India’s Foreign Trade

From A. K. Sengupta
Reading Materials

INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ON GLOBALISATION

The world changed, and India changed even more: from an aid dependent country, notable
chiefly for its past glory and current poverty, to an economic powerhouse widely expected to
grow into not just one of the largest but also the most dynamic economies of the world.

For more than four decades since Independence, India had adopted a highly protected,
regulated, restricted, and controlled policy towards an inward market approach and did not
seem to have a policy of globalization as such. There have been policy attempts from time to
time which either directly or indirectly had implications for globalization.

The year 1990-91 marked the end of the most protected trade regime phase in India
and the country ushered into an era of globalisation. The continued deterioration in
the economy due to the political instability, turmoil in Punjab, Kashmir, Assam and
the rest of north east, and overspending by the central and state governments in an
attempt to meet the new exigencies during 1980s had a worsening impact on fiscal
sector and the external sector. In the fiscal sector, the current account deficit went
up from 0.2 per cent of the GDP during 1974-79 to 1.6 per cent in 1980-85 and
further to 2.3 percent during 1989-90. The negative trends in the external sector
accentuated by the fall of the Soviet Union and the sharp rise in oil prices led to drop
in India’s exports to Eastern Europe from 20 per cent of total in 1989 to 11 per cent
by 1991-92. Further the attack on Kuwait by Iraq disrupted the long-term supply
contracts of oil to India from Iraq and led to a sharp rise in oil import bill for over two
years. The net effect of these developments on India was that the import cover of
the foreign exchange reserves came down from around five months in the mid-
eighties to just 1.8 months by 1989-90. Short-term debt, which was 6.1 per cent of
the total debt in March 1989, was pushed up to 9.9 per cent of the total debt in
March 1990, and further to 10.2 per cent by March 1991. The ratio of short-term
debt to total foreign exchange reserves – excluding gold and SDR – was 90 per cent
in March 1989. By March 1990 it was 2.2 times the reserves, and by March 1991 it
went up to 3.8 times the foreign currency reserves.

As the situation continued to worsen, India’s international credit ratings were

downgraded. India, therefore, had no other option except to mortgage 46.9 tonnes
of its gold reserves to raise additional funds from the international markets to meet
international obligations. In order to meet the above crisis, the Government of India
initiated the reform process in 1991. The reforms included a programme of micro-
economic stabilization, changes in industrial and trade policies with the aim of
improving the efficiency, productivity and international competitiveness of Indian
economy. Further, in order to get the Indian economy integrated with the world
economy, the Government announced structural changes in its economic policies
relating to exchange rate determination and management, industrial licensing,
foreign collaborations, investment by NRIs, portfolio investments by foreign
institutional investors, mobilization of funds by Indian commercial and industrial
corporates from foreign countries, reduction in the tariffs (peak customs duty on non-
agricultural imports has decreased from 300% in 1990 to 15% in 2005), simplification
of export-import procedures, and so on.

Some of the key indicators of the reforms introduced by the Government directed towards
globalization include:

• The launch of the New Industrial Policy in July 1991 which led to dereservation of
the sectors kept in the domain of public sector in favour of private both domestic and
foreign players. The effort towards opening of the economy can be gauged from the
fact that out of the 17 sectors reserved for the public enterprises as many as 15
sectors have been opened for private participation. The two sectors viz. Atomic
Energy and Railways have been kept reserved for the public sector because of
strategic importance. Even within the railways – the peripheral services like catering,
maintenance of platforms, palace on wheels, etc have been opened up.

• To improve the efficiency and cut down the public expenditure investment norms
have been liberalized to attract inflow of capital from domestic and foreign
 enterprises including institutional investment in various sectors like banking,
insurance, transport, real estate, retailing etc. The inflow of private capital has not
only improved the competitiveness of the Indian manufacturing sector but has
generated large employment opportunities leading to rise in the standard of living of
the people.

• The opening of the telecom-IT sector has resulted into India’s presence in the global
marketplace and has been rated among the world’s best. It is wrong to say that the
fortune is confined to information technology and BPO, the growing increase in
India’s exports even without the help of a weak currency has led India to emerge as a
powerful economy in the Asian region.

The reforms thus introduced in the policy frames have accelerated the growth rate
from 5.7% in the eighties to what could well be a new trend growth rate of 7% now.
The quality of this growth has improved remarkably: whether measured in terms of
the units of capital required to produce a unit of output, foreign borrowings needed or
the quality of the output, an indication of which is how much of it can be sold abroad.

INDIA’S SHARE IN WORLD EXPORTS

India’s share in world exports slipped from around 2 per cent in 1950 to the lowest
ever level of 0.4 per cent in 1992-93. The economic and trade reforms introduced in
1991 have given a boost to raise its share to around 0.8 per cent in 2004-05. The
Government is committed to double its share by the end of 2008-09. To achieve the
above goal, the government had identified a 25 by 220 country-commodity matrix in
its Medium Term Export Strategy 2002-07. The 220 items were classified into seven
main categories that include engineering (including instruments and items of
repairs), textiles, gems and jewellery, chemicals & allied products, agriculture & allied
products (including marine & plantations), leather & footwear, and other items.
Strategies suggested in the Medium Term Export Plan include (a) product-market
penetration strategy for existing products (b) market diversification strategy for
existing products (c) product diversification strategy for existing markets, and (d)
product-market diversification for new products and new markets. Besides, having
realized the near market saturation reached in USA, Western Europe, and Japan,
the focus has been laid on enhancing exports in the emerging markets of Latin
America, Africa, and CIS. It is in this context that new initiatives have been taken to
launch “Focus Africa” and “Focus CIS” in 2002 and 2003 respectively after
experiencing an overwhelming success from “Focus LAC” launched in 1998.

Recognising the fact that diversification and expansion of markets is an important

factor in sustaining export growth, a movement towards free trade/regional trading
arrangements has been initiated by signing of bilateral and economic cooperation
agreements with various countries/regions. Some of the recent measures in this
direction include: the expansion of Focus Africa Programme by including the
remaining 11 countries of the region, and launching of Focus CIS Programme from
April 2003. Some of the bilateral agreements concluded/under negotiations to
enhance trade and economic cooperation are: the Framework Agreement for
Economic Cooperation between India and the ASEAN and bilateral agreement
between India and Thailand. Similar agreement with Singapore is currently under
negotiation. These framework agreements include provisions relating to free trade
agreements in goods, services, and investments and are aimed at strengthening
India’s trade and economic cooperation with its South East Asian neighbours.
Modalities to work out Framework Agreements with Mauritius and China are under
way. Bilateral agreements with Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Myanmar, South Africa and
MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) are under consideration.
The Agreement on SAFTA is expected to provide a fillip to trade growth with the
region. Besides, India along with Bhutan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Nepal
have signed the Framework Agreement on the BIMST-EC Free Trade Area in 2004
with the objective to strengthen and enhance economic, trade and investment
cooperation among the member countries and to progressively liberalise and
promote trade in goods, services and investment cooperation. Such regional
arrangements are presumed to help integrate developing countries like India into the
world economy by providing immediate gains in trade and investment, particularly for
geographically contiguous regions.

A STRATEGIC APPROACH
To diversify and expand the market and product base for exports various strategies
have been implemented since 1992 – prominent among these are:

1. Extreme Focus Product Strategy 1992;

2. 15 x 15 Matrix Strategy 1995;
3. Focus LAC 1997;
4. Medium-Term Export Strategy 2002;
5. Focus Africa 2002; and
6. Focus CIS 2003.

For giving a fillip to the trade growth and fostering economic cooperation a
movement towards free trade/regional trading arrangements has been initiated by
signing of bilateral and economic cooperation agreements with various countries.
Some of the agreements include:

1. Framework Agreement for Economic Cooperation between India

and ASEAN
2. Bilateral Agreement between India and Thailand
3. Bilateral Agreement between India and Singapore
4. Bilateral Agreement between India and Bangladesh, Afghanistan,
Myanmar, South Africa, MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
and Uruguay)
5. Framework Agreements with Mauritius and China
6. Framework Agreements on BIMST-EC Free Trade Area (BIMST
countries include Bhutan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and
Nepal)
7. Agreement on SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area)

INDIA’S EXPORT PERFORMANCE IN THE POST-LIBERALISATION ERA

India’s export performance in the post-liberalisation period i.e. 1991-2005 has been
much better than the pre-reform period. From a negative growth of 0.55 per cent
during 1991-92, the value of exports in dollar terms witnessed a growth rate of 25.98
per cent in 2004-05. In terms of openness of Indian economy, that is trade
measured as percentage of value of GDP, the degree of openness almost doubled
from a level of 13 per cent in 1990-91 to 22 per cent in 2002-03.

Exports from India registered a continuous increase from a modest 2.79 per cent
growth in 1992-93 to 20.91 per cent in 1995-96. A declining trend in the export
growth started in 1996-97 and witnessed a negative growth of 5.14 per cent in 1998-
99. The negative growth in exports could mainly be attributed to the recession in
world economy caused by East Asian crisis. Exports, however, picked up in 1999-
2000 and witnessed a growth of 19.84 per cent in 2000-01 at USD 44 billion from
USD 37 billion in previous year. The volume of exports has touched the level of USD
80 billion in 2004-05 from USD 18 billion in 1990-91 – an increase of 344.44 per
cent. India’s share in global exports has also risen from the lowest level of 0.4 per
cent in 1992-93 to around 0.8 per cent in 2004-05.

A notable feature in India’s export performance is that it had achieved 18 per cent
growth at a time when the global economy was struggling to revive and even many
of the developed countries found it difficult to achieve growth in their export.
Besides, as per the WTO Report 2002, the country achieved 15 per cent growth,
next only to China (22 per cent), among the 30 leading exporters in world
merchandise trade during 2002. Export performance of many countries during this
period has either been negative or in single digit, for example, USA (-5 Per cent),
(Canada (-3 per cent), Japan (3 per cent), UK (1 per cent), Hong Kong (5 per cent),
Korea (8 per cent), Singapore (3 per cent), Thailand (5 per cent), and Indonesia (0
per cent).

Growing integration of India’s financial sector with that of the rest of the world, along
with growing integration of the economy as a whole, has brought down interest rates
and input prices. Venture funds, private equity and a booming stock market have
enabled enterprise to flourish, overcoming earlier limitations of having to accumulate
initial capital either through inheritance or loot. The foreign exchange reserves of the
country are now at a very comfortable level at USD 145 billion against a mere USD
one billion in 1990.
SECTORAL PERFORMANCE DURING APRIL-MARCH, 2004-05

The following trends can be observed from the latest available provisional
disaggregated data from DGCI&S for April-March, 2004-05.

EXPORTS

(i) High to Moderate growth (40% and above) was witnessed in the export of Iron
Ore (134%), Petroleum Crude & Products (90%), Plastic & Linoleum Products (68%),
Primary & Semi-finished Iron & Steel (51%) and Transport Equipments (45%).
(ii) Negative to Low growth (less than 15%) was observed in case of Cotton yarn,
fabrics, madeups etc.(-6%), RMG Cotton including accessories (-5%), Marine products
(-5%) Electronic goods(1.6%), Man made yarn, fabrics, madeups (6%) and Drugs,
pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals(12%),

IMPORTS

(i) High to Moderate growth (40% and above) was witnessed in the import of Coal,
Coke & Briquettes etc. (99%), Metaliferous & Metal Scrap (83%), Iron & Steel (72%),
Gold (57%), Petroleum: Crude & Products (45%).

(ii) Negative to Low growth (less than 15%) was observed for Transport Equipments
(-25%) and Vegetable Oils Fixed-edible (-6%).

COUNTRY SPECIFIC TRADE

Among the top 15 countries for exports, Singapore recorded the highest growth (79%)
followed by China (55%), UAE (38%), Belgium (35%) and France (26%). Bangladesh
PR recorded negative growth rate. Among the top 15 countries for imports the
highest growth was recorded by UAE (122%) followed by Switzerland (76%), China
(66%), Australia (34%) and Germany (33%).
CONCLUSION

The implementation of various economic and trade reforms in recent years have led
to sufficient reserves of foreign exchange (approx. USD 145 billion), containment of
the inflation rate at single digit level, appreciation of Indian rupee, strong growth in
manufacturing activity, surge in FDI inflow, etc. All these factors have resulted in the
continuous growth in India’s export performance over the last decade. The 25 per
cent growth in exports witnessed during 2004-05 over the previous year coupled with
firming up of domestic manufacturing activity and India’s growing export
competitiveness give clear indications that the target set by the Department of
Commerce at USD 150 billion by 2009-10, and USD 300 billion 2015 can be
achieved without any difficulty.
References

1. World Bank, www.worldbank.org

2. Larsson, Tomas, The Race to the Top: The real Story of Globalisation
3. Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations
4. Spruiell, Stephen, Protectionism: Tariffs, Subsidies, and Trade Policy
5. Rippon, Mathew J, History of Globalization
6. Martin Chris, Gains from Trade
7. The Economic Times, New Delhi (various issues)
8. Wadhwa, RK, An Overview of India’s Foreign Trade in the Pre- and Post-
Liberalization Era
9. Exports – A Success Story, Ministry of Commerce and Industry,
Government of India, New Delhi
10. India’s Foreign Trade Policy 2004-09, Ministry of Commerce and Industry,
Government of India, New Delhi
11. Globalization, Free Trade, Foreign Aid – www.newsbatch,com
12. www.aworldconnected.org
13. www.imf.org
 Table 1

INDIA’S TRADE PERFORMANCE

(US $ BILLION)
Year Exports %Change Imports %Change
1990-91 18.1 9.25 23.5 10.59
1991-92 18.0 -0.55 19.6 -16.60
1992-93 18.5 2.78 21.9 11.73
1993-94 22.2 20.00 23.3 6.39
1994-95 26.3 18.47 28.7 23.18
1995-96 31.8 20.91 36.7 27.87
1996-97 33.5 5.35 39.2 6.81
1997-98 35.0 4.48 41.5 5.87
1998-99 33.2 -5.14 42.4 2.17
1999-2000 36.8 10.84 49.8 17.45
2000-2001 44.2 20.11 50.1 0.60
2001-2002 44.0 -0.45 51.6 2.99
2002-2003 52.7 19.09 61.4 18.99
2003-2004 63.5 20.49 77.0 25.41
2004-2005 80.0 25.98 106.0 37.66

Source: DGCI&S, Kolkata

 Table - 2

EXPORT OF PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES: APRIL-MARCH,2004-05

  (Rs.Crores)
COMMODITIES APRIL-MARCH APRIL-MARCH Growth Weight
2003-2004 2004-2005 (%) (%)

I.PLANTATIONS 2723.26 2792.14 2.53 0.78

1. Tea 1637.35 1784.18 8.97 0.50

2. Coffee 1085.92 1007.96 -7.18 0.28

II.AGRI&ALLIED PRDTS 24844.48 27111.41 9.12 7.61

1.Cereal 6956.68 8866.38 27.45 2.49

a) Rice 4167.98 6641.67 59.35 1.87

b} Wheat 2391.15 1448.03 -39.44 0.41
c) Others 397.55 776.68 95.37 0.22
2.Pulses 328.60 553.81 68.53 0.16
3.Tobacco 1096.47 1246.75 13.71 0.35

a) Unmanufactured 801.41 937.71 17.01 0.26

b) Manufactured 295.06 309.04 4.74 0.09
4. Spices 1544.18 1794.11 16.19 0.50
5. Nuts & Seeds 3003.45 3573.05 18.97 1.00

a) Cashew incl. CNSL 1704.84 2347.73 37.71 0.66

b) Sesame & Niger seed 754.30 723.33 -4.11 0.20
c.)Groundnut 544.30 501.99 -7.77 0.14
6. Oil Meals 3348.41 3100.75 -7.40 0.87
7. Guergum Meal 507.90 655.96 29.15 0.18
8. Castor Oil 656.06 1028.26 56.73 0.29
9.Shellac 179.74 162.77 -9.45 0.05
10.Sugar & Mollasses 1235.97 149.13 -87.93 0.04
11.Processed Foods 3485.06 3234.65 -7.19 0.91

a)Fresh Fruits & Vegetables 1737.95 1625.05 -6.50 0.46

b)Fruits/Vegetable seeds 53.61 62.93 17.40 0.02
c)Processed and misc. 1693.50 1546.67 -8.67 0.43
Processed items
12. Meat & Preparations 1714.41 1734.37 1.16 0.49
13. Poultry & Dairy Product 415.15 670.54 61.52 0.19
14. Floriculture products 250.47 205.25 -18.05 0.06
15. Spirit & Beverages 121.92 135.62 11.24 0.04

III. MARINE PRODUCTS 6105.63 5695.21 -6.72 1.60

IV. ORES & MINERALS 10884.62 18841.77 73.10 5.29

1.Iron ore 5173.26 11814.84 128.38 3.32

2.Mica 105.66 62.74 -40.62 0.02
3.Processed Minerals 2879.95 3402.72 18.15 0.96
4.Other ores & Minerals 2433.75 3330.60 36.85 0.94
5.Coal 291.99 230.86 -20.94 0.06

V. LEATHER & MFRS. 9939.43 10285.86 3.49 2.89

1.Footwear 3524.60 3707.02 5.18 1.04

2.Leather & mfrs. 6414.83 6578.84 2.56 1.85

VI. GEMS & JEWELLERY 48586.07 61580.58 26.75 17.29

VII. SPORTS GOODS 455.48 440.80 -3.22 0.12

VIII. CHEMICALS &

RELATED
PRODUCTS 45768.06 56960.62 24.45 16.00

1.Basic chemls.,Pharma 26861.56 30092.07 12.03 8.45

& cosmetics
2.Plastics & Linoleum 8054.08 13243.21 64.43 3.72
3.Rubber, glass &
other products 9199.97 11357.54 23.45 3.19
4.Residual chemls. &
allied products 1652.46 2267.79 37.24 0.64

IX. ENGINEERING GOODS 48324.44 65543.24 35.63 18.41

MACHINERY 22391.89 29136.76 30.12 8.18

Machine tools 646.32 727.95 12.63 0.20
Machinery & Instruments 12757.45 15694.86 23.03 4.41
Transport equipments 8988.12 12713.94 41.45 3.57
IRON & STEEL 11385.72 16315.55 43.30 4.58
Iron & Steel bar rod etc 1487.28 1725.10 15.99 0.48
Primary & semi- fnshd iron &
steel 9898.44 14590.44 47.40 4.10
OTHER ENGINEERING
ITEMS 14546.83 20090.94 38.11 5.64
Ferro Alloys 388.78 819.13 110.69 0.23
Aluminium other than prods. 715.88 810.80 13.26 0.23
Non-ferrous metals 2084.89 3414.55 63.78 0.96
Manufacture of metals 11150.28 14734.22 32.14 4.14
Residual Engineering Items 206.99 312.23 50.85 0.09

X.ELECTRONIC GOODS 8293.86 8105.93 -2.27 2.28

1. Electronics 7941.86 7885.93 -0.70 2.21

2. Computer Software in 352.01 220.01 -37.50 0.06
physical form
XI. PROJECT GOODS 386.58 220.92 -42.85 0.06

XII. TEXTILES 56082.21 53996.24 -3.72 15.16

1.Readymade garments 28634.40 27077.47 -5.44 7.60

2.Cotton,yarn,fabrics,
made-ups, etc. 15599.87 14389.26 -7.76 4.04
3.Manmade textiles
 made-ups, etc. 8368.83 8738.05 4.41 2.45
4.Natural silk textiles 1739.96 1823.06 4.78 0.51
5.Wool & woollen mfrs. 267.81 298.52 11.47 0.08
6.Coir & coir mfrs. 357.37 456.35 27.70 0.13
7.Jute mfrs. 1113.98 1213.53 8.94 0.34

XIII. HANDICRAFTS 2296.13 1543.27 -32.79 0.43

XIV. CARPETS 2691.23 2679.43 -0.44 0.75

1.Hand-made excl. Silk 2571.02 2556.87 -0.55 0.72

2.Mill-made excl. Silk 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.Silk Carpets 120.22 122.56 1.95 0.03

XV.COTTON RAW incl. waste 942.37 364.49 -61.32 0.10

XVI. PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS 16397.44 30518.10 86.12 8.57

XVII. UNCLASSIFIED
EXPORTS 8645.46 9388.87 8.60 2.64
GRAND TOTAL 293366.75 356068.88 21.37 100.00
Us Dollar Exchange Rate 45.9513 44.9315

Source: Economic Division, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commer & Industry,

Government of India.
 Table - 3

IMPORT OF PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES:APRIL-MARCH ,2004-05

(Rs. Crores)
APRIL- APRIL-
COMMODITIES MARCH MARCH Growth Weight
2003-2004 2004-2005 (%) (%)
_________ _________ __________ _

I. BULK IMPORTS 134451.00 188042.83 39.86 39.09

-------------- _________ __________ _________ __________
1. Cereals&preparations 89.24 111.76 25.23 0.02
__________________ _________ __________ _ _
a) Rice 0.27 0.00 -100.00 0.00
b) Wheat 0.25 0.11 0.00 0.00
c) Other cereals 1.87 7.36 293.90 0.00
d) Preparations 86.85 104.28 20.07 0.02

2 Fertilizers 3312.10 5531.44 67.01 1.15

__________________ _________ __________ _________ __________
a) Crude 614.96 995.27 61.84 0.21
b) Sulphur & Un-roasted 395.94 483.75 22.18 0.10
pyrites
c) Manufactured 2301.20 4052.42 76.10 0.84

3 Edible Oil 11683.24 10755.65 -7.94 2.24

4 Sugar 62.70 954.24 1421.86 0.20
5 Pulp & waste paper 1880.06 2126.05 13.08 0.44
6 Paper board & mfrs. 2766.99 3045.23 10.06 0.63
7 Newsprint 1610.78 1699.52 5.51 0.35
8 Crude rubber 1290.18 1774.50 37.54 0.37
9 Non-ferrous Metals 4359.82 5630.30 29.14 1.17
10 Metalliferrous ores & 5954.91 10650.53 78.85 2.21
metal scrap
11 Iron & Steel 6920.98 11669.62 68.61 2.43
12 Petroleum crude & products 94520.00 134094.00 41.87 27.87

II. PEARLS,PRECIOUS &

SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES 32757.32 42340.96 29.26 8.80
__________________ _________ __________ _ _

III. MACHINERY 42752.62 48121.06 12.56 10.00

__________________ _________ __________ _________ __________
1 Machine Tools 2114.43 2660.37 25.82 0.55
2 Machinery other than 21797.41 29433.00 35.03 6.12
electrical
3 Electrical machinery 4008.01 5141.92 28.29 1.07
4 Transport Equipment 14832.78 10885.78 -26.61 2.26

IV. PROJECT GOODS 1819.62 2613.65 43.64 0.54

__________________ _________ __________ _ _
V. OTHERS 147327.10 199945.94 35.72 41.56
_________ _________ __________ _ _
1 Cashew Nuts 1371.80 1757.18 28.09 0.37
2 Fruits & Nuts 802.27 1057.28 31.79 0.22
3 Wool raw 870.61 825.95 -5.13 0.17
4 Silk raw 629.17 604.72 -3.89 0.13
5 Synth.&reg.fibres 268.51 330.20 22.98 0.07
6 Pulses 2284.87 1718.64 -24.78 0.36
7 Raw Hides & Skins 228.82 211.85 -7.42 0.04
8 Leather 785.81 924.87 17.70 0.19
9 Coal,coke&briquettes 6482.74 12587.36 94.17 2.62
10 Non-metallic mnl.mfrs. 1504.37 2034.22 35.22 0.42
11 Other crude minerals 590.58 644.67 9.16 0.13
12 Organic&Inorganic chmls. 18527.12 23971.38 29.39 4.98
13 Dyeing,tanning matrl. 1601.11 1780.99 11.23 0.37
14 Medicinal&Pharma.prds. 2958.04 3051.47 3.16 0.63
15 Artf.resins, etc. 4971.98 6272.19 26.15 1.30
16 Chemical products 2902.29 3541.00 22.01 0.74
17 OtherTextile yarn,fabrics,etc 1963.38 2465.13 25.56 0.51
18 Manufactures of metals 3169.42 3986.16 25.77 0.83
19 Profl. instruments, etc. 5653.39 6681.24 18.18 1.39
20 Electronic goods 34491.86 43758.96 26.87 9.10
21 Wood and wood products 3269.46 3802.99 16.32 0.79
22 Gold & Silver 31506.13 48635.54 54.37 10.11
23 Tea 64.60 152.79 136.50 0.03
24 Wollen Yarn and Fabrics 167.93 172.86 2.94 0.04
25 Cotton yarn and fabrics 652.98 844.23 29.29 0.18
26 Man made f'mnt spun yarn 1912.04 2116.09 10.67 0.44
27 Made up textile articles 375.67 264.43 -29.61 0.05
28 Ready made garments(wov.) 177.83 143.27 -19.43 0.03
29 Silk yarn and fabrics 529.89 731.28 38.00 0.15
30 Milk & Cream 89.562 12.87 -85.63 0.00
31 Spices 564.42 564.92 0.09 0.12
32 Oil seeds 13.89 25.59 84.22 0.01
33 Jute raw 93.92 31.79 0.00 0.01
34 Woollen & Cotton rags 134.60 108.19 -19.62 0.02
35 Veg. & animal fats 12.68 12.20 -3.79 0.00
36 Cottow raw and waste 1570.03 1099.60 -29.96 0.23
37 Essential oils & Cos.prep 419.37 533.42 27.20 0.11
38 Cement 9.28 7.64 -17.70 0.00
39 Computer Soft.physical form 1760.82 2918.58 65.75 0.61
40 Other Commodities 11943.87 19562.22 63.78 4.07
TOTAL IMPORTS 359107.66 481064.11 33.96 100.00
Source: Economic Division, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commer & Industry,
Government of India.
 Table - 4

MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
ECONOMIC DIVISION
EXPORTS BY REGIONS AND COUNTRIES: APRIL-MARCH,2004-05
RS. CRORES
COUNTRIES/REGIONS APRIL-MARCH APRIL-MARCH Growth Weight
2003-2004 2004-2005      %      %

I.WEST EUROPE 72382.93 84736.77 17.07 23.80

__________________ _ _ _ _
(a)EU Countries 66370.13 77488.74 16.75 21.76
__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Belgium 8297.56 10972.69 32.24 3.08
2.Denmark 1111.54 1291.27 16.17 0.36
3.France 5885.84 7229.99 22.84 2.03
4.Germany 11692.61 11880.32 1.61 3.34
5.Greece 919.20 1302.44 41.69 0.37
6.Ireland 693.56 853.58 23.07 0.24
7.Italy 7946.88 9708.93 22.17 2.73
8.Luxembourg 65.21 48.58 -25.50 0.01
9.Netherlands 5923.65 6820.85 15.15 1.92
10.Portugal 780.67 928.58 18.95 0.26
11.Spain 4607.02 5904.96 28.17 1.66
12.United Kingdom 13892.31 15926.84 14.64 4.47
13.Austria 488.82 502.67 2.83 0.14
14.Sweden 1010.36 1025.43 1.49 0.29
15.Finland 511.32 611.96 19.68 0.17
16.Cyprus 129.59 122.74 -5.29 0.03
17.Malta 541.99 140.60 -74.06 0.04
18. Lithuania 82.36 132.60 61.00 0.04
19. Estonia 27.50 42.11 53.14 0.01
20. Latvia 75.05 70.53 -6.01 0.02
21. Czech Republic 404.46 374.05 -7.52 0.11
22. Slovak Republic 77.44 101.41 30.96 0.03
23. Hungary 422.15 466.09 10.41 0.13
24. Poland 616.70 750.02 21.62 0.21
25. Slovenia 166.31 279.49 68.05 0.08

(b)Rest of West Europe 6012.80 7248.03 20.54 2.04

__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Norway 347.79 449.13 29.14 0.13
2.Turkey 2588.63 3091.59 19.43 0.87
3.Switzerland 2067.21 2344.85 13.43 0.66

II. EAST EUROPE 555.13 795.06 43.22 0.22

__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Romania 219.61 476.33 116.90 0.13
 2.Bulgaria 115.89 107.76 -7.01 0.03
3.Yugoslavia 77.33 40.53 -47.59 0.01

III. C.I.S.& BALTIC STATES 4742.97 4662.55 -1.70 1.31

__________________ _ _ _ _
a) Russia 3279.80 2684.33 -18.16 0.75
b) Rest of CIS Countries 1463.17 1978.22 35.20 0.56
1. Kazakhstan 343.76 357.37 3.96 0.10
2. Ukraine 506.69 907.67 79.14 0.25
IV ASIA AND OCEANIA 136112.79 168822.80 24.03 47.41
- - - - -
(a).Escap 93899.67 115321.69 22.81 32.39
1.Bangladesh 7998.98 7126.94 -10.90 2.00
2.Nepal 3075.79 3273.06 6.41 0.92
3.Sri Lanka 6061.91 6082.60 0.34 1.71
4.Australia 2684.91 3086.93 14.97 0.87
5.China P.R. 13579.06 20606.84 51.75 5.79
6.Hongkong 14988.52 16405.99 9.46 4.61
7.Indonesia 5179.68 5799.27 11.96 1.63
8.Japan 7854.45 8885.62 13.13 2.50
9.Korea Republic of 3514.65 4325.84 23.08 1.21
10.Malaysia 4102.38 4476.77 9.13 1.26
11.Singapore 9763.93 17053.79 74.66 4.79
12.Thailand 3821.72 3846.44 0.65 1.08
13.Pakistan 1318.52 2271.03 72.24 0.64

(b).Others 42213.12 53501.11 26.74 15.03

__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Saudi Arabia 5161.77 6154.53 19.23 1.73
2.United Arab Emirates 23552.85 31893.01 35.41 8.96
3.Israel 3326.80 4447.98 33.70 1.25

V. AFRICA 16947.32 24093.07 42.16 6.77

___________ _ _ _ _
1.Egypt 1688.65 1901.93 12.63 0.53
2.Nigeria 2598.51 2753.39 5.96 0.77
3.South Africa 2478.39 4307.14 73.79 1.21

VI. AMERICA 61705.00 72707.08 17.83 20.42

_________ _ _ _ _
(a)North America 56305.54 63282.74 12.39 17.77
__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Canada 3507.00 3667.13 4.57 1.03
2.U.S.A. 52798.54 59604.33 12.89 16.74

(b).Latin American Countries 5182.70 9357.25 80.55 2.63

_________________ _ _ _ _
1.Brazil 1266.52 2947.98 132.76 0.83
2.Argentina 401.29 803.17 100.15 0.23
3.Mexico 1215.07 1583.04 30.28 0.44

(c).Rest Of America 216.75 67.09 -69.05 0.02

_____________________________ _ _ _ _
1.Panama Canal Zone 14.71 2.09 -85.78 0.00
2.Peurto Rico 121.46 58.14 -52.13 0.02
3.Turks & Calcos Is. 79.38 1.42 -98.21 0.00
 GRAND TOTAL 293366.75 356068.88 21.37 100.00

Source: Economic Division, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry,

Government of India.
 Table - 5

MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
ECONOMIC DIVISION
__________________

IMPORTS BY REGIONS AND COUNTRIES: APRIL-MARCH, 2004-05

___________________________________________________

    Rs. Crore

COUNTRIES/REGIONS APRIL-MARCH APRIL-MARCH Growth Weight

2003-2004 2004-2005 % %

I.WEST EUROPE 85885.03 108711.40 26.58 22.60

__________________ _ _ _ _
(a)EU Countries 68889.29 81105.64 17.73 16.86
__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Belgium 18269.86 20517.02 12.30 4.26
2.Denmark 1036.67 1166.28 12.50 0.24
3.France 5009.77 6203.69 23.83 1.29
4.Germany 13411.24 17380.88 29.60 3.61
5.Greece 216.40 105.62 -51.19 0.02
6.Ireland 602.57 586.01 -2.75 0.12
7.Italy 4921.58 5943.41 20.76 1.24
8.Luxembourg 204.02 43.45 -78.71 0.01
9.Netherlands 2460.99 3410.03 38.56 0.71
10.Portugal 63.72 80.38 26.15 0.02
11.Spain 1189.13 1673.98 40.77 0.35
12.United Kingdom 14862.26 15417.56 3.74 3.20
13.Austria 926.71 1169.13 26.16 0.24
14.Finland 1241.12 1694.14 36.50 0.35
15.Sweden 3211.05 4120.97 28.34 0.86
16.Cyprus 11.95 20.99 75.61 0.00
17.Malta 4.26 2.36 -44.72 0.00
18. Lithuania 49.63 78.87 58.90 0.02
19. Estonia 1.10 3.00 172.69 0.00
20. Latvia 1.95 4.81 146.42 0.00
21. Czech Republic 513.91 753.10 46.54 0.16
22. Slovak Republic 48.81 100.23 105.36 0.02
23. Hungary 125.56 140.71 12.07 0.03
24. Poland 225.41 394.52 75.02 0.08
25. Slovenia 279.63 94.50 -66.21 0.02

(b)Rest of West Europe 16995.74 27605.76 62.43 5.74

__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Norway 1392.43 874.28 -37.21 0.18
2.Turkey 336.91 578.40 71.68 0.12
3.Switzerland 15222.52 26140.78 71.72 5.43
 II. EAST EUROPE 433.15 856.38 97.71 0.18
__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Romania 330.51 748.34 126.42 0.16
2.Bulgaria 51.18 79.05 54.47 0.02
3.Yugoslavia 16.71 18.64 11.50 0.00

III. C.I.S.& BALTIC STATES 5796.44 8320.43 43.54 1.73

__________________ _ _ _ _
a) Russia 4409.64 5685.53 28.93 1.18
b) Rest of CIS Countries 1386.80 2634.91 90.00 0.55
1. Kazakhstan 42.56 69.08 62.33 0.01
2. Ukraine 1080.54 2208.39 104.38 0.46

IV.ASIA AND OCEANIA 124764.27 170287.06 36.49 35.40

_ _ _ _ _
(a).Escap 101950.25 128385.73 25.93 26.69
__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Bangladesh 356.71 246.58 -30.87 0.05
2.Nepal 1314.40 1527.75 16.23 0.32
3.Sri Lanka 894.85 1636.65 82.90 0.34
4.Australia 12173.59 16000.54 31.44 3.33
5.China P.R. 18625.14 30313.73 62.76 6.30
6.Hongkong 6859.08 7686.13 12.06 1.60
7.Indonesia 9751.21 11271.99 15.60 2.34
8.Japan 12258.39 13506.22 10.18 2.81
9.Korea Republic of 13000.48 14351.54 10.39 2.98
10.Malaysia 9404.23 9979.43 6.12 2.07
11.Singapore 9582.60 11602.05 21.07 2.41
12.Thailand 2798.69 3744.97 33.81 0.78
13.Pakistan 264.90 428.33 61.69 0.09

(b).Others 22814.02 41901.33 83.66 8.71

__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Saudi Arabia 3390.15 5665.33 67.11 1.18
2.United Arab Emirates 9465.27 20587.41 117.50 4.28
3.Israel 3077.62 4369.67 41.98 0.91

V. AFRICA 14690.47 16807.94 14.41 3.49

_ _ _ _ _
1.Egypt 451.27 614.90 36.26 0.13
2.Nigeria 347.59 216.33 -37.76 0.04
3.South Africa 8727.06 9648.31 10.56 2.01

VI. AMERICA 31826.81 40200.35 26.31 8.36

_________ _ _ _ _
(a)North America 26471.39 31586.87 19.32 6.57
__________________ _ _ _ _
1.Canada 3335.57 3318.04 -0.53 0.69
2.U.S.A. 23135.83 28268.63 22.19 5.88

(b)Latin American Countries 5351.14 8553.11 59.84 1.78

 _________________ _ _ _ _
1.Brazil 1440.67 3423.87 137.66 0.71
2.Argentina 2407.70 2315.92 -3.81 0.48
3.Mexico 339.55 355.63 4.74 0.07

© Rest of America 4.28 60.36 1311.85 0.01

_____________________________ _ _ _ _
1.Panama Canal Zone 2.43 37.94 1464.37 0.01
2.Peurto Rico 1.79 22.18 1139.11 0.00
3.Turks & Calcos. Is. 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00
__________________ _ _ _ _
GRAND TOTAL 359107.66 481064.11 33.96 100.00
Exchange Rate 45.9513 44.9315

Source: Economic Division, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commer & Indu