DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS

MECH 0009.1

(Individual Assignment)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Question. 1

a. ……………………………………………………… 3
b. ……………………………………………………… 5
c. ……………………………………………………… 5
d. ……………………………………………………… 6
Question. 2

a. ……………………………………………………… 7
b. ……………………………………………………… 9
Question. 3

a. ……………………………………………………… 11
b. ……………………………………………………… 13
c. ……………………………………………………… 14
d. ……………………………………………………… 14
e. ……………………………………………………… 15
f. ……………………………………………………… 16
References

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 Question. 1

(A)

ASSUMPTIONS:

1. Steady state flow.

2. Mass flowrate of air = constant

3. No heat loss.

4. The evaporator is fully insulated.

5. Air passes through cooling coils.

Evaporator Inlet condition:

T DB T =27 ° C
1

Relative Humidity=50 %

T wBT =19.5 ° C
1

T DP T =15.7 °C
1

Kg
w 1=0.01115
Kg

g
w 1=11.15
Kg

KJ
h1=55.58
Kg

3
m
V 1=0.866
Kg

Evaporator Exit Condition:

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T DB T =10 ° C
2

Relative Humidity=90 %

KJ
h2 =27.34
Kg

Kg
w 2=0.00686
Kg

g
w 2=6.86
Kg

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 (B)

ṁw = ṁa (w1−w2 )

3 3 3
2 m ×5 10 m 1 m
V˙ 1= = =
min min 6s

V̇ 1 1/6 kg
m˙a =m˙a =ṁa= =
1 2
v 1 0.866 s

kg
ṁ a=0.1925
s

kg
ṁ w =0.1925× 60 × ( 0.01115−0.00686 )
min

kg
ṁ w =0.04955
min

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(C)

Q̇trans= ṁa (h1−h 2)

Q̇trans=0.1925(55.56−27.34)

Q̇trans=5.4362 kW

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 (D)

At State 1:

T 1=27 °C

g
w 1=11.15
kg

At State 2:

T 2=10 °C

g
w 2=6.86
kg

Since temperature and specific humidity is decreasing, so the process is cooling and

dehumidification process.

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 Question. 2

(A)

In order to achieve optimal performance, heat exchanger design is a complicated and diverse

procedure that frequently requires a precise balance between many aspects. Although there

isn't a single, all-encompassing method, developing dependable and effective heat exchangers

requires an awareness of the key obstacles and factors.

Parametric Conditions (Inlet):

T DB T =27 ° C
1

Relative Humidity=50 %

T wBT =19.5 ° C
1

T DP T =15.7 °C
1

g
w 1=11.15
Kg

KJ
h1=55.58
Kg

3
m
V 1=0.866
Kg

Parametric Conditions (Inlet):

T DB T =10 ° C
2

Relative Humidity=90 %

KJ
h2 =27.34
Kg

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 Kg
w 2=0.00686
Kg

g
w 2=6.86
Kg

CHALLEENGES IN HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

1. The main goal of heat exchanger design is efficient heat transmission. It can be

difficult, though, to maximize heat transfer rate while reducing temperature variations

and pressure dips.

2. The efficiency of heat transfer is greatly impacted by fluid flow patterns. In order to

avoid isolated hot or cold areas that lower overall performance, it is crucial to ensure

uniform flow distribution across the heat exchanger.

3. The accumulation of undesired deposits on heat transfer surfaces, known as fouling,

can drastically lower efficiency. The deterioration of materials caused by chemical

reactions known as corrosion can result in leaks and problems with the structural

integrity.

4. Effectiveness in terms of cost is important. While securing acceptable performance,

choosing the best type of heat exchanger and optimizing design parameters can save

material and production costs.

VARIABLES TO CONSIDER IN HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN:

1. The properties of fluids, such as density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity, affect

heat transport and pressure drop characteristics.

2. Operating circumstances, including flow rates, temperatures, and pressures, have a

significant impact on the requirements for heat transfer and the patterns of fluid flow.

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 3. Heat transport is fueled by the temperature differential between the hot and cool

fluids. The efficiency of heat transport is increased by minimizing temperature gaps.

4. The pressure drop that occurs when fluids pass through the heat exchanger has an

impact on the system's overall efficiency and the amount of power required for the

pump.

HEAT EXCHANGER SIZING STEPS

1. The heat transfer duty, fluid characteristics, operating environment, and targeted

performance parameters should all be well defined.

2. Based on the needs of the application, the characteristics of the fluid, and the

operating environment, select the best kind of heat exchanger.

3. Find the heat transfer coefficients for the fluids and the heat exchanger shape, or

calculate them.

4. Utilizing heat transfer equations, determine the necessary surface area for heat

transmission by calculating heat transfer duty, heat transfer coefficients, and

temperature variations.

5. Determine the proper heat exchanger dimensions based on the projected heat transfer

area, taking manufacturing restrictions and available space into account.

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 (B)

1. VELOCITY METHOD:

The simplest and most used duct design method is the velocity method. It entails

determining the appropriate air velocity for every duct segment according to its

intended use, and then sizing the duct to reach that velocity. Simple duct systems with

a small number of branches work well using the velocity approach. It may, however,

be less accurate in systems with severe pressure drops or in complex duct networks

with numerous branches.

2. EQUAL FRICTION METHOD:

Using this procedure, the ducts are sized to achieve a certain friction rate after an

acceptable friction rate for the complete duct system has been chosen. For intricate

duct systems with several branches, the equal friction method yields better results

than the velocity method. It is more difficult to compute, though, and needs specific

software.

3. STATIS REGAIN METHOD:

Using this method, the pressure drop in each duct segment is calculated, and duct

sizes are chosen so that the desired pressure drop is reached at each system point. The

most precise way for designing ducts is the static regain method. It does, however,

also need the usage of specialized software and is the most complex.

Comparison & Contrast of the Duct Design Methods:

 Although the velocity approach is the least precise and most accurate, it is also the
most user-friendly and doesn't require any specialised software. For basic duct
systems with few branches, it is an excellent option.

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  For intricate duct systems with several branches, the equal friction approach is more
precise, but it is also more complicated and needs integrated software. For
commercial and industrial air conditioning systems, it is a wise option.
 The most precise way is the static regain method, but it is also the most complicated

and needs specialized software. For crucial applications where exact air distribution is

crucial, it is the best option.

Method Advantages Disadvantages Typical Typical air velocities

applications

Velocity Simple and Less accurate for Simple duct 3 to 5 m/s for residences, 4

Method easy to use complex duct systems with few to 6.5 m/s for theaters, 7.5

systems branches to 10 m/s for restaurants

Equal More accurate More complex to Complex duct Typical air velocities are 5

Friction than velocity calculate systems with many to 8 m/s for main ducts and

Method method branches 4 to 6 m/s for branches.

Static Most accurate Most complex and High-pressure Typical air velocities are 5

Regain duct design requires specialized drop systems to 8 m/s for main ducts and

Method method software 4 to 6 m/s for branches.

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 Question. 3

(A)

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS OF VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE:

The basic thermodynamic mechanism that powers air conditioning and refrigeration systems

is known as the vapor compression cycle. It is made up of four main parts: the evaporator,

condenser, expansion valve, and compressor. The cycle starts when the compressor

compresses a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor. Pressure and temperature rise as a result

of this process.

After entering the condenser, the high-pressure, high-temperature vapor releases heat into the

surrounding air. Condensation, the phase transition of the refrigerant from vapor to liquid,

occurs during this phase. The expansion valve is subsequently passed through by the

condensed liquid, which is still under a lot of pressure. The refrigerant expands quickly in the

expansion valve, resulting in a large drop in temperature and pressure.

After entering the evaporator, the low-pressure, low-temperature liquid absorbs heat from the

surrounding environment, usually the air or water that needs to be cooled. The cycle is

completed when the refrigerant goes through another phase transition from liquid to vapor as

a result of heat absorption. The procedure is then repeated with the vapor being sucked back

into the compressor.

The fundamental thermodynamic principles of phase shifts, heat transmission, and the

relationship between pressure and temperature for a particular substance serve as the

foundation for the main ideas of the vapor compression cycle. The system effectively moves

heat from a low-temperature area (like the inside of a refrigerator or a building) to a high-

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temperature area (the surrounds) by adjusting these principles through the cycle's component

parts.

Parameter Symbol Experiment Case

Compressor OFF Compressor ON

Inlet (1) Outlet (2) Inlet (1) Outlet (2)

Dry-bulb TA 1∨2
25.2 24.9 26.1 18.4

Temperature

(°C)

Relative Φ 1∨2 34.9 34.3 36.1 51.1

humidity

(%)

Wet-bulb TW 15 15.1 16.3 12.6

temperature

(°C)

Dew-point TD 10 8.1 9.9 8.1

temperature

(°C)

Humidity ω 0.012 6.7 7.6 6.7

ratio (kg/kg)

Enthalpy hA 40 42.2 45.7 35.6

(kJ/kg)

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14
 (B)

Difference Between Symbol Compressor OFF Compressor ON

Inlet and Outlet

Dry bulb ∆ T A (° C) 0.3 7.7

temperature

Relative humidity ∆ φ(% ) 0.6 15

Humidity ratio ∆ ω(kg /kg) 6.7 0.9

Enthalpy ∆ h A (kJ /kg ) 2.2 10.1

---------------------------------------------------------------

(C)

Relative Humidity:

 When the compressor is off, the relative humidity at Inlet (1) is 34.9%; when the

compressor is on, it increases to 36.1%.

 At Outlet (2), the relative humidity decreases from 34.3% when the compressor is off

to 51.1% when it is operating.

 Usually, compressors are employed to reduce air temperatures, which also reduces the

air's relative humidity.

Absolute Humidity:

 When the compressor is off at Inlet (1), the humidity ratio is 0.012 kg/kg; when the

compressor is on, it rises to 0.0126 kg/kg.

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  At Outlet (2), the humidity ratio is 6.7 kg/kg when the compressor is off and stays at

that value when the compressor is running.

 When the compressor is operating, the increase in the humidity ratio at Inlet (1)

signifies that the air's moisture content has increased due to the cooling process.

 The fact that the humidity ratio at Outlet (2) stays constant implies that the moisture

content at the outlet has not been considerably impacted by the cooling process.

At the outflow, relative humidity rises, indicating condensation and a rise in moisture content.

At the entrance, absolute humidity (also known as the humidity ratio) rises, suggesting that

the cooling process is bringing more moisture into the air. At the outlet, the humidity ratio

stays unchanged, indicating that the cooling process only modifies the temperature of the air

without removing additional moisture.

---------------------------------------------------------------

(D)

Compressor OFF:

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Compressor ON:

The differences between the inlet and outlet can be attributed to variations in the relative

humidity and dry bulb temperature. When the compressor is turned off, the data indicates that

the humidification process is taking place in both scenarios (Compressor ON & Compressor

OFF).

---------------------------------------------------------------

(E)

Using equation:

T D ≥ T sat evaporation
2

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Given that:

T D =8.1 ℃
2

So,

8.1 ℃ ≥T sat evaporation

There is still inequity. This suggests that the saturation temperature of evaporation is greater

than the dew-point temperature at the exit. Therefore, the difference suggests that a

dehumidification process is not occurring at the output concurrently with a cooling process.

Since the air at the output hasn't cooled down to the point where it is saturated, there isn't

much dehumidification in this specific instance.

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 (F)

Dry Bulb Temperature(T):

When the compressor is operating, the dry-bulb temperature drops near the exit,

demonstrating the cooling effect of the compressor.

Relative Humidity (Φ):

When the compressor is running, the relative humidity at the outlet rises, indicating

condensation and a rise in moisture content.

Wet-Bulb Temperature (T W ):

When the compressor is running, the wet-bulb temperature drops near the exit, indicating a

cooling effect.

Dew-Point Temperature (T D ):

The fact that the dew-point temperature stays mostly stable, which indicates that the cooling

process has little effect on it.

Humidity Ratio (ω):

When the compressor is running, the humidity ratio at the input rises, indicating the addition

of moisture. It stays constant at the output, indicating that temperature is mostly influenced

by the cooling process.

Enthalpy (h A ):

When the compressor is running, the cooling process is reflected in the outlet's decreasing

enthalpy.

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REFERENCES:
 Incropera, Frank P., and David P. De Witt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer,

8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2020.

 Cengel, Yunus A., and Afshin J. Ghajar.Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and

Applications, 6th Edition_. McGraw-Hill, 2019.

 Kern, Donald R.Process Heat Transfer, 2nd Edition_. McGraw-Hill, 1984.

 Bejan, Adrian.Heat Transfer, 4th Edition_. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

 Parker, D. S. (1994). Heating, cooling, and ventilating (2nd ed.).

 McQuiston, F. C. (1982). Lin's handbook of heating, cooling, and ventilating (3rd

ed.). Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers.

 Smith, S. K. (1993). HVAC design manual for commercial and institutional buildings.

New York: Industrial Press

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