GRAMMAR

VERB TENSE ESTRUCTURE WHEN TO USE EXAMPLE

PRESENT SUB + INF. FORM
HABITS, ROUTINES, She loves chinese food.
SIMPLE (DO) 3ª PERSON – S TIMETABLES (horarios)
STATIVE VERBS I am from manchester.
PAST
With Everyday, Usually,
Often, 3 times a year, never…
PRESENT SUB + TO BE + V. THINGS THAT HAPPEN I am studying english
CONTINUOUS ING FORM NOW now.
(TO BE) PLANS (FUTURE)
ANNOYIN SITUATIONS I am eating in that
(situaciones que molestan) restaurant tomorrow.
With Today, This Week, This
Year, At Present, Now,
Nowadays…
With GET- BECOME-
CHANGE- INCREASE-
RISE- FALL- GROW-
IMPROVE- BEGIN-START
PRESENT SUB + HAVE/HAS ACTIONS OF THE PAST You have gone since 10
PERFECT + PAST (finished) THAT 0’clock.
(HAVE) PARTICIPLE INFLUENCE – REFLECT IN
3ªColumna THE PRESENT She has driven for three
With For (countable time), times.
Since (exact time)
PRESENT SUB + HAVE/ HAS ACTION THAT STARTED IN She has been travelling.
PERFECT + BEEN + V. ING THE PAST AND
CONTINUOUS FORM CONTINUES IN THE You have been reading.
(HAVE BEEN) PRESENT
With All Day/Week/Year,
For, Since
PAST SIMPLE SUB + V.-ED OR FINISHED ACTIONS I won a trophy.
(DID) 2ª COLUMN
PAST SUB + 1 -ACTIONS THAT I was studying when
CONTINUOUS WAS/WERE + V. - CONTAINED A PROCESS you phone me. (WITH
ING IN THE PAST (period of WHEN 1.
time) CONTINUOUS +
2- ACTIONS WHICH WHEN 2. PAST
OCCURED AT THE SAME SIMPLE)
TIME IN THE PAST (With I was reading while you
WHEN – WHILE) were watching TV.
(WITH WHILE 1.
CONTINUOUS +
WHILE 2.
CONTINUOUS)
PAST SUB + HAD + USE TO SHOW AN ACTION I had studied. I won the
PERFECT PAST PARTICIPE WICH OCCURED BEFORE contest. (Como ha
(3ª COLUMN) THE PAST SIMPLE (La estudiado, ha ganado el
acción sucede antes que la concurso)
acción en presente simple)
PAST SUB + HAD BEEN 1-AN ACTION WICH 1-I had been studying
 PERFECT + V. ING FORM STARTED BEFORE THE when the light turned
CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE AND WAS off.
INTERRUPTED BY THE 2- I had been watching
SECOND ACTION. that series before you.
2- AN ACTION THAT
STARTED BEFORE THE
PAST SIMPLE AND
CONTAIN A PROCESS.
FUTURE SUB + POSSIBLE – PROBABLE – I will open the window
SIMPLE WILL/GOING TO FUTURE ACTIONS
+ INFINITIVE
FUTURE SUB + WILL / 1-ACTIONS WICH CONTAIN 1-I will be watching a
CONTINUOUS GOING TO + BE + A PROCESS IN THE series tonight.
V. ING FORM FUTURE 2- I will be traveling to
2- PLANNED ACTIONS Madrid tomorrow at 5
o’clock.

STATIVE VERBS (with verbs in simple)

Feelings: Like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, want, need, mind, care
Thoughts/Opinions: Know, think, understand, believe (creer), guess (adivinar),
mean (significar), suppose, doubt (dudar), realice, remember, forget, agree (aceptar)
Senses: Feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste, touch, look
Possession: Belong (pertenecer), own (poseer), have
Measure/Cost/Others: Cost, measure (medir), weigh, owe (deber), seem (parecer),
be, appear (aparecer), consist

WILL OR GOING TO

WILL GOING TO
1.WITH QUICK DECISIONS 1.PLANNED ACTIONS (Plans made
(Decisions made at the momento about BEFORE the moment)
future actions)
2. PROMISES 2. EVIDENCES (Use with proof o fan
(AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATIVE) (The action – se usa cuando hay una prueba
strongest future form – la forma futura de que va a ocurrir una acción)
más fuerte para prometer)
3. OFFERS (Ofrecimientos) (Use to
offer an object or help)
WITH SHALL (SUGERENCIA)
SIEMPRE SERÁ ESA OPCIÓN –
PODEMOS USARLA CON 2 SUB. Y
SIEMPRE AL PRINCIPIO DE LA FRASE
Y EN ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
1. I----ASK FOR ADVICE (Shall I
order some wine?)
2. WE----MUTUAL DECISION
(Shall we go to the park?)
4. REFUSALS (NEGATIVA) Won’t
 Use to refuse an action
5. THREATS (AMENAZAS) 1st
conditional – If you dont pass the
exam, I will give you homework.

EXCEPTIONS
1.Present Continuous + Adv (Time) = PLANS
I am going to travel to Madrid tonight = I am travelling to Madrid tonight.
2. Present Simple + Timetables (horarios) = INDICATE FUTURE
My train arrives at 2 o’clock

PREDICCIONES
We use WILL and GOING TO with predictions.
The verb MUST NOT CORRESPOND RULES.
It will rain = It is going to rain

FOR AND SINCE

We use for with period of time / countable time – three years, two weeks…(ES
NUESTRO DURANTE)
We use since with exact time/ uncontable time – since he was Young...(ES NUESTRO
DESDE)

DIFERENCE BETWEEN BUY AND SHOPPING

- Buy, use when i buy a one object—I buy a car
- Shopping, use with various objects – I go shopping at supermarket

SIEMPRE QUE HABLEMOS DE COMIDA/BEBIDA UTIIZAREMOS EAT-

DRINK- HAVE (siempre have con verbos en estructura present simple,
pasado simple….)

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY (we use for ROUTINES with present simple or

present perfect)
WITH PRESENT SIMPLE: USE BEFORE THE VERB – i always do my homework
WITH PRESENT PERFECT: USE BETWEEN AUX AND PARTICIPE – i have always
done my homework

100% Always – Siempre

90% Usually – Normalmente
80% Often – A menudo
70% Frequently – Frecuentemente
60% Normally – Normalmente
50% Sometimes – A veces
40% Occasionally – Ocasionalmente
30% Seldom – Infrecuentemente
20% Rarely – Raramemte
10% Hardly ever – Casi nunca
0% Never – Nunca

ADVERBS OF DEGREE (INTENSITY OF THE ADJECTIVE) Intensifican el

adjetivo

EXTREMELY (extremadamente) HOT

VERY (mucho) HOT
RATHER (bastante) HOT
FAIRLY (poco) HOT
A LITTLE/PRETTY (poco) COLD
QUITE (bastante) COLD
SO/REALLY (mucho) COLD
INCREDIBLY (increíblemente) COLD
alslanguagecentre@gmail.com
*Los adverbios del mismo color son sinónimos*

ADVERBS OF TIME

ADVERB STRUCTURE HOW TO USE EXAMPLE

ALREADY (YA) HAVE + ALREADY PRESENTE You have already
+ 3 COLUMN PERFECTO EN lost your glasses.
HAVE + SUB+ 3 AFFIRMATIVA
COLUMN + (Acción acabada Have you lost your
ALREADY…? recientemente) glasses already?
USE AT THE END
OF AN
AFFIRMATIVE
QUESTION
JUST (ACABAR AUX + JUST + 3 ACTIONS I have just done my
DE) COLUMN FINISHED NOW homework.
AFFIR/NEGAT
WITH PRESENT
PERFECT
STILL (AÚN/ SIMPLE—USE UNFINISHED I still read everey
TODAVÍA) BEFORE THE ACTIONS night.
VERB. I am still reading
CONTINUOUS – the book.
USE AFTER THE I still haven´t
VERB TO BE. watched the movie.
PERFECTO – USE
BEFORE THE
AUXILIAR VERB
(NEGATIVE)
YET (AÚN/ HAVE (NEG) + 3 NEGATIVE EN I haven´t watched
TODAVÍA) COLUMN + YET? PRESENTE the movie yet.
Solo con perfecto PERFECTO
en negativa USE AT THE END
OF THE
QUESTION/
SENTENCE
EVER (AFF - ¿? HAVE + SUB + INTERROGATIVE Have you ever been
—ALGUNA VEZ EVER + 3 OR AFFIRMATIVE to Roma?
NEG – NUNCA / COLUMN ¿?
JAMÁS) SUB + HAVENT + REFUSAL I haven´t ever been
EVER + 3 (rechazo) to Roma.
COLUMN

ARTICLES – USE WITH NOUNS

A-AN (un,una) THE (el, la, los,las) NO ARTICLE (X)

1.USE WITH SINGULAR 1.USE WITH PLURAL 1.GENERALIZING THE
NOUN. Si es un solo NOUNS (NOUN +S) NOUN
sustantivo. Sustantivo acabado en s Ex. Children love sweets.
Ex. I have a pen. Sustituye a un número
Ex. The classes were great.
2.SOME AND ANY (unos, 2.SPECIFIC/ONLY 2.PROPER NOUNS OR
unas, algunos, algunas) 1/ARTIFICIAL POSSESSIVES (obj/pro)
Plural form on A-AN Cuando solo existe 1, se pronombres o nombres
Ex. I have some pens. necesita contexto para propios.
I haven´t any pens. saberlo. Ex. Andrew is happy.
Ex. The Sun is very far My pens is blue.
away. También si el segundo
The Queen of France is objeto pertenece al primer
very happy. nombre
Ex. The teacher and
students left the class.
3.QUANTIFIERS- 3.SUPERLATIVES. 3.SPECIAL PLACES
countables/uncontables 1-THE +ADJ + EST (SITIOS QUE VISITAS
- a few, a Little, a lot, a 2- THE MOST + FRECUENTEMENTE)
pair, a bit, a handful ADV/ADJ/NOUN Ex. School, University
Ex. The coldest mountain. CITIES, COUNTRIES
The most beautiful. Ex. Spain, Russia, England
Exclussion- The UK- The
USA (son unión de varios
países, es plural)
NATURAL PLACES
Ex. Sierra Nevada
4.JOBS 4.CREATIONS AND 4.MEALS
Ex. I am a teacher, an INVENTIONS Ex. Breakfast, brunch,
electrician Ex. The light bulb was lunch, dinner, teatime,
invented in 1380. supper
The internet is used daily

5.EXCLAMATIONS. Using 5. RIVERS AND 5.EXCLAMATIONS. Using

singular nouns SEAS/OCEANS plural nouns.
Ex. A dog had just bitten Ex. The Atlantic Ocean Ex. Cars are so much
me! The river Nile faster tan motorbikes!
QUANTIFIERS + NOUNS/ ADJ.

COUNTABLES NEUTRAL UNCOUNTABLES

MANY A LOT OF MUCH
A FEW SOME A LITTLE
A PAIR (OF) ANY A LOT (use at the end of a
sentence)
A COUPLE (OF) NO / NONE A BIT (use at the end of a
sentence)
EVERY LOTS OF
BOTH PLENTY OF
EITHER A HANDFUL (OF)
NEITHER TOO / SO
ENOUGH
A BIT OF
ALL

1. TOO + MUCH/MANY + NOUN

2. TOO + ADJ
3. ENOUGH + NOUN
4. ADJ + ENOUGH

REGLA 1
I have many books (tengo muchos libros) – I have so many books (tengo muchísimos)
– I have too many books (tengo demasiados)
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE FRASES (REGLAS 2 Y 4)
He is too small to be a basketball player.
He isnt tall enough to be a basketball player.

PARA LAS TRANSFORMACIONES DEBEMOS SEGUIR ESTOS PASOS

1. CAMBIAR ELVERBO – SI ESTÁ EN AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATIVE
2. USE THE OPPOSITE ADJECTIVE
3. TRANSFORM “TOO” AND “ENOUGH” – STRUCTURE
Ex. My car is too slow to get to Madrid in 1 hour.
My car isnt fast enough to get to Madrid in 1 hour.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
EITHER … OR… (O esto o lo otro) Use NEITHER … NOR… (Ni esto ni lo
to give two objects or situations otro) Use to REMOVE two objects or
Ex. You can either study or do the situations.
homework. Ex. Neither you nor I did the homework.
BOTH (ambos) Use to Generalize two NEITHER (ninguno) Use to REMOVE
objects and pronouns two generalized objects or pronouns.
Ex Both of us did the homework. Ex. Neither of us did the homework.
 ALL (todo) / EVERY (cada) Use with NONE (ninguno) Use with more than
more than two objects in a situation. two objects in a situation.
Ex. Al lof us did the homework. Ex. None of us did the homework.
Everyone did the homework.

SOME – ALWAYS USE WITH AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

(algo, algunos…)

Adaptions: something, someone, somewhere, somebody – REFERENCE TO 1

(alguna cosa, alguien, algún lugar, alguna persona)

Ex. Can someone help me with the homework? (Quiere que le ayude una persona)

NO – ALWAYS WITH AFFIRMATIVE – NEVER AS A DOUBLE NEGATIVE!!

(nunca se puede tener una doble negación)
(nada)
Adaptions: nothing, no one, no body, no where
(nadie, ninguno, nadie, ningún lugar)
Ex. I know nobody did the homework.

ANY – WITH AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE

AFFIRMATIVE (CUALQUIER) USE WITH VARIETIES (more than 1)

Adaptions: anybody, anyone, anywhere, anything.
(cualquier persona, cualquier lugar, cualquier cosa)
Ex. Can anybody help me? (quieren que le ayude más de 1 persona)
Anyone is welcome to the party. (Cualquier persona es bienvenida a la fiesta, más de
una)
NEGATIVE (VERB/ADV) USE TO AVOID DOUBLE NEGATIVE (si hay un verbo o un
adverbio en negativo, para evitar doble negación)
NEGATIVE + ANYBODY, ANYWHERE, ANYTHING
(nadie, ningún lugar, nada)
Ex. I know nobody in the class. – I don´t know anybody in the class.

INFINITIVE (TO + VERB) GERUND (ING FORM)

1.USE AS PURPOSE (PROPÓSITO). 1.USED TO SUBTITUTE THE
Si podemos traducir el “TO” como un SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE.
para es infinitivo.
Ex. Smoking is prohibitted in class.
Ex. To pass the exam… Passing the ball is very important.

EXPLICACIÓN

TO + V = PARA + V --- para aprobar el

examen – Ex. To pass the exam you must
study.
FOR + SUB = PARA + SUSTANTIVO
--- Ex. For me the homework was very
difficult.
Ex. I did the homework for him.

HAVE SIEMPRE CON TO

2.USE AFTER ADJECTIVES – adj + v 2.USE AFTER PREPOSITIONS –
infinitive prep + gerund
Ex. I am so happy to see you! Ex. He gave up reading in German.

Si el TO va con preposición siempre

gerundio
Ex. I looking forward to seeing you.
3.USE AFTER CERTAIN VERBS 3.USE AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
(LIST) (LIST)
Examples: need, seem, want, afford (PAG Examples: dislike, mind, suggest
27) Ex. You dislike learning French.
Ex. You seem to be lost.

EXCEPTIONS
1. LOVE – HATE: USE WITH INFINITIVE AND GERUND (NO
DIFERENCE)
I love to read – I hate reading

2. TRY – REMEMBER – SHOP – FORGET – REMEMBER – LIKE –

REGRET – LIKE: USE WITH INFINITIVE AND GERUND
(DIFERENCE)
V + INF: CONEXIÓN CON EL FUTURO – TOMORROW
V + GER: CONEXIÓN CON EL PASADO -- YESTERDAY

3. INFINITIVE WITHOUT “TO”

WILL – SHALL + INF: I will give you the letter
MODAL VERBS + INF: I should go to school
DO (AUX): I don´t play basketball tomorrow

INFINITIVE CERTAIN VERBS LIST

Agree Aim Appear Arrange

Ask Attemp Be able Begin
Can/Cant/Afford Care Chance Choose
Claim Come Consent Continue
Dare Decide Deserve Determine
Dislike Elect Endeavor Expect
Fail Forget Get Grow up
Guarantee Happen Have Hesitate
Hope Hurry Incline Intend
Learn Leave Like Love
Manage Mean Need Neglect
Offer Ought Pay Plan
Prefer Prepare Pretend Proceed
Profess Promise Propose Prove
Refuse Remain Remember Request
Resolve Say Seem Start
Stop Struggle Swear Swear
Tend Threaten Threaten Try
Turno ut Use Venture Volunteer
Wait Want Wish Would like
Yearn

GERUND CERTAIN VERBS LIST

Admit Advise Allow

Anticipate Appreciate Avoid
Begin Cant bear Cant help
Cant stand Celebrate Complete
Confess Consider Continue
Defend Delay Deny
Detest Discuss Dislike
Dispute Dread Endure
Enjoy Escape Evade
Excuse Explain Fear
Feel like Finish Forbid
Forgive Get Give up
Hate Have Imagine
Keep Keep on Like
Love Mention Mind
Miss Permit Picture
Postpone Practice Prefer
Prevent Propose Put of
Quit Recall Recollect
Recommend Report Resent
Resist Resume Risk
Shun Spend (time) Start
Suggest Support Tolerate
Understand Urge Warrant
Waste (time)

PASSIVES
1.TO BE + PARTICIPLE (3RD COLUMN)

ACTIVE PASIVE
P. Simple – Aux , 3rd person -s To be + participe
Cont – To be + Verb ING To be + being participe
Perfect – Have + participe Have been + participe
Will + INF Will + Be + participe
 Modald verbs + INF Modal verbs + Be + participe

2.NEVER CHANGE THE VERB TENSE! (nunca se cambia el tiempo verbal)

3.REMEMBER TO USE THE SUBJECT IN THE SENTENCE (BY)

TRANSFORMATION (PRONOUNS)

I ME MY
HE HIM HIS
SHE HER HER
WE US OUR
THEY THEM THEIR

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
1.CHECK ACTIVE OR PASSIVE (Comprobar si es activa o pasiva – si hay to be y
participio Passiva)
2. USE THE OBJECT OF THE SENTENCE FIRST
3.TRANSFORM THE VERB (USE THE SAME VERB TENSE)
4.5. INCLUDE THE REST OF THE SENTENCE / INCLUDE THE SUBJECT
OF THE SENTENCE (Da igual si después pones primero el sujeto o el resto
de la frase, es indiferente)
Ex. The boy took my pen (act) – My pen was taken by the boy. (Passive)
David inst making dinner tonight. (Act) – Dinner isnt being made by David tonight.
(Passive)
English isnt spoken in Brazil. (passive) – People dont speak english in Brazil (Act)
She will buy the bool for her class – The book will be bought by her for her class.
Pesticides have been used on the field by the farmers – The farmers have used
pesticides on the field
We arent playing rugby this weekend – Rugby isnt being played by us this weekend.
My students have bought me a new pen for my birthday – A new pen has been bought
by my students for me for my birthday.
He gave me 10 euros to fix my phone – 10 euros was given by him to me to fix my
phone.
They will watch a movie at the cinema tonight – A movie will be watched by them at the
cinema tonight.

REPORTED SPEECH (direct and indirect form of speaking) (PAG 49 A)

INDIRECT IS USED AS 3RD PERSON POINT OF THE CONVERSATION
SAYS (SYNONYM) + THAT
VERB / PRONOUN / ADVERB

TRANSFORMATIONS
VERBS

P. SIMPLE – PAST SIMPLE –

play , doesnt play played , didnt play
P. CONTINUOUS – PAST CONTINUOUS –
is playing, arent cooking was eating, werent riding

P. PERFECT – PAST PERFECT –

have eaten, hasnt seen had seen, hadnt written
PAST SIMPLE –
played, didnt play
PAST PERFECT –
had seen, hadnt written

P. PERFECT.CONTINUOUS – PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS -

have been painting, hasnt been had been looking, hadnt been
running listening
PAST CONTINUOUS –
was raining, werent learning

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS –

had been looking, hadnt been
listening
WILL WOULD
CAN COULD
MUST HAD TO
MAY MIGHT

Ex. Andrew plays football on Friday, said Toni. – Toni said that Andrew played football
on Friday.

PRONOUNS
I – HE, SHE
WE – THEY
YOU – ALL THE PRONOUNS (podemos poner el que queramos: they, we, she…)

OBJECT PRONOUNS
ME – HIM, HER
US – THEM
YOU – ALL THE OBJECT PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (1) PRON. + OBJETO

MY – HIS, HER
OUR – THEIR
YOUR – ALL THE POSSESSIVES PRONOUNS (1)
Ex. This is my pen,

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (2) OBJETO + PRON.

MINE – HIS, HERS
OURS – THEIRS
YOURS – ALL THE PRONOUNS (2)
Ex. The pen is mine.

ADVERBS (TIME)
NOW – THEN
TODAY – THAT DAY
TOMORROW – THE FOLLOWING DAY
YESTERDAY – THE PREVIOUS DAY
TONIGHT – THAT NIGHT
NEXT (WEEK, MONTH, YEAR…) – THE (WEEK, MONTH, YEAR…) AFTER
LAST (WEEK, MONTH YEAR…) – THE (WEEK, MONTH, YEAR…) BEFORE

ADVERBS (PLACE)
THIS – THAT
THESE – THOSE
HERE – THERE

Ex. We will buy this car next week, said Gema – Gema said that they would buy thar car
next week.
Ex. My computer has stopped working, said Daniel. – Daniel said that her computer
had stopped working.
Ex. These people werent doing the homework last week, said the teacher. The teacher
said that those people hadnt being doing the homework the week before.
REPORTED QUESTIONS (PG 49, B)
ASKED (SYNONYM) – TRANSFORM AS A NORMAL SENTENCE – do not
transform as a question.
1.ASKED + SUB + IF – USE FOR “YES” AND “NO” ANSWERS (no specific
information)
Ex. Have you seen this film before Sofia? Said Patrick. – Patri asked Sofia if she had
seen that film before.
2.ASKED SUB + WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, HOW, WHY, WHICH…
USED WITH SPECIFIC INFORMATION
Ex. Where are you going this weekend Maria? Asked Bea. Bea asked Maria where she
was going that weekend.

REPORTED COMMANDS (PG 49C)

IMPERATIVE FORM – ORDERS!!
THE VERB FORM IS ALWAYS INFINITIVE!! TO + V – AFFIRMATIVE / NOT
TO + V – NEGATIVE
STRUCTURE – TOLD (SYNONYM) + INFINITIVE – IF THERE ISNT A MAIN
SUBJECT INCLUDE THE PRONOUN “US” (si no hay un sujeto sustituimos por el
pronombre “US”)
Ex. Stop eaten in my class! Exclaimed the teacher – The teacher told us to st0p eating
in his class.
Ex. Dont walk in the Street Charlie, demand Andrew – Andrew told Charlie not to walk
in the Street.

PHRASAL VERBS
1-V + PREP – USE TO CHANGE THE DEFINITION OF THE MAIN VERB
GET – COGER GET ON – SUBIRSE
2-V + PREP + PREP – USE TO CHANGE THE DEFINITION OF A PHRASAL
VERB (TO / WITH NORMALMENTE)
GET ON WITH – LLEVARSE BIEN CON
3-V + SUB/PRONOUN + PREP – USE WHEN THERE IS A SECOND
SUBJECT AFTER THE VERB USE BETWEEN THE VERB AND
PREPOSITION
YOU MUST PICK HIM UP AT THE AIRPORT
4-V + OBJ + PREP = V + PREP + OBJ – USE AS A PERSONAL
PREFERENCE (AS THE SAME, NO HAY DIFERENCIA)
HE PICKED UP THE PEN = HE PICKED THE PEN UP
5-V + SUBJECT + PREP NO ES IGUAL A V + OBJ + PREP – CHANGES THE
DEFINITION OF THE PHRASAL VERB (NO SON IGUALES, HAY
DIFERENCIA)
PICK HIM UP (RECOGER) – PICKED THE PEN UP (COGER)
VERBOS MÁS USADOS
- GO
- GET
- LOOK
- PICK
- SET
- TAKE
- BREAK
- CARRY
PREPOSICIONES MÁS USADAS
- UP
- DOWN
- ON
- TO
- FOR
- FROM
- IN
- BACK
- OUT
LISTA PHRASAL VERBS

ADD UP – totalizar ANSWER BACK – ASK ABOUT – ASK FOR – pedir,

contestar de malos preguntar por un preguntar por
modos asunto
ASK BACK – invitar a ASK IN – invitar a ASK UP – invitar a ADD UP TO – alcanzar
volver entrar subir un total

ANSWER FOR – ASK AFTER – ASK UP TO – pedir ASK DOWN – invitar a

responder de preguntar por la hasta (un precio) bajar
salud
ASK OUT – invitar a BACK AWAY – BACK OUT –
BE ABOUT – estar por
salir retroceder volver atrás un lugar
BE BACK – estar de BE IN – estar en BE ON – estar BE OVER – estar
vuelta casa encendido acabado
BACK UP – reforzar BE AWAY – estar BE FOR – estar a
BE OFF – irse, estar
fuera favor de apagado
BE OUT – estar afuera BE UP – estar BEND OVER – BLOW DOWN –
levantado inclinarse derrumbarse por el
viento
BEND DOWN – BLOW AWAY – BLOW OFF – dejar BLOW OUT – apagar
agacharse llevarse (el viento) salir el vapor (se) (una llama)
BLOW UP volar (con BREAK AWAY BREAK DOWN BREAK IN irrumpir,
explosivos) soltarse derruir, interrumpir
averiarse
BREAK OFF romper BREAK UP BREAK OUT BRING BACK devolver
(se) (relaciones) terminar el estallar (una
 curso o una guerra)
relación
BRING ABOUT BRING ALONG BRING DOWN BRING IN hacer entrar
acarrear traer (consigo) derribar, rebajar
BRING OUT hacer BRING UP BRUSH OFF quitar BURN AWAY
salir, publicar criar, educar el polvo consumirse (el fuego)
BURN DOWN BURN OUT BURN UP BUY FOR comprar por
derrumbarse (por el consumirse (el consumirse (por el o para
fuego) fuego) fuego)
BUY OVER sobornar BUY UP acaparar CALL AT Hacer CALL AWAY Seguir
una visita, hacer llamando
escala
CALL BACK Llamar (a CALL FOR Pedir a CALL IN Llamar CALL ON Ir a ver (a
alguien) para que voces, exigir (a alguien) para alguien)
regrese que entre
CALL OUT Gritar CALL OVER Pasar CALL UP CALL DOWN Llamar (a
lista, enumerar Telefonear alguien) para que baje
CARRY ALONG CARRY OFF CARRY ON CARRY OUT Llevar a
Persuadir Llevarse a la fuerza Continuar cabo
CLEAR AWAY CLEAR OFF CLEAR OUT CLEAR UP Aclararse
Dispersar (se) Marcharse Marcharse (el tiempo,un misterio)
CLOSE DOWN Cerrar COME ABOUT COME ALONG COME AT Embestir
Suceder Acompañar, venir
por (la calle)

COME DOWN Bajar COME FOR Venir COME FROM COME IN Entrar
por (en busca de) Venir de
COME OFF COME ON ¡Vamos! COME OUT Salir COME TO Ascender
Desprenderse (en imperativo) (una suma), volver en
sí.
COME UP Subir COME UP TO COUNT IN Incluir COUNT ON Contar con
Acercarse a
COUNT UP Calcular COUNT UP TO CRY FOR Pedir CRY OUT Llorar a
Contar hasta llorando gritos
CRY OVER CRY TO Llamar a CUT DOWN CUT IN Interrumpir
Lamentarse gritos Reducir gastos,
talar
CUT OFF Separar de un CUT OUT CUT THROUGH CUT UP Trinchar,
tajo Recortar, omitir Acortar por un triturar
atajo
DIE AWAY Cesar poco DIE DOWN DIE OUT DO UP Abrochar
a poco Apaciguarse Extinguirse
DO WITHOUT Pasarse DRAW AWAY DRAW BACK DRAW DOWN Bajar
sin (carecer de) Alejarse Retroceder
DRAW IN Economizar, DRAW OFF DRAW ON DRAW OUT Sacar,
encoger (se) Apartarse Aproximarse, redactar, alargarse (el
retirar fondos día)
DRAW UP Para (un DRIVE AWAY DRIVE BACK DRIVE IN Entrar en
vehículo) Ahuyentar, alejarse Rechazar coche, introducir
en coche DRIVE BY Pasar
en coche
DRIVE OUT Salir en DRIVE OFF EAT AWAY EAT INTO Roer
coche, expulsar Alejarse en coche, Erosionar
ahuyentar
EAT UP Devorar FALL DOWN FALL OFF FALL OVER
Caerse Disminuir, Tropezar
desprenderse
FIGHT OFF Ahuyentar FIGHT ON Seguir FIGHT UP Luchar FILL IN Rellenar
luchando valerosamente
FILL UP Rellenar, FIND OUT FIX UP Arreglar FLY ABOUT Volar de
llenar Averiguar, (un asunto) un lado a otro
descubrir
FLY AT Atacar FLY AWAY Huir FLY DOWN FLY OFF Desprenderse
volando Descender
GET ABOUT Ir de acá GET ALONG Hacer GET AT Dar a GET AWAY Escaparse
para allá progreso entender
GET BACK Volver, GET DOWN GET TO Llegar a GET IN / INTO
recuperar Descender Entrar, meterse
GET OUT (OF) Salir, GET OFF Apearse, GET ON Subirse, GET OUT Producir,
apearse bajarse progresar salir
GET OVER Saltar por GET THROUGH GET UP GIVE AWAY
encima, recobrarse Abrirse camino Levantarse Repartir, denunciar
GIVE BACK GIVE OFF GIVE OUT GIVE UP Entregar,
Devolver Despedir (humo, Agotarse, rendirse
olor) repartir
GO ABOUT Ir de un GO ALONG Ir a lo GO AT Atacar GO AWAY
lado para otro largo de Marcharse
GO BY Pasar por GO DOWN Bajar GO IN / INTO GO OFF Explotar,
Entrar marcharse
GO ON Continuar GO OUT Salir, GO OVER Repasar GO THROUGH
pasarse de moda, Penetrar, sufrir
apagarse
GO UP Subir GO UP TO GO ACROSS GO WITHOUT Pasarse
Acercarse a Atravesar sin
HANG ABOUT Vagar HANG BACK HANG BEHIND HANG FROM Colgar
Retraerse Quedarse atrás de
HANG OFF Colgar HANG UP HOLD BACK HOLD ON Continuar
(el teléfono) Colgar (un Detener
cuadro)
HOLD OUT Resistir HURRY ALONG HURRY AWAY HURRY OFF Irse
Darse prisa Irse rápidamente rápidamente
HURRY UP Darse JUMP ABOUT Dar JUMP AT Atacar JUMP DOWN Bajar de
prisa saltos un salto
JUMP IN Entrar de un JUMP ON Subir de JUMP OVER KEEP AWAY
salto un salto Saltar por encima Mantenerse alejado
de
KEEP BACK KEEP DOWN KEEP OFF KEEP UP Mantenerse
Mantenerse separado Controlar Abstenerse de pie, resistir
KNOCK ABOUT KNOCK AT Llamar KNOCK DOWN KNOCK OUT Dejar
Golpear acá y allá (a la puerta) Derribar fuera de combate
LOOK AFTER LOOK BEHIND LOOK DOWN LOOK FOR Buscar
Cuidar Mirar atrás Mirar abajo
LOOK FORWARD LOOK IN Mirar LOOK LIKE LOOK OUT Mirar fuera
TO Anhelar dentro Parecer
LOOK OVER Mirar por LOOK ROUND LOOK UP Mirar MOVE AWAY Alejarse
encima de Mirar alrededor arriba, buscar
MOVE ALONG Pasar, MOVE DOWN MOVE OFF MOVE ON No
no detenerse Bajar MOVE IN Marcharse detenerse, pasar a (otro
Mudarse (de asunto)
 domicilio)
MOVE OUT Mudarse MOVE UP Moverse PASS AWAY PASS BY Pasar por (un
(de domicilio) (para dejar sitio) Fallecer sitio)
PASS IN Entrar PASS ON Pasar (de PAY FOR Pagar PAY IN Ingresar
mano en mano) (dinero)
PAY OFF Liquidar (una PAY UP Pagar (una POINT AT Señalar POINT AWAY Señalar
cuenta), pagar deuda) a lo lejos

POINT TO Señalar POINT DOWN POINT OUT POINT UP Señalar

Señalar abajo Destacar arriba

PULL AWAY Arrancar PULL DOWN PULL OFF PULL OUT Sacar
Derribar Arrancar

PULL UP Parar (un PUT AWAY PUT BACK PUT DOWN Anotar,
vehículo) Poner a un lado Poner en su sitio bajar (algo)

PUT IN Meter, instalar PUT OFF Posponer PUT ON Ponerse PUT OUT Apagar, sacar
(una prenda)

PUT UP Subir (algo), PUT UP WITH RUN ABOUT RUN ACROSS

alojarse Soportar Correr de acá para Encontrarse con,
allá atravesar corriendo
RUN DOWN Pararse RUN IN Entrar RUN OFF Escapar RUN OUT Salir
(un reloj), enfermar corriendo corriendo corriendo

RUN OVER RUN UP Subir SEE ABOUT SEE OFF Despedir (a

Atropellar corriendo Indagar alguien)

SEE TO Encargarse de SEND ALONG SEND DOWN SEND FOR Enviar por
Despachar Bajar (algo)

SEND OFF SEND ROUND SEND UP Subir SET ABOUT Ponerse (a

Despachar,despedir Circular (algo) trabajar)
(trabajadores)
SET DOWN Asentar, SET OFF Partir SHUT IN Encerrar SHUT UP Callarse,
colocar (para un viaje), cerrar (una tienda)
empezar a
trabajar
SIT DOWN Sentarse SIT UP SIT FOR SPEAK FOR Hablar a
Incorporarse, Presentarse (a un favor de
sentarse erguido examen)

SPEAK TO Hablar con SPEAK UP Hablar STAND BY STAND OFF

en alta voz Quedarse cerca Mantenerse alejado
STAND OUT Destacar STAND UP LOOK AT – SELL OUT – estar
Ponerse de pie mirar todo vendido
STAY IN Quedarse en STEP OUT Salir STAY AT STAY BY Permanecer al
casa Hospedarse lado de
STEP IN Entrar STOP IN Quedarse STEP ACROSS STEP DOWN Bajar
en casa Atravesar
STOP BY Quedarse al TAKE IN Engañar, STEP UP Subir STEP UP TO Acercarse
lado de meter a (alguien)
TAKE FOR Tomar por TAKE UP Subir STOP UP TAKE DOWN Escribir
(equivocarse) (algo) Empastar (una al dictado, bajar (algo)
muela), tapar (una
botella)
TAKE TO Llevar a TEAR AWAY TAKE OFF TAKE OUT Sacar,
Quitar (rasgando) Quitarse (una quitar
prenda),
despegar
TALK TO Hablar con THROW BACK TALK ABOUT TALK OF Hablar de
Devolver Hablar acerca
de
THROW AWAY THROW OUT TEAR OFF Separar TEAR UP Hacer
Tirar (algo Arrojar (rasgando) pedazos (rasgando)
inservible)
THROW OFF Echar TURN BACK Darse THROW DOWN THROW IN Tirar hacia
fuera la vuelta Tirar hacia abajo adentro
TURN AWAY Mirar a TURN OUT Apagar THROW UP Tirar TRY ON Probarse
otro lado hacia arriba una prenda

TURN ON Encender WALK ABOUT TURN DOWN TURN OFF Apagar

(la luz), abrir (una Andar de acá para Poner boca (la luz), cerrar (una
llave) allá abajo, bajar llave)
volumen
TURN UP Llegar WALK IN Entrar TURN OVER TURN INTO
Volcar, poner boca Convertirse
abajo
WALK DOWN Bajar WORK UNDER WALK ALONG WALK AWAY Alejarse
Trabajar a las Andar por andando
órdenes de

WORK OUT Calcular COME ACROSS WALK OFF WALK UP Subir

Encontrarse con Marcharse
CLOSE UP Acercarse GET ON WITH – MAKE UP – WRITE DOWN
llevarse bien con reconciliarse Anotar
EAT OUT – comer SLOW DOWN – COME AWAY WARM UP –
fuera reducir la Desprenderse calentar
velocidad
SWITCH OFF – BUMP INTO – PICK UP – coger CHECK IN –
apagar encontrarse por registrarse en un
casualidad hotel o avión
CALM DOWN – SET UP – crear SORT OUT – GROW UP – crecer
relajarse un negocio averiguar

PLUG IN – enchufar TRY ON – CHAT UP – CUT DOWN –

probarse conversar con reducir la cantidad
interés sexual
LEAVE BEHIND – BURST OUT – WATCH OUT – TELL ON – contar a
separarse de alguien empezar a hacer tener cuidado una persona con
o algo algo autoridad algo malo
incrementando la de otra persona
distancia
HOLD OFF – CATCH UP LIE DOWN – THINK UP –
esperar WITH – quedar descansar desarrollar una idea
con alguien
 después de
mucho tiempo
CRASH INTO – GIVE UP - TAKE UP –
chocar rendirse comenzar un
trabajo o
actividad

MODAL VERBS (V + INF WITHOUT TO) // (SEMI- MODALS: V + TO)

ABILITY
CAN – present situations – CONFIRMED ABILITIES
COULD – past / future (context) – I could speak French (past) // If i lived in France, I
could speak French (future) – CONFIRMED ABILITIES
BE ABLE TO – UNCONFIRMED ABILITIES – hay que conjugar el verbo to be – past/
present / future (capacidad no habilidad) – I am able to play the guitar (soy capaz de
tocar la guitarra)

PERMISSION – suelen ser preguntas y depende de la formalidad –

FORMALITY
CAN – informal – Use with friendships – Can you lend me a pen, Javi?
COULD – formal – Use with RESPECT – Could I go to the toilet, please?
MAY – formal – Use with AUTHORITY – Please may you tell where the town hall is?

ADVICE – CONSEJO
SHOULD – Use with advice for another person – No consequence to the advice
OUGHT TO – Use with STATES of situation
MUST – STRONG ADVICE – There is a Benefit or consequence to the advice

OBLIGATION
HAVE TO – Use with obligations directed at 1 person – it contains a consequence only
for 1 person – The rule is created by the speaker (las normas vienen del que habla) –
Ex. You have to bring me the homework everyday, Carlos.
OBLIGATIONS OF THE PAST – ALWAYS USE HAD TO

MUST – Use with GENERAL RULES – Rules that are created for more than 1 person
and contain a group consequence – normally not created by the speaker
Ex. You must have a visa to work in Australia.
PROHIBITTION
DONT HAVE TO – Optional situation , ausencia de necesidad u obligación – no
consequence
MUSTN´T – STRONG PROHIBITTION – contains a consequence

POSSIBILITY
COULD – Future ability / opens a possibility
MIGHT – Present and future possibility – with context – affirmative or negative
MIGHTNT
MAY – Future possibility – With context – affirmative or negative MAY NOT

DEDUCTION – Use with EVIDENCE of an action

MUST – I havent slept all night. You must be tired.

CONDITIONAL FORMS
Se pueden crear con IF – PROVIDED – WHETHER – AS LONG AS – (SÍ)
UNLESS – 1 verbo en negativa (SI NO)

ZERO CONDITIONAL – Use with FACTS and PRESENT SITUATIONS

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE / CONTIN, SUBJECT + PRESENT SIMPLE / CONTINUOUS
Si es P. Simple – Facts – If you put wáter in the freezer, it becomes ice.
Si es P. Conti. – Present sintuations – If youre watching TV, I am reading my book.

FIRST CONDITIONAL – Use with PROBABLE future events

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE / CONT., WILL + INF – If you study, you will pass – you will
pass, if you study
Unless you study, You wont pass – You wont pass unless you study

SECOND CONDITIONAL – Use with IMPROBABLE, HYPOTHETICAL,

IMPOSSIBLE FUTURE situations
IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD (FUTURE) / COULD (ABILITY) / MIGHT
(POSIBILITY) / SHOULD (ADVICE) + INFINITIVE
Improbable – If you bought a lottery ticket, you could win (podrías)
Hypothetical – If I lived in Australia, i would adopt a kangaroo
Impossible – If I were you, I would study every day

THIRD CONDITIONAL – Use with past events, hypothetical past events

IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD / COULD / MIGHT / SHOULD + PRESENT PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE – The action did not happen (hypothetical)
NEGATIVE – The ACTION IS A PAST EVENT
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam (Hypothetical)
If I hadnt studied, I wouldnt have passed the exam (Past Event)

EXCEPTIONS
WISHES – SUB + WISH (INFORMAL) // IF ONLY + SUB + V (FORMAL) – OJALÁ

1. IF ONLY + PAST SIMPLE – Use with actions of the PRESENT you would like to
CHANGE, but cant at this moment
Ex. If only I lived in Australia = I wish I lived in Australia
2. IF ONLY + WOULD / COULD + INFINITIVE – Use with situations that are
annoying (molesto) in the pressent and you would like to change
Ex. If 0nly the zoom application would work better!
3. IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT – Use with regrets of PAST (arrepentimientos del
pasado)
Ex. If only I had studied more at school

COMPARATIVE FORMS
1. Adj + er + than (superiority / inferiority) – Use with short adjectives – normally
1 syllable – Miriam is taller than her sister.

2. More /les + adv / adj / noun + than (superiority / inferiority) – Use with long
adjectives – normally 2 or more syllables – Adv: She sings more happily than
her sister / Adj: She is more beautiful than her sister / Noun: She has more
money than her sister

3. As + dj / adv + as (equality) – She is as tall as her sister / She runs as quicly as

her sister

4. The same + noun + as (equality) – She goes to the same academy as her sister

PREFERENCE COMPARATIVE
PREFERIR - WOULD + RATHER (OPTION 1 VERB FORM) + THAN (OPTION 2
VERB FORM)
I would rather watch TV than study German
EXCEPTIONS – DO NOT USE “THAN”
1. When you compare an ADJECTIVE – Ex. Can we order a bigger sándwich,
please?
2. When ypu have a corresponding adjective to each noun (cuando tenemos un
adjetivo correspondiente a cada sustantivo) – Ex. He is tall, she is taller

SUPERLATIVE FORMS
1. THE + ADJ + EST – short adjectives – She is the tallest in my class
2. THE MOST / LEAST + ADJ/ ADV/ NOUN – long adjectives -

IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

ADJECTIVES
Good / well Better The best
Bad Worse The worst
Far Further The furthest
Clever More clever The most clever /
cleverest
nervous More nervous The most nervous
REGULAR ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
WITH ONE SYLLABLE
Black + er – Blacker + est – Blackest
REGULAR ADJECTIVES
WITH ONE SYLLABLE
ENDIND IN VOWEL +
CONSONANT
Thin Doubble final letter + er – Double final letter + est –
thinner thinnest
REGULAR ADJECTIVES
WITH TWO SYLLABLES
ENDING IN -Y
Funny Replace -y with -ier – Replace -y with -iest –
Funnier funniest
REGULAR ADJECTIVES
WITH TWO OR MORE
SYLLABLES
Intelligent More / les + adj – more Most / least + adj – most
intelligent intelligent

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS

REGULAR ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

ADVERBS
Easily More / less + adv – Most / least + adv
more easily – most easily
IRREGULAR ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ADVERBS
Badly Worse Worst
Early Earlier Earliest
Far Farther / further Farthest / furthest
 Fast Faster Fastest
Hard Harder Hardest
Late Later Latest
Often More often Most often
Near Nearer Nearest
Soon Sooner Soonest
Well Better Best

RELATIVES CLAUSES
DEFINING – Use to show the MAIN INFORMATION in a sentence to refer as the
SUBJECT
NON DEFINING – Use to EXTRA INFORMATION given to the main sentence – DO
NOT REPEAT THE SUBJECT
Who – PEOPLE
Whose – POSSESSIONS
Which – OBJECTS
When – TIME
Why – REASONS
Where – PLACE
To whom – PEOPLE (used as the main OBJECT of the sentence)
That – USE IN NON DEFINING TO SUSTITUTE WHO / WHICH – IS ALWAYS THE
SECOND OPTION IF THE MAIN CLAUSE IS NOT AVAILABLE