The Effects of Part-time Employment on the Academic Performance of 1st year Social Studies A

Student

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presentation to the

Faculty of the, Daraga Community College

Salvacion, Daraga, Albay

In partial fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Secondary Education Social Studies A

Iris Payacag

Margie Guiriba

Mark Allen Arao

Leslie Espinosa

Crissabelle Aguilar

Camille Loria

Dec. 22, 2021

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Abstract

List of Table

List of Figures

Chapter 1: The Problem

1.1. Background of the Study

1.2. The Research Problem
1.3. The Research Objective
1.4. Hypotheses to be tested
1.5. Significance of the Study
1.6. Scope and Delimitations of the study

1.7 Definition of Terms

Chapter 2: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Related Literature

2.2. Related Studies

2.3. Conceptual Framework

2.4. Theorical Framework

Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology

3.1 Research Design

3.2. Variables of the study

3.3. Respondents of the Study

3.4. Sampling Procedures

3.5. The research Instrument

3.6. Procedures for Data Collection

 3.7. Procedures for Data Analysis

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement First and foremost, we would like to would like to express our sincere gratitude to
our advisor Albert A. Llaguno, MBA for guiding us in making this research. We thank you for your
patience and sharing your knowledge with us. The guidance that you have given help us in doing our
research and writing our thesis. Aside from our advisor, we would also like to thank our instructor, Mr.
Dick Anthony Calleja, for helping us find a great advisor and for also giving guidance in making this
research. We would like to thank all the participants, the 1st year BSED Social Studies-A Students. This
research will never be completed without your participation. Above all, we thank the Lord God Almighty,
the author of knowledge and wisdom. This research will not be completed without all your help and
guidance. May God bless us all.

Abstract

This Study aimed to investigate causes and impact of Part-time employment on the academic
performance of students, at 1st Year social studies A. Specially, this study sought answer the profile in
terms of Age, Sex, Status; The Part-time employment provides many benefits to the students including
financial assistance, skill development, being more confident; Part-time employment by the students
have now become more commons as the students feel the working part-time gives them self-dignity and
also helps them in supporting family with financial aids.
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Since the start of the pandemic, our economic growth has fluctuated and has been damaged so badly.
Nowadays, a part-time job is needed and has been important to generate extra income because of the
economic crisis all over the world. A part-time job is a type of employment wherein an employer hired
employees to work for them and pay them depending on the number of hours they worked. Most part-
time job seekers are students who work during their free time and when they have no classes.

Douglas C. Maynard Todd J. Thorsteinson Natalya M. Parfyonova, (2006) said the definition of part-time
work in government is less than 30 to 35 hours per week but it depends on the company policy and the
need of the company.

Then, David Robotham (2012) said in the 1990s reported the level of student part-time work increased.
But only some country is allowing their students working as part-time and developing students to work
part-time. The government prefers their students to learn and study without stress.

According to Paul Barron Constantia Anastasiadou (2009) part-time is to develop understanding to

students knows and learn the way they learned. They need to gain knowledge and experience about
hospitality. They need to be friendly and know how to treat guests, visitors and customers and to satisfy
them. If a company doesn't have enough employees, problems will happen such as miscommunication
between employee and employer, staff and customer or others. At the same time, this problem also
affects some students who have financial problems. that lead them to undertake this commitment, such
as financial issues, experiences, networking, and many other reasons. Over time, students need more
and more financial support to cover their expenses for living and studying since the price of every single
thing keeps increasing.

Based on findings from the survey in the 2008 National Survey of Student Engagement, working while
studying can provide positive impacts on students’ engagement with school work (The Benefits of
Working While Enrolled in College, n.d.). Some significant benefits that work provide to college students
are relatable working experience, time management skills, freedom from debt, and better academic
performance (Caldwell, 2017).
1.2 The Research Problem

“The effects of Part-Time on the Academic Performance of 1st Year Social Studies A Students”
Nowadays, part-time job is needed and has been really important to generate extra income, because of
the economic crisis all over the world. This problem also some students who have financial problems.
This make sense because, when a student get a job, they have less time to devote to their academic
performance. Some students why they need to part-time because, of poverty life and make their own
support their study, to help their parents for financial problem. Students daily face a struggle to survive
that creates feelings of helplessness, anxiety, suffocation, and desperation that one simply unparalleled
in the lives of humanity.
1.3 The Research Objective

The objective of this study is to identify the Effects of Part-time Employment on The Academic
Performance of 1st year Social Studies A Students. Specially, the research will be able to:

1.Determine the demographic profile of the student

a. Age
b. Sex
c. Status

2.Identify the challenges of the student.

3.Determine the coping mechanism of the student.

1.4 Hypotheses to be Tested

A lot of studies have been done already by different scholars on what are the effects of employment
to the academic performance of students. This study examines similar variables in order to provide
further evidence regarding the effects of employment on students' academic performances. Based upon
the research evidences that have been presented by the existing research studies, the following
hypothesis are developed: Employment has negative effects to the students due to exhaustion to work
and therefore leads to students being unable to participate to the lecture and class activities Students
who are working for longer hours are more likely to decrease academic performance Students who have
less working hours and whose job is related to their studies are more likely to be competitive and has
increasing academic performance.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The Research will be Significance for the Students, Teachers, School and Future Researchers. For
Students this research can help them to understand the situation they facing and become aware of what
consequences they might in-counter. The study can gibe them an inspiration and motivation to finish
their study until they achieve their dreams. For teachers, this research can help the teachers to
understand the situation of those students who doing part-time employment. They can enhance their
awareness and understanding about this issue. The teacher can recognize and understand those issues
and problems of students. They can control some behaviors of students and give some advice in-order
to cope those problems. For School, this research will be very useful because it plays an important role
in caring, guiding, nurturing the students. School is also the venue of reaching out the students by
offering programs. Significantly, school plan's is very important role that can shaped the students
Behavior and help them to cope up the problems. For Future Researchers, this study can help them, if
they want to study about this issues. This study will help them by getting the information and
corresponding ideas. So through this they can add more information so they can share it with others.

1.6 Scope and Delimitations of the study

The study will focus on the Students of Social Studies A. who has experience in working part-time
jobs. The study will discuss the experiences of students in different ways in terms of Academic
Performance, Why Students need to work, Their Rate of Price as Part-time Students, How Many Hours
That They Worked, The Main Purpose of Students Doing Part-time Job and How they Coped Those
Problems in Their Situation.

The study delimited only on the students of Social Studies A of Daraga Community College (DCOMC).
The study in the individual profile of the students will not be affected and the factors that trigger their
problems in terms of their profile, age, and gender. The suggested measures for the teachers will help
the students in coping with their difficulties.

1.7 Definition of Terms

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies related to effects on part-time
students. This chapter includes the following topic: The advantage and disadvantages of working while
studying with the students of Daraga Community College (DCOM), theoretical framework, and summary.

2.1 RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature Angela Walkup, Published an article entitled" The down-and-dirty-life of working
Students". She explained how there to learn the ropes as a working student. It stated in her article that
being a working student is hard but that is the real situation of a working student, it is a rough path. It is
embodied there what a working student should be because a working student is constantly being
watched and evaluated. If a working student is seen as a hard worker and a quick learner then it will
lead him/her to move responsible duties. She stated that being a working student is good and bad but it
will be helpful for your future.

Janet McGreevy(2002) published her article about Working students with the title of "Working students
face tough Challenges". It is declared that the degree belief in the fundamental need for a college
degree cuts across all sectors of American society. She proclaimed that college life is visualised as days
of intense study coupled with getting to know yourself through campus involvement, the last hurrah f a
carefree life before joining the real world.

The affordability factor of today's college education has eroded that image and many students find that
they must make some tough financial choices by getting into school, and then to be able to stay in
school through graduation. Working students encounter debt containment strategies by going to a less
expensive college, taking fewer classes during the given semester, or opting to work instead of
participating in civic activities or unpaid internships and research opportunities.

Tina Tuttle with Jeff McKinney and Melaine Rago published literature with a title of " A Review of
Research Related Literature on College Students and Work". It was articulated that college students
today face dilemmas about whether to attend college, where to attend, how to pay, how much to work,
how many jobs to take, how to pay credit card bills, and car payments, how to juggle family and children
and how to balance these competing priorities while in school.

It was elucidated that the number of time students spends working has been of increasing concern for
the educators that serve them and, in some instances, the students themselves. Recent data would
indicate that 80% of American undergraduates worked while attending college in 1999-2000(King 2003).
This represents an 8% increase over the class less than a decade previously, among whom 72% worked
(Cuccaro- Alamin; Choy, 1998). Further, there appears to be a strong body of literature that points to the
positive effects of not working versus working while attending college (King, 2002;) Pascarella; Terenzini,
1981).
LOCAL HISTORY

Veronica V. Rillorata (2008) also published an article regarding working students entitled "
Youngblood Working Student". She is a high school honour student but was unable to go to college
because of their poverty. She worked as a waitress and sales lady but stopped due to some problems. It
was stated that she was recommended by her high school batchmate as a working student and she had
her chance to Continue college. It is hard for her but it is her opportunity to continue her faded dreams,
she had managed to balance work and study and now she is taking up a computer secretarial course at
the Vizcaya Institute of computer science in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.

An article written by a Filipino Anonymous blogger wrote an article entitled "A student's sacrifice". The
user name of the blogger is lost, soul. In her article, it was testified that being a working student requires
sacrifice to achieve your aspirations. She said that you might even sacrifice your family,
boyfriend/girlfriend, friends and social life. She started that when you're a working student, you always
need to manage time and sometimes you even forget to eat and take care of yourself because of your
stresses and depressions as a student. You might also forget your health but you need to give up
something to be successful someday. Lawyer Julito Vitriolo, officer-in-charge at CHED's office of the
executive director stated that " They need extra income because of the financial crisis". Vitriolo added
that the students are forced to work because of higher commodity prices and tuition fees. The CHED
said that only 50% of the working students get to finish college, because not that many can cope up with
the hard situation of being a working student, getting stuck up between work and studies.

2.2 RELATED STUDIES

According to Green and Jaques (2015) observe that part-time employment is increasing among
College Students. A similar trend had been noted by Curtis and Shani (2010) who posited that students
who combine work and study have been rapidly increasing over recent years. The findings of the study
do not show that employment among students has any significant negative impact on academic
achievement. Also, students in the survey view their part-time employment in a positive light. It is not
surprising that many studies have reported a negative effect of engagement in paid work during the
semester on students academic achievement.

Stated by Marcia Devlin, Richard James, Gabrielle Grigg (2008), the changing nature of higher education
funding arrangements and the shift towards "user pays" is the main determinant of the new relationship
between students and universities in Australia. In 2007, the Centre for the Study of Higher Education
(CSHE) completed a commissioned national study, Australian University Student Finances 2006: Final
Report of a National Survey of Students in Public Universities. In presenting the project report, this
article discusses selected findings relating to student expectations, engagement to show a worrying
picture of threat in financial, involvement in paid work and examines the possible effects on the quality
of higher education.
 According to Sandra Franke (2003), the average of over 4 hours a day to their education and about7 to
8 hours of entertainment finds young people whose primary activity is attending high school devote.
Men spend more than half an hour than women on rest and about half an hour more on unpaid work. In
comparison to groups with other age, students who are in high school still have the time for personal
care and could sleep 9 hours a day. There has a considerable impact on a student's time by adding a paid
job to high school students. In the midst those with paid employment, female students spend an
average of one hour daily which is less than male students on their jobs (0.7 hours versus 1.9 hours per
day).

Accommodating their entry into the labor market, male high school students reduce their free time by
1.5 hours. On the other hand, female students sleep for about one hour less. However, both men and
women nearly give the same amount of time to beneficial activities (paid work, unpaid work, and
studies), because female high school students do about half an hour more unpaid work for a total of 1.4
hours per day than males. Pike in Lederman (2009), found that there are several amounts of on and off-
campus work that directly influenced students' self-reported grades and indirectly affected their levels
of engagement in academic activities. Working more than 20 hours a week hurts students' grades,
whether the employment is on campus or off. As reported, students who work 20 hours or less, on and
off campus have similar grades as do students who do not work at all. The indirect relationships
between employment and grades, as indicated by students' levels of engagement in "educationally
purposeful activities," are more complicated. Students who work 20 hours or less a week on campus
report higher levels on all five levels of engagement used. Moreover, working 20 hours or less off-
campus strengthens students' performance on two of the five engagement levels, whereas students
who work 20 hours or more, on or off-campus did tend to be more engaged than students who did not
work at all.

Conceptual Framework

This study was able to infer its Conceptual Framework based on Social Cognitive and Resilience Theory,
which includes Input, Process and Output. The input measured in this study is the Effects of Part-time
Employment on the Academic Performance of 1st Year Social Studies A Students. The Process revolves
around the Analysis and Interpretation of data on the Academic Performance of 1st Year Social Studies A
Students. The Output component consists of proposed Activities and Orientation for 1st Year Social
Studies A Students who have Part-time job/Employment. Investigating. The Effects of Part-time
Employment on the Academic Performance of 1st year Social Studies A students is the purpose of this
study. Next, to gather relevant data on how did the working students’ cope up with their struggles and
difficulties. Also, this study aims to know the motivations of working students. Lastly, to fully understand
the experiences of a working student and to help the students shortly to understand what it takes to
work while studying. In general, this study aims to grasp the essence and entirety of a working student's
life.
 CHAPTER 3

Research Design and Methodology

III. Research Methodology This chapter introduces the procedure that is used in this study in
investigating The Effects of Part-time Employment on the Academic Performance of 1st years Social
Studies A students.

Research Design

As this research study is quantitative, a cross-sectional study design was used as it is useful in
obtaining the overall picture of the whole study at a particular point of time. Thus, we only need to
distribute the questionnaire to 5 students of Social Studies A of DCOM COLLEGE. Moreover, it is not
costly and convenient to conduct.

3.2. Variables of the Study

3.3. Respondent of the Study

After a thorough selection of participants and the appropriate participants were acknowledged, the
researchers approached and invited them to participate in the data collection of the study. The
participants were provided an information sheet, for them to be aware that they have the right to
refuse the researcher and to make sure that the participation was voluntary. After the participants
agreed to participate, they were informed right away about the information provided by the researchers
that it will be treated with confidentiality; they were not required to disclose their identifying details.
The chosen participants consisted of five (5) students who are working as a part-time. The participant's
provided information is given with full disclosure in which involves disclosing one's personal information
or presented information.
3.4. Sampling Procedure

Data collection method and sample size Due to the Pandemic, it is impossible to collect the data in a
way of distributing face to face. Therefore, we decided to collect data through online form including
messenger. The questionnaire was given to only Social Studies students who are currently working or
used to work. Those who do not have experience in working were not surveyed. Our group first asked
each class to tell us who had jobs and then used the simple random sampling technique to choose
participants among them. the researchers relate to participants, the researchers selected participants
who were rich in information that is relevant to the study. The researcher is responsible for putting
together a sample of people from different backgrounds to get varied data.

3.5. Data Analysis

After gathering the questionnaires from the respondents, each of the questionnaires was numbered,
so that it was easier to recognize and code. For closed-ended questions, our group used Microsoft Excel
to create a code book by typing in each of the main categories. . Furthermore, for the last open-ended
question, each answer from the participant was typed and printed out to identify the similarities and to
more easily group into different categories. Then, we did content analysis. After that, we analyzed each
of the items by way of calculating for percentage.