Pharmacologyonline 2: 1-13 (2011) Irfan et al.

Effect of unripe fruit extract of Ficus glomerata (Roxb) in CCl4

and Parcetamol induced Hepatotoxicity in rats

Irfan Y1, Khan M.A.2, Shivakumar H.3

1. Dept. of Pharmacology, S.C.S. College of Pharmacy, Harapanahalli, Davangere

Dist. (Karnataka) 583131. India

2. Dept. of Pharmacology, Vivek college of Pharmacy , VCTE, Bijnor- 246701

(U.P.) India.

3. Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, BLD University, Bijapur –

Karnataka, India

Correponding Auther:

1. Mohd Asif Khan

Assit. Professor
Dept. of Pharmacology, Vivek college of Pharmacy
VCTE, Bijnor- 246701 (U.P.) India
E-mail: asifmpharma@gmail.com
Phone: +91 7376762117

Summary

In present study, Hepatoprotective activity of the 70% ethanolic extract of unripe fruit of
Ficus glomerata was studied on paracetamol and CCL4 treated albino rats. The
hepatoprotective effect was evaluated on the basis of estimation of biochemical parameter
like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, ACP, TB, DB. The 70% ethanolic extract of fruits of Ficus
glomerata at the dose of (100mg/kg, 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg) produces a dose dependant
significant reduction in biochemical parameter as well as in morphological parameter.
Treatment with unripe fruit of Ficus glomerata extract had shown significant
hepatoprotective effect also supported by histopathological studies on liver, the result was in
comparison with the standard drug silymarin. Silymarin was used as the reference standard
at 25mg/kg p.o. and it showed effect in both he hepatotoxicity models. The aorgan
protective activity which may be attributed to polyphenolic compounds like flavanoids
and tannins that are present in the unripe fruits of Ficus glomerata.

Key words : Ficus glomerata, CCL4, paracetamol, hepatoprotective, marker enzymes

(SGPT, SGOT, ALP, ACP, TB and DB)

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Introduction
Liver, the most versatile but complex internal organ of human body, plays vital role in
metabolic activities. Its importance also lies in its impetus in management of internal
enviourment and biochemical conversion of endogenous and exogenous chemical to
harmless and excretable compounds. Therefore being a vital organ, its protection has a
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special status in therapeutics. Prolonged drug therapy, excessive use of the some of the
commonly used medicines like paracetamol, diclofenac etc., alcoholism, exposure to
certain xenobiotic, polutants and certain disease state have been reported to affect liver
functioning. The major clinical manifestation of liver disorder is jaundice. Despite of the
excellent regeneratation capacity of this organ, a slight injury or toxicity may lead to fatal
complications. Therefore damage to the liver inflicted by hepatotoxic agents is of grave
consequences. Unavailability of rational therapy in modern medicine and no or very less
positive influence of synthetic drugs in liver damage have urged researchers in this field
to look for herbal drugs with better hepatoprotective action. Traditional medicines are
effective in certain disease and are based on their age-old use in folklore system of
medicine. Natural products of plant origin with hepatoprotective and antioxidants
2
properties play an important role in treatment of liver toxicity.
One of such plant is Ficus glomerata (Roxb) has been used in traditional system of
medicine for treating diabetes diarrhoea, liver diseases, piles, asthma, leprosy and
diarrhea.3 The hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Ficus glomerata has been reported.4
Leaves shows anti-bacterial activity5, stem bark shows anti-tussive potential6, anti-
diuretic activity7, anti-pyretic potential8, anti-inflammatory activity of the leaves, bark and
unripe fruit9-11, hepatoprotective activity of the leaves4, hypoglycemic activity of roots,
leaves and fruit12-14 and anti-filarial activity of the fruits.15
However, there is no scientific claims has been made regarding the hepatoprotective
activity of unripe fruits of Ficus glomerata. In view of this, in the present investigation an
attempt will be made to study hepatoprotective role of unripe fruit extract of Ficus
glomerata.

Material and Methods

The unripe fruits of Ficus glomerata were collected from the surrounding fields of
Harapanahalli. The identification of plant was made by Professor K. Prabhu, Department
of Pharmacognosy, S.C.S. College of Pharmacy, Harapanahalli. A voucher specimen has
been deposited at the museum of our college. The unripe fruits were collected in the
month of April. The unripe fruits were dried in shade at room temperature. The dried
unripe fruits were powdered by using grinder, to coarse powder and this powder was
packed into soxhlet column and the extracted 70% ethanol (60 – 800) for 24 hrs. The
extract was concentrated under reduced pressure with the use of rotatory flash evaporator.
Further the extracts were concentrated by using hot water bath (70 – 800). The dried
extract was stored in airtight container in refrigerator below 100C.

Preliminary phytochemical screening

The preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the 70% ethanolic extract of
unripe fruit of Ficus glomerata for qualitative identification. The tests for common
phytochemicals were carried out by standard methods described in practical
pharmacognosy by Dr. C.K. Kokate16 and K.R. Khandelwal.17

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Determination of acute toxicity (LD50)16

Method: The acute toxicity of 70% ethanolic extract of unripe fruit of Ficus glomerata
were determined in albino mice weighing 25 – 30 gm, of single sex, normally female,
maintained under standard conditions. The animals were fasted over night prior to the
experiment. Fixed dose (OCED Guideline No. 420) method of CPCSEA was adopted for
toxicity studies

Animals:
The male albino rats wistar stain 150 – 200 g and albino mice 20 – 30 g were used
through the experimentation. The animals were procured from Venkateshwara
Associates, Bangalore, Karnataka. After randomization into various groups, animals were
acclimatized for period of 10 days under standard husbandry condition as follows; Room
temperature 27 ± 30C, Relative humidity 65 ± 10%, 12 hrs light/dark cycle. All the
animals were fed with rodent pellet diet (Gold mohr, Lipton India Ltd.,) and water was
allowed ad-libitum under strict hygienic condition. Ethical clearance for performing
experiments on animals was obtained from Institutional Animal Ethics Committee
(IAEC).18

Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity

CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity (Malaya gupta et al., was followed19)

Albino rat of wistar strain weighing 150 – 200 g were selected and divided into six groups
of each containing six animals. Animals were treated as shown above for a period of 10
days. At the end of every 72 hrs. i.e. 4th day, 7th day and 10th day CCl4 was administered
to all group other than group I101. CCl4 was administered at the concentration of 30% in
liquid paraffin (1 ml/kg body weight, i.p.). Group III received standard drug silymarin 25
mg/kg p.o. once in a day and CCl4 as mentioned above. Whereas group IV, V and VI
were treated with test extract dose of (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) respectively. During
this period of treatment the rat were maintained under normal diet and water. Treatment
duration was of 10 days, all the animals were sacrificed 24 hrs. after the last injection of
CCl4 i.e. on 11th day. Blood was collected by carotid bleeding under mild ether anesthesia
using disposable syringe and needle. After the blood was collected it was allowed to clot
at room temperature for 30 min. followed by centrifugation (3000 rpm for 15 min.) and
subjected for determination of biochemical parameters.
Liver were dissected out and subjected for morphological study such as wet liver weight
and wet liver volume of each animal was determined. The volume of wet liver was
measured by displacement method and further the liver were placed in 10% formalin
solution for histopathological study.20

Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity (Malaya gupta et al., was followed19)

Albino rat of wistar strain weighing 150 – 200 g were selected and divided into six
groups of each containing six animals. Animals were treated as shown above for a period
of 7 days. Paracetamol was administered to all group other than group I daily at the dose
of (500 mg/kg p.o.) Group III received standard drug silymarin (25mg/kg p.o.)
simultaneously for a period of 7 days. Whereas group IV, V and VI were treated with
test extract dose of (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) respectively. During this period of
treatment the rat were maintained under normal diet and water. Treatment duration was of
7 days, all the animals were sacrificed 18 hrs. fasting of the last dose i.e. on 8th day. Blood
was collected by carotid bleeding under mild ether anesthesia using disposable syringe
and needle. After the blood was collected it was allowed to clot at room temperature for
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30 min. followed by centrifugation (3000 rpm for 15 min.) and subjected for
determination of biochemical parameters.
Liver were dissected out and subjected for morphological study such as wet liver weight
and wet liver volume of each animal was determined. The volume of wet liver was
measured by displacement method and further the liver were placed in 10% formalin
solution for histopathological study.20

Biochemical parameters includes

Estimation of serum SGPT21

SGPT catalyses the transfer of amino group from L-alanine to 2-oxoglutarate with the
formation of pyruvate and L-glutamate. The pyruvate so formed is allowed to react with
NADH to produce L-lactate. The rate of this reaction is monitored by an indicator
reaction coupled with LDH in the presence of NADH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide). The oxidation of NADH in this reaction is measured as a decrease in the
absorbance of NADH at 340 nm, which is proportional to SGPT activity.
Estimation of SGOT22
SGOT catalyses the transfer of amino group from L-aspartate to 2-oxoglutarate forming
oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. The rate of this reaction is monitored by an indicator
reaction coupled with malate-dehydrogenase (MDH) in which the oxaloacetate formed is
converted to malate in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NADH). The oxidation of NADH in this reaction is measured as a decrease in
absorbance of NADH at 340 nm, which is proportional to SGOT activity.
Estimation of serum alkaline phosphate (ALP)23
Serum alkaline phosphatase hydrolyses p-nitrophenyl phosphate into p-nitrophenol and
phosphate in the presence of oxidizing agent Mg2+. This reaction is measured as
absorbance is proportional to the ALP activity.

Estimation of serum acid phosphate (ACP)24

Serum acid phosphatase splits α naphthyl phosphate in to α naphthol and phosphate. The
α naphthol is quantitated by coupling it with a diazonium salt to form a highly coloured
azo dye whose absorbance is measured.
Estimation of serum bilirubin25
Bilirubin reacts with diazotised sulphanilic acid in acidic medium to form pink coloured
azobilirubin with absorbance directly proportional to bilirubin concentration. Direct
bilirubin, being water soluble directly reacts in acidic medium. However, indirect or
unconjugated bilirubin is solubilised using a surfactant and then it react similar to direct
bilirubin.
Histopathological studies20
The animals were sacrificed and the liver of each animal was isolated. The isolated liver
was cut in to small pieces and preserved and fixed in 10% formalin for two days.
Following this was the washing step where by the liver pieces were washed in running
water for about 12 hrs. This was followed by dehydration with isopropyl alcohol of
increasing strength (70%, 80% and 90%) for 12 hrs. each. Then the final dehydration is
done using absolute alcohol with about three changes for 12 hrs. each.
The cleaning was done by using chloroform with two changes for 15 to 20 minutes each.
After clearing the liver pieces were subjected to paraffin infiltration in automatic tissue
processing unit.

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The liver pieces were washed with running water to remove formalin completely. To
remove the water, alcohol of increasing strengths was used since it is a dehydrating agent.
Further alcohol was removed by using chloroform and chloroform removed by paraffin
infiltration.

Statistical analysis:

The results were expressed as mean ± standard error mean (SEM). The statistical
significance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by
Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test and p < 0.01 was considers significant.

Results

Biochemical parameter in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.

Rats subjected to the CCL4 challenge alone (positive control group) developed significant
liver injury as evident from a significant elevation in the biochemical markers, like SGPT,
SGOT, ALP, ACP, TB & DB when compared with negative control group (Table No. 1).
Oral administration of the test extract exhibited dose dependent significant reduction in
the CCL4 induced increase in the biochemical levels. However there was decrease in the
level of TB & DB were found with the 100mg/kg of the test extract but the result found
statistically not significant. Treatment with the reference standard, silymarin (25 mg/kg
p.o.) also reversed the hepatotoxicity significantly. Hepatoprotective potency of the test
extract at the dose 500mg/kg was found closer to that of standard.
Morphological parameter in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
Intoxication of rats with CCl4 results in enlargement of liver which was pale reddish
brown in colour. Rats subjected to the CCL4 challenge alone (positive control group)
developed significant increase in the morphological parameter like wet liver weight and
wet liver volume when compared with negative control group (Table No. 1). Oral
administration of the test extract exhibited dose dependent significant reduction in the
CCL4 induced increase in the morphological parameter. However there was decrease in
wet liver weight were found with the 100mg/kg of the test extract but the result found
statistically not significant. Treatment with the reference standard, silymarin (25 mg/kg
p.o.) also reversed the increase morphological parameter significantly. Organ protective
potency of the test extract at the dose 500mg/kg was found closer to that of standard.

Biochemical markers in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity.

There was marked elevation of biochemical markers, like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, ACP, TB
& DB in rats which were intoxicated alone with paracetamol (positive control group)
when compared to negative control group (Table No.2). Oral administration of EEFFG
has significantly reduced the elevated levels of biochemical markers at all the doses
(100mg/kg, 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg) in a dose dependent manner the result are given in
(Table No.2). Treatment with the reference standard, silymarin (25 mg/kg p.o.) also
reversed the hepatotoxicity significantly.

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Morphological parameter in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity.

Intoxication of rats with paracetamol alone (positive control group) increases wet liver
weight, and wet liver volume when compared to negative control group. The intoxication
induced changes were attenuated by EEFFG at all doses. However there was decrease in
wet liver volume with the 100mg/kg of the test extract but the result found statistically
not significant. Treatment with the reference standard, silymarin (25 mg/kg p.o.) also
reversed the increase morphological parameter significantly.

Histopathological Studies in CCl4 induced hepatytoxicity

Histopathological profile of liver from CCL4 (positive control group)intoxicated rats
reveals hepatic globular architecture disrupted, hepatic cells has shown various degree of
fatty degeneration like ballooning of hepatocytes, fatty cyst, infiltration of lymphocytes
and proliferation of kuffer cells. Congestion of liver sinusoids. Protective effect of test
extract was confirmed by histopathological examination of liver section. Administration
of test extract at the dose of 500mg/kg that is (Plate-6) showed a significant improvement
of the hepatic architecture and areas of Kupper cell proliferation and sinusoid appeared
normal on contrary with 100mg/kg and 250mg/kg.

Histopathological Studies in paracetamol induced hepatytoxicity

Histopathological profile of liver from paracetamol (positive control group) intoxicated
rats reveals hepatic globular architecture disrupted, hepatic cells has shown various
degree of fatty degeneration like ballooning of hepatocytes, fatty cyst, infiltration of
lymphocytes and proliferation of kuffer cells. Congestion of liver sinusoids.Protective
effect of test extract was confirmed by histopathological examination of liver section.
Administration of test extract at the dose of 500mg/kg (plate-6) showed a significant
improvement of the hepatic architecture, areas of Kupper cell proliferation and sinusoid
appeared normal on contrary with 100mg/kg and 250mg/kg.

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TABLE NO. 1
Effect of EEFFG on biochemical and morphological parameter in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
SGPT SGOT ALP ACP TB DB Volume/ Weight/
Groups
IU/l IU/l IU/l IU/l mg/dl mg/dl 100gb.w. 100g b.w

104.37 ± 119.39 ± 303.77 ± 30.46 ± 0.368 ± 0.291 ± 3.16 ± 3.06 ±

-ve control
3.182 6.636 1.82 0.40 0.002 0.003 0.023 0.063

247.77 ± 367.57 ± 522.56 ± 56.116 ± 0.625 ± 0.582 ± 4.68 ± 4.23 ±

+ve control
9.402 9.115 7.14 0.74 0.011 0.013 0.037 0.021

147.60 ± 162.91 ± 341.42 ± 38.69 ± 0.417 ± 0.377 ± 3.23 ± 3.18 ±

Standard silymarin 25 mg/kg
3.536*** 2.774*** 3.63*** 0.58*** 0.004*** 0.016*** 0.026*** 0.031***

216.20 ± 334.46 ± 493.19 ± 51.27 ± 0.592 ± 0.541 ± 4.47 ± 4.04 ±

EEFFG 100 mg/kg
10.388* 5.286* 5.19* 1.49* 0.005ns 0.010ns 0.071* 0.050ns

204.09 ± 321.16 ± 467.14 ± 47.18 ± 0.574 ± 0.522 ± 4.20 ± 3.94 ±

EEFFG 250 mg/kg
5.675** 5.449** 4.81*** 0.50** 0.005** 0.012* 0.054*** 0.053**

160.03 ± 187.14 ± 353.70 ± 41.55 ± 0.447 ± 0.431 ± 3.96 ± 3.50 ±

EEFFG 500 mg/kg
5.142*** 10.804*** 9.27*** 1.59*** 0.013*** 0.012*** 0.057*** 0.079***

Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6).

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 as compared to positive control.

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TABLE NO.2
Effect of EEFFG on biochemical and morphological parameter in Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity.
SGPT SGOT ALP ACP TB DB Volume/ Weight/
Groups IU/l IU/l IU/l IU/l mg/dl mg/dl 100g b.w. 100g b.w

107.79 ± 124.99 ± 303.77 ± 30.46 ± 0.384 ± 0.257 ± 2.67 ± 3.20 ±

-ve control
3.408 4.92 1.82 0.40 0.0032 0.0065 0.039 0.013

233.43 ± 266.20 ± 522.56 ± 55.11 ± 0.563 ± 0.571 ± 3.90 ± 4.19 ±

+ve control
2.814 6.23 7.14 0.074 0.0066 0.0086 0.034 0.020

129.82 ± 157.65 ± 341.42 ± 38.69 ± 0.419 ± 0.310 ± 2.91 ± 3.35 ±

Standard silymarin 25 mg/kg
3.387*** 2.85*** 3.64*** 0.58*** 0.0028*** 0.0068*** 0.045*** 0.024***

184.06 ± 240.43 ± 491.86 ± 51.27 ± 0.528 ± 0.533 ± 3.85 ± 4.061 ±

EEFFG 100 mg/kg
11.74* 3.80* 3.57* 0.97* 0.0091* 0.0031* 0.028ns 0.0311*

117.21 ± 230.60 ± 468.42 ± 47.18 ± 0.503 ± 0.456 ± 3.71 ± 3.89 ±

EEFFG 250 mg/kg
17.23* 7.04** 4.45*** 1.50** 0.0063** 0.013*** 0.078* 0.044**

149.00 ± 181.47 ± 357.32 ± 41.66 ± 0.447 ± 0.387 ± 3.25 ± 3.63 ±

EEFFG 500 mg/kg
15.82*** 6.16*** 10.43*** 1.59*** 0.0088*** 0.011*** 0.065*** 0.036***

Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6).

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 as compared to positive control.

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FIG 1
Effect of EEFFG on Histopathological Studies in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity

Fig A 100 mg/kg Fig B 250 mg/kg Fig C 500 mg/kg

Fig D Control CCl4 Fig E Hept Control CCl4 Fig F Standard

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FIG-2
Effect of EEFFG on Histopathological Studies in Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity

Fig A Control Para Fig B Hept Control Para Fig C Para 100

Fig D Para 250 Fig E Para 500 Fig F Standard Para

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Discussion

Hepatic system of an organism is involved in metabolic activities of it. In this process it

is exposed to various challenges and hence, hepatic system is not only evolved to perform
its function but also to protect itself to various challenges like exposure to
antibiotics/xenobiotics, chemicals etc. Liver is such an organ that its physiological role
and its self protective mechanism are well developed and orchestrated. Inspite of such
balanced internal mileiu, hepatic aberration, damage and necrosis commonly occurring
due to over exposure to hepatotoxic causes to such an extent that it over powers the
mechanism. Inspite of ultra modern advances in medical science, pharmaco-therapeutics
treatment with synthetic drugs is not yet realized. However there are several herbs and
herbal formulation which are found to be/claimed for treating hepatic disorders.
In the present study one of the local available plant Ficus glomerata (Roxb) were selected
on the basis of native practitioners and available phytochemical profile of the plant. In the
present study the extract of the title plant and were prepared by using soxhlet procedure
and further subjected phytochemical screening. It is observed that the extract showed a
marked presence of carbohydrate, flavanoids, tannins, glycoside, and steroids. Liver
damage induced by CCl4 and acetaminophen are commonly used models for the
screening of hepatoprotective drugs.26, 27 The rise in the levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP,
ACP and Bilurubin (Direct & total) has been atributed to the damaged structural integrity
of liver.28 Liver cell injury induced by CCl4 involves initially the metabolism of CCl4 to
trichlromethyl free radical by the mixed function oxidase system of the endoplasmic
reticulum. It is postulated that secondary mechanism links CCl4 metabolism to the wide
spread disturbance in hepatocyte function. These secondary mechanisms could involve
the generation of toxic product arising directly from CCl4 metabolism or from
peroxidative degeneration of membrane lipids.29
These biochemical markers are cytoplasmic in location and are released in circulation
after the cellular damage.30 Both CCl4 and acetaminophen share a common property to be
converted into their respective reactive metabolites N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine
(NAPQI) and halogenated free radical (HRF) by hepatic cytochrome P450.31, 32
The results of the present investigation clearly demonstrate the various biochemical
changes, produced in the serum and in rats by intoxication with CCl4 and acetaminophen,
and were reversed by the treatment of extract at different doses and were supported by
the histopathological report.
The probable mechanism by which Ficus glomerata exerts its protective action against
CCl4 and acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicities could be the stimulation of hepatic
regeneration through an improved synthesis of proteins, or with interference with the
liberation of microsomal activation to toxicants.
Also postulated that the inhibitor cytochrome P450 (CYPs) can impair the bioactivation
of acateamine and CCl4 into their respective reactive metabolites and thus provide
protection against the hepatocellular damage.33, 34 The extract may stimulate the inhibitor
cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and their by providing the protection against the
hepatotoxicant.
Moreover it is reported that flavanoids and tannins were reported to posses variety of
pharmacological activity including hepatoprotective activity. In the present investigation
also preliminary phytochemical investigation on EEFFG gave positive tests for

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flavanoids and tannins this could be the reason for significant hepatoprotective property
of the test extract.

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