influential journalists in the world.

The participation of Ukraine in UNO, UNESCO and OSCE

1) The history and main activities of UNO, UNESCO and OSCE.
2) Ukraine and UNO, UNESCO and OSCE.
3) UNO
4) UNESCO
5) OSCE

1. Traditional and modern media. Types of contemporary media.

There are two main types of media: traditional media and new media.
Traditional media includes print media, such as newspapers and books, and broadcast media,
such as television and radio.
New media includes digital media, such as the Internet and social media.
Traditional media refers to advertising channels that have been used for decades. These are
the tried-and-true methods that businesses have relied on for years. These channels can be
pretty effective, and they account for the entirety of the advertising budget.
● Television advertisements
● Radio advertising
● Print advertising
● Direct mail advertisements
● Billboards and off-site signs
● Cold calling
● Door-to-door sales
● Banner ads

However, as the needs and expectations of consumers evolve, marketing has no choice but to
evolve as well. This is what has led to the rise of new media and digital marketing methods
handheld devices.
New media can best be described as digital channels that have gained popularity in the
advertising space in the last decade or so. As more and more consumers rely on their cell
phones for everything, new media has become an increasingly effective way to advertise.
● Search engine optimization
● Pay-per-click advertising
 ● Content marketing
● Social media
● Email marketing

the key differences between traditional and new media include…

The way it is produced: Traditional media is typically produced by large media
companies, while new media is often produced by individuals or small groups.
The way it is consumed: Traditional media is generally consumed passively, while
new media is often consumed actively.
The way it is distributed: Traditional media is distributed through channels such as
television and radio, while new media is often distributed online.
The way it is accessed: Traditional media is typically accessed through broadcast or
print, while new media is often accessed through digital channels.
Data-Driven
New media is highly data driven. You have access to exactly how many eyeballs saw your
banner ad, for example, or how many people visited your webpage.

An added bonus of new media is the accuracy of its results. Unlike with TV ratings, new
media allows you to comb over results that show you exactly how many people saw your ad,
how long they viewed your ad for, and whether or not it led to a click-through. When it
comes to new media, the results are highly trackable. You can see exactly what demographics
your ads are scoring big with, and which ones you’re missing.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional & New Media

Both traditional and new media have their own advantages and disadvantages.
Traditional media has the advantage of being well-established and having a wide
reach. It also generally has more credibility than new media, as it is seen as being more
trustworthy and less biased. However, traditional media can be quite expensive to produce
and distribute, and it can be difficult to target a specific audience.
New media has the advantage of being more affordable and easier to produce and
distribute. It is also more accessible, as people can access it from anywhere in the world with
an Internet connection. Additionally, new media is often more engaging than traditional
media, as it encourages active participation and interaction. However, new media can
sometimes be seen as less credible than traditional media, as anyone can produce and
distribute it.

The Future of Media

It’s impossible to predict exactly where the world of media is headed. But one thing is for
sure – it will continue to evolve as new technologies are developed and new ways of
communication are created. So, the best way to stay ahead of the curve is to be open to
change and embrace new technologies as they come. Who knows – you may be the one to
create the next big thing!

Frequently Asked Questions about Traditional Marketing and New Media Marketing
Q. What Advantages do Traditional Media Have Over Emerging Media?
A. There are some areas where traditional media takes the lead. Consumers tend to associate a certain
amount of prestige with different forms of traditional media. Seeing a business advertised on TV, for
example, creates the illusion that the business is doing well enough to advertise. It also helps build a sense
of trust with the consumer.
Q. How can digital and traditional media analytics work together?
A. When reviewing the effectiveness of an advertising campaign, it can be helpful to go over both the
results from your traditional campaign, as well as your new media analytics. Together, the two can paint a
fuller picture of exactly what kind of consumer is interested in your business, which, in turn, tells you who
you should be targeting.
Q. How has traditional media evolved into new media?
A. Over time, traditional media has slowly evolved into new media. This is because businesses naturally
wanted a way to better target consumers. New media has adapted to meet the needs of businesses in an
increasingly technological society.

Final Thoughts
Traditional media and new media don’t need to be pitted against one another. They tend to be
viewed as an “either, or” kind of thing, and that’s simply not the most effective way to build an
advertising plan. In order to reach the widest amount of people at an effective frequency, your
best bet is to take advantage of both traditional and new media. Each has distinct advantages that
they offer over the other, and businesses benefit from using both.
If you’re currently using only traditional media, consider cutting that pie into one more piece and
adding in some new media components. Likewise, if you primarily rely on social media or other
forms of new media, it wouldn’t hurt to add in some traditional advertising, as well.

2. The media in the United States and Great Britain.

Structure:
In both countries, the media is a diverse and complex industry, consisting of various forms of
media, including print, broadcast, and digital. However, the media ownership in the US is
more concentrated in the hands of a few large corporations, while the UK has a more diverse
ownership structure.
Content:
The media in both countries covers a range of topics, including politics, entertainment, sports,
and business. However, the style of journalism and the tone of coverage can differ between
the two countries. British media is generally seen as more opinionated and critical, while the
US media is often accused of being sensationalist and biased towards particular political
ideologies.
Role in Society:
The media plays an important role in shaping public opinion and influencing political
discourse in both countries. However, the role of the media in the US is often more
controversial, with accusations of political bias and influence from powerful interest groups.
In contrast, the British media is subject to more regulatory oversight and has a tradition of
strong editorial independence.
In summary, while the media in the United States and Great Britain share many
similarities, such as their diverse forms of media and coverage of a wide range of topics,
there are also differences in ownership structure, style of journalism, and role in society.
The US
Gallup has tracked Americans' confidence in newspapers since 1973 and television news
since 1993 as part of its annual polling about major U.S. institutions. The latest readings are
from a June 1-20 poll that saw declines in confidence ratings for 11 of the 16 institutions
measured and no improvements for any. https://news.gallup.com/poll/394817/media-confidence-ratings-record-lows.aspx
Mass media in the United States consist of several types of media: television, radio,
cinema, newspapers, magazines, and web sites. The U.S. also has a strong music industry.
Many media entities are controlled by large for-profit corporations who reap revenue
from advertising, subscriptions, and sale of copyrighted material. American media
conglomerates tend to be leading global players, generating large revenues as well as large
opposition in many parts of the world.
Critics allege that localism, local news and other content at the community level,
media spending and coverage of news, and diversity of ownership and views have suffered as
a result of these processes of media concentration.
Theories to explain the success of such companies include reliance on certain policies
of the American federal government or a tendency to natural monopolies in the industry, with
a corporate media bias.
Press
● USA Today - national daily
● The Wall Street Journal - business daily
● The Christian Science Monitor - church-owned daily
● Los Angeles Times - daily
● The Washington Post - daily
● The Boston Globe - daily
● New York Post - daily
● The New York Times - daily
● The Philadelphia Inquirer - daily
● The Baltimore Sun - daily
● Chicago Tribune - daily
● Newsweek - news weekly
● Time - news weekly
● US News & World Report - news weekly
Television
● ABC - major commercial network
● CBS - major commercial network
● NBC - major commercial network
● Fox - major commercial network
● CNN - pioneer of 24-hour rolling TV news, operates domestic and international
streams
● MTV - pioneer of music television
● HBO (Home Box Office) - pay TV network; originator of some of American TV's
most critically-acclaimed programmes
● PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) - public TV, serves some 350 non-commercial
member stations
Radio
 ● NPR (National Public Radio) - non-commercial network of member stations; news,
information and cultural programmes
● iHeart Media - America's largest commercial radio operator, owns more than 1,200
stations
● Audacy - major commercial operator, formerly Entercom
● Cumulus Media - major commercial operator

The UK
There are several different types of mass media in the United Kingdom: television, radio,
newspapers, magazines and websites. The United Kingdom is known for its large music
industry, along with its new and upcoming artists. The country also has a large broadcasting,
film, video games and book publishing industries.
Press
● The Daily Telegraph - daily
● Financial Times - daily, business
● The Guardian - daily
● The Independent - online, former print daily
● The Times - daily
● The Sun - daily tabloid
● The Mirror - daily tabloid
● The Daily Mail - daily tabloid
● The Daily Express - daily tabloid
● The Scotsman - Scottish daily
● Western Mail - Welsh daily
Television
● BBC TV - operates BBC1, BBC2 and digital services including BBC News channel
● BBC World News - commercially-funded international news channel
● ITV - major commercial network, organised around regional franchises
● Channel 4 - commercially funded but publicly owned national station
● Channel 5 - national commercial channel
● Independent Television News (ITN) - supplier of news to ITV, Channel 4 and other
outlets
● Sky - operator of digital satellite platform, Sky, and provider of film, entertainment
channels and Sky News
Radio
● BBC Radio - national services include contemporary music station Radio 1, adult
music station Radio 2, cultural network Radio 3, flagship speech station Radio 4 and
news and sport station Five Live
● BBC Radio Scotland
● BBC Radio nan Gaidheal - Gaelic-language station for Scotland
● BBC Radio Ulster - for Northern Ireland
● BBC Radio Wales
● BBC Radio Cymru - Welsh-language
● BBC Asian Network - for Asian communities in the UK
 ● BBC World Service - major international broadcaster, heard worldwide via shortwave
and on FM relays, programmes in more than 40 languages
● LBC - commercial, news and talk
● Absolute Radio - commercial, pop and rock
● talkSPORT - commercial, sports
● Classic FM - commercial, classical
News agency
● The Press Association

3. Ukraine’s media landscape.

The Ukrainian media landscape can be characterized by a number of specific features:

First, the Ukrainian media sphere, especially TV, is dominated by oligarch-owned

media. Oligarchs are actively taking part in the political life of the country, thus using the
media they own to their own advantage: to push forward messages, which are beneficial for
them or their political partners. Since 2014, a number of new independent media have
appeared, but they still struggle to find and win their audience. Oligarchic domination,
however, does not prevent journalists to enjoy significant levels of independence, to form
grassroots associations defending their rights, and to launch independent media. A general
democratic ambiance in the country, as well as competition between various oligarchic and
political groups, help ensuring freedom of speech and plurality of information. Several media
watchdogs ensure that violations of media standards become publicly analyzed and
condemned.

Second, although television in 2019 ceased to be the most popular medium in

Ukraine and literally a few points gave way to social networks as a channel for obtaining
information, it remains very influential. Simultaneously, the highest share of oligarch-owned
media is in the TV sphere - this is hardly a coincidence. Social networks do not act as
independent media, but rather are a new medium for the distribution of conventional media
content.

Online media have grown in popularity in the last few years, but the online market is
very fragmented - there are few significant players, which outrun all the competitors. At the
same time, there is a huge number of “junky” websites with non-transparent editorial boards
and owners, who often push through specific messages multiplied in social networks. Print
media are the least popular in Ukraine. Many newspapers and journals struggle with budget
and outreach as many users opt for online media and television.

Third, the Ukrainian state have been quite active in the media sphere. The government
has launched a campaign aimed at strengthening the role of Ukrainian language in media. It
foresees the language quotas for TV and radio and quotas for print media are also being
discussed. Ukrainian security services also interfere in the media sphere via investigations
into media sources with alleged funding from Russia; this does not prevent these media,
however, to work in Ukraine.

Fourth, the Ukrainian media landscape is characterized by weak legislature and

professional institutions. Laws regulating media sector are broad and, in some cases, absent,
not to mention the fact that the majority of them were developed and adopted back in the
1990s and therefore are out of date in the current context. The same could be said about
 professional institutions, most of which have been established either in Soviet era or based on
Soviet practices; these bodies have little to no influence on the media landscape. At the same
time, NGOs and watchdogs that have become quite numerous, especially in the wake of the
2014 revolution, seem to be taking the role of obsolete establishments successfully.

Fifth, professional education for journalists is quite accessible, but it has several weak
points. One of them is the theoretical rather than the practical vector of education, with only
several examples of the contrary. Also, while BA and MA programs are relatively numerous
and qualitative, professional development programs seem to be somewhat sporadic. A single
standard system of professional development in media sector would be an unequivocal
benefit.

Sixth, Ukraine has seen a sustainable growth of telecommunications, although it still

lags behind European countries in the level of mobile networks and Internet coverage as well
as in terms of market conditions. The major problem of Ukraine in this respect is the
absence of innovations as well as the virtual non-existence of its financial and promotional
sectors. Ukraine has a number of business incubators and accelerators but they are not
focused specifically on communications.

Notwithstanding all challenges, trends in Ukrainian media landscape, especially in

post-revolutionary years, promise a sustainable development of the Ukrainian media sector.
Gradual implementation of reforms, development of civil society, and active rapprochement
with the EU are major factors that provide the Ukrainian media landscape for a successful,
though maybe somewhat protracted, transformation.

● Ukraine’s media landscape is threatened by the disruption of traditional information

delivery methods and consumption patterns; fake news and disinformation; a
changing media economy; competition from social media and tech giants; and
political turbulence and hostile actors, particularly Russia.
● Reforms in media regulation – in addition to those in the judiciary and law
enforcement agencies – could limit the influence of media owners and protect outlets
from political actors determined to attack journalists or manipulate content.
Furthermore, support for sustainable revenue models, technological capacity-building
and better brand recognition could focus on independent outlets that lack the
resources to compete with oligarch-owned media. Improved media literacy efforts are
also important for creating long-term audience demand for quality content.

4. Ukrainian legislation on the media.

The Ukrainian legal framework on media freedom is deemed "among the most progressive in
eastern Europe", although implementation has been uneven. The constitution and laws
provide for freedom of speech and press. However, the government does not always respect
these rights in practice.
The 1996 Constitution of Ukraine and a 1991 law On information provide for freedom of
speech and free development of media in Ukraine.
 Given that Ukraine’s legislature in the media sector is relatively vague, its practical
implementation can be characterized as sporadic, multidirectional, inconsistent, unbalanced,
and non-transparent. Existing laws are predominantly declarative and therefore insufficient
in their regulative function, which results in their failure to translate into specific, effective
policies. Instead, these declarative laws often overlap and duplicate each other, leading to
ineffectiveness at best and legal impasses at worst.

Anyway, the main pieces of legislation in the media sector include:

● Law On Television and Radio Broadcasting (1993);
● Law On Information (1992);
● Law On Telecommunications (2003);
● Law On Public Television and Radio Broadcasting (2014);
● Law On Cinematography (1998);
● Law On Information Agencies (1995)
● Law On Print Media (Press) in Ukraine (1992);
● Law On State Support of Mass Media and Social Protection of Journalists;
● Law On the National Council of Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine.

Most of these laws have been developed based on their Soviet prototypes, and as such
they are not entirely up to date to the new trends in the sector. Legislation on online media is
virtually nonexistent. Their operations are based on the abovementioned general laws at best.
As a result, there is a major gap in national law that leaves online media neither regulated nor
protected.
The Constitution of Ukraine lists the Ukrainian language as the official one, and the law
compels media outlets to use it. Nevertheless, most media publications in Ukraine are in
Russian language. Electronic media (TV and radio), which are government-licensed, are
mostly in Ukrainian, while print newspapers, which only require a formal registration, are
published in Russian. Online media in Ukraine is not regulated.

The main pieces of Ukrainian Media Legislation are:

1. Law on Information since 1992 (2011 - new edition), No. 2657-XII
2. Law on Access to public information since 2011, No. 2939-VI
3. Law on Personal data protection since 2011, No. 2297-VI
4. Law on Printed Media (Press) in Ukraine since 1992, No. 2782-XII
5. Law on Reforming of the state and municipal print press since 2015, No. 917-VIII
6. Law on Television and Radio since 1993 (2006 - new edition), No. 3759-XII
7. Law on Public TV and radio of Ukraine since 2014 (with 2015 major amendments),
No. 1227-VII
8. Law on the National Television and Broadcasting Council of Ukraine since 1997, No.
538/97-ВР
9. Law on Filmmaking since 1998, No. 9/98-ВР
10. On State Support of Mass Media and Social Protection of Journalists since 1997, No.
540/97-ВР
11. On the Procedure for Covering Activities of Bodies of State Power and Local Self-
Government by Mass Media in Ukraine since 1997, No. 539/97-ВР
 12. Law on Public Morality Security since 2003, No. 1296-IV
13. Law on the Ratification of the European Convention on Transfrontier Television since
2008, No. 687-VI
14. Law on State Support of Publishing Business in Ukraine since 2003, No. 601-IV
In 2001 Ukraine decriminalised libel, which is considered a civil offence, and the law
limits the amount of damages that may be claimed in libel lawsuits. Since 2009, judges have
been required to follow ECHR standards on civil libel standards, distinguishing between facts
and value judgement, and affording lower levels of protection to public officials. Yet, the use
of libel lawsuits by politicians and officials to deter critical reporting has continued. The
press can publish critical materials and opinions without penalty, and public officials enjoy
fewer legal protections from criticism than other citizens. However, local media observers
express concern over high monetary damages that at times were demanded and awarded for
alleged libel.
The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or
correspondence, however in the past authorities have been reported as only selectively
respecting these prohibitions.
The Law on Protection of Public Morals of 20 November 2003, prohibits the production and
circulation of pornography; dissemination of products that propagandise war or spread
national and religious intolerance; humiliation or insult to an individual or nation on the
grounds of nationality, religion, or ignorance; and the propagation of "drug addition,
toxicology, alcoholism, smoking and other bad habits."
Draconian laws were passed in mid January 2014 during the Euromaidan demonstrations by
the Yanukovych administration that seriously restricted freedom of expression and freedom
of the media. They were repealed on 28 January 2014.
In early March 2014, Crimea removed Ukraine-based TV channels ahead of its Russian
annexation referendum.[6] Later that month, the Ukrainian National Council for TV and
Radio Broadcasting ordered measures against some Russian TV channels which were
accused of broadcasting misleading information about Ukraine.
In February 2015, the law "On protection information television and radio space of Ukraine,"
banned the showing (on Ukrainian television and in cinemas) of "audiovisual works" that
contain "popularization, propaganda, propaganda, any action of law enforcement agencies,
armed forces, other military, military or security forces of an invader" was enacted. One year
later Russian productions (on Ukrainian television) had decreased by 3 to 4 (times). 15 more
Russian TV channels were banned in March 2016.

Media legislation

Given that Ukraine’s legislature in the media sector is relatively vague, its practical
implementation can be characterized as sporadic, multidirectional, inconsistent, unbalanced,
and non-transparent. Existing laws are predominantly declarative and therefore insufficient
in their regulative function, which results in their failure to translate into specific, effective
policies. Instead, these declarative laws often overlap and duplicate each other, leading to
ineffectiveness at best and legal impasses at worst.
Anyway, the main pieces of legislation in the media sector include:
● Law On Television and Radio Broadcasting (1993);
● Law On Information (1992);
● Law On Telecommunications (2003);
● Law On Public Television and Radio Broadcasting (2014);
● Law On Cinematography (1998);
● Law On Information Agencies (1995)
● Law On Print Media (Press) in Ukraine (1992);
● Law On State Support of Mass Media and Social Protection of Journalists;
● Law On the National Council of Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine.

Most of these laws have been developed based on their Soviet prototypes, and as such
they are not entirely up to date to the new trends in the sector. Legislation on online media is
virtually nonexistent. Their operations are based on the abovementioned general laws at best.
As a result, there is a major gap in national law that leaves online media neither regulated nor
protected.

The key among the above laws in Ukrainian media sector, Law On Television and
Radio Broadcasting of 1993, is currently being replaced by a new piece of legislature, as
provided for in the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement (AA) with a view to harmonising
Ukraine’s and EU’s legislature. The new law that was to change its title to Law On
Audiovisual Services needed to be adopted within two years after the AA’s entry into force,
which means that the deadline was set for 1 September, 2019.

In 2019, deputies actively discussed the bill "On Media", which was to replace almost
all the old laws and comply with European standards. The bill even received a positive
assessment of the profile committee of the Ukrainian parliament. However, deputies did not
vote for him. After the Ukrainian government announced quarantine in 2020, its discussion
stopped altogether.

Recently, the Ukrainian state broadcaster has been reformed into a public broadcaster.
The aim was to provide an independent source of unbiased information, without financial or
administrative influence by the state. The issue has been pending for the last twenty years so
far, although the first tangible progress in this respect was achieved in 2014, once the Law
On Public Television and Radio Broadcasting was adopted. Its implementation, however, has
protracted in the absence of the state authorities’ political will as well as continuous
underfunding.

Independence of public broadcaster is also in constant danger, as shifts in

management keep happening. The board of Suspilne (Public) suddenly decided on 31 January
2019 to fire CEO Zurab Alasania. On 12 February, his termination from Suspilne (Public)
was postponed until 6 May, from 19 February. Alasania filed a court suit to overturn the
decision of the supervisory board to dismiss him. As of May 2020, Zurab Alasania continues
to run the TV company.

Further reforms in the media sector include the forthcoming reorganisation of state
and communal printed media into independent outlets and providing for the open and
transparent information on mass media owners.

A particular legislative issue that has been around in the Ukrainian media landscape
for the last couple of years is the issue of language quotas. As the Ukrainian language was
 banned from public use in the 2nd half of 19th century under the Tsarist regime and was
similarly restricted under the Soviet Union at least from the 1930s (a policy creating what has
been referred to as a “linguicide”), there is growing support for the government’s efforts to
promote the Ukrainian language. Nevertheless, Ukraine remains largely a bilingual country,
with the Russian language dominating in big cities and specific fields of life (such as
business). As a result of this new language policy, Ukrainian-language content quotas for
radio were introduced in November 2016. According to the respective law, as of November
2018, at least 35 percent of songs and 75 percent of programs broadcast shall be in Ukrainian.
June 2017 saw the adoption of a similar piece of legislature for television, according to which
at least 75 percent of programs and movies broadcast on national television shall be in
Ukrainian (the share is reduced to at least 60 percent for local TV companies).

However, Ukrainian legislation also targets certain Russian content. The Law On
Cinematography prohibits broadcasting movies, produced after 1 August 1991 in case they
were created with the participation of people that appear on the list of persons threatening
national security. At the same time, the Law On Television and Radio Broadcasting prohibits
broadcasting any movies, irrespective of their production year, in case the said people
participated in their production. Furthermore, according to the presidential decree of 15 May
2017, Ukrainian Internet providers blocked access to several popular Russian social networks
and e-mail services, including VKontakte (In Contact), Odnoklassniki (Classmates) and
Mail.ru. In May 2020, sanctions against Russian social networks were continued. These
services, however, stay available for users who use VPN or specific browsers.

5. Reporting from the front lines: Keeping journalists safe in war zones.
War reporters today face a significant number of challenges in the field, including
dangers to personal security and meeting their basic physical needs as well as operating
within an extremely complex information environment. To address some of these issues
Aristotle University Thessaloniki (AUTh), through its Peace Journalism Lab (PJL), has been
offering a training project on field safety in war zones for journalists.
The Peace Journalism Lab’s overall objective is to promote awareness among young
people about the globalised information and communication society through research, while
this specific program aims to provide journalists with the necessary knowledge to cope with
the challenges they are likely to face in the contemporary field of conflict.
The participants discuss several issues, including challenges to reporting on war and
crises; the evolving nature of war reporting; the law of armed conflict; field safety; data
security; and health, epidemics and stress management. Over 40 journalists participated
in the first training session held in November 2019, and the second session is scheduled to
take place later in 2020.
The training has been a unique opportunity for the participants to benefit from the
organisers’ experience in war journalism and risk communication combined with the
expertise of military professionals. The program is structured around keynote presentations
by distinguished experts, roundtable discussions and field training. The course runs with a
mixed method teaching style of lectures as well as hands-on courses.
The PJL also integrated core components of international human rights law and the
promotion of peace journalism into its training objectives. Peace journalism is considered an
 alternative to war coverage and seeks to use journalism to advance conflict resolution with an
emphasis on how the reporting of war and violence can be made more accurate and more
useful by seeking the roots of conflict and highlighting possible solutions.
The safety of journalists is one of the cornerstones of freedom of expression, and
training of journalists has been included in UNESCO’s Plan of Action, Work Plan, and the
UNESCO Model Curricula for Journalism Education, which has a dedicated chapter on
journalist safety.

6. Current problems in the media.

Social Media has become a very powerful tool; some use it to spread awareness and
educate people, while others just want to create chaos online. This happens due to a lot of
misinformation. Sometimes a post has been shared and re-shared so many times that the real
source of the information is lost in the process and it’s very difficult to establish whether the
piece of information is genuine or fake. This becomes a major challenge for the industry to
dig deeper, establish the source and label it, much before the information is lost or creates
disorder.

The second important challenge of this industry is to protect the privacy of the users.
Social media is a space where nothing goes unnoticed and everything that an individual reacts
to, comments on or posts, has a consequence or an influence on the onlookers. This attracts
attention from people, from authorities and even from people with not-so good intentions. It
is the duty of the company providing a platform to the users to protect the interests of the user
and takes reasonable measures to guard the identity of the user. Further, driven with
ideological and financial motives, we are going to witness more fake news and weaponization
of social media. The media houses will have to be more media literate now than ever.

These social media houses are recommendation machines. They suggest to you more of what you want
to see. This results in more audiences being attracted to them and their business growing enormously. It
becomes difficult to adapt to the geographical reach, the scale of growth, while continuing the level of
performance and maintaining internal constraints. The Regulators come down heavily on these media platforms
for any harmful content or for missing compliances.

The burgeoning problems with the media have been documented in great detail by
researchers, academicians and journalists themselves:

High levels of inaccuracies

● Public confidence in the media, already low, continues to slip.

● According to an in-depth study by the American Society of Newspaper Editors in
1999, 23 percent of the public find factual errors in the news stories of their daily
paper at least once a week while more than a third of the public - 35 percent - see
spelling or grammar mistakes in their newspaper more than once a week.

Sensationalism

There is tendency for the press to play up and dwell on stories that are sensational - murders,
car crashes, kidnappings, sex scandals and the like.
 ● In a study by the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 80 % of the American
public said they believe "journalists chase sensational stories because they think it
will sell papers, not because they think it is important news. "

Poor coverage of important issues

While the media is busy covering sensationalist stories, issues that affect our lives and the
whole world receive little attention.

The Environment

● A study by the Center for Media and Public Affairs found the number of stories about
the environment on the network news went from 377 in 1990 and 220 in 1991 to only
106 in 1998 and 131 in 1999. At the same time, the number of stories about
entertainment soared from 134 in 1990 and 95 in 1991, to 221 stories in 1998, and
172 in 1999.

Government

● “The Project for Excellence in Journalism, reporting on the front pages of the New
York Times and the Los Angeles Times, on the ABC, CBS, and NBC Nightly news
programs, and on Time and Newsweek, showed that from 1977 to 1997, the number of
stories about government dropped from one in three to one in five, while the number
of stories about celebrities rose from one in every 50 stories to one in every 14.

Education

● Large numbers of Americans give low ratings to the media for school coverage. For
example, in a joint survey by the Education Writers Association and the Public
Agenda, 44 percent gave “print media with a national readership” ratings of fair to
poor, while only 4 percent gave a rating of excellent.

7. The most influential journalists in the world.

1. Christiane Amanpour - Amanpour is an Iranian-British journalist who has worked for
CNN for many years and is known for her coverage of international conflicts and crises.
She has won multiple awards for her work, including 11 Emmy Awards and a Peabody
Award.
In 2015, According to PR firm, Burson-Marstellar, she was one of the journalists who is most
followed by world leaders on Twitter. Amanpour’s journalistic career spans three decades,
during which she’s interviewed Hosni Mubarak (she was the only journalist to do so) and
Muammar Ghadafi during the Arab Spring. For her outstanding reporting, she has won every
major broadcast award, including nine News and Documentary Emmys, an inaugural
Television Academy Award, three DuPont-Columbia Awards and two George Polk Awards.
She also received the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism in 2011 as well as
a Giants in Broadcasting award in the same year. Amanpour is a member of the board of
directors of the Committee to Protect Journalists, the International Women’s Media
Foundation and also the Center for Public Integrity.
2. Hu Shuli is a Chinese journalist who is currently the editor-in-chief of media group,
Caixin Media in which she founded in 2009. Shuli had also been chief reporter and
international editor of China Business Times before founding Caijing, a business and finance
magazine which she was also editor-in-chief of for 11 years.
Considered one of the most respected reporters in such a media-restrained country, she was
listed as the 87th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes in 2011 – the same year she
was listed among the Top 100 Influential People by Time magazine. Known for her bold
prowess in the industry and her investigative work on fraud and corruption, she’s
currently a board member of the International Women’s Media Foundation. She also sits on
the Reuters Editorial Advisory Board as well as having a regional advisory role in the
International Center for Journalists. In 2017, Hu was named one of the World’s Greatest
Leaders by Fortune.

3. Anderson Cooper - Cooper is an American journalist who is the anchor of the CNN news
program Anderson Cooper 360. He has covered many major news events around the world,
including the Arab Spring uprisings, Hurricane Katrina, and the 2004 tsunami in Southeast
Asia.
Cooper is a CNN mainstay with wide appeal
Cooper has continuously won numerous awards for his work. Some of these include 4 Emmy
Awards (he was nominated on five other occasions), a Peabody Award and a National
Headliner Award.

1. Bob Woodward - Woodward is an American journalist who is best known for his reporting on
the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. He has written
several bestselling books on American politics, including Fear: Trump in the White House.
2. Ben Smith - Smith is an American journalist who is currently the media columnist for The New
York Times. He was previously the editor-in-chief of BuzzFeed News and has been a
prominent voice in the media industry for many years.
3. Maria Ressa - Ressa is a Filipino journalist and founder of the news website Rappler. She has
been a vocal critic of the Philippine government and has faced legal harassment and arrest as
a result of her reporting.
4. Glenn Greenwald - Greenwald is an American journalist who gained notoriety for his reporting
on the National Security Agency's surveillance programs. He was one of the first journalists to
report on the Edward Snowden leaks and has since become a prominent voice on civil
liberties and government transparency.
5. David Fahrenthold - Fahrenthold is an American journalist who is a reporter for The
Washington Post. He has won several awards for his investigative reporting, including a
Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of Donald Trump's charitable giving.
6. Jamal Khashoggi - Khashoggi was a Saudi Arabian journalist who was assassinated in 2018
while in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. He was a vocal critic of the Saudi government and his
death sparked international outrage.
7. Carl Bernstein - Bernstein is an American journalist who, along with Bob Woodward, broke the
Watergate scandal. He has been a prolific writer and reporter for many years and has won
multiple awards for his work.
8. Katie Couric - Couric is an American journalist who has worked for NBC, CBS, and ABC News.
She was the first female solo anchor of a major American network news broadcast and has
won multiple awards for her reporting and interviewing skills.
The Most Influential Journalists on Twitter

https://www.sociologygroup.com/famous-journalists-contributions/
https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/top-12-influential-journalists-today/
https://medium.com/the-shadow/the-most-influential-journalists-on-twitter-
f04e14435db7

The participation of Ukraine in UNO, UNESCO and OSCE

1. The history and main activities of UNO, UNESCO and OSCE
The United Nations Organization (UNO) is an intergovernmental organization
founded on October 24, 1945, after World War II, with the aim of promoting international
cooperation and maintaining world peace and security. Its headquarters is in New York City,
USA. The UNO has 193 member states, and it is divided into six main organs: the General
Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of
Justice, the Secretariat, and the Trusteeship Council (which has been inactive since 1994).
Some of the main activities of the UNO include peacekeeping, conflict resolution,
humanitarian assistance, and the promotion of human rights and sustainable development.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a
specialized agency of the United Nations that was established on November 16, 1945, with
the aim of promoting international cooperation in education, science, culture, and
communication. Its headquarters is in Paris, France. UNESCO has 195 member states and
eight associate members. Some of the main activities of UNESCO include promoting literacy
and education, preserving cultural heritage sites, promoting scientific research, and
supporting freedom of expression and access to information.
The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's
largest regional security organization, with 57 participating states in Europe, Central Asia,
and North America. It was established on August 1, 1975, as the Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and was renamed the OSCE in 1995. The OSCE has its
headquarters in Vienna, Austria. The organization's main activities include conflict
prevention, crisis management, arms control, human rights, and the promotion of democratic
governance and economic cooperation. The OSCE also monitors elections and human rights
abuses in its member states.
 2. Ukraine and UNO, UNESCO and OSCE.
Ukraine is a member of the United Nations (UN), the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the Organization for Security and Co-
operation in Europe (OSCE).
As a member of the UN, Ukraine participates in the organization's general assembly,
security council, economic and social council, and other bodies. It also adheres to the UN
Charter and supports its goals of maintaining international peace and security, promoting
human rights, and fostering economic and social development.
As a member of UNESCO, Ukraine supports the organization's mission of promoting
education, science, and culture throughout the world. Ukraine participates in UNESCO's
programs and initiatives, including efforts to preserve cultural heritage sites and promote
scientific research.
As a member of the OSCE, Ukraine participates in efforts to promote peace and
security in Europe. The organization has been involved in the resolution of conflicts in
Ukraine, including the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. Ukraine also participates in
OSCE's election monitoring missions and its programs to promote human rights and media
freedom.

UNO
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1945 with the aim
of promoting international cooperation and resolving conflicts between nations. The UN currently has
193 member states, and its main activities include maintaining international peace and security,
promoting human rights, and providing humanitarian assistance.

The UN is composed of six main organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the
International Court of Justice, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, and the Trusteeship
Council (which is currently inactive). The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN
and is responsible for setting the agenda for the organization's work. The Security Council is
responsible for maintaining international peace and security, and it can authorize military action and
impose economic sanctions on countries that threaten international peace and security.

UNO MISSIONS
The United Nations (UN) has conducted various missions throughout its history to promote peace,
protect human rights, and provide humanitarian aid in countries facing conflict or natural disasters.
Some of the notable UN missions include:

1. United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO): Established in 1948, UNTSO's

mission is to supervise the cease-fire between Israel and its Arab neighbors.

2. United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP): Established in 1964, UNFICYP's

mission is to prevent a recurrence of fighting between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot
communities and maintain law and order in the buffer zone.

3. United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC): Established in 1992,

UNTAC's mission was to ensure the implementation of the Paris Peace Accords and to
conduct free and fair elections in Cambodia.

4. United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH): Established in 1995,

UNMIBH's mission was to assist the Bosnian authorities in building a sustainable police force
and promote the rule of law in the country.

5. United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL): Established in 1999, UNAMSIL's

mission was to monitor the implementation of the Lomé Peace Agreement and to assist in the
disarmament and demobilization of combatants in Sierra Leone.

6. United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH): Established in 2004,

MINUSTAH's mission was to help restore a secure and stable environment, promote the rule
of law and human rights, and facilitate political dialogue in Haiti.

7. United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI): Established in 2007, UNAMI's
mission is to help the Iraqi government promote political dialogue and national reconciliation,
as well as to support the country's reconstruction and development.

UNO IN UKRAINE
One of the most significant UN missions in Ukraine is the United Nations Monitoring Mission in
Ukraine (UNMMU), which was established in March 2014 in response to the crisis in eastern
Ukraine. The mission is tasked with monitoring the ceasefire between Ukrainian government forces
and Russian-backed separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. The UNMMU also monitors the
withdrawal of heavy weapons from the conflict zone, helps facilitate dialogue between the parties to
the conflict, and supports local ceasefire monitoring mechanisms.

In addition to the UNMMU, other UN agencies and organisations are involved in activities in
Ukraine. For example, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) works to promote
sustainable development and economic growth in Ukraine, while the United Nations Children's
Fund (UNICEF) supports programs to improve the lives of children in the country. The United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) also provides humanitarian assistance to
internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine who have been affected by the conflict in the east.

UNESCO
UNESCO MISSIONS

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized
agency of the UN founded in 1945 with the aim of promoting international cooperation in education,
science, culture, and communication. UNESCO works to improve access to education, preserve
cultural heritage sites, promote freedom of expression and the press, and support scientific research
and collaboration.

UNESCO has a variety of specialized programs and initiatives, including promoting literacy and
teacher training, preserving world heritage sites, promoting freedom of the press and media
development, and supporting scientific research and cooperation. UNESCO also provides a forum for
the exchange of ideas and best practices among member states.

UNESCO IN UKRAINE

UNESCO's activities in Ukraine have focused on promoting education, cultural preservation, and
freedom of expression. UNESCO has supported the preservation of historic landmarks in Ukraine,
including the ancient city of Kyiv and the Lviv Historic Centre, which are both UNESCO World
Heritage Sites. UNESCO has also worked to promote media development and freedom of expression
in Ukraine through initiatives such as the Media and Information Literacy (MIL) program.

1. Preserving cultural heritage: UNESCO is working with Ukrainian authorities to safeguard and
promote the country's rich cultural heritage. This includes preserving historic sites, protecting
cultural artifacts, and promoting traditional crafts and practices.

2. Improving access to education: UNESCO is working to improve access to education for

children and adults in Ukraine. This includes supporting teacher training programs, promoting
non-formal education, and advocating for policies that promote equal access to education for
all.

3. Promoting freedom of expression: UNESCO is working to promote freedom of expression

and press freedom in Ukraine. This includes supporting independent media, promoting media
literacy, and advocating for policies that protect journalists and their work.

4. Encouraging scientific research: UNESCO is supporting scientific research and innovation in

Ukraine, with a particular focus on areas such as sustainable development, climate change,
and renewable energy.

OSCE
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an intergovernmental
organization founded in 1975 with the aim of promoting security and stability in Europe. The
OSCE has 57 member states, and its main activities include conflict prevention and
resolution, arms control and disarmament, and promoting human rights and democracy.

The OSCE has a variety of specialized agencies and bodies, including the Office for
Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, the High Commissioner on National Minorities,
and the OSCE Secretariat. The OSCE works to prevent conflicts and promote stability in
Europe through activities such as election monitoring, arms control and disarmament, and
promoting human rights and democracy.
OSCE MISSIONS

1. Monitoring and reporting: OSCE has a Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine, which
was established in 2014 to monitor and report on the situation in Ukraine. The SMM monitors
the ceasefire, human rights situation, and the implementation of the Minsk agreements.

2. Electoral observation: OSCE deploys observation missions to monitor the conduct of

elections in participating states, including Ukraine. The OSCE Election Observation Mission
(EOM) assesses the legal framework for elections, the conduct of campaigns, the media
environment, and the voting and counting process.

3. Conflict resolution: OSCE supports conflict resolution efforts in Ukraine, including

facilitating dialogue and negotiations between parties to the conflict in eastern Ukraine.
OSCE also supports confidence-building measures and monitors the situation along the
contact line.

4. Human rights: OSCE promotes respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms in
Ukraine, including by supporting the work of civil society organizations and promoting
tolerance and non-discrimination.

5. Arms control and confidence-building measures: OSCE supports arms control and
confidence-building measures in Ukraine, including by monitoring the withdrawal of heavy
weapons from the contact line and supporting the implementation of the Framework Decision
on Disengagement.

OSCE IN UKRAINE

The OSCE has been heavily involved in Ukraine, particularly in the ongoing conflict in the country's
eastern regions. The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine was established in 2014 to
monitor the security situation and report on ceasefire violations in the conflict zone. The OSCE has
also been involved in efforts to resolve the conflict through the Trilateral Contact Group, which
includes representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the OSCE.

In Ukraine, the OSCE has played a critical role in monitoring and facilitating the implementation of
the Minsk agreements, which aim to resolve the conflict in eastern Ukraine. The OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM) is the largest and most visible OSCE mission in the region.
The SMM works to monitor the ceasefire, facilitate dialogue between the parties to the conflict, and
report on developments in the region to help reduce tensions and promote a peaceful resolution to the
conflict.