4 operation mode of dynamics

- steady state operation

- dynamic operation
-transient operation
- sub-transient operation

LECTURE 3 – Force and

Motion Particle Dynamics
Instructor: Duong Minh Bui, Ph.D.
Lecturer in Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese-German University
Email: duong.bm@vgu.edu.vn
Learning Outcomes
What does the concept of force mean in physics, and why forces are
vectors.
The significance of the net force on an object, and what happens when
the net force is zero.
The relationship among the net force on an object, the object’s mass,
and its acceleration.
How the forces that two bodies exert on each other are related.

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CONTENT
3.1 The Concept of Force
3.2 Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames
3.3 Weight and Mass
3.4 Newton's Second Law
3.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight
3.6 Newton's Third Law
3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law
3.8 Forces of Friction
3.9 Summary
3.10 Homework

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3.1 The Concept of Force (1)
Contact forces: involve physical contact between two objects
Field forces: does not involve physical contact between two objects (e.g. the gravitational
force of attraction between two objects with mass)

Field force consist of

- magnetic force
- electrical magnetic field force

1 winding -> coils -> turns

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3.1 The Concept of Force (2)
Fundamental forces in nature are all field forces:
(1) gravitational forces between objects,
(2) electromagnetic forces between electric charges,
(3) strong forces between subatomic particles,
(4) weak forces that arise in certain radioactive (phóng xạ) decay (phân rã) processes.

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 3.1 The Concept of Force (3)
The Vector Nature of Force:

(kéo dài)

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3.2 Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames (1)
Newton’s first law of motion, sometimes called the law of inertia, defines a special set of
reference frames called inertial frames.

(an inertial frame of reference)

When no force acts on an object, the acceleration of the object is zero.

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3.2 Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames (2)
A body has a constant velocity unless it is acted on by a net force.
The net force in the first law remind us that many individual forces may act on a body, but
the resultant or net force must be equal to zero if the body is not to accelerate.
Force is inherently a vector quantity (one may not push or pull on a body without
doing so in a particular direction), so the net force on a body is the vector sum of all
the forces acting on that body.

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3.2 Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames (3)
Inertia:
A passenger in a bus has a tendency to proceed in a straight line when the bus turns suddenly.
She remains in the bus because the bus exerts a force on her in the direction of the tum to
provide the change in her velocity.

Inertial Reference Frames:

A passenger seated in the car would feel the force of the seat pushing forward on her back but
would not experience any acceleration relative to the automobile, the chosen reference frame.

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3.3 Weight and Mass (1)
Weight:
The force of the gravitational attraction of the earth on an object body is called the weight W
of the body.
The SI unit of weight is the Newton (N).

Mass:
Mass is that property of an object that specifies how much resistance an object exhibits to
changes in its velocity.
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

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3.3 Weight and Mass (2)
A force acting on an object of mass m1 produces a change in motion of the object that we
can quantify with the object’s acceleration , and the same force acting on an object of
mass m2 produces an acceleration .
The ratio of the two masses is defined as the inverse ratio of the magnitudes of the
accelerations produced by the force:

The magnitude of the acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass when
acted on by a given force. If one object has a known mass, the mass of the other object can
be obtained from acceleration measurements.

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3.3 Weight and Mass (3)
Mass and weight are different quantities:
The weight of an object is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted on the
object and varies with location. For example, a person weighing 180 lb on the Earth weighs
only about 30 lb on the Moon.
On the other hand, the mass of an object is the same everywhere: an object having a mass
of 2 kg on the Earth also has a mass of 2 kg on the Moon.

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3.4 Newton's Second Law (1)
Newton’s first law: explains what happens to an object when no forces act on it: it maintains
its original motion; it either remains at rest or moves in a straight line with constant speed.
Newton’s second law: answers the question of what happens to an object when one or more
forces act on it.
Force Is the Cause of Changes in Motion: An object can have motion in the absence of forces
as described in Newton’s first law. Therefore, don’t interpret force as the cause of motion.
Force is the cause of changes in motion.

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3.4 Newton's Second Law (2)
Newton’s second law:

If we choose a proportionality constant of 1, we can relate mass, acceleration, and force

through the following mathematical statement of Newton’s second law:

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3.4 Newton's Second Law (3)
Newton’s second law: The acceleration is due to the net force ∑ ⃗ acting
on an object.
The net force on an object is the vector sum of all
forces acting on the object.
Other names used for the net force include the
total force, the resultant force, and the unbalanced
force.
It is imperative to determine the correct net force
on an object.
Many forces may be acting on an object, but there
is only one acceleration of the object.

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3.4 Newton's Second Law (4)

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3.4 Newton's Second Law (5)

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3.4 Newton's Second Law (6)
EXAMPLE:
F2y

F2x F1x

F1y

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3.4 Newton's Second Law (7)
EXAMPLE (cont.):

(pos)

(neg)

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3.4 Newton's Second Law (8)
EXERCISES:

F = m.a = 70.9.8= 686 N downward

F = m.a = 80.20= 1600 upward

vector a= (F1-F2)/m = 0,5i m/s2; vector a=(4+3)/2= 3,5i m/s2

vector a = (4/2)i + (3/2)j= 2i + 1,5j m/s2

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3.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight (1)

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3.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight (2)
EXERCISES:

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3.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight (3)
EXERCISES (cont.):

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3.6 Newton's Third Law (1)
Definition:

The force that object 1 exerts on object 2 is popularly called the action
force, and the force of object 2 on object 1 is called the reaction force.
We will use these terms for convenience.
In all cases, the action and reaction forces act on different objects and
must be of the same type (gravitational, electrical, etc.).

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3.6 Newton's Third Law (2)
Example:

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3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (1)

Analysis Model: The Particle in equilibrium

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3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (2)

Analysis Model: The Particle under a Net Force

Normal force: whenever an object is in contact with a surface,

the surface exerts a normal force on the object.

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3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (3)

Examples:

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3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (4)

Examples (cont.):

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3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (5)

Examples (cont.):

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3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (6)

Examples -The Runaway Car

1st step : choose vector ax ( the direction of car moving )

2nd step choose reference axis
3rd step : find the projection of gravitational force on xy axis

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3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (7)

Examples -The Runaway Car (cont.)

Constant acceleration

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 3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (8)

Examples - One Block Pushes Another

Categorize We categorize this problem as one

involving a particle under a net force ⃗ because a
force is applied to a system of blocks and we are
looking for the acceleration of the system.

Analyze First model the combination of two blocks as a

single particle under a net force. Apply Newton’s second law
to the combination in the direction to find the acceleration.

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 3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (9)

Examples - One Block Pushes Another (cont.)

Obj 2:

Obj 1:

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 3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (10)

Examples - Weighing a Fish in an Elevator

Categorize We can categorize this problem by identifying the fish

as a particle in equilibrium if the elevator is not accelerating or as
a particle under a net force if the elevator is accelerating.

where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction. The scale reading
T is greater than the fish’s weight mg if ⃗ is upward, so is positive, and
that the reading is less than mg if ⃗ is downward, so is negative.
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 3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (11)

Examples - Weighing a Fish in an Elevator (cont.)

Finalize Take this advice: If you buy a fish by weight in an elevator, make sure the fish is weighed while the
elevator is either at rest or accelerating downward! Furthermore, notice that from the information given here,
one cannot determine the direction of the velocity of the elevator.

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 3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (12)
Unify the
Examples - The Atwood Machine direction of
acceleration

Obj 1:

Obj 2:

1st step :consider moving direction

2nd step : choose x-y axis
3rd step : analyse the force
one and only one direction
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 3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (13)

Examples - The Atwood Machine (cont.)

The acceleration can be interpreted as the ratio of the magnitude of the unbalanced
force on the system (m2 – m1)g to the total mass of the system (m2 + m1), as
expected from Newton’s second law.

The acceleration depends on the relative masses of the two objects; if m2 > m1, the
acceleration is positive, corresponding to downward motion for m2 and upward for m1.

However, if m2 < m1, there is a negative acceleration, indicating that m1 moves

downward and m2 moves upward.

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3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (14)

Examples - Acceleration of Two Objects Connected by a Cord

Unify the
direction of
acceleration

DC machine control speed

AC machine control

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 3.7 Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law (15)

Examples - Acceleration of Two Objects Connected by a Cord (cont.)

The block accelerates down the incline only if .

If the acceleration is up the incline for the block and downward for the ball.
Equation (5), can be interpreted as the magnitude of the net external force acting on the ball–block system
divided by the total mass of the system; this result is consistent with Newton’s second law.
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3.8 Forces of Friction (1)
(dẻo,dính, lầy nhầy)
When an object is in motion either on a surface or in a viscous medium such as air or
water, there is resistance to the motion because the object interacts with its
surroundings  Such resistance a force of friction.
friction force

is force of static friction

n means normal force

external force

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3.8 Forces of Friction (2)
When F exceeds fs,max, the trash can moves and accelerates to the right  Friction force for
an object in motion is called the force of kinetic friction . When the trash can is in
motion, the force of kinetic friction on the can is less than fs,max.

is force of kinetic friction

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3.8 Forces of Friction (3)
Coefficient of static friction:

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3.8 Forces of Friction (4)
Coefficient of static friction (cont.):

(depending on the nature of surfaces)

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3.8 Forces of Friction (5)
Coefficient of kinetic friction:

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3.8 Forces of Friction (6)

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3.8 Forces of Friction (7)
Example - Acceleration of Two Connected Objects When Friction Is Present

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3.8 Forces of Friction (8)
Example - Acceleration of Two Connected Objects When Friction Is Present (cont.)

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3.9 Summary (1)

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3.9 Summary (2)

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3.9 Summary (3)

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3.10 Homework (1)

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3.10 Homework (2)

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3.10 Homework (3)

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3.10 Homework (4)

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3.10 Homework (5)

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3.10 Homework (6)

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3.10 Homework (7)

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Commercial and Industrial Rooftop Solar System

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THANK YOU VERY MUCH

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