Important Notes, Contents

What’s New? 1
Installing and Authorization 2
Working Out the Automation
Concept 3

Basics of Designing a Program

Structure 4
SIMATIC Startup and Operation 5
Setting Up and Editing a Project 6
Defining Symbols 7
Creating Blocks and Libraries 8
Programming with STEP 7 V5.1 Creating Logic Blocks 9
Creating Data Blocks 10
Manual
Creating STL Source Files 11
Displaying Reference Data 12
This manual is part of the documentation
package with the order number: Checking Block Consistency and
Time Stamps as Block Property 13
6ES7 810-4CA05-8BA0
Configuring Messages 14
Controlling and Monitoring
Variables 15

Establishing Online
Connections and Making CPU 16
Settings
Downloading 17
Testing with Variable Tables 18
Testing using Program Status 19
Testing using the Simulation
Program S7-PLCSIM 20
(Optional Package)
Diagnostics 21
Printing and Archiving 22
When Several Users are Editing
the Same Project 23

Working with M7 24
Programmable Control Systems
Tips and Tricks 25

Appendix A
Edition 08/2000 Index
A5E00069873-03
Safety Guidelines

This manual contains notices which you should observe to ensure your own personal safety, as well as to
protect the product and connected equipment. These notices are highlighted in the manual by a warning
triangle and are marked as follows according to the level of danger:

Danger
! Indicates that death, severe personal injury or substantial property damage will result if proper
precautions are not taken.

! Warning
Indicates that death, severe personal injury or substantial property damage can result if proper
precautions are not taken.

! Caution
Indicates that minor personal injury or property damage can result if proper precautions are not taken.

Note
Draws your attention to particularly important information on the product, handling the product, or to a
particular part of the documentation.

Qualified Personnel

Only qualified personnel should be allowed to install and work on this equipment. Qualified persons are
defined as persons who are authorized to commission, to ground, and to tag circuits, equipment, and sys-
tems in accordance with established safety practices and standards.

Correct Usage

Note the following:

! Warning
This device and its components may only be used for the applications described in the catalog or the
technical descriptions, and only in connection with devices or components from other manufacturers
which have been approved or recommended by Siemens.

This product can only function correctly and safely if it is transported, stored, set up, and installed
correctly, and operated and maintained as recommended.

Trademarks

SIMATIC®, SIMATIC HMI® and SIMATIC NET® are registered trademarks of SIEMENS AG.

Some of other designations used in these documents are also registered trademarks; the owner's rights may
be violated if they are used by third parties for their own purposes.

Copyright © Siemens AG 1998 All rights reserved Disclaimer of Liability

The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its We have checked the contents of this manual for agreement with
contents is not permitted without express written authority. Offen- the hardware and software described. Since deviations cannot be
ders will be liable for damages. All rights, including rights created precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full agreement. However,
by patent grant or registration of a utility model or design, are the data in this manual are reviewed regularly and any necessary
reserved. corrections included in subsequent editions. Suggestions for
improvement are welcomed.
Siemens AG
Bereich Automatisierungs- und Antriebstechnik
Geschaeftsgebiet Industrie-Automatisierungssysteme ©Siemens AG 1998
Postfach 4848, D- 90327 Nuernberg Technical data subject to change.

Siemens Aktiengesellschaft A5E00069873

Important Notes

Purpose
This manual provides a complete overview of programming with STEP 7. It is
designed to support you when installing and commissioning the software. It
explains how to proceed when creating programs and describes the components of
user programs.
The manual is intended for people who are involved in carrying out control tasks
using STEP 7 and SIMATIC S7 automation systems.
We recommend that you familiarize yourself with the examples in the manual
"Working with STEP 7 V5.1, Getting Started." These examples provide an easy
introduction to the topic "Programming with STEP 7."

Basic Knowledge Required

In order to understand this manual, general knowledge of automation technology is
required.
In addition, you must be familiar with using computers or PC-similar tools (for
example, programming devices) with the Windows 95/98/2000 or Windows NT
operating system.

Scope of the Manual

This manual is valid for release 5.1 of the STEP 7 programming software package.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 iii
Important Notes

STEP 7 Documentation Packages

This manual is part of the documentation package "STEP 7 Basic Information.“
The following table displays an overview of the STEP 7 documentation:

Documentation Purpose Order Number

STEP 7 Basic Information with Basic information for technical 6ES7810-4CA05-8BA0
• Working with STEP 7 V5.1, personnel describing the methods
Getting Started Manual of implementing control tasks with
STEP 7 and the S7-300/400
• Programming with STEP 7 V5.1
programmable controllers.
• Configuring Hardware and
Communication Connections,
STEP 7 V5.1
• From S5 to S7, Converter Manual
STEP 7 Reference with Provides reference information 6ES7810-4CA05-8BR0
• Ladder Logic (LAD)/Function Block and describes the programming
Diagram (FBD)/Statement List (STL) languages LAD, FBD, and STL,
for S7-300/400 manuals and standard and system
functions extending the scope of
• Standard and System Functions for
the STEP 7 basic information.
S7-300/400

Online Helps Purpose Order Number

Help on STEP 7 Basic information on Part of the STEP 7
programming and configuring Standard software.
hardware with STEP 7 in the form
of an online help.
Reference helps on STL/LAD/FBD Context-sensitive reference Part of the STEP 7
Reference help on SFBs/SFCs information. Standard software.
Reference help on Organization Blocks

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

iv A5E00069873-03
 Important Notes

Online Help
The manual is complemented by an online help which is integrated in the software.
This online help is intended to provide you with detailed support when using the
software.
The help system is integrated in the software via a number of interfaces:
• There are several menu commands which you can select in the Help menu:
The Contents command opens the index for the Help on Step 7.
• Using Help provides detailed instructions on using the online help.
• The context-sensitive help offers information on the current context, for
example, an open dialog box or an active window. You can open the context-
sensitive help by clicking the "Help" button or by pressing F1.
• The status bar offers another form of context-sensitive help. It displays a short
explanation for each menu command when the mouse pointer is positioned on
the menu command.
• A brief explanation is also displayed for each icon in the toolbar when the
mouse pointer is positioned on the icon for a short time.
If you prefer to read the information from the online help in printed format, you can
print out individual help topics, books, or the entire online help.
This manual is an extract from the HTML-based Help on STEP 7. For detailed
procedures please refer to the STEP 7 help. As the manual and the online help
share an almost identical structure, it is easy to switch between the manual and the
online help.

Feedback on Documentation
To help us to provide the best possible documentation for you and future STEP 7
users, we need your support. If you have any comments or suggestions relating to
this manual or the online help, please complete the questionnaire at the end of the
manual and send it to the address shown. Please include your own personal rating
of the documentation.

SIMATIC Training Centers

Siemens offers a number of training courses to introduce you to the SIMATIC S7
automation system. Please contact your regional training center or the central
training center in D-90327 Nuremberg, Germany for details:
Telephone: +49 (911) 895-3200.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 v
Important Notes

SIMATIC Customer Support Hotline

Open round the clock, world-wide:

Nuremberg

Johnson City

Singapur

SIMATIC Hotline

Worldwide (Nuremberg) Worldwide (Nuremberg)

Technical Support Technical Support
(FreeContact) (fee based, only with
SIMATIC Card)
Local time: Mo.-Fr. 7:00 to 17:00 Local time: Mo.-Fr. 0:00 to 24:00
Phone: +49 (180) 5050 222 Phone: +49 (911) 895-7777
Fax: +49 (180) 5050 223 Fax: +49 (911) 895-7001
E-Mail: techsupport@ GMT: +01:00
ad.siemens.de
GMT: +1:00
Europe / Africa (Nuremberg) America (Johnson City) Asia / Australia (Singapore)
Authorization Technical Support and Technical Support and
Authorization Authorization
Local time: Mo.-Fr. 7:00 to 17:00 Local time: Mo.-Fr. 8:00 to 19:00 Local time: Mo.-Fr. 8:30 to 17:30
Phone: +49 (911) 895-7200 Phone: +1 423 461-2522 Phone: +65 740-7000
Fax: +49 (911) 895-7201 Fax: +1 423 461-2289 Fax: +65 740-7001
E-Mail: authorization@ E-Mail: simatic.hotline@ E-Mail: simatic.hotline@
nbgm.siemens.de sea.siemens.com sae.siemens.com.sg
GMT: +1:00 GMT: -5:00 GMT: +8:00
The languages of the SIMATIC Hotlines are generally German and English, in addition, French, Italian and Spanish are
spoken on the authorization hotline.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

vi A5E00069873-03
 Important Notes

SIMATIC Customer Support Online Services

The SIMATIC Customer Support team offers you sunstantial additional information
about SIMATIC products via its online services:
• General current information can be obtain from:
- the Internet under http://www.ad.siemens.de/simatic
• Current product Information leaflets and downloads which you may find useful
are available:
- the Internet under http://www.ad.siemens.de/simatic-cs
- via the Bulletin Board System (BBS) in Nuremberg (SIMATIC Customer
Support Mailbox) under the number +49 (911) 895-7100.
To access mailbox, use a modem with up to V.34(28.8Kbps) with the following
parameter set as follows: 8, N, 1, ANSI, or dial via ISDN (x.75, 64 Kbps).
• You can find your local customer service representative for
Automation & Drives in our customer service representative data bank:
- In the Internet under
http://www3.ad.siemens.de/partner/search.asp?lang=en

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 vii
Important Notes

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

viii A5E00069873-03
Contents

1 What’s New? 1-1

1.1 Overview of STEP 7...................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 The STEP 7 Standard Package..................................................................... 1-6
1.3 What’s New in STEP 7, Version 5.1?........................................................... 1-10
1.4 Extended Uses of the STEP 7 Standard Package........................................ 1-14
1.4.1 Extended Uses of the STEP 7 Standard Package........................................ 1-14
1.4.2 Engineering Tools ....................................................................................... 1-15
1.4.3 Run-Time Software ..................................................................................... 1-17
1.4.4 Human Machine Interface ........................................................................... 1-18
2 Installing and Authorization 2-1
2.1 Authorization................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1.1 Authorization.................................................................................................2-1
2.1.2 Installing and Removing the Authorization .....................................................2-1
2.1.3 Guidelines for Handling Authorizations ..........................................................2-4
2.2 Installing STEP 7........................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.1 Installing STEP 7...........................................................................................2-7
2.2.2 Installation Procedure....................................................................................2-9
2.2.3 Setting the PG/PC Interface ........................................................................ 2-11
2.3 Uninstalling STEP 7 .................................................................................... 2-14
2.3.1 Uninstalling STEP 7 .................................................................................... 2-14
3 Working Out the Automation Concept 3-1
3.1 Basic Procedure for Planning an Automation Project ..................................... 3-1
3.2 Dividing the Process into Tasks and Areas .................................................... 3-2
3.3 Describing the Individual Functional Areas .................................................... 3-4
3.4 Listing Inputs, Outputs, and In/Outs............................................................... 3-6
3.5 Creating an I/O Diagram for the Motors ......................................................... 3-6
3.6 Creating an I/O Diagram for the Valves ......................................................... 3-7
3.7 Establishing the Safety Requirements ........................................................... 3-8
3.8 Describing the Required Operator Displays and Controls............................... 3-9
3.9 Creating a Configuration Diagram ............................................................... 3-10
4 Basics of Designing a Program Structure 4-1
4.1 Programs in a CPU ....................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Blocks in the User Program ........................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Blocks in the User Program ...........................................................................4-2
4.2.2 Organization Blocks and Program Structure ..................................................4-3
4.2.3 Call Hierarchy in the User Program ...............................................................4-8
4.2.4 Block Types and Cyclic Program Processing ............................................... 4-10
4.2.4.1 Organization Block for Cyclic Program Processing (OB1) ............................ 4-10
4.2.4.2 Functions (FC) ............................................................................................ 4-16
4.2.4.3 Function Blocks (FB)................................................................................... 4-16
4.2.4.4 Instance Data Blocks................................................................................... 4-19

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 ix
Contents

4.2.4.5 Shared Data Blocks (DB) ............................................................................ 4-21

4.2.4.6 System Function Blocks (SFB) and System Functions (SFC) ...................... 4-22
4.2.5 Organization Blocks for Interrupt-Driven Program Processing...................... 4-24
4.2.5.1 Organization Blocks for Interrupt-Driven Program Processing...................... 4-24
4.2.5.2 Time-of-Day Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB10 to OB17) ........................ 4-24
4.2.5.3 Time-Delay Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB20 to OB23).......................... 4-26
4.2.5.4 Cyclic Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB30 to OB38) .................................. 4-27
4.2.5.5 Hardware Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB40 to OB47) ............................ 4-28
4.2.5.6 Startup Organization Blocks (OB100 / OB101 / OB102) .............................. 4-29
4.2.5.7 Background Organization Block (OB90) ...................................................... 4-31
4.2.5.8 Error Handling Organization Blocks (OB70 to OB87 / OB121 to OB122) ..... 4-33
5 Startup and Operation 5-1
5.1 Starting STEP 7 ............................................................................................ 5-1
5.1.1 Starting STEP 7 ............................................................................................ 5-1
5.1.2 Starting STEP 7 with Default Start Parameters.............................................. 5-2
5.1.3 Calling the Help Functions............................................................................. 5-3
5.2 Objects and Object Hierarchy........................................................................ 5-5
5.2.1 Objects and Object Hierarchy........................................................................ 5-5
5.2.2 Project Object ............................................................................................... 5-6
5.2.3 Library Object ............................................................................................... 5-7
5.2.4 Station Object ............................................................................................... 5-8
5.2.5 Programmable Module Object....................................................................... 5-9
5.2.6 S7/M7 Program Object................................................................................ 5-11
5.2.7 Block Folder Object..................................................................................... 5-12
5.2.8 Source File Folder Object............................................................................ 5-15
5.2.9 S7/M7 Program without a Station or CPU.................................................... 5-16
5.3 User Interface and Operation ...................................................................... 5-17
5.3.1 Operating Philosophy.................................................................................. 5-17
5.3.2 Window Arrangement.................................................................................. 5-18
5.3.3 Elements in Dialog Boxes ........................................................................... 5-19
5.3.4 Creating and Managing Objects .................................................................. 5-20
5.3.5 Selecting Objects in a Dialog Box................................................................ 5-24
5.3.6 Session Memory ......................................................................................... 5-26
5.3.7 Changing the Window Arrangement of Symbol Tables ................................ 5-26
5.3.8 Saving and Restoring the Window Arrangement.......................................... 5-27
5.4 Keyboard Control ........................................................................................ 5-28
5.4.1 Keyboard Control ........................................................................................ 5-28
5.4.2 Key Combinations for Menu Commands...................................................... 5-28
5.4.3 Key Combinations for Moving the Cursor..................................................... 5-30
5.4.4 Key Combinations for Selecting Text........................................................... 5-31
5.4.5 Key Combinations for Access to Online Help............................................... 5-32
5.4.6 Key Combinations for Toggling between Windows....................................... 5-32
6 Setting Up and Editing the Project 6-1
6.1 Project Structure ........................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Setting Up a Project ...................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.1 Creating a Project ......................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.2 Inserting Stations .......................................................................................... 6-4
6.2.3 Inserting an S7/M7 Program.......................................................................... 6-5
6.3 Editing a Project............................................................................................ 6-8
6.3.1 Editing a Project............................................................................................ 6-8
6.3.2 Managing Multilingual Text............................................................................ 6-9

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

x A5E00069873-03
 Contents

7 Defining Symbols 7-1

7.1 Absolute and Symbolic Addressing................................................................ 7-1
7.2 Shared and Local Symbols............................................................................ 7-3
7.3 Displaying Shared or Local Symbols ............................................................. 7-4
7.4 Setting the Address Priority ........................................................................... 7-5
7.5 Symbol Table for Shared Symbols................................................................. 7-6
7.5.1 Symbol Table for Shared Symbols.................................................................7-6
7.5.2 Structure and Components of the Symbol Table............................................7-6
7.5.3 Addresses and Data Types Permitted in the Symbol Table............................7-7
7.5.4 Incomplete and Non-Unique Symbols in the Symbol Table ............................7-9
7.6 Entering Shared Symbols............................................................................ 7-10
7.6.1 Entering Shared Symbols............................................................................ 7-10
7.6.2 General Tips on Entering Symbols .............................................................. 7-10
7.6.3 Entering Single Shared Symbols in a Dialog Box......................................... 7-11
7.6.4 Entering Multiple Shared Symbols in the Symbol Table ............................... 7-12
7.6.5 Using Upper and Lower Case for Symbols .................................................. 7-13
7.6.6 Exporting and Importing Symbol Tables ...................................................... 7-15
7.6.7 File Formats for Importing/Exporting a Symbol Table................................... 7-15
8 Creating Blocks and Libraries 8-1
8.1 Selecting an Editing Method .......................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Selecting the Programming Language ........................................................... 8-2
8.2.1 Selecting the Programming Language ...........................................................8-2
8.2.2 Ladder Logic Programming Language (LAD).................................................8-4
8.2.3 Function Block Diagram Programming Language (FBD)................................8-4
8.2.4 Statement List Programming Language (STL) ...............................................8-5
8.2.5 S7 SCL Programming Language ...................................................................8-6
8.2.6 S7-GRAPH Programming Language (Sequential Control) .............................8-7
8.2.7 S7 HiGraph Programming Language (State Graph).......................................8-8
8.2.8 S7 CFC Programming Language...................................................................8-9
8.3 Creating Blocks........................................................................................... 8-10
8.3.1 Blocks Folder .............................................................................................. 8-10
8.3.2 User-Defined Data Types (UDT).................................................................. 8-11
8.3.3 Block Properties.......................................................................................... 8-11
8.3.4 Displaying Block Lengths ............................................................................ 8-13
8.3.5 Rewiring...................................................................................................... 8-14
8.3.6 Attributes for Blocks and Parameters........................................................... 8-14
8.4 Working with Libraries ................................................................................. 8-15
8.4.1 Working with Libraries ................................................................................. 8-15
8.4.2 Hierarchical Structure of Libraries................................................................ 8-16
8.4.3 Overview of the Standard Libraries.............................................................. 8-17
9 Creating Logic Blocks 9-1
9.1 Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks .................................................... 9-1
9.1.1 Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks ....................................................9-1
9.1.2 Default Settings for the LAD/STL/FBD Program Editor...................................9-2
9.1.3 Access Rights to Blocks and Source Files .....................................................9-3
9.1.4 Instructions from the Program Element Catalog.............................................9-3
9.2 Editing the Variable Declaration Table........................................................... 9-5
9.2.1 Using the Variable Declaration in Logic Blocks ..............................................9-5
9.2.2 Relationship between the Variable Declaration Table and the Code Section..9-6
9.2.3 Structure of the Variable Declaration Table....................................................9-6
9.2.4 General Notes on Variable Declaration Tables ..............................................9-8
9.3 Multiple Instances in the Variable Declaration Table ...................................... 9-9

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 xi
Contents

9.3.1 Using Multiple Instances ............................................................................... 9-9

9.3.2 Rules for Declaring Multiple Instances......................................................... 9-10
9.3.3 Entering a Multiple Instance in the Variable Declaration Table..................... 9-10
9.4 General Notes on Entering Statements and Comments............................... 9-11
9.4.1 Structure of the Code Section ..................................................................... 9-11
9.4.2 Procedure for Entering Statements.............................................................. 9-12
9.4.3 Entering Shared Symbols in a Program....................................................... 9-13
9.4.4 Title and Comments for Blocks and Networks.............................................. 9-13
9.4.5 Search Function for Errors in the Code Section ........................................... 9-14
9.5 Editing LAD Elements in the Code Section .................................................. 9-15
9.5.1 Settings for Ladder Logic Programming....................................................... 9-15
9.5.2 Rules for Entering Ladder Logic Elements................................................... 9-16
9.5.3 Illegal Logic Operations in Ladder ............................................................... 9-18
9.6 Editing FBD Elements in the Code Section.................................................. 9-19
9.6.1 Settings for Function Block Diagram Programming...................................... 9-19
9.6.2 Rules for Entering FBD Elements................................................................ 9-20
9.7 Editing STL Statements in the Code Section ............................................... 9-22
9.7.1 Settings for Statement List Programming .................................................... 9-22
9.7.2 Rules for Entering STL Statements ............................................................. 9-22
9.8 Updating Block Calls................................................................................... 9-23
9.8.1 Updating Block Calls................................................................................... 9-23
9.9 Saving Logic Blocks.................................................................................... 9-24
9.9.1 Saving Logic Blocks.................................................................................... 9-24
9.9.2 Correcting the Interfaces in a Function, Function Block, or UDT .................. 9-24
9.9.3 Avoiding Errors when Calling Blocks ........................................................... 9-25
10 Creating Data Blocks 10-1
10.1 Basic Information on Creating Data Blocks.................................................. 10-1
10.2 Declaration View of Data Blocks.................................................................. 10-2
10.3 Data View of Data Blocks............................................................................ 10-3
10.4 Editing and Saving Data Blocks................................................................... 10-4
10.4.1 Entering the Data Structure of Shared Data Blocks ..................................... 10-4
10.4.2 Entering and Displaying the Data Structure of Data Blocks Referencing
an FB (Instance DBs).................................................................................. 10-4
10.4.3 Entering the Data Structure of User-Defined Data Types (UDT) .................. 10-6
10.4.4 Entering and Displaying the Structure of Data Blocks Referencing a UDT ... 10-6
10.4.5 Editing Data Values in the Data View .......................................................... 10-7
10.4.6 Resetting Data Values to their Initial Values ................................................ 10-8
10.4.7 Saving Data Blocks..................................................................................... 10-8
11 Creating STL Source Files 11-1
11.1 Basic Information on Programming in STL Source Files .............................. 11-1
11.2 Rules for Programming in STL Source Files ................................................ 11-2
11.2.1 Rules for Entering Statements in STL Source Files ..................................... 11-2
11.2.2 Rules for Declaring Variables in STL Source Files....................................... 11-3
11.2.3 Rules for Block Order in STL Source Files................................................... 11-4
11.2.4 Rules for Setting System Attributes in STL Source Files.............................. 11-4
11.2.5 Rules for Setting Block Properties in STL Source Files................................ 11-5
11.2.6 Permitted Block Properties for Each Block Type.......................................... 11-6
11.3 Structure of Blocks in STL Source Files....................................................... 11-7
11.3.1 Structure of Blocks in STL Source Files....................................................... 11-7
11.3.2 Structure of Logic Blocks in STL Source Files ............................................. 11-7
11.3.3 Structure of Data Blocks in STL Source Files .............................................. 11-8
11.3.4 Structure of User-Defined Data Types in STL Source Files.......................... 11-8
11.4 Syntax and Formats for Blocks in STL Source Files..................................... 11-9

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

xii A5E00069873-03
 Contents

11.4.1 Syntax and Formats for Blocks in STL Source Files..................................... 11-9
11.4.2 Format Table of Organization Blocks........................................................... 11-9
11.4.3 Format Table of Function Blocks ............................................................... 11-10
11.4.4 Format Table of Functions......................................................................... 11-11
11.4.5 Format Table of Data Blocks ..................................................................... 11-12
11.5 Creating STL Source Files ........................................................................ 11-13
11.5.1 Creating STL Source Files ........................................................................ 11-13
11.5.2 Editing S7 Source Files ............................................................................. 11-13
11.5.3 Inserting Block Templates in STL Source Files .......................................... 11-14
11.5.4 Inserting External Source Files.................................................................. 11-14
11.5.5 Generating STL Source Files from Blocks ................................................. 11-15
11.6 Saving and Compiling STL Source Files and Executing a
Consistency Check.................................................................................... 11-16
11.6.1 Saving STL Source Files ........................................................................... 11-16
11.6.2 Checking Consistency in STL Source Files................................................ 11-16
11.6.3 Troubleshooting in STL Source Files ......................................................... 11-16
11.6.4 Compiling STL Source Files ...................................................................... 11-17
11.7 Examples of STL Source Files................................................................... 11-18
11.7.1 Examples of Declaring Variables in STL Source Files................................ 11-18
11.7.2 Example of Organization Blocks in STL Source Files................................. 11-19
11.7.3 Example of Functions in STL Source Files................................................. 11-20
11.7.4 Example of Function Blocks in STL Source Files ....................................... 11-22
11.7.5 Example of Data Blocks in STL Source Files ............................................. 11-24
11.7.6 Example of User-Defined Data Types in STL Source Files ........................ 11-25
12 Displaying Reference Data 12-1
12.1 Overview of the Available Reference Data................................................... 12-1
12.1.1 Overview of the Available Reference Data................................................... 12-1
12.1.2 Cross-Reference List................................................................................... 12-2
12.1.3 Program Structure....................................................................................... 12-3
12.1.4 Assignment List for Inputs, Outputs, and Bit Memory (I/Q/M) ....................... 12-5
12.1.5 Assignment List for Timers and Counters (T/C) ........................................... 12-7
12.1.6 Unused Symbols......................................................................................... 12-8
12.1.7 Addresses Without Symbols........................................................................ 12-8
12.1.8 Displaying Block Information for LAD, FBD, and STL................................... 12-9
12.2 Working with Reference Data .................................................................... 12-10
12.2.1 Ways of Displaying Reference Data .......................................................... 12-10
12.2.2 Displaying Lists in Additional Working Windows......................................... 12-11
12.2.3 Generating and Displaying Reference Data ............................................... 12-11
12.2.4 Finding Address Locations in the Program Quickly .................................... 12-12
12.2.5 Example of Working with Address Locations.............................................. 12-13
13 Checking Block Consistency and Time Stamps as Block Property 13-1
13.1 Checking Block Consistency ....................................................................... 13-1
13.2 Time Stamps as a Block Property and Time Stamp Conflicts....................... 13-3
13.3 Time Stamps in Logic Blocks....................................................................... 13-4
13.4 Time Stamps in Shared Data Blocks ........................................................... 13-5
13.5 Time Stamps in Instance Data Blocks.......................................................... 13-6
13.6 Time Stamps in UDTs and Data Blocks Derived from UDTs ........................ 13-7

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 xiii
Contents

14 Configuring Messages 14-1

14.1 The Message Concept ................................................................................ 14-1
14.1.1 The Message Concept ................................................................................ 14-1
14.1.2 What Are the Different Messaging Methods?............................................... 14-1
14.1.3 Choosing a Messaging Method ................................................................... 14-3
14.1.4 SIMATIC Components ................................................................................ 14-4
14.1.5 Parts of a Message ..................................................................................... 14-5
14.1.6 Assigning Message Numbers...................................................................... 14-6
14.2 Assigning and Editing Block-Related Messages .......................................... 14-7
14.2.1 Assigning and Editing Block-Related Messages .......................................... 14-7
14.2.2 Which Message Blocks Are Available?........................................................ 14-7
14.2.3 Formal Parameters, System Attributes, and Message Blocks ...................... 14-9
14.2.4 Message Templates and Messages .......................................................... 14-10
14.2.5 Creating Block-Related Messages............................................................. 14-11
14.2.6 PCS7 Message Configuration ................................................................... 14-14
14.3 Assigning and Editing Symbol-Related Messages ..................................... 14-16
14.3.1 Assigning and Editing Symbol-Related Messages ..................................... 14-16
14.4 Creating and Editing User-Defined Diagnostic Messages .......................... 14-17
14.4.1 Creating and Editing User-defined Diagnostic Messages........................... 14-17
14.5 Translating and Editing User Texts............................................................ 14-18
14.5.1 Translating and Editing Operator Related Texts ........................................ 14-18
14.5.2 Translating and Editing User Texts............................................................ 14-18
14.5.3 Translating Text Libraries.......................................................................... 14-19
14.6 Transferring Message Configuration Data to the Programmable Controller 14-21
14.6.1 Transferring Configuration Data to the Programmable Controller............... 14-21
14.7 Displaying CPU Messages and User-Defined Diagnostic Messages.......... 14-22
14.7.1 Displaying CPU Messages and User-Defined Diagnostic Messages.......... 14-22
14.7.2 Configuring CPU Messages ...................................................................... 14-24
14.7.3 Displaying Stored CPU Messages............................................................. 14-25
14.8 Configuring the 'Reporting of System Errors' ............................................. 14-25
14.8.1 Configuring the 'Reporting of System Errors' ............................................. 14-25
14.8.2 Supported Components and Functional Scope.......................................... 14-26
14.8.3 Settings for Reporting System Errors ........................................................ 14-28
14.8.4 Generating Blocks for Reporting System Errors......................................... 14-29
14.8.5 Generated Error OBs ................................................................................ 14-30
14.8.6 Generated FB, DB .................................................................................... 14-31
15 Controlling and Monitoring Variables 15-1
15.1 Configuring Variables for Operator Control and Monitoring .......................... 15-1
15.2 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes with
Statement List, Ladder Logic, a ................................................................... 15-2
15.2.1 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes with
Statement List, Ladder Logic, and Function Block Diagram ......................... 15-2
15.3 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes via
the Symbol Table ........................................................................................ 15-3
15.3.1 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes via
the Symbol Table ........................................................................................ 15-3
15.4 Changing Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes with CFC .................. 15-4
15.4.1 Changing Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes with CFC .................. 15-4
15.5 Transferring Configuration Data to the Operator Interface
Programmable Controller ............................................................................ 15-5
15.5.1 Transferring Configuration Data to the Operator Interface
Programmable Controller ............................................................................ 15-5

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

xiv A5E00069873-03
 Contents

16 Establishing an Online Connection and Making CPU Settings 16-1

16.1 Establishing Online Connections ................................................................. 16-1
16.1.1 Establishing Online Connections ................................................................. 16-1
16.1.2 Establishing an Online Connection via the "Accessible Nodes" Window....... 16-1
16.1.3 Establishing an Online Connection via the Online Window of the Project ..... 16-2
16.1.4 Password Protection for Access to Programmable Controllers..................... 16-3
16.1.5 Updating the Window Contents ................................................................... 16-4
16.2 Displaying and Changing the Operating Mode ............................................. 16-5
16.2.1 Displaying and Changing the Operating Mode ............................................. 16-5
16.3 Displaying and Setting the Time and Date ................................................... 16-6
16.3.1 Displaying and Setting the Time and Date ................................................... 16-6
17 Downloading 17-1
17.1 Downloading from the PG/PC to the Programmable Controller .................... 17-1
17.1.1 Requirements for Downloading.................................................................... 17-1
17.1.2 Differences Between Saving and Downloading Blocks................................. 17-2
17.1.3 Load Memory and Work Memory in the CPU............................................... 17-3
17.1.4 Download Methods Dependent on the Load Memory................................... 17-4
17.1.5 Reloading Blocks in the Programmable Controller ....................................... 17-5
17.1.6 Downloading via EPROM Memory Cards .................................................... 17-6
17.1.7 Downloading the Hardware Configuration and Connection Configuration
Separately................................................................................................... 17-7
17.1.7.1 Downloading a Configuration to a Programmable Controller ........................ 17-7
17.1.7.2 Downloading the Network Configuration for the First Time........................... 17-8
17.1.7.3 Downloading the Network Configuration to a Programmable Controller ....... 17-9
17.1.7.4 Downloading Changes to the Network Configuration ................................. 17-10
17.1.7.5 Downloading the Global Data Configuration .............................................. 17-11
17.2 Uploading from the Programmable Controller to the PG/PC....................... 17-12
17.2.1 Uploading from the Programmable Controller to the PG/PC....................... 17-12
17.2.2 Uploading a Station................................................................................... 17-13
17.2.3 Uploading Blocks from an S7 CPU ............................................................ 17-14
17.2.4 Editing Uploaded Blocks in the PG/PC ...................................................... 17-15
17.2.5 Reloading the Hardware Configuration and Connection Configuration ....... 17-16
17.2.5.1 Uploading a Configuration from a Station .................................................. 17-16
17.2.5.2 Uploading a Network Configuration ........................................................... 17-17
17.2.6 Deleting on the Programmable Controller .................................................. 17-18
17.2.6.1 Erasing the Load/Work Memory and Resetting the CPU............................ 17-18
17.2.6.2 Deleting S7 Blocks on the Programmable Controller.................................. 17-19
17.2.7 Compressing the User Memory (RAM) ...................................................... 17-20
17.2.7.1 Gaps in the User Memory (RAM)............................................................... 17-20
17.2.7.2 Compressing the Memory Contents of an S7 CPU .................................... 17-21
18 Testing with Variable Tables 18-1
18.1 Introduction to Testing with Variable Tables................................................. 18-1
18.2 Basic Procedure when Monitoring and Modifying with the Variable Table .... 18-2
18.3 Editing and Saving Variable Tables ............................................................. 18-2
18.3.1 Creating and Opening a Variable Table ....................................................... 18-2
18.3.2 Copying/Moving Variable Tables ................................................................. 18-3
18.3.3 Saving a Variable Table .............................................................................. 18-3
18.4 Entering Variables in Variable Table............................................................ 18-4
18.4.1 Inserting Addresses or Symbols in a Variable Table .................................... 18-4
18.4.2 Inserting Modify Values ............................................................................... 18-5
18.4.3 Upper Limits for Entering Timers ................................................................. 18-6
18.4.4 Upper Limits for Entering Counters.............................................................. 18-7

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 xv
Contents

18.4.5 Inserting Comment Lines ............................................................................ 18-7

18.5 Examples.................................................................................................... 18-8
18.5.1 Example of Entering Addresses in Variable Tables...................................... 18-8
18.5.2 Example of Entering a Contiguous Address Range...................................... 18-8
18.5.3 Examples of Entering Modify and Force Values........................................... 18-9
18.6 Establishing a Connection to the CPU....................................................... 18-12
18.6.1 Establishing a Connection to the CPU....................................................... 18-12
18.7 Monitoring Variables ................................................................................. 18-13
18.7.1 Introduction to Monitoring Variables .......................................................... 18-13
18.7.2 Defining the Trigger for Monitoring Variables............................................. 18-13
18.8 Modifying Variables................................................................................... 18-15
18.8.1 Introduction to Modifying Variables............................................................ 18-15
18.8.2 Defining the Trigger for Modifying Variables .............................................. 18-16
18.9 Forcing Variables ...................................................................................... 18-18
18.9.1 Introduction to Forcing Variables ............................................................... 18-18
18.9.2 Safety Measures When Forcing Variables................................................. 18-20
18.9.3 Differences Between Forcing and Modifying Variables .............................. 18-21
19 Testing Using Program Status 19-1
19.1 Testing Using Program Status..................................................................... 19-1
19.2 Program Status Display............................................................................... 19-3
19.3 What You Should Know About Testing in Single-Step Mode/Breakpoints .... 19-4
19.4 What You Should Know About the HOLD Mode .......................................... 19-6
19.5 Program Status of Data Blocks.................................................................... 19-7
19.6 Setting the Call Environment for a Block...................................................... 19-8
20 Testing using the Simulation Program S7-PLCSIM (Optional Package) 20-1
20.1 Testing using the Simulation Program (Optional Package) .......................... 20-1
21 Diagnostics 21-1
21.1 Diagnosing Hardware and Troubleshooting ................................................. 21-1
21.2 Diagnostics Symbols in the Online View...................................................... 21-3
21.3 Diagnosing Hardware: Quick View .............................................................. 21-5
21.3.1 Calling the Quick View ................................................................................ 21-5
21.3.2 Information Functions in the Quick View...................................................... 21-5
21.4 Diagnosing Hardware: Diagnostic View ....................................................... 21-6
21.4.1 Calling the Diagnostic View......................................................................... 21-6
21.4.2 Information Functions in the Diagnostic View............................................... 21-8
21.5 Module Information ..................................................................................... 21-9
21.5.1.1 Options for Displaying the Module Information............................................. 21-9
21.5.2 Module Information Functions ................................................................... 21-10
21.5.3 Scope of the Module Type-Dependent Information.................................... 21-11
21.6 Diagnosing in STOP Mode........................................................................ 21-13
21.6.1 Basic Procedure for Determining the Cause of a STOP............................. 21-13
21.6.2 Stack Contents in STOP Mode.................................................................. 21-13
21.7 Checking Scan Cycle Times to Avoid Time Errors ..................................... 21-15
21.7.1 Checking Scan Cycle Times to Avoid Time Errors ..................................... 21-15
21.8 Flow of Diagnostic Information .................................................................. 21-16
21.8.1 Flow of Diagnostic Information .................................................................. 21-16
21.8.2 System Status List SSL............................................................................. 21-17
21.8.3 Sending Your Own Diagnostic Messages .................................................. 21-20
21.8.4 Diagnostic Functions................................................................................. 21-21
21.9 Program Measures for Handling Errors ..................................................... 21-22
21.9.1 Program Measures for Handling Errors ..................................................... 21-22
21.9.2 Evaluating the Output Parameter RET_VAL .............................................. 21-23

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

xvi A5E00069873-03
 Contents

21.9.3 Error OBs as a Reaction to Detected Errors .............................................. 21-24

21.9.4 Inserting Substitute Values for Error Detection........................................... 21-29
21.9.5 I/O Redundancy Error (OB70) ................................................................... 21-31
21.9.6 CPU Redundancy Error (OB72)................................................................. 21-31
21.9.7 Communication Redundancy Error (OB73)................................................ 21-32
21.9.8 Time Error (OB80)..................................................................................... 21-33
21.9.9 Power Supply Error (OB81)....................................................................... 21-34
21.9.10 Diagnostic Interrupt (OB82)....................................................................... 21-34
21.9.11 Insert/Remove Module Interrupt (OB83) .................................................... 21-35
21.9.12 CPU Hardware Fault (OB84) ..................................................................... 21-36
21.9.13 Program Sequence Error (OB85) .............................................................. 21-37
21.9.14 Rack Failure (OB86).................................................................................. 21-37
21.9.15 Communication Error (OB87) .................................................................... 21-38
21.9.16 Programming Error (OB121)...................................................................... 21-39
21.9.17 I/O Access Error (OB122).......................................................................... 21-39
22 Printing and Archiving 22-1
22.1 Printing Project Documentation ................................................................... 22-1
22.1.1 Printing Project Documentation ................................................................... 22-1
22.1.2 Basic Procedure when Printing.................................................................... 22-2
22.1.3 Print Functions ............................................................................................ 22-2
22.1.4 Special Note on Printing the Object Tree ..................................................... 22-4
22.2 Archiving Projects and Libraries .................................................................. 22-5
22.2.1 Archiving Projects and Libraries .................................................................. 22-5
22.2.2 Uses for Saving/Archiving ........................................................................... 22-5
22.2.3 Requirements for Archiving ......................................................................... 22-6
22.2.4 Procedure for Archiving/Retrieving .............................................................. 22-6
23 When Several Users are Editing the Same Project 23-1
23.1 Multi-User Configuration in a Network.......................................................... 23-1
24 Working with M7 Programmable Control Systems 24-1
24.1 Procedure for M7 Systems .......................................................................... 24-1
24.2 Optional Software for M7 Programming ....................................................... 24-3
24.3 M7-300/M7-400 Operating Systems ............................................................ 24-6
25 Tips and Tricks 25-1
25.1 Exchanging Modules in the Configuration Table .......................................... 25-1
25.2 Projects with a Large Number of Networked Stations................................... 25-2
25.3 Rearranging ................................................................................................ 25-3
25.4 Testing with the Variable Table ................................................................... 25-4
25.5 Virtual Work Memory................................................................................... 25-5

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 xvii
Contents

A Appendix A-1
A.1 Operating Modes ..........................................................................................A-1
A.1.1 Operating Modes and Mode Transitions ........................................................A-1
A.1.2 STOP Mode..................................................................................................A-4
A.1.3 STARTUP Mode ...........................................................................................A-5
A.1.4 RUN Mode..................................................................................................A-12
A.1.5 HOLD Mode................................................................................................A-13
A.2 Memory Areas of S7 CPUs .........................................................................A-14
A.2.1 Distribution of the Memory Areas.................................................................A-14
A.2.2 Load Memory and Work Memory ................................................................A-15
A.2.3 System Memory..........................................................................................A-17
A.2.3.1 Using the System Memory Areas ................................................................A-17
A.2.3.2 Process-Image Input/Output Tables ............................................................A-19
A.2.3.3 Local Data Stack.........................................................................................A-22
A.2.3.4 Interrupt Stack ............................................................................................A-24
A.2.3.5 Block Stack.................................................................................................A-24
A.2.3.6 Diagnostic Buffer.........................................................................................A-25
A.2.3.7 Evaluating the Diagnostic Buffer..................................................................A-25
A.2.3.8 Retentive Memory Areas on S7-300 CPUs..................................................A-27
A.2.3.9 Retentive Memory Areas on S7-400 CPUs..................................................A-29
A.2.3.10 Configurable Memory Objects in the Work Memory .....................................A-30
A.3 Data Types and Parameter Types...............................................................A-31
A.3.1 Introduction to Data Types and Parameter Types........................................A-31
A.3.2 Elementary Data Types...............................................................................A-32
A.3.2.1 Format of the Data Type INT (16-Bit Integers) .............................................A-33
A.3.2.2 Format of the Data Type DINT (32-Bit Integers)...........................................A-33
A.3.2.3 Format of the Data Type REAL (Floating-Point Numbers)............................A-34
A.3.2.4 Format of the Data Types WORD and DWORD in Binary Coded
Decimal Numbers .......................................................................................A-38
A.3.2.5 Format of the Data Type S5TIME (Time Duration).......................................A-39
A.3.3 Complex Data Types...................................................................................A-40
A.3.3.1 Format of the Data Type DATE_AND_TIME................................................A-41
A.3.3.2 Using Complex Data Types.........................................................................A-42
A.3.3.3 Using Arrays to Access Data.......................................................................A-43
A.3.3.4 Using Structures to Access Data .................................................................A-46
A.3.3.5 Using User-Defined Data Types to Access Data..........................................A-48
A.3.4 Parameter Types ........................................................................................A-50
A.3.4.1 Format of the Parameter Types BLOCK, COUNTER, TIMER ......................A-51
A.3.4.2 Format of the Parameter Type POINTER ....................................................A-52
A.3.4.3 Using the Parameter Type POINTER ..........................................................A-53
A.3.4.4 Block for Changing the Pointer....................................................................A-54
A.3.4.5 Format of the Parameter Type ANY ............................................................A-57
A.3.4.6 Using the Parameter Type ANY ..................................................................A-60
A.3.4.7 Assigning Data Types to Local Data of Logic Blocks....................................A-64
A.3.4.8 Permitted Data Types when Transferring Parameters..................................A-66
A.3.4.9 Transferring to IN_OUT Parameters of a Function Block .............................A-71
A.4 Working with Older Projects ........................................................................A-72
A.4.1 Converting Version 1 Projects .....................................................................A-72
A.4.2 Converting Version 2 Projects .....................................................................A-73
A.4.3 Notes on STEP 7 V.2.1 Projects with GD Communication ...........................A-74
A.4.4 Expanding DP Slaves That Were Created with Previous Versions
of STEP 7 ...................................................................................................A-74
A.4.5 DP Slaves with Missing or Faulty GSE Files................................................A-75
A.5 Sample Programs .......................................................................................A-76

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

xviii A5E00069873-03
 Contents

A.5.1 Sample projects and samle programs......................................................... A-76

A.5.2 Sample Program for an Industrial Blending Process ................................... A-77
A.5.2.1 Defining Logic Blocks ................................................................................. A-80
A.5.2.2 Assigning Symbolic Names ........................................................................ A-81
A.5.2.3 Creating the FB for the Motor ..................................................................... A-83
A.5.2.4 Creating the FC for the Valves ................................................................... A-87
A.5.1.5 Creating OB1 ............................................................................................. A-89
A.5.3 Example of Handling Time-of-Day Interrupts .............................................. A-95
A.5.3.1 Structure of the User Program "Time-of-Day Interrupts".............................. A-95
A.5.3.2 FC12.......................................................................................................... A-97
A.5.3.3 OB10 ......................................................................................................... A-99
A.5.3.4 OB1 and OB80..........................................................................................A-101
A.5.4 Example of Handling Time-Delay Interrupts...............................................A-102
A.5.4.1 Structure of the User Program "Time-Delay Interrupts" ..............................A-102
A.5.4.2 OB20 ........................................................................................................A-104
A.5.4.3 OB1 ..........................................................................................................A-106
A.5.5 Example of Masking and Unmasking Synchronous Errors .........................A-108
A.5.5.1 Example of Disabling and Enabling Interrupts and
Asynchronous Errors (SFC39 and SFC40) ................................................A-112
A.5.5.2 Example of the Delayed Processing of Interrupts and Asynchronous
Errors (SFC41 and SFC42) .......................................................................A-113
A.6 Accessing Process and I/O Data Areas .....................................................A-114
A.6.1 Accessing the Process Data Area..............................................................A-114
A.6.2 Accessing the Peripheral Data Area ..........................................................A-115
A.7 Setting the Operating Behavior..................................................................A-117
A.7.1 Setting the Operating Behavior..................................................................A-117
A.7.2 Changing the Behavior and Properties of Modules ....................................A-118
A.7.3 Using the Clock Functions.........................................................................A-120
A.7.4 Using Clock Memory and Timers...............................................................A-122
Index Index-1

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 xix
Contents

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

xx A5E00069873-03
1 What’s New?

1.1 Overview of STEP 7

What is STEP 7?
STEP 7 is the standard software package used for configuring and programming
SIMATIC programmable logic controllers. It is part of the SIMATIC industry
software. There are the following versions of the STEP 7 Standard package:
• STEP 7 Micro/DOS and STEP 7 Micro/Win for simpler stand-alone applications
on the SIMATIC S7-200.
• STEP 7 for applications on SIMATIC S7-300/S7-400, SIMATIC M7-300 /
M7-400, and SIMATIC C7 with a wider range of functions:
- Can be extended as an option by the software products in the SIMATIC
Industry Software (see also Extended Uses of the STEP 7 Standard
Package)
- Opportunity of assigning parameters to function modules and
communications processors
- Forcing and multicomputing mode
- Global data communication
- Event-driven data transfer using communication function blocks
- Configuring connections
STEP 7 is the subject of this documentation, STEP 7 Micro is described in the
"STEP 7 Micro/DOS" documentation.

Basic Tasks
When you create an automation solution with STEP 7, there are a series of basic
tasks. The following figure shows the tasks that need to be performed for most
projects and assigns them to a basic procedure. It refers you to the relevant
chapter thus giving you the opportunity of moving through the manual to find
task-related information.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-1
What’s New?

Install STEP 7

Plan controller concept

and design program structure

Start STEP 7
and create a project

? Configure hardware now?

YES
NO
Configure hardware and a connection
• Configure modules
• Network stations
• Configure connections to partner

Symbolic programming instead of

? absolute programming?
YES
NO
Define symbols

Create user program

• Program blocks
• Call block in program
• Define local symbols

? Create reference data now? (for example, for

debugging)
YES
Generate reference data NO

Option:
• Program messages
• Configure variables for "Operator Control
and Monitoring"

? Have you already congfigured the hardware?

NO
YES
Configure hardware and connection

Download program

Test program and diagnose errors

Print and archive

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-2 A5E00069873-03
 What’s New?

Alternative Procedures

As shown in the figure above, you have two alternative procedures:

• You can configure the hardware first and then program the blocks.
• You can, however, program the blocks first without configuring the hardware.
This is recommended for service and maintenance work, for example, to
integrate programmed blocks into in an existing project.

Brief Description of the Individual Steps

• Installation and authorization
The first time you use STEP 7, install it and transfer the authorization from
diskette to the hard disk (see also Installing STEP 7 and Authorization).
• Plan your controller
Before you work with STEP 7, plan your automation solution from dividing the
process into individual tasks to creating a configuration diagram (see also
Basic Procedure for Planning an Automation Project).
• Design the program structure
Turn the tasks described in the draft of your controller design into a program
structure using the blocks available in STEP 7 (see also Blocks in the User
Program).
• Start STEP 7
You start STEP 7 from the Windows user interface (see also Starting STEP 7).
• Create a project structure
A project is like a folder in which all data are stored in a hierarchical structure
and are available to you at any time. After you have created a project, all other
tasks are executed in this project (see also Project Structure).
• Configure a station
When you configure the station you specify the programmable controller you
want to use; for example, SIMATIC 300, SIMATIC 400, SIMATIC S5 (see also
Inserting Stations).
• Configure hardware
When you configure the hardware you specify in a configuration table which
modules you want to use for your automation solution and which addresses
are to be used to access the modules from the user program. The properties of
the modules can also be assigned using parameters (see also Basic
Procedure for Configuring Hardware) .
• Configure networks and communication connections
The basis for communication is a pre-configured network. For this, you will
need to create the subnets required for your automation networks, set the
subnet properties, and set the network connection properties and any
communication connections required for the networked stations (see also
Procedure for Configuring a Subnet).
• Define symbols
You can define local or shared symbols, which have more descriptive names,
in a symbol table to use instead of absolute addresses in your user program
(see also Creating a Symbol Table).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-3
What’s New?

• Create the program

Using one of the available programming languages create a program linked to
a module or independent of a module and store it as blocks, source files, or
charts (see also Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks and Basic
Information on Programming in STL Source Files).
• S7 only: generate and evaluate reference data
You can make use of these reference data to make debugging and modifying
your user program easier (see also Overview of the Available Reference Data).
• Configure messages
You create block-related messages, for example, with their texts and attributes.
Using the transfer program you transfer the message configuration data
created to the operator interface system database (for example, SIMATIC
WinCC, SIMATIC ProTool), see also Configuring Messages.
• Configure operator control and monitoring variables
You create operator control and monitoring variables once in STEP 7 and
assign them the required attributes. Using the transfer program you transfer
the operator control and monitoring variables created to the database of the
operator interface system WinCC (see also Configuring Variables for Operator
Control and Monitoring).
• Download programs to the programmable controller
S7 only: after all configuration, parameter assignment, and programming tasks
are completed, you can download your entire user program or individual blocks
from it to the programmable controller (programmable module for your
hardware solution). (See also Requirements for Downloading.) The CPU
already contains the operating system.
M7 only: choose a suitable operating system for your automation solution from
a number of different operating systems and transfer this on its own or together
with the user program to the required data medium of the M7 programmable
control system.
• Test programs
S7 only: for testing you can either display the values of variables from your
user program or a CPU, assign values to the variables, and create a variable
table for the variables that you want to display or modify (see also Introduction
to Testing with the Variable Table).
M7 only: test the user program with a high-level language debugging tool.
• Monitor operation, diagnose hardware
You determine the cause of a module fault by displaying online information
about a module. You determine the causes for errors in user program
processing with the help of the diagnostic buffer and the stack contents. You
can also check whether a user program can run on a particular CPU (see also
Diagnosing Hardware and Displaying Module Information).
• Document the plant
After you have created a project/plant, it makes sense to produce clear
documentation of the project data to make further editing of the project and any
service activities easier (see also Printing Project Documentation). DOCPRO,
the optional tool for creating and managing plant documentation, allows you to
structure the project data, put it into wiring manual form, and print it out in a
common format.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-4 A5E00069873-03
 What’s New?

Specialized Topics
When you create an automation solution there are a number of special topics
which may be of interest to you:
• Multicomputing – Synchronous Operation of Several CPUs (see also
Multicomputing - Synchronous Operation of Several CPUs)
• More than One User Working in a Project (see also More than One User
Editing Projects)
• Working with M7 Systems (see also Procedure for M7 Systems)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-5
What’s New?

1.2 The STEP 7 Standard Package

Standards Used
The SIMATIC programming languages and language representations integrated in
STEP 7 comply with the standard EN 61131-3 or IEC 1131-3. The standard
package runs on the operating system Windows 95/98/NT/2000 and matches the
graphic and object-oriented operating philosophy of Windows.

Functions of the Standard Package

The standard software supports you in all phases of the creation process of an
automation task, such as:
• Setting up and managing projects
• Configuring and assigning parameters to hardware and communications
• Managing symbols
• Creating programs, for example, for S7 programmable controllers
• Downloading programs to programmable controllers
• Testing the automation system
• Diagnosing plant failures
The STEP 7 software user interface has been designed to meet the latest
state-of-the-art ergonomics and makes it easy for you to get started.
The documentation for the STEP 7 software product provides all the information
online in the online Help and in electronic manuals in PDF format.

Applications in STEP 7
The STEP 7 Standard package provides a series of applications (tools) within the
software:

Standard Package

NETPRO
Symbol Editor SIMATIC Manager Communication
Configuration

Hardware Programming Languages Hardware

Configuration LAD FBD STL Diagnostics

You do not need to open the tools separately; they are started automatically when
you select the corresponding function or open an object.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-6 A5E00069873-03
 What’s New?

SIMATIC Manager
The SIMATIC Manager manages all the data that belong to an automation project
− regardless of which programmable control system (S7/M7/C7) they are designed
for. The tools needed to edit the selected data are started automatically by the
SIMATIC Manager.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-7
What’s New?

Symbol Editor
With the Symbol Editor you manage all the shared symbols. The following
functions are available:
• Setting symbolic names and comments for the process signals
(inputs/outputs), bit memory, and blocks
• Sort functions
• Import/export to/from other Windows programs
The symbol table created with this tool is available to all the other tools. Any
changes to the properties of a symbol are therefore recognized automatically by all
tools.

Diagnosing Hardware
These functions provide you with an overview of the status of the programmable
controller. An overview can display symbols to show whether every module has a
fault or not. A double-click on the faulty module displays detailed information about
the fault. The scope of this information depends on the individual module:
• Display general information about the module (for example, order number,
version, name) and the status of the module (for example, faulty)
• Display the module faults (for example, channel fault) for the central I/O and
DP slaves
• Display messages from the diagnostic buffer
For CPUs the following additional information is displayed:
• Causes of faults in the processing of a user program
• Display the cycle duration (of the longest, shortest, and last cycle)
• MPI communication possibilities and load
• Display performance data (number of possible inputs/outputs, bit memory,
counters, timers, and blocks)

Programming Languages
The programming languages Ladder Logic, Statement List, and Function Block
Diagram for S7-300 and S7-400 are an integral part of the standard package.
• Ladder Logic (or LAD) is a graphic representation of the STEP 7 programming
language. Its syntax for the instructions is similar to a relay ladder logic
diagram: Ladder allows you to track the power flow between power rails as it
passes through various contacts, complex elements, and output coils.
• Statement List (or STL) is a textual representation of the STEP 7 programming
language, similar to machine code. If a program is written in Statement List, the
individual instructions correspond to the steps with which the CPU executes
the program. To make programming easier, Statement List has been extended
to include some high-level language constructions (such as structured data
access and block parameters).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-8 A5E00069873-03
 What’s New?

• Function Block Diagram (FBD) is a graphic representation of the STEP 7

programming language and uses the logic boxes familiar from Boolean algebra
to represent the logic. Complex functions (for example, math functions) can be
represented directly in conjunction with the logic boxes.
Other programming languages are available as optional packages.

Hardware Configuration
You use this tool to configure and assign parameters to the hardware of an
automation project. The following functions are available:
• To configure the programmable controller you select racks from an electronic
catalog and arrange the selected modules in the required slots in the racks.
• Configuring the distributed I/O is identical to the configuration of the central I/O.
Channel-granular I/O is also supported.
• In the course of assigning parameters to the CPU you can set properties such
as startup behavior and scan cycle time monitoring guided by menus.
Multicomputing is supported. The data entered are stored in system data
blocks.
• In the course of assigning parameters to the modules, all the parameters you
can set are set using dialog boxes. There are no settings to be made using DIP
switches. The assignment of parameters to the modules is done automatically
during startup of the CPU. This means, for example, that a module can be
exchanged without assigning new parameters.
• Assigning parameters to function modules (FMs) and communications
processors (CPs) is also done within the Hardware Configuration tool in exactly
the same way as for the other modules. Module-specific dialog boxes and rules
exist for every FM and CP (included in the scope of the FM/CP function
package). The system prevents incorrect entries by only offering valid options
in the dialog boxes.

NetPro (Network Configuration)

Using NetPro time-driven cyclic data transfer via the MPI is possible where you:
• Select the communication nodes
• Enter the data source and data target in a table; all blocks (SDBs) to be
downloaded are generated automatically and completely downloaded to all
CPUs automatically
Event-driven data transfer is also possible where you:
• Set the communication connections
• Select the communication or function blocks from the integrated block library
• Assign parameters to the selected communication or function blocks in your
chosen programming language

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-9
What’s New?

1.3 What’s New in STEP 7, Version 5.1?

SIMATIC Manager
• To translate projects into other national languages, you can edit texts of the
project (block titles and comments, for example) outside of STEP 7 with an
ASCII editor or a table-editing tool using the menu commands Options >
Managing Multilingual Text > Export. You can then import the texts back into
STEP 7 using the menu command Options > Managing Multilingual Text >
Import. The format of the export file is set as "*.csv" (comma separated value).
• The complete project data can be loaded into a special memory card of the
CPU (new menu commands PLC > Save Project to Memory Card and PLC >
Get Project from Memory Card).
• Using the menu command Options > Reference Data > Delete, you can
delete the existing reference data.
• You can read about version information on the products installed with their
components and DLLs using the menu command Help > About.
• When you modify a program, you can run a consistency check on all S7 blocks
in the block folder using the menu command Edit > Check Block
Consistency. In this way, you can better test the effects of interface
modifications on other blocks and remedy errors more quickly.
• During the import of new block versions you can adopt the system attributes
which you have already defined for blocks of the user program (for example,
when uploading a system library). The attributes for each block can be
adjusted via a dialog.

Programming LAD/STL/FBD Blocks

• The block consistency check is initiated with the new menu command File >
Check and Update Access.
• You have the possibility of monitoring the called blocks with Monitor or with
Monitor with Call Path when the operating mode is in Test Operation. To do
this, you must open the calling block and position the cursor on the desired call
(CALL row in STL and Callbox in LAD/FBD). Then, right-click to choose
between the Called Block > Monitor command and the Called Block >
Monitor with Call Path command.
• When a block is deleted the block symbol is also deleted.
This mans that sources on a symbolic basis can no longer be compiled if the
corresponding blocks have been deleted from the program.
The symbol is retained when a block is copied or moved.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-10 A5E00069873-03
 What’s New?

Monitoring and Modifying Variables

• The table for monitoring and controlling variables has been modified:
- Columns can be selected.
- A multiple selection is possible.
- All columns can be displayed or hidden.
- A tool tip is offered, for example, for a red row.
- The display format can be edited.
• The dialog box "Customize" has two new tabs ("General" and "Online"); in the
"Online" tab the following new options can be selected:
- Preselection for the online connection: either to the directly connected CPU
or to the configured CPU.
- Warnings can be switched off.
- "Combine variables" option for enlarging the number of variables which
can be monitored.
• The connection can be changed without previously having disconnected the
existing connection.
• The monitoring trigger can be defined while variables are monitored.
• Selected variables can be modified by selecting the rows and executing the
"Modify" function. Only the highlighted variables are modified.
• Numerous new menu commands, for example:
- Print Preview ("Table" Menu)
- Restore Arrangement ("Window" Menu)
- Establish connection to 1, 2, 3, 4 ("PLC" Menu; for a quick change of
already used connections)

Configuring and Diagnosing Hardware

• It is possible to monitor/modify inputs/outputs when configuring hardware (new
menu command PLC > Monitor/Modify).
• New modules, for example, IM151/CPU as intelligent DP slave from the
ET 200S family
• Expanded configuration possibilities for intelligent DP slaves:
process-image partition (part process image) assignment for S7400 CPU as
slave with direct data exchange and hardware interrupt OB assignment for the
PROFIBUS partner (for I slaves that can trigger a hardware interrupt by means
of user-program control at the DP master

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-11
What’s New?

• Ergonomic improvements for the online function Module Information

For the Diagnostic Buffer tab, filter results can be displayed (filtering out
individual event classes).
In the Performance Data tab, there is now a summary of information about
organization blocks, system functions (SFCs and SFBs), and address areas.
All the information about the memory can be found in the Memory tab.
The graphic representation of scan cycle time with the corresponding
monitoring time has been improved through a horizontal layout of the time axis.
In this representation, it is easier to identify times that fall below or exceed the
monitoring times assigned as parameters.

Configuring Networks and Connections

• New columns in the connection table: local and partner interface as well as
local and partner address. The columns can be individually displayed and
hidden. In this way, the connection path can be read in its entirety from the
connection table and, for example, it can be sorted according to interfaces or
subnets.
• The settings in NetPro are saved when you exit the project and are available
again when you reopen the project (even on another programming device).
• The subnets can be more easily distinguished because they are displayed on
the screen in different colors.
The colors can be turned off in the print-properties dialog when you are printing
out a graph.
In addition, there is a zoom setting that makes it possible to adjust the network
representation to make the best use of the number of pages available.
• In addition to the bus parameters for PROFIBUS, bus parameters for other
subnets (MPIs) can be printed out.
• Support of the connection configuration (S7 connections) and connection
status for the new WinAC slot CPUs (CPU 41x2 DP PCI)
Reference Data
• With the menu command Edit > Delete Symbols, you can delete symbols you
are not using in the Symbols Not in Use view.
• With the menu command Edit > Edit Symbols, you can assign symbols to the
selected addresses in the Addresses without Symbol view.
• The window arrangement is saved when you exit the application, no matter
what view is displayed (cross references, program structure, etc.). It is then
restored when you select the menu command Window > Save Arrangement
When Exiting.

Configuring Messages
• You can also create user-defined diagnostic messages for M7 programs.
• The PCS 7 Message Configuration dialog box for editing an event-driven
communication block contains two registers in which up to 10 message texts
can be entered.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-12 A5E00069873-03
 What’s New?

CPU Messages
• In the CPU Messages application, you have various options for editing
incoming messages.
With the menu command View > Automatic Shift, the newly incoming
messages are scrolled into the window and selected.
With the menu command View > Bring to the Foreground, the window is
brought to the foreground and the message is displayed.

• With the menu command View > Leave in the Background, the message is
displayed in the window, but the window remains in the background.
With the menu command View > Ignore Message, messages are not
displayed in the window, and they are not saved in the archive.
• With the menu command PLC > Remove Module, you can remove the
highlighted module from the list.
• With the Settings CPU Messages dialog box, you can adjust the size of the
archive, save the list of registered modules, and reestablish the connection
state at the start. You can also display the info texts at ALARM_S/SQ.

Reporting System Errors

• With the Report System Error function, STEP 7 offers a convenient way to
display diagnostic information supplied by the component in message form.
The necessary blocks and message texts are automatically generated by
STEP 7. All you have to do is load the generated blocks into the CPU and
transfer the texts to connected HMI devices. You can find a thorough overview
of the diagnostic information supported for various DP slaves under Supported
Components and Functional Scope.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-13
What’s New?

1.4 Extended Uses of the STEP 7 Standard Package

1.4.1 Extended Uses of the STEP 7 Standard Package

The standard package can be extended by optional software packages that are
grouped into the following three software classes:
• Engineering Tools;
these are higher-level programming languages and technology-oriented
software.
• Run-Time Software;
these contain off-the-shelf run-time software for the production process.
• Human Machine Interfaces (HMI);
this is software especially for operator control and monitoring.
The following table shows the optional software you can use depending on your
programmable control system:

STEP 7
S7-300 M7-300 C7-620
S7-400 M7-400
Engineering Tools
• Borland C/C++ o
•
1) 2)
CFC + + +
• DOCPRO + +3) +
• HARDPRO +
• M7 ProC/C++ o
•
1) 2)
S7 GRAPH + +
• S7 HiGraph + +
• S7 PDIAG +
• S7 PLCSIM + +
• S7 SCL + +
• Teleservice + + +
Run-Time Software
• Fuzzy Control + +
• M7-DDE Server +
• M7-SYS RT o
• Modular PID + +
Control
• PC-DDE Server +
• PRODAVE MPI +
• Standard PID + +
Control
Human Machine
Interface

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-14 A5E00069873-03
 What’s New?

STEP 7
S7-300 M7-300 C7-620
S7-400 M7-400
• ProAgent
• SIMATIC ProTool
• SIMATIC o
ProTool/Lite
• SIMATIC WinCC
o = obligatory
+ = optional
1)
= recommended from S7-400 upwards
2)
= not recommended for C7-620
3)
= not for C programs

1.4.2 Engineering Tools

Engineering Tools are task-oriented tools that can be used to extend the standard
package. Engineering Tools include:
• High-level languages for programmers
• Graphic languages for technical staff
• Supplementary software for diagnostics, simulation, remote maintenance, plant
documentation etc.

Engineering Tools

High-level languages Graphic languages

S7 SCL S7 GRAPH CFC

S7 HiGraph

Supplementary software

M7 ProC/C++ S7 PDIAG S7 PLCSIM

TeleService DOCPRO HARDPRO

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-15
What’s New?

High-Level Languages
The following languages are available as optional packages for use in
programming the SIMATIC S7-300/S7-400 programmable logic controllers:
• S7 GRAPH is a programming language used to program sequential controls
(steps and transitions). In this language, the process sequence is divided into
steps. The steps contain actions to control the outputs. The transition from one
step to another is controlled by switching conditions.
• S7 HiGraph is a programming language used to describe asynchronous,
non-sequential processes in the form of state graphs. To do this, the plant is
broken down into individual functional units which can each take on different
states. The functional units can be synchronized by exchanging messages
between the graphs.
• S7 SCL is a high-level textual language that conforms to the EN 61131-3
(IEC 1131-3) standard. It contains language constructions similar to those
found in the programming languages Pascal and C. S7 SCL is therefore
particularly suitable for users who are used to working with high-level
programming languages. S7 SCL can be used, for example, to program
complex or frequently repeated functions.

Graphic Language
CFC for S7 and M7 is a programming language for linking existing functions
graphically. These functions cover a wide range of simple logic operations through
to complex closed-loop and open-loop controls. A large number of functions of this
type are available in the form of blocks in a library. You program by copying the
blocks into a chart and connecting the blocks using lines.

Supplementary Software
• Borland C++ (M7 only) contains the Borland development environment.
• With DOCPRO you can organize all the configuration data you create with
STEP 7 into wiring manuals. These make it easy to manage the configuration
data and allow the information to be prepared for printing according to specific
standards.
• HARDPRO is the hardware configuration system for S7-300 to support the
user with large-scale configuration of complex automation tasks.
• M7-ProC/C++ (M7 only) allows the Borland development environment for the
programming languages C and C++ to be integrated into the STEP 7
development environment.
• You can use S7 PLCSIM (S7 only) to simulate S7 programmable controllers
connected to the programming device or PC for purposes of testing.
• S7 PDIAG (S7 only) allows standardized configuration of process diagnostics
for SIMATIC S7-300/S7-400. Using process diagnostics you can detect faults
and faulty states outside the programmable controller (for example, limit switch
not reached).
• TeleService allows you to program and service remote S7 and M7
programmable controllers via the telephone network using your programming
device or PC.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-16 A5E00069873-03
 What’s New?

1.4.3 Run-Time Software

Run-time software covers pre-programmed solutions that can be called by the user
program. Run-time software is integrated directly into the automation solution. It
includes:
• Controllers for SIMATIC S7, for example, Standard, Modular, and Fuzzy
Control
• Tools for linking the programmable controllers with Windows applications
• A real-time operating system for SIMATIC M7

Runtime Software

Controllers

Standard PID Control Modular PID Control Fuzzy Control

Real-time operating
Tools for linking with Windows system
PRODAVE MPI M7-DDE server M7-SYS RT

Controllers for SIMATIC S7

• Standard PID Control allows you to integrate continuous controllers, pulse
controllers, and step controllers into the user program. The parameter
assignment tool with integrated controller setting allows you to set the
controller up for optimum use in a very short time.
• Modular PID Control comes into play if a simple PID controller is not sufficient
to solve your automation task. By linking in the standard function blocks
supplied, almost any controller structure can be designed and set up.
• Using Fuzzy Control fuzzy logic systems can be created. These systems come
into play when processes are difficult or impossible to describe mathematically,
processes behave unexpectedly, or non-linearities occur, but experience of the
process in action is available.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1-17
What’s New?

Tools for Linking with Windows

• PRODAVE MPI is a toolbox for process data traffic between SIMATIC S7,
SIMATIC M7, and SIMATIC C7. It manages the data traffic via the multipoint
interface (MPI) autonomously.
• With the M7-DDE server (Dynamic Data Exchange) Windows applications can
be linked to process variables in SIMATIC M7 without additional programming
effort.

Real-Time Operating System

• M7-SYS RT contains the operating system M7 RMOS 32 and system
programs. It is a prerequisite for the use of the M7-ProC/C++ and CFC for
SIMATIC M7 packages.

1.4.4 Human Machine Interface

Human Machine Interface (HMI) is software especially for operator control and
monitoring in SIMATIC.
• The open process visualization system SIMATIC WinCC is a basic operator
interface system with all the important operator control and monitoring
functions which can be used in any branch of industry and with any technology.
• SIMATIC ProTool and SIMATIC ProTool/Lite are modern tools for configuring
SIMATIC operator panels (OPs) and SIMATIC C7 compact devices.
• ProAgent allows targeted fast process diagnostics in plants and machines by
establishing information about the location and cause of the fault.

Human Machine Interface

SIMATIC WinCC SIMATIC ProTool ProAgent

SIMATIC ProTool/Lite

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

1-18 A5E00069873-03
2 Installing and Authorization

2.1 Authorization

2.1.1 Authorization

You will require a product-specific authorization (user rights) to use the STEP 7
programming software. The software is therefore copy-protected and can be used
only if the relevant authorization for the program or software package has been
found on the hard disk of the respective programming device or PC.
Different authorizations are required, for example, for STEP 7, and for the optional
software packages.

2.1.2 Installing and Removing the Authorization

Authorization Diskette
A read-only authorization diskette is included with the scope of supply of the
software. It contains the actual authorization. The program "AuthorsW" required to
display, install, and remove the authorization is on the CD-ROM which also
contains STEP 7 V5.1.
The number of authorizations possible is determined by an authorization counter
on the authorization diskette. Every time you install an authorization, the counter is
decremented by 1. When the counter value reaches "zero", you cannot install any
more authorizations using this diskette.

Note
You have received a yellow authorization diskette for the STEP 7 Standard
software with the relevant authorization. .
For optional software packages you will receive a red authorization diskette with
one authorization for each.

Caution
! Read the notes in the README.TXT file on the authorization diskette and the
guidelines in "Guidelines for Handling Authorizations". If you do not adhere to
these guidelines, the authorization may be irretrievably lost.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 2-1
Installing and Authorization

You can use the Standard software to familiarize yourself with the user interface
and functions without an authorization. However, working effectively with STEP 7 is
only permitted and possible with an installed authorization. If you have not installed
the authorization, you will be prompted at regular intervals to install it.

What To Do If You Lose the Authorization...

An authorization may be lost, for example, if a hard disk defect occurs and you did
not have a chance to remove the authorization from the defective hard disk.
If you lose the authorization, you can revert to using the emergency authorization.
This is also included on the authorization diskette. This emergency license allows
you to continue running the software for a limited period. In this case, the time
remaining before the validity period runs out is displayed on the screen as you
start. You should obtain a replacement for the lost authorization within this period.
For this purpose, contact your local Siemens representative.

Note
The validity period for the emergency license starts at the time you install the
authorization even if you do not then start STEP 7. Even if you write the
authorization back onto the diskette, the emergency license period does not stop
running.

Installing AuthorsW
The "AuthorsW" program required to display, install, and remove authorizations is
enclosed on the CD-ROM which also contains STEP 7 V5.1. You install this
program on your hard disk using a setup program from where you can use it for
authorization operations.

Note
The location of the AuthorsW program is START > SIMATIC > AuthorsW >
AuthorsW

Installing the Authorization during Your First Installation

You should install the authorization when a message prompts you to do so while
installing your STEP 7 software for the first time. Proceed as follows:
1. When prompted, insert the authorization disk in a drive.
2. Acknowledge the prompt.
3. The authorization is transferred to a physical drive.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

2-2 A5E00069873-03
 Installing and Authorization

Adding an Authorization at a Later Date

If you attempt to start the STEP 7 software and there is no authorization available
for the software, a message appears to tell you this. To add the authorization at a
later stage, proceed as follows:
1. Insert the authorization diskette in the floppy disk drive, for example, drive A.
2. Start the program "AUTHORSW.EXE" from the hard disk.
3. Select in one of the two list boxes the drive which contains the authorization, in
the other, select the target drive. All existing authorizations on both drives are
displayed.
4. Select the desired authorization.
5. Click on the button "<--" or "-->". The selected authorization will be transferred
onto the selected drive.
6. Close the dialog box.

Note
The authorization only functions under Windows NT if it has full access to the hard
disk drive "C" and to the destination drive.

Upgrading the Authorization

Use the menu command "Upgrade" to upgrade authorizations. For this function you
will require:
• The authorization diskette for the authorization you want to upgrade,
• The authorization program "AuthorsW on hard disk,
• The new STEP 7 Upgrade on diskette,
• The old authorization on diskette or hard disk.
During the upgrade procedure the old authorizations are deleted and replaced by
new ones. Therefore the authorization diskette should not be write-protected
(read-only) at any time.
1. Insert the new authorization diskette.
2. Start the program "AUTHORSW.EXE" from the hard disk.
3. Select the menu command Authorization > Upgrade. A dialog box appears
where you can select the upgrade program. Then you will be prompted to
insert the authorization diskette with the old authorizations.
4. Insert the required authorization diskette. Then you will be prompted whether
you really want to upgrade. This is the last opportunity for abandoning the
procedure. Once you have confirmed the dialog box, the procedure must not
be interrupted under any circumstances, otherwise the authorization will be
lost.
5. Confirm using the "OK" button. Then you will be prompted to insert the
authorization diskette with the new authorizations.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 2-3
Installing and Authorization

Then all the necessary conditions are checked. When the checks are completed
successfully, the new authorization is activated to terminate the upgrade.
The new authorization is on the drive where the old authorization last was. If
necessary, install the authorization from the diskette to the hard disk.

Restoring the Authorization

If your authorization is defective, contact the Hotline. You may then be able to
restore the authorization with the menu command Authorization > Restore.

Removing an Authorization
If you should need to repeat the authorization, for example, if you want to reformat
the drive on which the authorization is located, you must back up the authorization
first to a Siemens authorization diskette (uninstall it). You can then also back up the
authorizations for the optional packages used on this authorization diskette.
To transfer the authorization back to the authorization diskette, proceed as follows:
1. Insert the authorization diskette in the floppy disk drive, for example, drive A.
2. Start the program "AUTHORSW.EXE" from the hard disk.
3. In one of the two list boxes, select the drive on which the authorization is
located, in the other list box select the target drive. All the authorizations on
both drives are displayed.
4. Select the authorization you require.
Ä Å
5. Click the " " or the " " button. The selected authorization is transferred to the
authorization diskette or the selected drive.
6. Close the dialog box if you do not want to remove any more authorizations.
You can then use the diskette again to install an authorization.
You can also move authorizations between hard discs (network drives).

2.1.3 Guidelines for Handling Authorizations

Caution
! Read the notes in this chapter and in the README.TXT file on the authorization
diskette. If you do not adhere to these guidelines, the authorization may be
irretrievably lost.

When is Uninstalling Required?

Before you format, compress, or restore your hard disk drive or before you install a
new operating system you must remove any existing authorizations.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

2-4 A5E00069873-03
 Installing and Authorization

Backup
If a backup copy of your hard disk contains copies of authorizations, there is a
danger that these copies may overwrite the valid installed authorizations when you
restore your backup data to the hard disk, thereby destroying them.
To prevent a valid authorization being overwritten by a backup copy, you must do
one of the following:
• Remove all authorizations before you make a backup copy.
• Exclude the authorizations from the backup.

Optimizing Your Hard Disk

If you use an optimizing program which offers the possibility of moving fixed blocks
of data, only use this option once you have transferred all authorizations from the
hard disk back to the authorization diskette.

Defective Sectors
When you install an authorization, a special cluster appears on the destination
drive which is sometimes marked as ”defective". Do not try to repair this cluster.
You may destroy the authorization.

Write Protection and Copy Protection

The authorization diskette must not be write-protected.
Files on the authorization diskette can be copied to another drive (for example,
hard disk) and used from there. Authorization using these copied files is not
possible, however; you will require the original authorization diskette for this.

Permitted Drives
The authorization can only be installed on the hard disk. For compressed drives
(for example, DBLSPACE) you can install the authorization on the respective host
drive.
The authorization tool prevents authorizations being installed on illegal drives.

Storage Location
When you install the authorization the authorization files are stored in the protected
directory "AX NF ZZ" with the attributes "System" and "Hidden."
• These attributes must not be changed.
• The files must not be changed or deleted.
• The directory must not be moved. Files copied from the directory
(authorizations) are recognized as faulty and are not therefore valid
authorizations.
The authorization will otherwise be irretrievably lost.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 2-5
Installing and Authorization

The protected directory ’AX NF ZZ’ is created once per local drive and contains all
the authorizations installed on the drive. It is created when the first authorization is
installed and deleted when the last authorization is removed.
For each authorization, two files with the same name and different extensions are
created in the protected directory. These files are given the same name as the
authorization.

Number of Authorizations
You can install as many authorizations on a drive as you wish provided there is
enough free memory space; but only one of each version (for example, only one for
STEP 7 V4.x and one for STEP 7 V5.x). These authorizations do not interfere with
each other.

Defective Authorizations
Defective authorizations on a hard disk drive cannot be removed with the
AuthorsW program. They may even prevent you installing new and valid
authorizations. In this case contact your local Siemens representative.

Authorization Tool
Use the current version of the authorization tool AuthorsW in preference to any
older versions.

Note
As not all older authorizations can be recognized as from V2.0, you should work with an
older AUTHORS version (DOS version) < V3.x in these cases.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

2-6 A5E00069873-03
 Installing and Authorization

2.2 Installing STEP 7

2.2.1 Installing STEP 7

STEP 7 contains a Setup program which executes the installation automatically.

Prompts on the screen guide you step by step through the whole installation
procedure. You call the Setup program using the standard Windows 95/98/NT or
Windows 2000 software installation procedure.
The main stages in the installation are:
• Copying the data to your programming device
• Setting the drivers for EPROMs and communication
• Entering the ID number
• Authorization (if required)

Note
Siemens programming devices (such as the PG 740) are shipped with the STEP 7
software on the hard disk ready for installation.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 2-7
Installing and Authorization

Requirements for Installation

• Operating system:
Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000 or Windows NT.
• Basic hardware:
Programming device or PC with:
- 80486 processor or higher, (Pentium processor for Windows NT) and
- RAM: at least 32 Mbytes, 64 Mbytes recommended.
- Color monitor, keyboard, and mouse which are supported by Microsoft
Windows
A programming device (PG) is a personal computer with a special compact design
suitable for industrial use. It is fully equipped for programming SIMATIC
programmable logic controllers.
• Memory capacity:
Refer to the readme file for the required hard disk space.
• Multipoint interface (optional):
A multipoint interface (MPI) between the programming device or PC and the
programmable logic controller is only required if you want to communicate via
the MPI with the programmable logic controller in STEP 7.

You therefore require:

- Either a PC/MPI cable which is connected to the communications port of
your device, or
- An MPI module which is installed in your device.
Certain programming devices have the multipoint interface already built in.
• External Prommer (optional)
An external prommer is only required if you want to program EPROMs with a
PC.

Note
See also the notes for Installing STEP 7 in the README.WRI file and the "List of
SIMATIC Software Packages That Are Compatible with the Versions of the
STEP 7 Basic Package."
You can find the Readme file in the Start menu under Start > Simatic > Product
Notes.
You can find the compatibility list in the Start menu under Start > Simatic >
Documentation.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

2-8 A5E00069873-03
 Installing and Authorization

2.2.2 Installation Procedure

Preparing for Installation

Before you can start installing the software, Windows 95/98/NT/2000 must be
started.
• You do not require an external data medium if the STEP 7 software was
shipped on the hard disk of your programming device.
• To install STEP 7 from diskette, insert disk 1 in the floppy disk drive of your
programming device or PC.
• To install from CD-ROM, insert the CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive of your PC.

Starting the Installation Program

To install the software, proceed as follows:
1. Insert the disk (disk 1) or the CD-ROM and start the setup by double-clicking
on the file SETUP.EXE.
2. Follow the instructions displayed by the installation program step by step.
The program guides you step by step through the installation process. You can
switch to the next step or the previous step from any position.
During installation, queries are shown in dialog boxes for you to answer and
options are displayed for you to select. Read the following notes so you can reply
to the queries faster and easier.

If a Version of STEP 7 Is Already Installed...

If the installation program finds another version of STEP 7 on the programming
device, it reports this and prompts you to decide how to proceed:
• Abort the installation so that you can uninstall the old STEP 7 version under
Windows and then start the installation again, or
• Continue the installation and overwrite the old version with the new version.
Your software is better organized if you uninstall any older versions before
installing the new version. Overwriting an old version with a new version has the
disadvantage that if you then uninstall, any remaining components of the old
version are not removed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 2-9
Installing and Authorization

Selecting the Installation Options

You have three options open to you to select the scope of the installation:
• Standard configuration: all languages for the user interface, all applications,
and all examples. Refer to the current Product Information for the memory
capacity required for this configuration.
• Minimum configuration: only one language, no examples. Refer to the current
Product Information for the memory capacity required for this configuration.
• User-defined configuration: you can determine the scope of the installation,
selecting which programs, databases, examples, and communication functions
you want to install.

ID Number
You will be prompted during installation for an ID number. Enter this ID number
which you will find on the Software Product Certificate or your authorization
diskette.

Using Authorization
During installation, the program checks to see whether an authorization is installed
on the hard disk. If no authorization is found, a message appears that the software
can be used only with an authorization. If you wish, you can run the authorization
program immediately or continue the installation and execute the authorization at a
later date. In the first case, insert the authorization diskette when you are prompted
to do so.

PG/PC Interface Settings

During installation, a dialog box is displayed where you can assign parameters to
the programming device/PC interface. You will find more information on it in
"Setting the PG/PC Interface."

Assigning Parameters to Memory Cards

During installation, a dialog box is displayed where you can assign parameters to
memory cards.
• If you are not using memory cards, you do not need an EPROM driver. Select
the option ”No EPROM Driver".
• Otherwise, select the entry which applies to your programming device.
• If you are using a PC, you can select a driver for an external prommer. Here
you must specify the port to which the prommer is connected (for example,
LPT1).
You can change the set parameters after installation by calling the program
”Memory Card Parameter Assignment" in the STEP 7 program group or in the
control panel.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

2-10 A5E00069873-03
 Installing and Authorization

Flash-File Systems
In the dialog box for assigning memory card parameters, you can specify whether a
flash-file system should be installed.
The flash-file system is required, for example, when you write individual files to or
delete individual files from an EPROM memory card in SIMATIC M7 without
changing the remaining memory card content.
If you are using a suitable programming device (PG 720/PG 740/PG 760) or
external prommer and you want to use this function, select the installation of the
flash-file system.

If Errors Occur during the Installation

The following errors may cause the installation to fail:
• If an initialization error occurs immediately after starting Setup, the program
was probably not started under Windows.
• Not enough memory: you need to have at least 100 Mbytes of free space on
your hard disk for the standard software, regardless of the scope of your
installation.
• Bad disk or CD-ROM: verify that the disk is bad, then call your local Siemens
representative.
• Operator error: start the installation again and read the instructions carefully.

Completing the Installation

If the installation was successful, a message appears on the screen to tell you this.
If any changes were made to system files during the installation, you are prompted
to restart Windows. When you have done this, you can start the basic STEP 7
application, the SIMATIC Manager.
Once the installation has been completed successfully, a program group is created
for STEP 7.

2.2.3 Setting the PG/PC Interface

With the settings you make here, you set up the communication link between the
programming device/PC and the programmable logic controller. During installation,
a dialog box is displayed where you can assign parameters to the programming
device/PC interface. You can display the dialog box following installation by calling
the program ”Setting PG/PC Interface" in the STEP 7 program group. This enables
you to change the interface parameters independently of the installation.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 2-11
Installing and Authorization

Basic Procedure
To operate an interface, you will require the following:
• Settings in the operating system
• Suitable interface parameters
If you are using a programming device via a multipoint interface (MPI) connection,
no further operating system-specific adaptations are required.
If you are using a PC with an MPI card or communications processors (CP), you
should check the interrupt and address assignments in the Windows "Control
Panel" to ensure that there are no interrupt conflicts and no address areas overlap.
In order to make it easier to assign parameters to the programming device/PC
interface, a set of predefined basic parameters (interface parameters) are
displayed in a dialog box for you to select.

Assigning Parameters to the PG/PC Interface

To set the module parameters, follow the steps outlined below (a more detailed
description can be found in the online help):
1. Double-click on ”Setting PG/PC Interface" in the ”Control Panel."
2. Set the ”Access Point of Application" to ”S7ONLINE."
3. In the list "Interface parameter set used," select the required interface
parameter assignment. If the interface parameters you require are not
displayed, you must install a module or protocol first using the ”Select" button.
The interface parameters are then created automatically.
- If you select an interface which automatically recognizes the bus
parameters (for example, MPI-ISA Card (Auto)), you can connect the
programming device or the PC to MPI or PROFIBUS without having to set
bus parameters. With a transmission rate of less than 187.5 Kbps, there
may be a delay of up to one minute while the bus parameters are read.
Requirement for automatic recognition: Masters which distribute cyclic
bus parameters are connected to the bus. All new MPI components do
this; with PROFIBUS subnets, the cyclic distribution of bus parameters
must be enabled (default PROFIBUS network setting).
- If you select an interface which does not automatically recognize the
bus parameters, you can display the properties and adapt them to match
the subnet.
Changes will be necessary if conflicts with other settings arise (for example, with
interrupt or address assignments). In this case, make the appropriate changes with
the hardware recognition and control panel in Windows (see below).

Caution
! Do not remove the module parameter assignment ”TCP/IP" if it is shown.
This could prevent other applications from functioning correctly.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

2-12 A5E00069873-03
 Installing and Authorization

Checking the Interrupt and Address Assignments

If you use a PC with an MPI card, you should always check whether the default
interrupt and the default address area are free and, if necessary, select a free
interrupt and/or address area.
Windows 95/98
You can display the current assignments under Windows 95/98 as follows:
1. Open the ”System" dialog box in the ”Control Panel" and select the ”Device
Manager" tab.
2. Select the entry ”Computer" in the list displayed and click the ”Properties"
button.
3. In another dialog box you can display the list of occupied interrupts (IRQ) or
the list of occupied address areas (I/O) by selecting the corresponding option
button.
Windows NT
Under Windows NT you can:
• Display the resource settings under Start > Programs > Administrative
Tools (Common) > Windows NT/2000 Diagnostics > Resources.
• Change the resources under PG/PC Interface > Install > Resources.
Windows 2000
Under Windows 2000 you can:
• Display the resource settings under Control Panel > Administrative Tools >
Computer Management > System Tools > System Information > Hardware
Resources.

Differences between Windows 9x and Windows NT/2000

You have to assign interrupts, address areas, and other resources under Windows
NT/2000 in a specific dialog box (refer to the online help for a detailed description).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 2-13
Installing and Authorization

2.3 Uninstalling STEP 7

2.3.1 Uninstalling STEP 7

Use the usual Windows procedure to uninstall STEP 7:

1. Start the dialog box for installing software under Windows by double-clicking
on the ”Add/Remove Programs" icon in the ”Control Panel."
2. Select the STEP 7 entry in the displayed list of installed software. Click the
button to ”Add/Remove" the software.
3. If the dialog boxes ”Remove Enabled File" appear, click the ”No" button if you
are in doubt as to how to respond.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

2-14 A5E00069873-03
3 Working Out the Automation Concept

3.1 Basic Procedure for Planning an Automation Project

This chapter outlines the basic tasks involved in planning an automation project for
a programmable controller (PLC). Based on an example of automating an industrial
blending process, you are guided step by step through the procedure.
There are many ways of planning an automation project. The basic procedure that
you can use for any project is illustrated in the following figure.

Divide the process into tasks.

Describe the individual areas.

Define the safety requirements.

Describe the required operator displays and controls.

Create configuration diagrams of your programmable controller.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 3-1
Working Out the Automation Concept

3.2 Dividing the Process into Tasks and Areas

An automation process consists of a number of individual tasks. By identifying
groups of related tasks within a process and then breaking these groups down into
smaller tasks, even the most complex process can be defined.
The following example of an industrial blending process can be used to illustrate
how to organize a process into functional areas and individual tasks:

Example: Industrial Blending Process

M M

Agitator motor
Inlet Feed Feed Flow
M
valve pump valve sensor
Switch for tank level
Ingredient A
measurement

M M

Inlet Feed Feed

valve pump valve
M
Ingredient B Drain solenoid
valve

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

3-2 A5E00069873-03
 Working Out the Automation Concept

Determining the Areas of a Process

After defining the process to be controlled, divide the project into related groups or
areas:

Area: ingredient A
M M
Area: mixing tank

Agitator motor
Inlet Feed Feed Flow
valve pump valve sensor M

Switch for tank

level measuring

Area: ingredient B

M M

Inlet Feed Feed

valve pump valve Area: drain

Drain valve

As each group is divided into smaller tasks, the tasks required for controlling that
part of the process become less complicated.
In our example of an industrial blending process you can identify four distinct areas
(see table below). In this example, the area for ingredient A contains the same
equipment as the area for ingredient B.

Functional Area Equipment Used

Ingredient A Feed pump for ingredient A
Inlet valve for ingredient A
Feed valve for ingredient A
Flow sensor for ingredient A
Ingredient B Feed pump for ingredient B
Inlet valve for ingredient B
Feed valve for ingredient B
Flow sensor for ingredient B
Mixing tank Agitator motor
Switch for tank level measurement
Drain Drain valve

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 3-3
Working Out the Automation Concept

3.3 Describing the Individual Functional Areas

As you describe each area and task within your process, you define not only the
operation of each area, but also the various elements that control the area. These
include:
• Electrical, mechanical, and logical inputs and outputs for each task
• Interlocks and dependencies between the individual tasks
The sample industrial blending process uses pumps, motors, and valves. These
must be described precisely to identify the operating characteristics and type of
interlocks required during operation. The following tables provide examples of the
description of the equipment used in an industrial blending process. When you
have completed description, you could also use it to order the required equipment.

Ingredients A/B: Feed Pump Motors

The feed pump motors convey ingredients A and B to the mixing tank.
- Flow rate: 400 l (100 gallons) per minute
- Rating: 100 kW (134 hp) at 1200 rpm
The pumps are controlled (start/stop) from an operator station located near the mixing
tank. The number of starts is counted for maintenance purposes. Both the counters and
the display can be reset with one button.
The following conditions must be satisfied for the pumps to operate:
- The mixing tank is not full.
- The drain valve of the mixing tank is closed.
- The emergency off is not activated.
The pumps are switched off if the following condition is satisfied:
- The flow sensor signals no flow 7 seconds after the pump motor is started.
- The flow sensor signals that the flow has ceased.

Ingredients A/B: Inlet and Feed Valves

The inlet and feed valves for ingredients A and B allow or prevent the flow of the
ingredients into the mixing tank. The valves have a solenoid with a spring return.
- When the solenoid is activated, the valve is opened.
- When the solenoid is deactivated, the valve is closed.
The inlet and feed valves are controlled by the user program.
For the valves to be activated, the following condition must be satisfied:
- The feed pump motor has been running for at least 1 second.
The pumps are switched off if the following condition is satisfied:
- The flow sensor signals no flow.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

3-4 A5E00069873-03
 Working Out the Automation Concept

Agitator Motor
The agitator motor mixes ingredient A with ingredient B in the mixing tank.
- Rating: 100 kW (134 hp) at 1200 rpm
The agitator motor is controlled (start/stop) from an operator station located near the
mixing tank. The number of starts is counted for maintenance purposes. Both the counters
and the display can be reset with one button.
The following conditions must be satisfied for the pumps to operate:
- The tank level sensor is not signaling "Tank below minimum."
- The drain valve of the mixing tank is closed.
- The emergency off is not activated.
The pumps are switched off if the following condition is satisfied:
- The tachometer does not indicate that the rated speed has been reached within 10
seconds of starting the motor.

Drain Valve
The drain valve allows the mixture to drain (using gravity feed) to the next stage in the
process. The valve has a solenoid with a spring return.
- If the solenoid is activated, the outlet valve is opened.
- If the solenoid is deactivated, the outlet valve is closed.
The outlet valve is controlled (open/close) from an operator station.
The drain valve can be opened under the following conditions:
- The agitator motor is off.
- The tank level sensor is not signaling ”Tank empty."
- The emergency off is not activated.
The pumps are switched off if the following condition is satisfied:
- The tank level sensor is indicating "Tank empty."

Switches for Tank Level Measurement

The switches in the mixing tank indicate the level in the tank and are used to interlock the
feed pumps and the agitator motor.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 3-5
Working Out the Automation Concept

3.4 Listing Inputs, Outputs, and In/Outs

After writing a physical description of each device to be controlled, draw diagrams
of the inputs and outputs for each device or task area.

Input/Output Diagram

Input 1 Output 1

Input n
Output n
In/out 1 Device

In/out n

These diagrams correspond to the logic blocks to be programmed.

3.5 Creating an I/O Diagram for the Motors

Two feed pumps and one agitator are used in our example of an industrial blending
process. Each motor is controlled by its own "motor block" that is the same for all
three devices. This block requires six inputs: two to start or stop the motor, one to
reset the maintenance display, one for the motor response signal (motor running /
not running), one for the time during which the response signal must be received,
and one for the number of the timer used to measure the time.
The logic block also requires four outputs: two to indicate the operating state of the
motor, one to indicate faults, and one to indicate that the motor is due for
maintenance.
An in/out is also necessary to activate the motor. It is used to control the motor but
at the same time is also edited and modified in the program for the "motor block."

I/O Diagram of the "Motor Block"

Start Fault
Stop Start_Dsp
Response Stop_Dsp
Reset_Maint Maint
Motor
Timer_No
Response_Time

Motor

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

3-6 A5E00069873-03
 Working Out the Automation Concept

3.6 Creating an I/O Diagram for the Valves

Each valve is controlled by its own "valve block" that is the same for all valves
used. The logic block has two inputs: one to open the valve and one to close the
valve. It also has two outputs: one to indicate that the valve is open and the other
to indicate that it is closed.
The block has an in/out to activate the valve. It is used to control the valve but at
the same time is also edited and modified in the program for the "valve block."

I/O Diagram of the Valve Block

Open Dsp_Open
Close Dsp_Closed

Valve

Valve

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 3-7
Working Out the Automation Concept

3.7 Establishing the Safety Requirements

Decide which additional elements are needed to ensure the safety of the process -
based on legal requirements and corporate health and safety policy. In your
description, you should also include any influences that the safety elements have
on your process areas.

Defining Safety Requirements

Find out which devices require hardwired circuits to meet safety requirements. By
definition, these safety circuits operate independently of the programmable
controller (although the safety circuit generally provides an I/O interface to allow
coordination with the user program). Normally, you configure a matrix to connect
every actuator with its own emergency off range. This matrix is the basis for the
circuit diagrams of the safety circuits.
To design safety mechanisms, proceed as follows:
• Determine the logical and mechanical/electrical interlocks between the
individual automation tasks.
• Design circuits to allow the devices belonging to the process to be operated
manually in an emergency.
• Establish any further safety requirements for safe operation of the process.

Creating a Safety Circuit

The sample industrial blending process uses the following logic for its safety circuit:
• One emergency off switch shuts down the following devices independent of the
programmable controller (PLC):
- Feed pump for ingredient A
- Feed pump for ingredient B
- Agitator motor
- Valves
• The emergency off switch is located on the operator station.
• An input to the controller indicates the state of the emergency off switch.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

3-8 A5E00069873-03
 Working Out the Automation Concept

3.8 Describing the Required Operator Displays and Controls

Every process requires an operator interface that allows human intervention in the
process. Part of the design specification includes the design of the operator
console.

Defining an Operator Console

In the industrial blending process described in our example, each device can be
started or stopped by a pushbutton located on the operator console. This operator
console includes indicators to show the status of the operation (see figure below).

Ingr. A Ingr. B Start Open

start start agitator Tank drain
full

Ingr. A Ingr. B Stop Close

stop stop agitator Tank drain
below min.

Reset
maintenance display

Maint. Maint. Maint. Tank

pump A pump B agitator empty

EMERGENCY STOP

The console also includes display lamps for the devices that require maintenance
after a certain number of starts and the emergency off switch with which the
process can be stopped immediately. The console also has a reset button for the
maintenance display of the three motors. Using this, you can turn off the
maintenance display lamps for the motors due for maintenance and reset the
corresponding counters to 0.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 3-9
Working Out the Automation Concept

3.9 Creating a Configuration Diagram

After you have documented the design requirements, you must then decide on the
type of control equipment required for the project.
By deciding which modules you want to use, you also specify the structure of the
programmable controller. Create a configuration diagram specifying the following
aspects:
• Type of CPU
• Number and type of I/O modules
• Configuration of the physical inputs and outputs
The following figure illustrates an example of an S7 configuration for the industrial
blending process.

Digital Digital Digital

input output output
module module module

I 0.0 Q 4.0 Q 8.0

S7-300 CPU to to to
I 1.7 Q 5.7 Q 9.7

EMER
STOP
circuit
Operator
station

Industrial blending process

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

3-10 A5E00069873-03
4 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

4.1 Programs in a CPU

In a CPU, two different programs are always executing:
• The operating system
• The user program.

Operating System
Every CPU has an operating system that organizes all the functions and
sequences of the CPU that are not associated with a specific control task. The
tasks of the operating system include the following:
• Handling a warm restart and hot restart
• Updating the process image table of the inputs and outputting the process
image table of the outputs
• Calling the user program
• Detecting interrupts and calling the interrupt OBs
• Detecting and dealing with errors
• Managing the memory areas
• Communicating with programming devices and other communications partners
If you change operating system parameters (the operating system default settings),
you can influence the activities of the CPU in certain areas.

User Program
You yourself must create the user program and download it to the CPU. This
contains all the functions required to process your specific automation task. The
tasks of the user program include the following:
• Specifying the conditions for a warm restart and hot restart on the CPU (for
example, initializing signals with a particular value)
• Processing process data (for example, logically combining binary signals,
reading in and evaluating analog signals, specifying binary signals for output,
outputting analog values)
• Specifying the reaction to interrupts
• Handling disturbances in the normal running of the program

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-1
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

4.2 Blocks in the User Program

4.2.1 Blocks in the User Program

The STEP 7 programming software allows you to structure your user program, in
other words to break down the program into individual, self-contained program
sections. This has the following advantages:
• Extensive programs are easier to understand.
• Individual program sections can be standardized.
• Program organization is simplified.
• It is easier to make modifications to the program.
• Debugging is simplified since you can test separate sections.
• Commissioning your system is made much easier.
The example of an industrial blending process illustrated the advantages of
breaking down an automation process into individual tasks. The program sections
of a structured user program correspond to these individual tasks and are known
as the blocks of a program.

Block Types
There are several different types of blocks you can use within an S7 user program:

Block Brief Description of Function See Also

Organization blocks (OB) OBs determine the structure of the user Organization Blocks and
program. Program Structure
System function blocks (SFB) SFBs and SFCs are integrated in the S7 CPU System Function Blocks
and system functions (SFC) and allow you access to some important (SFB) and System
system functions. Functions (SFC)
Function blocks (FB) FBs are blocks with a "memory" which you Function Blocks (FB)
can program yourself.
Functions (FC) FCs contain program routines for frequently Functions (FC)
used functions.
Instance data blocks Instance DBs are associated with the block Instance Data Blocks
(instance DB) when an FB/SFB is called. They are created
automatically during compilation.
Data blocks (DB) DBs are data areas for storing user data. In Shared Data Blocks (DB)
addition to the data that are assigned to a
function block, shared data can also be
defined and used by any blocks.

OBs, FBs, SFBs, FCs, and SFCs contain sections of the program and are therefore
also known as logic blocks. The permitted number of blocks per block type and the
permitted length of the blocks is CPU-specific.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-2 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

4.2.2 Organization Blocks and Program Structure

Organization blocks (OBs) are the interface between the operating system and the
user program. They are called by the operating system and control cyclic and
interrupt-driven program execution and how the programmable logic controller
starts up. They also handle the response to errors. By programming the
organization blocks you specify the reaction of the CPU.

Organization Block Priority

Organization blocks determine the order in which the individual program sections
are executed. The execution of an OB can be interrupted by calling a different OB.
Which OB is allowed to interrupt another OB depends on its priority. Higher priority
OBs can interrupt lower priority OBs. The background OB has the lowest priority.

Types of Interrupt and Priority Classes

The events that lead to an OB being called are known as interrupts. The following
table shows the types of interrupt in STEP 7 and the priority of the organization
blocks assigned to them. Not all listed organization blocks and their priority classes
are available in all S7 CPUs (see "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and
Installation Manual" and "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers Module
Specifications Reference Manual").

Type of Interrupt Organization Priority Class See also

Block (Default)
Main program scan OB1 1 Organization Block
for Cyclic Program
Processing (OB1)
Time-of-day interrupts OB10 to OB17 2 Time-of-Day Interrupt
Organization Blocks
(OB10 to OB17)
Time-delay interrupts OB20 3 Time-Delay Interrupt
OB21 4 Organization Blocks
OB22 5 (OB20 to OB23)
OB23 6
Cyclic interrupts OB30 7 Cyclic Interrupt
OB31 8 Organization Blocks
OB32 9 (OB30 to OB38)
OB33 10
OB34 11
OB35 12
OB36 13
OB37 14
OB38 15

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-3
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Type of Interrupt Organization Priority Class See also

Block (Default)
Hardware interrupts OB40 16 Hardware Interrupt
OB41 17 Organization Blocks
OB42 18 (OB40 to OB47)
OB43 19
OB44 20
OB45 21
OB46 22
OB47 23
Multicomputing interrupt OB60 25 Multicomputing -
Multicomputing Synchronous
Operation of Several
CPUs
Redundancy errors OB70 I/O 25 "Error Handling
Redundancy 28 Organization Blocks
Error (only in (OB70 to OB87 /
H systems) OB121 to OB122)"
OB72 CPU
Redundancy
Error (only in H
systems)
Communicatio
n Redundancy
Error OB73
Asynchronous errors OB80 Time 26 Error Handling
Error (or 28 if the Organization Blocks
OB81 Power asynchronous (OB70 to OB87 /
Supply Error error OB OB121 to OB122)
OB82 exists in the
Diagnostic startup
Interrupt program)
OB83
Insert/Remove
Module
Interrupt
OB84 CPU
Hardware Fault
OB85 Priority
Class Error
OB86 Rack
Failure
OB87
Communicatio
n Error
1)
Background cycle OB90 29 Background
Organization Block
(OB90)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-4 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Type of Interrupt Organization Priority Class See also

Block (Default)
Startup OB100 Warm 27 Startup Organization
Restart 27 Blocks
OB101 Hot 27 (OB100/OB101/OB10
Restart 2)
OB102 Cold
Restart
Synchronous errors OB121 Priority of the Error Handling
Programming OB that Organization Blocks
Error caused the (OB70 to OB87 /
OB122 Access error OB121 to OB122)
Error
1) The priority class 29 corresponds to priority 0.29. The background cycle has a lower priority than
the free cycle.

Changing the Priority

Interrupts can be assigned parameters with STEP 7. With the parameter
assignment you can for example, deselect interrupt OBs or priority classes in the
parameter blocks: time-of-day interrupts, time-delay interrupts, cyclic interrupts,
and hardware interrupts.
The priority of organization blocks on S7-300 CPUs is fixed.
With S7-400 CPUs (and the CPU 318) you can change the priority of the following
organization blocks with STEP 7:
• OB10 to OB47
• OB70 to OB72 (only H CPUs) and OB81 to OB87 in RUN mode.
The following priority classes are permitted:
• Priority classes 2 to 23 for OB10 to OB47
• Priority classes 2 to 28 for OB70 to OB72
• Priority classes 24 to 26 for OB81 to OB87
You can assign the same priority to several OBs. OBs with the same priority are
processed in the order in which their start events occur.
Error OBs started by synchronous errors are executed in the same priority class as
the block being executed when the error occurred.

Local Data
When creating logic blocks (OBs, FCs, FBs), you can declare temporary local data.
The local data area on the CPU is divided among the priority classes.
On S7-400, you can change the amount of local data per priority class in the
”priority classes" parameter block using STEP 7.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-5
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Start Information of an OB
Every organization block has start information of 20 bytes of local data that the
operating system supplies when an OB is started. The start information specifies
the start event of the OB, the date and time of the OB start, errors that have
occurred, and diagnostic events.
For example, OB40, a hardware interrupt OB, contains the address of the module
that generated the interrupt in its start information.

Deselected Interrupt OBs

If you assign priority class 0 or assign less than 20 bytes of local data to a priority
class, the corresponding interrupt OB is deselected. The handling of deselected
interrupt OBs is restricted as follows:
• In RUN mode, they cannot be copied or linked into your user program.
• In STOP mode, they can be copied or linked into your user program, but when
the CPU goes through a warm restart they stop the startup and an entry is
made in the diagnostic buffer.
By deselecting interrupt OBs that you do not require, you increase the amount of
local data area available, and this can be used to save temporary data in other
priority classes.

Cyclic Program Processing

Cyclic program processing is the ”normal" type of program execution on
programmable logic controllers, meaning the operating system runs in a program
loop (the cycle) and calls the organization block OB1 once in every loop in the main
program. The user program in OB1 is therefore executed cyclically.

Operating system User program

Power on

Cycle Main
program

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-6 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Event-Driven Program Processing

Cyclic program processing can be interrupted by certain events (interrupts). If such
an event occurs, the block currently being executed is interrupted at a command
boundary and a different organization block that is assigned to the particular event
is called. Once the organization block has been executed, the cyclic program is
resumed at the point at which it was interrupted.

Operating system User program

Power on
Startup
program

Main
program
Cycle mm
Inter- Interrupt
<Interrupt> ruption program

Inter- Error
<Error> ruption handling

This means it is possible to process parts of the user program that do not have to
be processed cyclically only when needed. The user program can be divided up
into ”subroutines" and distributed among different organization blocks. If the user
program is to react to an important signal that occurs relatively seldom (for
example, a limit value sensor for measuring the level in a tank reports that the
maximum level has been reached), the subroutine that is to be processed when the
signal is output can be located in an OB whose processing is event-driven.

Linear Versus Structured Programming

You can write your entire user program in OB1 (linear programming). This is only
advisable with simple programs written for the S7-300 CPU and requiring little
memory.
Complex automation tasks can be controlled more easily by dividing them into
smaller tasks reflecting the technological functions of the process or that can be
used more than once. These tasks are represented by corresponding program
sections, known as the blocks (structured programming).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-7
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Linear programming Structured programming

Main program Main program

= OB 1

OB 1
FB 1

FC 1

4.2.3 Call Hierarchy in the User Program

For the user program to function, the blocks that make up the user program must
be called. This is done using special STEP 7 instructions, the block calls, that can
only be programmed and started in logic blocks.

Order and Nesting Depth

The order and nesting of the block calls is known as the call hierarchy. The number
of blocks that can be nested (the nesting depth) depends on the particular CPU.
The following figure illustrates the order and nesting depth of the block calls within
a scan cycle.

Start of Nesting depth

cycle

OB 1 FB 1 FC 1
Operating system

Instance DB 1

FB 2 FB 1 SFC 1

Instance DB 2 Instance DB 1

DB 1
FC 1

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-8 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

There is a set order for creating blocks:

• You create the blocks from top to bottom, so you start with the top row of
blocks.
• Every block that is called must already exist, meaning that within a row of
blocks the order for creating them is from right to left.
• The last block to be created is OB1.
Putting these rules into practice for the example in the figure produces the following
sequence for creating the blocks:
FC1 > FB1 + instance DB1 > DB1 > SFC1 > FB2 + instance DB2 > OB1

Note
If the nesting is too deep (too many levels), the local data stack may overflow
(Also refer to Local Data Stack).

Block Calls
The following figure shows the sequence of a block call within a user program. The
program calls the second block whose instructions are then executed completely.
Once the second or called block has been executed, execution of the interrupted
block that made the call is resumed at the instruction following the block call.

Calling block Called block

(OB, FB, FC) (FB, FC, SFB or SFC)

Program
execution
Program
execution
Instruction that calls
another block

Block end

Before you program a block, you must specify which data will be used by your
program, in other words, you must declare the variables of the block.

Note
OUT parameters must be described for each block call.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-9
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Note
The operating system resets the instances of SFB3 "TP" when a cold restart is
performed. If you want to initialize instances of this SFB after a cold restart, you
must call up the relevant instances of the SFB with PT = 0 ms via OB100. You can
do this, for example, by performing an initialization routine in the blocks which
contain instances of the SFB.

4.2.4 Block Types and Cyclic Program Processing

4.2.4.1 Organization Block for Cyclic Program Processing (OB1)

Cyclic program processing is the ”normal" type of program execution on
programmable logic controllers. The operating system calls OB1 cyclically and with
this call it starts cyclic execution of the user program.

Sequence of Cyclic Program Processing

The following table shows the phases of cyclic program processing:

Step Sequence in Existing CPUs Sequence in New CPUs (from 10/98)

1 The operating system starts the cycle The operating system starts the cycle
monitoring time. monitoring time.
2 The CPU reads the state of the inputs of The CPU writes the values from the
the input modules and updates the process image table of the outputs to the
process image table of the inputs. output modules.
3 The CPU processes the user program The CPU reads the state of the inputs of
and executes the instructions contained the input modules and updates the
in the program. process image table of the inputs.
4 The CPU writes the values from the The CPU processes the user program
process image table of the outputs to the and executes the instructions contained
output modules. in the program.
5 At the end of a cycle, the operating At the end of a cycle, the operating
system executes any tasks that are system executes any tasks that are
pending, for example downloading and pending, for example downloading and
deleting blocks, receiving and sending deleting blocks, receiving and sending
global data. global data.
6 Finally, the CPU returns to the start of Finally, the CPU returns to the start of
the cycle and restarts the cycle the cycle and restarts the cycle
monitoring time. monitoring time.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-10 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Process Images
So that the CPU has a consistent image of the process signals during cyclic
program processing, the CPU does not address the input (I) and output (Q)
address areas directly on the I/O modules but rather accesses an internal memory
area of the CPU that contains an image of the inputs and outputs.

Programming Cyclic Program Processing

You program cyclic program processing by writing your user program in OB1 and
in the blocks called within OB1 using STEP 7.
Cyclic program processing begins as soon as the startup program is completed
without errors.

Interrupts
Cyclic program processing can be interrupted by the following:
• An interrupt
• A STOP command (mode selector, menu option on the programming device,
SFC46 STP, SFB20 STOP)
• A power outage
• The occurrence of a fault or program error

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-11
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Scan Cycle Time

The scan cycle time is the time required by the operating system to run the cyclic
program and all the program sections that interrupt the cycle (for example,
executing other organization blocks) and system activities (for example, updating
the process image). This time is monitored.
The scan cycle time (TC) is not the same in every cycle. The following figures show
different scan cycle times (TC1 ≠ TC2) for existing and new CPUs:

Different Scan Cycle Times for Existing CPUs

Current cycle Next cycle Next cycle

TC1 TC2

OB10

Updates process Updates process Updates process Updates process Updates process
image input table OB1 OB1 image output image input table OB1 image output image input OB1
table table table

Different Scan Cycle Times for New CPUs (10/98)

Current cycle Next cycle Next cycle

TC1 TC2

OB10

Updates process Updates process Updates process Updates process Updates process Upda
image output image input table OB1 OB1 image output image input table OB1 image output proc
table table table outp

In the current cycle, OB1 is interrupted by a time-of-day interrupt.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-12 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Maximum Cycle Time

With STEP 7, you can modify the default maximum cycle time. If this time expires,
the CPU either changes to STOP mode or OB80 is called in which you can specify
how the CPU should react to this error.

Minimum Cycle Time

With STEP 7, you can set a minimum cycle time for S7-400 CPUs and the CPU
318. This is useful in the following situations:
• When the interval at which program execution starts in OB1 (main program
scan) should always be the same or
• When the process image tables would be updated unnecessarily often if the
cycle time is too short.
The following figures show the function of the cycle monitoring time in program
processing in the existing and new CPUs.

Cycle Monitoring Time for Existing CPUs

Current cycle Next cycle

T max
Reserve
T min

TC Twait

PC16 OB40

PC07 OB10 OB10

Updating of the Updating of the Updating of the

process image OB1 OB1 process image process image OB1
PC01 input table output table input table

PC29 OB90 OB90 OB90

Tmax = Maximum cycle time that can be set

Tmin = Minimum cycle time that can be set
Tc = Actual scan cycle time
Twait = Difference between T min and actual scan cycle time. In this time, occurred interrupts and
the background OB can be processed
PC = Priority class

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-13
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Cycle Monitoring Time for New CPUs (10/98)

Current cycle Next cycle

Tmax
Reserve
Tmin

TC Twart

PC16 OB40

PC07 OB10 OB10

Updating of the Updating of the Updating of the Upd

process image process image OB1 OB1 process image proc
PC01 output table input table output table outp

PC29 OB90 OB90 OB90

Tmax = Maximum cycle time that can be set

Tmin = Minimum cycle time that can be set
Tc = Actual scan cycle time
Twart = Difference between Tmin and actual cycle time. In this time, occurred interrupts and
and the background OB can be processed
PC = Priority class

Updating the Process Image

During cyclic program processing by the CPU, the process image is updated
automatically. With the S7-400 CPUs and the CPU 318 you can deselect the
update of the process image if you want to:
• Access the I/O directly instead or
• Update one or more process image input or output sections at a different point
in the program using system functions SFC26 UPDAT_PI and SFC27
UPDAT_PO.

Communication Load
You can use the CPU parameter "Scan Cycle Load from Communication" to
control within a given framework the duration of communication processes that
always increase the scan cycle time. Examples of communication processes
include transmitting data to another CPU by means of MPI or loading blocks by
means of a programming device.
Test functions with a programming device are barely influenced by this parameter.
However, you can increase the scan cycle time considerably. In the process mode,
you can limit the time set for test functions (S7-300 only).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-14 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

How the Parameter works

The operating system of the CPU constantly provides the communication with the
configured percent of the entire CPU processing capacity (time slice technique). If
this processing capacity is not needed for the communication, it is available to the
rest of the processing.

Effect on the Actual Scan Cycle Time

Without additional asynchronous events, the OB1 scan cycle time is extended by a
factor that can be calculated according to the following formula:
100
100 - "Scan cycle load from communication (%)"

Example 1 (no additional asynchronous events):

When you set the load added to the cycle by communication to 50%, the OB1 scan
cycle time can be doubled.

At the same time, the OB1 scan cycle time is also influenced by asynchronous
events (such as hardware interrupts or cyclic interrupts). From a statistical point of
view, even more asynchronous events occur within an OB1 scan cycle because of
the extension of the scan cycle time by the communication portion. This causes an
additional increase in the OB1 scan cycle. This increase depends on how many
events occur per OB1 scan cycle and on the duration of event processing.
Example 2 (additional asynchronous events considered):
For a pure OB1 execution time of 500 ms, a communication load of 50% can result
in an actual scan cycle time of up to 1000 ms (provided that the CPU always has
enough communication jobs to process). If, parallel to this, a cyclic interrupt with 20
ms processing time is executed every 100 ms, this cyclic interrupt would extend the
scan cycle by a total of 5*20 ms = 100 ms without communication load. That is, the
actual scan cycle time would be 600 ms. Because a cyclic interrupt also interrupts
communication, it affects the scan cycle time by 10 * 20 ms with 50%
communication load. That is, in this case, the actual scan cycle time amounts to
1200 ms instead of 1000 ms.

Notes
• Check the effects of changing the value of the "Scan Cycle Load from
Communication" parameter while the system is running.
• The communication load must be taken into account when setting the minimum
scan cycle time; otherwise time errors will occur.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-15
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Recommendations
• Where possible, apply the default value.
• Increase this value only if you are using the CPU primarily for communication
purposes and your user program is not time critical.
• In all other cases, only reduce the value.
• Set the process mode (S7-300 only), and limit the time needed there for test
functions.

4.2.4.2 Functions (FC)

Functions (FCs) belong to the blocks that you program yourself. A function is a
logic block ”without memory." Temporary variables belonging to the FC are saved
in the local data stack. This data is then lost when the FC has been executed. To
save data permanently, functions can also use shared data blocks.
Since an FC does not have any memory of its own, you must always specify actual
parameters for it. You cannot assign initial values for the local data of an FC.

Application
An FC contains a program section that is always executed when the FC is called
by a different logic block. You can use functions for the following purposes:
• To return a function value to the calling block (example: math functions)
• To execute a technological function (example: single control function with a bit
logic operation).

Assigning Actual Parameters to the Formal Parameters

A formal parameter is a dummy for the "actual" parameter. Actual parameters
replace the formal parameters when the function is called. You must always assign
actual parameters to the formal parameters of an FC (for example, an actual
parameter "I 3.6" to the formal parameter "Start"). The input, output and in/out
parameters used by the FC are saved as pointers to the actual parameters of the
logic block that called the FC.

4.2.4.3 Function Blocks (FB)

Function blocks (FBs) belong to the blocks that you program yourself. A function
block is a block ”with memory." It is assigned a data block as its memory (instance
data block). The parameters that are transferred to the FB and the static variables
are saved in the instance DB. Temporary variables are saved in the local data
stack.
Data saved in the instance DB are not lost when execution of the FB is complete.
Data saved in the local data stack are, however, lost when execution of the FB is
completed.

Note
To avoid errors when working with FBs, read Permitted Data Types when
Transferring Parameters in the Appendix.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-16 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Application
An FB contains a program that is always executed when the FB is called by a
different logic block. Function blocks make it much easier to program frequently
occurring, complex functions.

Function Blocks and Instance Data Blocks

An instance data block is assigned to every function block call that transfers
parameters.
By calling more than one instance of an FB, you can control more than one device
with one FB. An FB for a motor type, can, for example, control various motors by
using a different set of instance data for each different motor. The data for each
motor (for example, speed, ramping, accumulated operating time etc.) can be
saved in one or more instance DBs.
The following figure shows the formal parameters of an FB that uses the actual
parameters saved in the instance DB.

Formal parameter Actual parameter

Start INT IN Integer (16 bits): start

Speed INT IN
History DT IN_OUT Integer (16 bits): speed
Run_time TIME IN_OUT
Date and time (48 bits):
pointer to the address of the history

Time (32 bits): run time

FB20:Motor DB202:Motor_2

Variables of the Data Type FB

If your user program is structured so that an FB contains calls for further already
existing function blocks, you can include the FBs to be called as static variables of
the data type FB in the variable declaration table of the calling FB. This technique
allows you to nest variables and concentrate the instance data in one instance data
block (multiple instance).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-17
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Assigning Actual Parameters to the Formal Parameters

It is not generally necessary in STEP 7 to assign actual parameters to the formal
parameters of an FB. There are, however, exceptions to this. Actual parameters
must be assigned in the following situations:
• For an in/out parameter of a complex data type (for example, STRING, ARRAY
or DATE_AND_TIME)
• For all parameter types (for example TIMER, COUNTER, or POINTER)
STEP 7 assigns the actual parameters to the formal parameters of an FB as
follows:
• When you specify actual parameters in the call statement: the instructions of
the FB use the actual parameters provided.
• When you do not specify actual parameters in the call statement: the
instructions of the FB use the value saved in the instance DB.
The following table shows which variables of the FB must be assigned actual
parameters.

Variable Data Type

Elementary Data Complex Data Type Parameter Type

Type
Input No parameter required No parameter required Actual parameter required
Output No parameter required No parameter required Actual parameter required
In/out No parameter required Actual parameter −
required

Assigning Initial Values to Formal Parameters

You can assign initial values to the formal parameters in the declaration section of
the FB. These values are written into the instance DB associated with the FB.
If you do not assign actual parameters to the formal parameters in the call
statement, STEP 7 uses the values saved in the instance DB. These values can
also be the initial values that were entered in the variable declaration table of an
FB.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-18 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

The following table shows which variables can be assigned an initial value. Since
the temporary data are lost after the block has been executed, you cannot assign
any values to them.

Variable Data Type

Element. Data Type Complex Data Type Parameter Type
Input Initial value permitted Initial value permitted −
Output Initial value permitted Initial value permitted −
In/out Initial value permitted − −
Static Initial value permitted Initial value permitted −
Temporary − − −

4.2.4.4 Instance Data Blocks

An instance data block is assigned to every function block call that transfers
parameters. The actual parameters and the static data of the FB are saved in the
instance DB. The variables declared in the FB determine the structure of the
instance data block. Instance means a function block call. If, for example, a
function block is called five times in the S7 user program, there are five instances
of this block.

Creating an Instance DB
Before you create an instance data block, the corresponding FB must already exist.
You specify the number of the FB when you create the instance data block.

One Instance DB for Each Separate Instance

If you assign several instance data blocks to a function block (FB) that controls a
motor, you can use this FB to control different motors.
The data for each specific motor (for example, speed, run-up time, total operating
time) are saved in different data blocks. The DB associated with the FB when it is
called determines which motor is controlled. With this technique, only one function
block is necessary for several motors (see the following figure).

Call FB22,DB201 uses

DB201:Motor_1 data for motor 1

FB22:Motors Call FB22,DB202 uses

DB202:Motor_2
data for motor 2

Call FB22,DB203 uses

DB203:Motor_3
data for motor 3

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-19
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

One Instance DB for Several Instances of an FB (Multiple Instances)

You can also transfer the instance data for several motors at the same time in one
instance DB. To do this, you must program the calls for the motor controllers in a
further FB and declare static variables with the data type FB for the individual
instances in the declaration section of the calling FB.
If you use one instance DB for several instances of an FB, you save memory and
optimize the use of data blocks.
In the following figure, the calling FB is FB21 ”Motor processing," the variables are
of data type FB22, and the instances are identified by Motor_1, Motor_2, and
Motor_3.

DB100 Call FB 21 from a logic block:

FB21:Motor processing
CALL FB21,DB100
Data for Motor_1 transfers data for Motor_1,
Variable declaration: Motor_2, Motor_3
stat, Motor_1, FB 22 Call FB 22 from FB 21:
stat, Motor_2, FB 22 Data for Motor_2
stat, Motor_3, FB 22 CALL Motor_1
Data for Motor_3 CALL Motor_2
CALL Motor_3

FB22:Motors

In this example, FB22 does not need its own instance data block, since its instance
data are saved in the instance data block of the calling FB.

One Instance DB for Several Instances of Different FBs (Multiple Instances)

In a function block you can call the instances of other existing FBs. You can assign
the instance data required for this to the instance data block of the calling FB,
meaning you do not need any additional data blocks for the called FBs in this case.
For these multiple instances in one instance data block, you must declare static
variables with the data type of the called function block for each individual instance
in the declaration section of the calling function block. The call within the function
block does not then require an instance data block, only the symbolic name of the
variable.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-20 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

In the example in this figure, the assigned instance data are stored in a common
instance DB.

DB12:Motor Access only for FB12, call:

FB12:Motor
CALL FB12, DB12

DB13:Pump Access only for FB 13, call:

FB13:Pump CALL FB13, DB13

Access for FB 14, FB 13 and

DB14 FB 12, call:
FB14:Agitator
CALL FB14,DB14
Data for agitator
Variable declaration: Transfers data for agitator,
stat, Motor_10, FB 12 Motor_10 and Pump_10
stat, Pump_10, FB 13 Data for Motor_10 Call FB 12 from FB 14:
CALL Motor_10
Data for Pump_10 Call FB 13 from FB 14:
CALL Pump_1

4.2.4.5 Shared Data Blocks (DB)

In contrast to logic blocks, data blocks do not contain STEP 7 instructions. They
are used to store user data, in other words, data blocks contain variable data with
which the user program works. Shared data blocks are used to store user data that
can be accessed by all other blocks.
The size of DBs can vary. Refer to the description of your CPU for the maximum
possible size.
You can structure shared data blocks in any way to suit your particular
requirements.

Shared Data Blocks in the User Program

If a logic block (FC, FB, or OB) is called, it can occupy space in the local data area
(L stack) temporarily. In addition to this local data area, a logic block can open a
memory area in the form of a DB. In contrast to the data in the local data area, the
data in a DB are not deleted when the DB is closed, in other words, after the
corresponding logic block has been executed.
Each FB, FC, or OB can read the data from a shared DB or write data to a shared
DB. This data remains in the DB after the DB is exited.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-21
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

A shared DB and an instance DB can be opened at the same time. The following
figure shows the different methods of access to data blocks.

FC10
Shared
DB Access by all
(DB 20) blocks
FC11

FB12 Instance DB
Access only by FB12
(DB 112)

4.2.4.6 System Function Blocks (SFB) and System Functions (SFC)

Preprogrammed Blocks
You do not need to program every function yourself. S7 CPUs provide you with
preprogrammed blocks that you can call in your user program.
Further information can be found in the reference help on system blocks and
system functions (Jumps to Language Descriptions and Help on Blocks and
System Attributes).

System Function Blocks

A system function block (SFB) is a function block integrated on the S7 CPU. SFBs
are part of the operating system and are not loaded as part of the program. Like
FBs, SFBs are blocks ”with memory." You must also create instance data blocks
for SFBs and download them to the CPU as part of the program.
S7 CPUs provide the following SFBs:
• For communication via configured connections
• For integrated special functions (for example, SFB29 ”HS_COUNT" on the
CPU 312 IFM and the CPU 314 IFM).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-22 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

System Functions
A system function is a preprogrammed function that is integrated on the S7 CPU.
You can call the SFC in your program. SFCs are part of the operating system and
are not loaded as part of the program. Like FCs, SFCs are blocks ”without
memory."
S7 CPUs provide SFCs for the following functions:
• Copying and block functions
• Checking the program
• Handling the clock and run-time meters
• Transferring data sets
• Transferring events from a CPU to all other CPUs in multicomputing mode
• Handling time-of-day and time-delay interrupts
• Handling synchronous errors, interrupts, and asynchronous errors
• Information on static and dynamic system data, for example, diagnostics
• Process image updating and bit field processing
• Addressing modules
• Distributed I/O
• Global data communication
• Communication via non-configured connections
• Generating block-related messages

Additional Information
For more detailed information about SFBs and SFCs, refer to the "System
Software for S7-300 and S7-400, System and Standard Functions" Reference
Manual. The "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation Manual"
and "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers Module Specifications Reference
Manual" explain which SFBs and SFCs are available.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-23
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

4.2.5 Organization Blocks for Interrupt-Driven Program Processing

4.2.5.1 Organization Blocks for Interrupt-Driven Program Processing

By providing interrupt OBs, the S7 CPUs allow the following:
• Program sections can be executed at certain times or intervals (time-driven)
• Your program can react to external signals from the process.
The cyclic user program does not need to query whether or not interrupt events
have occurred. If an interrupt does occur, the operating system makes sure that the
user program in the interrupt OB is executed so that there is a programmed
reaction to the interrupt by the programmable logic controller.

Interrupt Types and Applications

The following table shows how the different types of interrupt can be used.

Type of Interrupt Interrupt OBs Application Examples

Time-of-day interrupt OB10 to OB17 Calculation of the total flow into a blending process at the end of
a shift
Time-delay interrupt OB20 to OB23 Controlling a fan that must continue to run for 20 seconds after a
motor is switched off
Cyclic interrupt OB30 to OB38 Scanning a signal level for a closed-loop control system
Hardware interrupt OB40 to OB47 Signaling that the maximum level of a tank has been reached

4.2.5.2 Time-of-Day Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB10 to OB17)

The S7 CPUs provide the time-of-day interrupt OBs that can be executed at a
specified date or at certain intervals.
Time-of-day interrupts can be triggered as follows:
• Once at a particular time (specified in absolute form with the date)
• Periodically by specifying the start time and the interval at which the interrupt
should be repeated (for example, every minute, every hour, daily).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-24 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Rules for Time-of-Day Interrupts

Time-of-day interrupts can only be executed when the interrupt has been assigned
parameters and a corresponding organization block exists in the user program. If
this is not the case, an error message is entered in the diagnostic buffer and
asynchronous error hanhdling is executed (OB80, see Error Handling Organization
Blocks (OB70 to OB87 / OB121 to OB122)).
Periodic time-of-day interrupts must correspond to a real date. Repeating an OB10
monthly starting on January 31st is not possible. In this case, the OB would only be
started in the months that have 31 days.
A time-of-day interrupt activated during startup (warm restart or hot restart) is only
executed after the startup is completed.
Time-of-day interrupt OBs that are deselected by the parameter assignment cannot
be started. The CPU recognizes a programming error and changes to STOP mode.
Following a warm restart, time-of-day interrupts must be set again (for example,
using SFC30 ACT_TINT in the startup program).

Starting the Time-of-Day Interrupt

To allow the CPU to start a time-of-day interrupt, you must first set and then
activate the time-of-day interrupt. There are three ways of starting the interrupt:
• Automatic start of the time-of-day interrupt by assigning appropriate
parameters with STEP 7 (parameter block ”time-of-day interrupts")
• Setting and activating the time-of-day interrupt with SFC28 SET_TINT and
SFC30 ACT_TINT from within the user program
• Setting the time-of-day interrupt by assigning parameters with STEP 7 and
activating the time-of-day interrupt with SFC30 ACT_TINT in the user program.

Querying the Time-of-Day Interrupt

To query which time-of-day interrupts are set and when they are set to occur, you
can do one of the following:
• Call SFC31 QRY_TINT
• Request the list ”interrupt status" of the system status list.

Deactivating the Time-of-Day Interrupt

You can deactivate time-of-day interrupts that have not yet been executed with
SFC29 CAN_TINT. Deactivated time-of-day interrupts can be set again using
SFC28 SET_TINT and activated with SFC30 ACT_TINT.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-25
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Priority of the Time-of-Day Interrupt OBs

All eight time-of-day interrupt OBs have the same priority class (2) as default and
are therefore processed in the order in which their start event occurs. You can,
however, change the priority class by selecting suitable parameters.

Changing the Set Time

You can change the time-of-day set for the interrupt as follows:
• A clock master synchronizes the time for masters and slaves.
• SFC0 SET_CLK can be called in the user program to set a new time.

Reaction to Changing the Time

The following table shows how time-of-day interrupts react after the time has been
changed.

If... Then...
If the time was moved ahead and one or OB80 is started and the time-of-day
more time-of-day interrupts were skipped, interrupts that were skipped are entered in
the start information of OB80.
You have not deactivated the skipped the skipped time-of-day interrupts are no
time-of-day interrupts in OB80, longer executed.
You have not deactivated the skipped the first skipped time-of-day interrupt is
time-of-day interrupts in OB80, executed, the other skipped time-of-day
interrupts are ignored.
By moving the time back, the start events the execution of the time-of-day interrupt is
for the time-of-day interrupts occur again, not repeated.

4.2.5.3 Time-Delay Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB20 to OB23)

The S7 CPUs provide time-delay OBs with which you can program the delayed
execution of parts of your user program.

Rules for Time-Delay Interrupts

Time-delay interrupts can only be executed when the corresponding organization
block exists in the CPU program. If this is not the case, an error message is
entered in the diagnostic buffer and asynchronous error handling is executed
(OB80, see Error Handling Organization Blocks (OB70 to OB87 / OB121 to
OB122)).
Time-delay interrupt OBs that were deselected by the parameter assignment
cannot be started. The CPU recognizes a programming error and changes to
STOP mode.
Time-delay interrupts are triggered when the delay time specified in SFC32
SRT_DINT has expired.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-26 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Starting the Time-Delay Interrupt

To start a time-delay interrupt, you must specify the delay time in SFC32 after
which the corresponding time-delay interrupt OB is called. Refer to the "S7-300
Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation Manual" and "S7-400, M7-400
Programmable Controllers Module Specifications Reference Manual" for the
maximum permitted length of the delay time.

Priority of the Time-Delay Interrupt OBs

The default priority for the time-delay interrupt OBs is priority class 3 to 6. You can
assign parameters to change the priority classes.

4.2.5.4 Cyclic Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB30 to OB38)

The S7 CPUs provide cyclic interrupt OBs that interrupt cyclic program processing
at certain intervals.
Cyclic interrupts are triggered at intervals. The time at which the interval starts is
the mode transition from STOP to RUN.

Rules for Cyclic Interrupts

When you specify the intervals, make sure that there is enough time between the
start events of the individual cyclic interrupts for processing the cyclic interrupts
themselves.
If you assign parameters to deselect cyclic interrupt OBs, they can no longer be
started. The CPU recognizes a programming error and changes to STOP mode.

Starting the Cyclic Interrupt

To start a cyclic interrupt, you must specify the interval in the cyclic interrupts
parameter block using STEP 7. The interval is always a whole multiple of the basic
clock rate of 1 ms.
Interval = n X basic clock rate 1 ms
Each of the nine available cyclic interrupt OBs has a default interval (see the
following table). The default interval becomes effective when the cyclic interrupt OB
assigned to it is loaded. You can, however, assign parameters to change the
default values. Refer to your "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and
Installation Manual" and your "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers Module
Specifications Reference Manual" for the upper limit.

Phase Offset in Cyclic Interrupts

To avoid cyclic interrupts of different cyclic interrupt OBs being started at the same
point and possibly causing a time error (cycle time exceeded) you can specify a
phase offset. The phase offset ensures that the execution of a cyclic interrupt is
delayed by a certain time after the interval has expired.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-27
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Phase offset = m X basic clock rate (where 0 ≤ m < n)

The following figure shows how a cyclic interrupt OB with phase offset (OB37) is
executed in contrast to a cyclic interrupt without phase offset (OB38).

Clock pulse:

OB38
(n=8, m=0)

OB37
(n=16, m=5)
0 8 16 16 + 5 24 32 32 + 5 40 48 48 +5 t [ms]

Priority of the Cyclic Interrupt OBs

The following table shows the default intervals and priority classes of the cyclic
interrupt OBs. You can assign parameters to change the interval and the priority
class.

Cyclic Interrupt OB Interval in ms Priority Class

OB30 5000 7
OB31 2000 8
OB32 1000 9
OB33 500 10
OB34 200 11
OB35 100 12
OB36 50 13
OB37 20 14
OB38 10 15

4.2.5.5 Hardware Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB40 to OB47)

The S7 CPUs provide hardware interrupt OBs that react to signals from the
modules (for example, signal modules (SMs), communications processors (CPs),
function modules (FMs)). With STEP 7, you can decide which signal from a
configurable digital or analog module starts the OB. With CPs and FMs, use the
appropriate parameter assignment dialogs.
Hardware interrupts are triggered when a signal module with hardware interrupt
capability and with an enabled hardware interrupt passes on a received process
signal to the CPU or when a function module of the CPU signals an interrupt.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-28 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Rules for Hardware Interrupts

Hardware interrupts can only be executed when the corresponding organization
block exists in the CPU program. If this is not the case, an error message is
entered in the diagnostic buffer and asynchronous error handling is executed
(OB80, see Error Handling Organization Blocks (OB70 to OB87 / OB121 to
OB122)).
If you have deselected hardware interrupt OBs in the parameter assignment, these
cannot be started. The CPU recognizes a programming error and changes to
STOP mode.

Assigning Parameters to Signal Modules with Hardware Interrupt Capability

Each channel of a signal module with hardware interrupt capability can trigger a
hardware interrupt. For this reason, you must specify the following in the parameter
sets of signal modules with hardware interrupt capability using STEP 7:
• What will trigger a hardware interrupt.
• Which hardware interrupt OB will be executed (the default for executing all
hardware interrupts is OB40).
Using STEP 7, you activate the generation of hardware interrupts on the function
blocks. You assign the remaining parameters in the parameter assignment dialogs
of these function modules.

Priority of the Hardware Interrupt OBs

The default priority for the hardware interrupt OBs is priority class 16 to 23. You
can assign parameters to change the priority classes.

4.2.5.6 Startup Organization Blocks (OB100 / OB101 / OB102)

Startup Types
There are three distinct types of startup:
• Hot restart (not in S7-300 and S7-400H)
• Warm restart
• Cold restart
The following table shows which OB the operating system calls in each startup
type.

Startup Type Related OB

Hot restart OB101
Warm restart OB100
Cold restart OB102

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-29
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Start Events for Startup OBs

The CPU executes a startup after the following events:
• After power up
• After you switch the mode selector from STOP to RUN/RUN-P
• After a request from a communication function
• After synchronizing in multicomputing mode
• In an H system after link-up (only on the standby CPU)
Depending on the start event, the CPU used, and its set parameters the relevant
startup OB (OB100, OB101, or OB102) is called.

Startup Program
You can specify the conditions for starting up your CPU (initialization values for
RUN, startup values for I/O modules) by writing your program for the startup in the
organization blocks OB100 for warm restart, OB101 for hot restart, or OB102 for
cold restart.
There are no restrictions to the length of the startup program and no time limit
since the cycle monitoring is not active. Time-driven or interrupt-driven execution is
not possible in the startup program. During the startup, all digital outputs have the
signal state 0.

Startup Type After Manual Restart

On S7-300 CPUs only a manual warm restart or cold restart (CPU 318-2 only) is
possible.
On some S7-400 CPUs, you can restart manually using the mode selector and the
startup type switch (CRST/WRST) if this is permitted by the parameter assignment
you made with STEP 7. A manual warm restart is possible without specifically
assigning parameters.

Startup Type After Automatic Restart

On S7-300 CPUs, only a warm restart is possible following power up.
On S7-400 CPUs, you can specify whether an automatic startup following power
up leads to a warm restart or a hot restart.

Clearing the Process Image

When an S7-400 CPU is restarted, the remaining cycle is executed, and as default,
the process image output table is cleared. You can prevent the process image
being cleared if you want the user program to continue with the old values following
a restart.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-30 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Module Exists/Type Monitoring

In the parameters, you can decide whether the modules in the configuration table
are checked to make sure they exist and that the module type matches before the
startup.
If the module check is activated, the CPU will not start up if a discrepancy is found
between the configuration table and the actual configuration.

Monitoring Times
To make sure that the programmable controller starts up without errors, you can
select the following monitoring times:
• The maximum permitted time for transferring parameters to the modules
• The maximum permitted time for the modules to signal that they are ready for
operation after power up
• On S7-400 CPUs, the maximum time of an interruption during which a hot
restart is permitted.
Once the monitoring times expire, the CPU either changes to STOP, or only a
warm restart is possible.

4.2.5.7 Background Organization Block (OB90)

If you have specified a minimum scan cycle time with STEP 7 and this is longer
than the actual scan cycle time, the CPU still has processing time available at the
end of the cyclic program. This time is used to execute the background OB. If
OB90 does not exist on your CPU, the CPU waits until the specified minimum scan
cycle time has elapsed. You can therefore use OB90 to allow processes where
time is not critical to run and thus avoid wait times.

Priority of the Background OB

The background OB has priority class 29, which corresponds to priority 0.29. It is
therefore the OB with the lowest priority. Its priority class cannot be changed by
reassigning parameters.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-31
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

The following figure shows an example of processing the background cycle, the
main program cycle, and OB10 (in existing CPUs).

Priority Next cycle

OB10 OB10

Updating of the Updating of the

process image OB1 process image
OB1
input table output table

OB90 OB90

t
TC Twait

Tmin

Tc = the actual cycle time required for a main program cycle

Tmin = the minimum cycle time specified with STEP 7
Twait = the time available before the start of the next cycle

Programming OB90
The run time of OB90 is not monitored by the CPU operating system so that you
can program loops of any length in OB90. Ensure that the data you use in the
background program are consistent by observing the following when programming:
• The reset events of OB90 (see the "System Software for S7-300 and S7-400,
System and Standard Functions" Reference Manual)
• The process image update asynchronous to OB90.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-32 A5E00069873-03
 Basics of Designing a Program Structure

4.2.5.8 Error Handling Organization Blocks (OB70 to OB87 / OB121 to

OB122)

Types of Errors
The errors that can be detected by the S7 CPUs and to which you can react with
the help of organization blocks can be divided into two basic categories:
• Synchronous errors: these errors can be assigned to a specific part of the user
program. The error occurs during the execution of a particular instruction. If the
corresponding synchronous error OB is not loaded, the CPU changes to STOP
mode when the error occurs.
• Asynchronous errors: these errors cannot be directly assigned to the user
program being executed. These are priority class errors, faults on the
programmable logic controller (for example, a defective module), or
redundancy errors. If the corresponding asynchronous error OB is not loaded,
the CPU changes to STOP mode when the error occurs.
• (Exceptions: OB70, OB72, OB81).
The following table shows the types of errors that can occur, divided up into the
categories of the error OBs.

Asynchronous Errors/Redundancy Synchronous Errors

Errors
OB70 I/O Redundancy Error (only H CPUs) OB121 Programming Error (for example,
DB is not loaded)
OB72 CPU Redundancy Error (only in H OB122 I/O Access Error (for example,
CPUs, for example, failure of a CPU) access to a signal module that does not
exist)
OB73 Communications Redundancy Error
(only in H CPUs, for example, redundancy
loss of a redundant S7 connection)
OB80 Time Error (for example, scan cycle
time exceeded)
OB81 Power Supply Error (for example,
battery failure)
OB82 Diagnostic Interrupt (for example,
short circuit in the input module)
OB83 Remove/Insert Interrupt (for
example, removing an input module)
OB84 CPU Hardware Fault (fault at the
interface to the MPI network)
OB85 Priority Class Error (for example, OB
is not loaded)
OB86 Rack Failure
OB87 Communication Error (for example,
incorrect message frame ID for global data
communication)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 4-33
Basics of Designing a Program Structure

Using OBs for Synchronous Errors

Synchronous errors occur during the execution of a particular instruction. When
these errors occur, the operating system makes an entry in the I stack and starts
the OB for synchronous errors.
The error OBs called as a result of synchronous errors are executed as part of the
program in the same priority class as the block that was being executed when the
error was detected. OB121 and OB122 can therefore access the values in the
accumulators and other registers as they were at the time when the interrupt
occurred. You can use the values to react to the error condition and then to return
to processing your program (for example, if an access error occurs on an analog
input module, you can specify a substitute value in OB122 using SFC44
RPL_VAL). The local data of the error OBs, do, however, take up additional space
in the L stack of this priority class. With S7-400 CPUs, one synchronous error OB
can start a further synchronous error OB. This is not possible with S7-300 CPUs.

Using OBs for Asynchronous Errors

If the operating system of the CPU detects an asynchronous error, it starts the
corresponding error OB (OB70 to OB73 and OB80 to OB87). The OBs for
asynchronous errors have the highest priority and they cannot be interrupted by
other OBs if all asynchronous error OBs have the same priority. If more than one
asynchronous error OB with the same priority occurs simultaneously, they are
processed in the order they occurred.

Masking Start Events

Using system functions (SFCs), you can mask, delay, or disable the start events for
several OBs. For more detailed information about these SFCs and the organization
blocks, refer to the "System Software for S7-300 and S7-400, System and
Standard Functions" Reference Manual.

Type of Error OB SFC Function of the SFC

Synchronous error SFC36 MSK_FLT Masks individual synchronous errors. Masked
OBs errors do not start an error OB and do not
trigger programmed reactions
SFC37 DMSK_FLT Unmasks synchronous errors
Asynchronous SFC39 DIS_IRT Disables all interrupts and asynchronous errors.
error OBs Disabled errors do not start an error OB in any
of the subsequent CPU cycles and do not
trigger programmed reactions
SFC40 EN_IRT Enables interrupts and asynchronous errors
SFC41 DIS_AIRT Delays higher priority interrupts and
asynchronous errors until the end of the OB
SFC42 EN_AIRT Enables higher priority interrupts and
asynchronous errors

Note
If you want interrupts to be ignored, it is more effective to disable them using an
SFC, rather than to download an empty OB (with the contents BE).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

4-34 A5E00069873-03
5 Startup and Operation

5.1 Starting STEP 7

5.1.1 Starting STEP 7

When you start Windows, you will find an icon for the SIMATIC Manager, the
starting point for the STEP 7 software on the Windows interface.
The quickest method to start STEP 7 is to position the cursor on the icon and
double-click. The window containing the SIMATIC Manager is then opened. From
here you can access all the functions you have installed for the standard package
and any optional packages.
Alternatively you can also start the SIMATIC Manager via the ”Start" button in the
taskbar in Windows 95/98/NT. You will find the entry under "Simatic".

Note
You will find more information about standard Windows operation and options in
your Windows user’s guide or in the online help of your Windows operating
system.

SIMATIC Manager
The SIMATIC Manager is the basic application for configuring and programming.
You can perform the following functions in the SIMATIC Manager:
• Set up projects
• Configure and assign parameters to hardware
• Configure hardware networks
• Program blocks
• Debug and commission your programs
Access to the various functions is designed to be object-oriented, and intuitive and
easy to learn.
You can work with the SIMATIC Manager in one of two ways:
• Offline, without a programmable controller connected
• Online, with a programmable controller connected
Note the relevant safety notices in each case.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-1
Startup and Operation

How to Proceed from Here

You create automation tasks in the form of ”Projects." You will make it easier for
yourself if you read up on the following basic topics before you start work:
• User interface
• Some basic operating steps
• Online help

5.1.2 Starting STEP 7 with Default Start Parameters

From STEP 7 V5.0 onwards, you can create several symbols in the SIMATIC
Manager and specify start parameters in the call line. By doing this, you can cause
the SIMATIC Manager to position on the object described by these parameters.
This allows you to jump to the corresponding locations in a project immediately just
by double-clicking.
On calling s7tgtopx.exe, you can specify the following start parameters:
/e <complete physical project path>
/o <logical path of the object, on which you want to position>
/h <ObjectID> /onl or /off
The easiest way to establish suitable parameters is described below.
Establishing Parameters by Copying and Pasting
Proceed as follows:
1. On your desktop, create a new link to the file s7tgtopx.exe.
2. Display the properties dialog box.
3. Select the "Link" tab. The entry under "Target" should now be expanded as
follows.
4. Select the required object in the SIMATIC Manager.
5. Copy the object to the clipboard using the key combination CTRL+C.
6. Position the cursor at the end of the "Target" entry in the "Link" tab.
7. Paste the contents of the clipboard using the key combination CTRL+V.
8. Close the dialog box by confirming with "OK."
Example of Parameters:
/e F:\SIEMENS\STEP7\S7proj\MyConfig\MyConfig.s7p
/o ”1,8:MyConfig\SIMATIC 400(1)\CPU416-1\S7-Program(1)\Blocks\FB1”
/h T00112001;129;T00116001;1;T00116101;16e

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-2 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

Note on the Structure of the Project Path

The project path is the physical path in the file system. UNC Notation is not
supported, so, for example: F:\SIEMENS\STEP7\S7proj\MyConfig\MyConfig.s7p
The complete logical path has the following structure:
[View ID,online ID]:project name\{object name\}*\ object name
Example: /o 1.8:MyConfig\SIMATIC 400(1)\CPU416-1\S7-Program(1)\Blocks\FB1
Note on the Structure of the Logical Path
The complete logical path and the Object ID can only be created using the copy
and paste functions.
However, it is also possible to specify the path which can be read by the user. In
the example above, that would be:
/o "MyConfig\SIMATIC 400(1)\CPU416-1\S7-Program(1)\Blocks\FB1”. By adding
/onl or /off the user can specify whether the path is valid in the online or offline
window. You do not need to specify this if you use the copy and paste functions.
Important: If the path contains blanks, it must be placed within quotation marks.

5.1.3 Calling the Help Functions

Online Help
The online help system provides you with information at the point where you can
use it most efficiently. You can use the online help to access information quickly
and directly without having to search through manuals. You will find the following
types of information in the online help:
• Contents: offers a number of different ways of displaying help information
• Context-sensitive Help (F1 key): with the F1 key you access information on
the object you just selected with the mouse or on the active dialog box or
window
• Introduction: gives a brief introduction to the use, the main features, and the
functional scope of an application
• Getting Started: summarizes the basic steps you need to execute to get
started with the application
• Using Help: provides a description of ways of finding specific information in
the online help
• About: provides information on the current version of the application
Via the Help menu you can also access topics which relate to the current dialog
situation from every window.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-3
Startup and Operation

Calling the Online Help

You can call the online help in one of the following ways:
• Select a menu command in the Help menu in the menu bar.
• Click the ”Help" button in a dialog box. You are then shown help on this dialog
box.
• Position the cursor in a window or dialog box on the topic you need help with
and press the F1 key or select the menu command Help > Context-sensitive
Help.
• Use the question mark cursor in Windows.
The last three of these ways of accessing the online help are known as
context-sensitive help.

Calling the Quick Help

A quick help on buttons in the toolbar is displayed when you position the cursor on
a button and leave it there for a moment.

Changing the Font Size

Using the menu command Options > Font in the help window you can set the font
size to ”Small," ”Normal," or ”Large."

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-4 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

5.2 Objects and Object Hierarchy

5.2.1 Objects and Object Hierarchy

In the same way that the Windows Explorer shows the directory structure of folders
and files, the object hierarchy for projects and libraries in STEP 7 is shown in the
SIMATIC Manager.
The following figure shows an example of an object hierarchy.

Project • Project Object

• Station Object
Station
• Programmable Module Object

Progr. Module
• S7/M7 Program Object
• Source File Folder Object
• Block Folder Object
S7 Program
Source Files
Blocks

Objects have the following functions:

• Carriers of object properties,
• Folders,
• Carriers of functions (for example, to start a particular application).

Objects as Carriers of Properties

Objects can carry both functions and properties (such as settings). When you
select an object, you can perform one of the following functions with it:
• Edit the object using the menu command Edit > Open Object.
• Open a dialog box using the menu command Edit > Object Properties and
set object-specific options.
A folder can also be a carrier of properties.

Objects as Folders
A folder (directory) can contain other folders or objects. These are displayed when
you open the folder.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-5
Startup and Operation

Objects as Carriers of Functions

When you open an object, a window is displayed in which you can edit the object.
An object is either a folder or a carrier of functions. An exception to this is stations:
they are both folders (for programmable modules) and carriers of functions (used to
configure the hardware).
• If you double-click a station, the objects contained in it are displayed: the
programmable modules and the station configuration (station as a folder).
• If you open a station with the menu command Edit > Open Object, you can
configure this station and assign parameters to it (station as the carrier of a
function). The menu command has the same effect as a double-click on the
"Hardware" object.

5.2.2 Project Object

The project represents the entirety of all the data and programs in an automation
solution, and is located at the top of an object hierarchy.

Position in the Project View

Project • Project Object

• Station Object
Station
• Programmable Module Object

Progr. Module
• S7/M7 Program Object
• Source File Folder Object
• Block Folder Object
S7 Program
Source Files
Blocks

Symbol Object Folder Selection of Important Functions

Project • Creating a Project
• Archiving Projects and Libraries
• Printing Project Documentation
• Rearranging
• Translating and Editing Operator Related Texts
• Inserting Operator Station Objects
• More than One User Editing Projects
• Converting Version 1 Projects
• Converting Version 2 Projects
• Setting the PG/PC Interface

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-6 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

Symbol Objects in the Selection of Important Objects

Project Level
Station: • Inserting Stations
• Stations are both objects (project level) and
SIMATIC 300 station object folder (station level). Other functions can
be found under Station Object
SIMATIC 400 station
S7 program • S7/M7 Program without a Station or CPU
• S7/M7 programs are both objects (project level)
and object folders (program level). Other
functions can be found under S7/M7 Program
M7 program
Object
Network for starting • Properties of Subnets and Communication
the tool for network Nodes
configuration and • Overview: Global Data Communication
setting the network
• Procedure for Configuring Global Data
properties.
Communication

5.2.3 Library Object

A library can contain S7/M7 programs and is used to store blocks. A library is
located at the top of an object hierarchy.

• Library Object
• S7/M7 Program Object
S7 Program (1)
Source Files • Source File Folder Object
Blocks • Block Folder Object

Symbol Object Folder Selection of Important Functions

Library • Overview of the Standard Libraries
• Working with Libraries
• Archiving Projects and Libraries

Symbol Objects in the Selection of Important Functions

Library Level
S7 program • Inserting an S7/M7 Program
• S7/M7 programs are both objects (project level)
and object folders (program level). Other
functions can be found under S7/M7 Program
M7 program
Object

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-7
Startup and Operation

5.2.4 Station Object

A SIMATIC 300/400 station represents a S7 hardware configuration with one or

more programmable modules.

Position in the Project View

Project • Project Object

• Station Object
Station
• Programmable Module Object

Progr. Module
• S7/M7 Program Object
• Source File Folder Object
• Block Folder Object
S7 Program
Source Files
Blocks

Symbol Object Folder Selection of Important Functions

Station • Inserting a Station
• Uploading a Station
• Downloading a Configuration to a Programmable
Controller
• Uploading a Configuration from a Station
• Displaying CPU Messages and User-Defined
Diagnostic Messages
• Configuring the 'Reporting of System Errors'
• Diagnosing Hardware and Displaying Module
Information
• Displaying and Changing the Operating Mode
• Displaying and Setting the Time and Date
• Erasing the Load/Work Memory and Resetting the
CPU
SIMATIC PC station • Creating and Assigning Parameters to SIMATIC PC
Stations
• Configuring Connections for a SIMATIC PC Station

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-8 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

Symbol Objects in the Selection of Important Functions

Station Level
Hardware • Basic Procedure for Configuring Hardware
• Basic Steps for Configuring a Station
• Overview: Procedure for Configuring and Assigning
Parameters to a Local Configuration
• Basic Procedure for Configuring a DP Master
System
• Configuring Multicomputing Operation
Programmable • Programmable modules are both objects (station
module level) and object folders ("Programmable Modules"
level). Other functions can be found under
Programmable Module Object

5.2.5 Programmable Module Object

A programmable module represents the parameter assignment data of a

programmable module (CPUxxx, FMxxx, CPxxx). The system data of modules with
no retentive memory (for example, CP441) are loaded via the CPU of the station.
For this reason, no "system data" object is assigned to such modules and they are
not displayed in the project hierarchy.

Position in the Project View

Project • Project Object

• Station Object
Station
• Programmable Module Object
Progr. Module • S7/M7 Program Object
• Source File Folder Object
• Block Folder Object
S7 Program
Source Files
Blocks

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-9
Startup and Operation

Symbol Object Folder Selection of Important Functions

Programmable • Overview: Procedure for Configuring and Assigning
module Parameters to a Local Configuration
• Displaying CPU Messages and User-Defined
Diagnostic Messages
• Configuring ’Reporting of System Errors’
• Diagnosing Hardware and Displaying Module
Information
• Downloading via EPROM Memory Cards
• Password Protection for Access to Programmable
Controllers
• Displaying the Force Values Window
• Displaying and Changing the Operating Mode
• Displaying and Setting the Time and Date
• Setting the Operating Behavior
• Erasing the Load/Work Memory and Resetting the
CPU
• Diagnostics Symbols in the Online View
• Division of the Memory Areas
• Saving Downloaded Blocks on Integrated EPROM
• Updating the Operating System on the
Programmable Logic Controller

Symbol Objects in the Selection of Important Functions

"Programmable
Modules" level
Programs: • Inserting an S7/M7 Program
• S7/M7 programs are both objects (project level) and
S7 program object folders (program level). Other functions can
be found under S7/M7 Program Object
M7 program

Program

Connections for • Networking Stations within a Project

defining connections • Connection Types and Connection Partners
within the network • What You Should Know About the Different
Connection Types
• Entering a New Connection
• Configuring Connections for Modules in a
SIMATIC Station

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-10 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

5.2.6 S7/M7 Program Object

A (S7/M7) program is a folder containing software for S7/M7 CPU modules or

software for non-CPU modules (for example, programmable CP or FM modules).

Position in the Project View

Project • Project Object

• Station Object
Station
• Programmable Module Object

Progr. Module
• S7/M7 Program Object
• Source File Folder Object
• Block Folder Object
S7 Program
Source Files
Blocks

Symbol Object Folder Selection of Important Functions

S7 Program • Inserting an S7-/M7-Program
• Setting the Address Priority
• Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks
• Assigning Message Numbers
• Creating and Editing User-Defined Diagnostic
Messages
• Translating and Editing Operator Related Texts
• Displaying CPU Messages and User-Defined
Diagnostic Messages
• Program Measures for Handling Errors
M7 program • Procedure for M7 Systems

Program • Creating the Software in the Project (General)

Symbol Objects in the Selection of Important Functions

Program Level
Symbol table for • Absolute and Symbolic Addressing
assigning symbols to • Structure and Components of the Symbol Table
signals and other • Entering Shared Symbols
variables • General Tips on Entering Symbols
• Assigning and Editing Symbol-Related Messages
• Translating and Editing User Texts
• Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring
Attributes via the Symbol Table
• Editing the Communication Attribute
• Exporting and Importing Symbol Tables
Source file • Other functions can be found under Source File
Folder Object
Block folder • Other functions can be found under Block Folder
Object

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-11
Startup and Operation

5.2.7 Block Folder Object

A block folder of an offline view can contain: logic blocks (OB, FB, FC, SFB, SFC),
data blocks (DB), user-defined data types (UDT) and variable tables. The system
data object represents system data blocks.
The block folder of an online view contains the executable program parts which
have been downloaded to the programmable controller.

Position in the Project View

Project • Project Object

• Station Object
Station
• Programmable Module Object

Progr. Module
• S7/M7 Program Object
• Source File Folder Object
• Block Folder Object
S7 Program
Source Files
Blocks

Symbol Object Selection of Important Functions

Folder
Blocks • Downloading with Project Management
• Downloading without Project Management
• Overview of the Available Reference Data
• Rewiring
• Comparing Blocks
• Translating and Editing Operator Related Texts
• Jumps to Language Descriptions and Help on Blocks and
System Attributes

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-12 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

Symbol Objects in Selection of Important Functions

the Block
Folder
Blocks in • Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks
general • Creating Blocks
• Basic Information on Programming in STL Source Files
• Comparing Blocks
Organization Additional Functions:
Block (OB) • Introduction to Data Types and Parameter Types
• Requirements for Downloading
• Testing using Program Status
• What You Should Know About Testing in Single-Step
Mode/Breakpoints
• Rewiring
• Help on Blocks
Function (FC) Additional Functions:
• Introduction to Data Types and Parameter Types
• Requirements for Downloading
• Testing using Program Status
• What You Should Know About Testing in Single-Step
Mode/Breakpoints
• Rewiring
• Attributes for Blocks and Parameters
Function Additional Functions:
Block (FB) • Introduction to Data Types and Parameter Types
• Using Multiple Instances
• Requirements for Downloading
• Testing Using Program Status
• What You Should Know about Testing in Single-Step
Mode/Breakpoints
• Rewiring
• Attributes for Blocks and Parameters
• Assigning and Editing Block-Related Messages
• PCS 7 Message Configuration
• Translating and Editing User Texts
• Assigning System Attributes to Function Block Parameters
User-Defined • Creating Blocks
Data Type • Basic Information on Programming in STL Source Files
(UDT)
• Introduction to Data Types and Parameter Types
• Using User-Defined Data Types to Access Data
• Attributes for Blocks and Parameters

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-13
Startup and Operation

Symbol Objects in Selection of Important Functions

the Block
Folder
Data Block • Data View of Data Blocks
(DB) • Declaration View of Data Blocks
• Requirements for Downloading
• Program Status of Data Blocks
• Introduction to Data Types and Parameter Types
• Using Multiple Instances
• Attributes for Blocks and Parameters
• Assigning and Editing Block-Related Messages (Instance
Data Blocks Only)
• PCS7 Message Configuration (Instance Data Blocks Only)
• Translating and Editing User Texts (Instance Data Blocks
Only)
System • Requirements for Downloading
Function • Attributes for Blocks and Parameters
(SFC)
• Help on Blocks

System • Requirements for Downloading

Function • Attributes for Blocks and Parameters
Block (SFB)
• Assigning and Editing Block-Related Messages
• PCS 7 Message Configuration
• Translating and Editing User Texts
• Help on Blocks

Variable • Basic Procedure when Monitoring and Modifying with the

Table (VAT) Variable Table
• Introduction to Testing with the Variable Table
• Introduction to Monitoring Variables
• Introduction to Modifying Variables
• Introduction to Forcing Variables
System Data System data blocks (SDBs) are only edited indirectly via
Block functions:
(SDB) • Introduction to Configuring Hardware
• Properties of Subnets and Communication Nodes
• Overview: Global Data Communication
• Assigning and Editing Symbol-Related Messages
• Requirements for Downloading

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-14 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

5.2.8 Source File Folder Object

A source file folder contains source programs in text format.

Position in the Project View

Project • Project Object

• Station Object
Station
• Programmable Module Object

Progr. Module
• S7/M7 Program Object
• Source File Folder Object
• Block Folder Object
S7 Program
Source Files
Blocks

Symbol Object Folder Selection of Important Functions

Source File Folder • Basic Information on Programming in STL Source
Files
• Exporting Source Files
• Importing Source Files

Symbol Objects in Source Selection of Important Functions

File Folder
Source file • Basic Information on Programming in STL Source
(for example, STL Files
source file) • Creating STL Source Files
• Inserting Block Templates in STL Source Files
• Inserting Source Code from Existing Blocks in STL
Source Files
• Checking Consistency in STL Source Files
• Compiling STL Source Files
• Generating STL Source Files from Blocks
• Exporting Source Files
• Importing Source Files

Network template • Creating Network Templates

• Inserting Network Templates in a Program

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-15
Startup and Operation

5.2.9 S7/M7 Program without a Station or CPU

You can create programs without having configured a SIMATIC station beforehand.
This means that you can initially work independently of the module and module
settings you intend to program.

Creating an S7/M7 Program

1. Open the relevant project using the menu command File > Open or activate
the project window.
2. Select the project in the project window of the offline view.
3. Select one of the following menu commands, depending on which
programmable controller the program is being created for:
Insert > Program > S7 Program, if your program is to run on a SIMATIC S7
device.
Insert > Program > M7 Program, if your program is to run on a SIMATIC M7
device.
The S7/M7 program is added and arranged directly below the project in the project
window. It contains a folder for the blocks and an empty symbol table. You can now
create and program blocks.

Assigning a Program to a Programmable Module

When you insert programs that are not dependent on a particular module, you can
easily assign them to a module later on by copying or moving these programs to
the module symbol using the drag and drop function.

Adding a Program to a Library

If the program is to be used for a SIMATIC S7 programmable controller and you
want to use it many times as a "software pool," you can also insert it in a library.
However, when testing, the programs must lie directly under a project, because this
is the only way in which to establish a connection to the programmable controller.

Accessing a Programmable Controller

Select the online view of the project. You can make the address settings in the
dialog box containing the program properties.

Note
When deleting stations or programmable modules, you will be asked if
you also want to delete the program contained within. If you choose not to
delete the program, it will be attached directly below the project as a
program without a station.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-16 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

5.3 User Interface and Operation

5.3.1 Operating Philosophy

Aim: Simple Object-Oriented Handling

The graphic user interface is intended to make the handling of the software
intuitive. You will find objects in the software which are familiar to you from your
everyday working environment, for example, stations, modules, programs, blocks.
The actions you execute when working with STEP 7 involve creating, selecting,
and manipulating objects of this type.

Differences to Application-Oriented Handling

With the existing type of application-oriented handling, you had to decide which
application was required to perform which task and then start the application.
The principle used with object-oriented handling is to decide which object to
process and then open the object in order to edit it.
With object-oriented handling, no special knowledge of command syntax is
required. Objects are represented on the user interface by graphic symbols, or
icons, which you open using menu commands or mouse clicks.
When you open an object, the relevant software application is started automatically
to display or edit the content of the object.

Read On...
The following pages describe some of the basic actions used to edit objects. Take
the time now to read up on these basic handling steps, as they will not be
described in detail further on in the manual.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-17
Startup and Operation

5.3.2 Window Arrangement

The standard components of a window are shown in the following figure:

Title of active Buttons for

System menu
(Maximize/Close etc.) window Minimize Maximize Close

Title bar
Menu bar

Toolbar

Workspace:
contains the information you have
displayed or are editing

Status bar

Title Bar and Menu Bar

The title bar and menu bar are always found at the top of a window. The title bar
contains the title of the window and icons for controlling the window. The menu bar
contains all menus available in the window.

Toolbar
The toolbar contains icons (or tool buttons) which provide shortcuts to frequently
used and currently available menu bar commands via a single mouse click. A brief
description of the function of the respective button is displayed together with
additional information in the status bar when you position the cursor briefly on the
button.
If access to a button is not possible in the current configuration, the button is
grayed out.

Status Bar
The status bar displays context-specific information.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-18 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

5.3.3 Elements in Dialog Boxes

Making Entries in Dialog Boxes

In dialog boxes you can enter information which is required for executing a
particular task. The components which appear most frequently in dialog boxes are
explained using the example in the following figure.

Text boxes to Search/Replace

enter text using the Search For: Replace With:
keyboard Q1.0 Q2.0
Whole Word/Cell only
Match case

Option boxes to select Search Only Search In

one of a number of From Cursor Down 0.All
choices From Cursor Up 1.Component
Whole Table 2.Component
Check boxes to Selection 3.Component
select one or more 4.Component
choices 5.Component
Search in Column
All

Buttons Search Replace Replace All Cancel Help

List Boxes and Combination Boxes

Text boxes sometimes have an arrow pointing downwards beside them. This arrow
shows that there are more options available to choose from for this box. Click on
the arrow to open a list box or combination box. If you click on an entry in the list, it
is automatically displayed in the text box.

Tabs in Dialog Boxes

The content of some dialog boxes is organized using tabs to improve the clarity of
the information by dividing the dialog box into tab cards (see figure below).

Module Information

Path: test01\Program (online) CPU Operating Mode: STOP

Status: Module Operating Mode:
Tabs General Diagnostic Buffer Memory Cycle Time Time SystemPerformance Communication Stacks

Events:

No. Time Date Event

1 09:15:22:842 11.12.95 Power-on retentive
2 18:00:22:378 08.12.95 STOP due to power failure

The names of the tab cards are shown on tabs along the top edge of the dialog box. To bring a
particular tab card to the foreground, you simply click on its tab.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-19
Startup and Operation

5.3.4 Creating and Managing Objects

Some basic processing steps are the same for all objects and do not depend on
the object type. These standard handling sequences are summarized here. This
knowledge of standard procedures is required to move on to other sections in the
manual.
The usual sequence of steps when handling objects is:
• Create an object
• Select an object
• Perform actions with the object (for example, copy, delete).

Setting the Path to Create New Projects/Libraries

Before you create new projects or libraries for the first time, you should set the path
where you want these objects to be created by selecting the menu command
Options > Customize. In the ”General" tab of the dialog box displayed you can
specify a path name under which you want to store new projects or libraries.

Creating Objects
The STEP 7 wizard ”New Project" offers support with creating a new project and
inserting objects. Use the menu command File > ”New Project" Wizard to open
the wizard. In the dialog boxes displayed you can set the structure of your project
and then have the wizard create the project for you.
If you do not wish to use the wizard, you can create projects and libraries using the
menu command File > New. These objects form the starting point of an object
hierarchy. You can create all other objects in the hierarchy using the commands in
the Insert menu, provided they are not created automatically. The exception to this
are the modules in a SIMATIC station which are created when you configure the
hardware or by using the ”New Project" wizard.

Opening Objects
There are a number of ways to open an object in the detailed view:
• Double-click on the object icon
• Select the object and then the menu command Edit > Open Object. This only
works for objects that are not folders.
Once you have opened an object, you can create or change its contents.
When you open an object that does not contain other objects, its contents are
represented by a suitable software component in a new window for editing
purposes. You cannot change objects whose contents are already being used
elsewhere.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-20 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

Note
Exception: Stations appear as folders for programmable modules (when you
double-click them) and for the station configuration. If you double-click the
"Hardware" object, the application for configuring hardware is started. Selecting
the station and selecting the menu command Edit > Open Object has the same
effect.

Building an Object Hierarchy

Use the ”New Project" wizard to create the object hierarchy. When you open a
folder, the objects it contains are displayed on the screen. You can now create
more objects in the folder using the Insert menu, for example, additional stations in
a project. Only the commands for those objects which can be inserted in the
current folder are active in the Insert menu.

Setting Object Properties

Object properties are data belonging to the object which determine its behavior.
The dialog box for setting object properties appears automatically when you create
a new object and properties have to be set. The properties can also be changed at
a later date.
Using the menu command Edit > Object Properties, a dialog box is opened in
which you can display or set the properties for the selected object.
Using the menu command Edit > Special Object Properties, you can open dialog
boxes and enter data required for operator control and monitoring functions and for
configuring messages.
For example, in order to display the special object properties of a block for operator
control and monitoring, the block must be marked as being relevant for operator
control and monitoring, meaning that the system attribute ”s7_m_c" must be set to
the value ”true" in the ”Attributes" tab of the block properties.

Note
Properties of the "System Data" folder and the "Hardware" object cannot be
displayed or changed.
You cannot write in the dialog boxes for object properties of a read-only project. In
this case, the input boxes are grayed out.
If you display the properties of programmable modules, you cannot edit the
displayed parameters for reasons of consistency. To edit the parameters you must
open the "Configuring Hardware" application.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-21
Startup and Operation

Cutting, Pasting, Copying

Most objects can be cut, pasted, or copied as usual under Windows. The menu
commands for these functions are found in the Edit menu.
You can also copy objects by dragging and dropping. If you attempt to move or
copy to an illegal destination, the cursor displays a prohibited sign as a warning.
When you copy an object, the whole hierarchy beneath it is also copied. This
enables components you create in an automation task to be used again and again.

Note
The connection table in the "Connections" folder cannot be copied. Note that
when you copy lists of operator-relevant texts, only those languages installed in
the destination object are accepted.

You will find a step-by-step guide to copying under Copying Objects.

Renaming Objects
The SIMATIC Manager assigns standard names to new objects. These names are
generally formed from the type of object (if a number of objects of this type can be
created in the same folder) and a number.
For example, the first S7 program will be named "S7 Program(1)", the second
"S7 Program(2)" etc. The symbol table is simply called "Symbols" as it can only
exist once in each folder.
You can change the names of most objects (and projects) and assign them names
which are more relevant to their content.
With projects, the directory names in the path must not have more than 8
characters. Otherwise, there may be problems when archiving and using "C for
M7" (Borland compiler).
You can change the name of an object directly or using the object properties.
• Directly:
When you slowly click twice on the name of a selected object, a frame appears
around the text. You can then edit the name using the keyboard.
• Using object properties:
Select the required object and select the menu command Edit > Object
Properties. Change the name in the dialog box. When you close the
properties dialog box, the object is renamed and displayed under its new
name.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-22 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

If you are not allowed to change the name of an object, the input field is shown in
gray in the dialog box, the current name is displayed, and text entries are not
possible.

Note
If you move the mouse pointer out of the name box while editing the name and
execute another action (for example, select a menu command), the edit procedure
is terminated. The changed name is accepted and entered if it is allowed.

You will find a step-by-step guide to renaming under Renaming Objects.

Moving Objects
With the SIMATIC Manager you can move objects from one folder to another even
if the destination is in another project. When you move a folder its contents are all
moved as well.

Note
You cannot move the following objects:
• Connections
• System data blocks (SDB) in the online view
• System functions (SFC) and system function blocks (SFB) in the online view

You will find a step-by-step guide to moving under Moving Objects.

Sorting Objects
You can sort objects in the detailed view (menu command View > Details)
according to their attributes. To do this, click on the corresponding header of the
required attribute. When you click again, the sort order is reversed. Blocks of one
type are sorted according to their numerical order, for example, FB1, FB2, FB11,
FB12, FB21, FC1.

Default Sort Order

When you re-open a project, the objects in the detailed view are displayed
according to a default sort order. Examples:
• Blocks are shown in the order "System data, OB, FB, FC, DB, UDT, VAT, SFB,
SFC."
• In a project, all stations are shown first and then the S7 programs.
The default is not therefore an alphanumeric ascending or descending sort order in
the detailed view.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-23
Startup and Operation

Restoring the Default Sort Order

After resorting, for example, by clicking on the column header "Object Name," you
can restore the default order if you proceed as follows:
• Click the column header "Type" in the detailed view.
• Close the project and open it again.

Deleting Objects
You can delete folders and objects. If you delete a folder, all the objects contained
in it are also deleted.
You cannot undo the delete procedure. If you are not sure whether you really no
longer need an object, it is better to archive the whole project first.

Note
You cannot delete the following objects:
• Connections
• System data blocks (SDB) in the online view
• System functions (SFC) and system function blocks (SFB) in the online view

You will find a step-by-step guide to deleting under Deleting Objects.

5.3.5 Selecting Objects in a Dialog Box

Selecting objects in a dialog box (browser) is an action which you will need
regularly for a large number of different edit steps.

Calling the Browser

You call the browser dialog in the hardware configuration application, for example,
using menu commands such as Station > New/Open (one exception is the basic
application window "SIMATIC Manager").

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-24 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

Structure of a Browser Dialog

In the browser you have the following selection options as shown in the following
figure.

Entry point: Here you select the View: You can switch Online/Offline: Here you can switch between
type of object in which you want to between the standard the offline view (selection of project data on
start the search (such as “Project”, view and the plant view. the PG/PC) and the online view (selection of
“Library”, or entries which permit project data on the connected
access to drives or connected programmable controller) – but only for the
programmable controllers). Entry Point "Project".
Browse: Click this button to
search for objects not
included in this list.

Open

Entry Point: View:

Project Standard Hierarchy Online Offline

Name: Project Storage Path:

example C:\SIEMENS\STEP7\E Browse...

example MPI Network 1 SIMATIC 300 Station1

SINEC L2 Subnet1 S7 Program
SINEC H1 Subnet1
Project view: The hierarchical
tree structure of the objects Plant view: the content of the
which can contain other object selected in the left half of
objects is displayed here. the window is displayed here.

Object Name:

Object Type: All editable

OK Cancel Help

Name: The recognized objects Object Type: You can enter a filter criterion
of the type specified under Entry here to filter the list, restricting the number
Point are displayed here in a list of objects displayed to give you a clearer
box. You can select a name overview.
from the list or enter a name
using the keyboard. Object Name: If you select an object,
the object name is entered here. You
can also enter the required name
directly.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-25
Startup and Operation

5.3.6 Session Memory

The SIMATIC Manager can save the contents of windows (that is, the projects and
libraries open), and the layout of the windows.
• Using the menu command Options > Customize, you define whether the
window contents and layout are to be saved at the end of a session. At the
start of the next session, these window contents and layout are restored. In the
open projects, the cursor is positioned on the last folder selected.
• Using the menu command Window > Save Settings you save the current
window contents and the window arrangement.
• Using the menu command Window > Restore Settings you restore the
window contents and layout that you saved with the menu command Window
> Save Settings. In the open projects, the cursor is positioned on the last
folder selected.

Note
The window contents of online projects, the contents of the "Accessible Nodes"
window, and the contents of the "S7 Memory Card" window are not saved.
Any passwords you may have entered for access to programmable controllers
(S7-300/S7-400) are not saved at the end of a session.

5.3.7 Changing the Window Arrangement of Symbol Tables

If you want to arrange all windows containing the open symbol tables so they
overlap and the title bar of each window remains visible, select the menu command
Window > Arrange > Cascade.
If you want to arrange all windows containing the open symbol tables evenly from
top to bottom, select the menu command Window > Arrange > Horizontally.
If you want to arrange all windows containing the open symbol tables evenly from
left to right, select the menu command Window > Arrange > Vertically.
If you want to arrange the icons of the minimized windows evenly along the bottom
edge of the main window, select the menu command Window > Arrange Icon

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-26 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

5.3.8 Saving and Restoring the Window Arrangement

The STEP 7 applications have a feature which enables you to save the current
window arrangement and restore it at a later stage. You can make the setting using
the menu command Options > Customize, "General" tab.

What Is Saved?
When you save the window layout the following information is recorded:
• Position of the main window
• Opened projects and libraries and their respective window positions
• Order of any cascaded windows

Note
The window content of online projects, the content of the "Accessible Nodes"
window, and the content of the "S7 Memory Card" window are not saved.

Saving the Window Layout

To save the current window arrangement, select the menu command Window >
Save Settings.

Restoring the Window Layout

To restore the saved window arrangement, select the menu command Window >
Restore Settings.

Note
When you restore a window, only the part of the hierarchy containing the object that was
selected when the window arrangement was saved is displayed in detail.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-27
Startup and Operation

5.4 Keyboard Control

5.4.1 Keyboard Control

International Key Names German Key Names
HOME POS1
END ENDE
PAGE UP BILD AUF
PAGE DOWN BILD AB
CTRL STRG
ENTER Eingabetaste
DEL ENTF
INSERT EINFG

5.4.2 Key Combinations for Menu Commands

Every menu command can be selected by typing a key combination with the ALT
key.
Press the following keys in the order shown:
• ALT key
• The letter underlined in the menu name you require (for example, ALT, F for
the menu "File" - if the menu "File" is included in the menu bar). The menu is
opened.
• The letter underlined in the menu command you require (for example, N for the
menu command "New"). If the menu command has a submenu, the submenu
is also opened. Proceed as above until you have selected the whole menu
command by typing the relevant letters.
Once you have entered the last letter in the key combination, the menu command
is executed.
Examples:
Menu Command Key Combination
File > Archive ALT, F, A
Window > Arrange > Cascade ALT, W, A, C

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-28 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

Shortcuts for Menu Commands

Command Shortcut
New (File Menu) CTRL+N
Open (File Menu) CTRL+O
Close (File Menu)
Compile (File Menu) CTRL+B
Print (Object) (File Menu) CTRL+P
Exit (File Menu) ALT+F4
Copy (Edit Menu) CTRL+C
Cut (Edit Menu) CTRL+X
Paste (Edit Menu) CTRL+V
Delete (Edit Menu) DEL
Select All (Edit Menu) CTRL+A
Object Properties (Edit Menu) ALT+RETURN
Open Object (Edit Menu) CTRL+ALT+O
Download (PLC Menu) CTRL+L
Operating Mode (PLC Menu) CTRL+I
Update (View Menu) F5
Updates the status display of the visible CPUs in the CTRL+F5
online view
Customize (Options Menu) CTRL+ALT+E
Reference Data, Display (Options Menu) CTRL+ALT+R
Arrange, Cascade (Window Menu) SHIFT+F5
Arrange, Horizontally (Window Menu) SHIFT+F2
Arrange, Vertically (Window Menu) SHIFT+F3
Context-Sensitive Help (Help Menu) F1
(If there is a current context, for
example, a selected menu
command, the relevant help topic
is opened. Otherwise the help
contents page is displayed.)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-29
Startup and Operation

5.4.3 Key Combinations for Moving the Cursor

Moving the Cursor in the Menu Bar/Pop-Up Menus

To Press
move to the menu bar F10
move to the pop-up menu SHIFT+F10
move to the menu that contains the letter or ALT+underlined character in a menu title
number underlined which you typed in
select the menu command whose Underlined character in the menu command
underlined letter or number corresponds to
the letter you have typed
move one menu command to the left LEFT ARROW
move one menu command to the right RIGHT ARROW
move one menu command up UP ARROW
move one menu command down DOWN ARROW
activate the selected menu command ENTER
deselect the menu name or close the open ESC
menu and return to the text

Moving the Cursor When Editing Text

To move Press
one line up or one character to the left in a UP ARROW
text consisting of only one line
one line down or one character to the right DOWN ARROW
in a text consisting of only one line
one character to the right RIGHT ARROW
one character to the left LEFT ARROW
one word to the right CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
one word to the left CTRL+LEFT ARROW
to the beginning of the line HOME
to the end of the line END
to the previous screen PAGE UP
to the next screen PAGE DOWN
to the beginning of the text CTRL+HOME
to the end of the text CTRL+END

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-30 A5E00069873-03
 Startup and Operation

Moving the Cursor in Dialog Boxes

To Press
move from one input box to the next (from TAB
left to right and from top to bottom)
move one input box in the reverse direction SHIFT+TAB
move to the input box or option that ALT+underlined character in a menu title
contains the letter or number underlined
which you typed in
select in a list of options an arrow key
open a list of options ALT+DOWN ARROW
select or deselect an item in a list SPACEBAR
confirm the entries and close the dialog box ENTER
("OK" button)
close the dialog box without saving the ESC
changes ("Cancel" button)

5.4.4 Key Combinations for Selecting Text

To select or deselect text Press

one character at a time to the right SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW
one character to the left SHIFT+LEFT ARROW
to the beginning of a comment line SHIFT+HOME
to the end of a comment line SHIFT+END
one line of text up SHIFT+UP ARROW
one line of text down SHIFT+DOWN ARROW
to the previous screen SHIFT+PAGE UP
to the next screen SHIFT+PAGE DOWN
the text to the beginning of the file CTRL+SHIFT+HOME
the text to the end of the file CTRL+SHIFT+END

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 5-31
Startup and Operation

5.4.5 Key Combinations for Access to Online Help

To Press
open the Help F1
(If there is a current context, for
example, a selected menu command,
the relevant help topic is opened.
Otherwise the help contents page is
displayed.)
activate the question mark symbol for context- SHIFT+F1
sensitive help
close the Help window and return to the ALT+F4
application

5.4.6 Key Combinations for Toggling between Windows

To Press
toggle between the panes in a window F6
return to the previous pane, if there is no Shift+F6
dockable window
toggle between the document window and a Shift+F6
dockable window in the document (for example,
variable declaration window).
If there are no dockable windows, you can use
this key combination to return to the previous
pane.
toggle between document windows Ctrl+F6
return to the previous document window Shift+Ctrl+F6
toggle between non-document windows Alt+F6
(application framework and dockable windows
in the application framework;
when you return to the framework, this key
combination activates the document window
that was last active)
return to the previous non-document window Shift+Alt+F6

close the current window Ctrl+F4

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

5-32 A5E00069873-03
6 Setting Up and Editing the Project

6.1 Project Structure

Projects are used to store the data and programs which are created when you put
together an automation solution. The data collected together in a project include:
• Configuration data on the hardware structure and parameters for modules,
• Configuration data for communication in networks, and
• Programs for programmable modules.
The main task when you create a project is preparing these data for programming.
Data are stored in a project in object form. The objects in a project are arranged in
a tree structure (project hierarchy). The display of the hierarchy in the project
window is similar to that of the Windows 95 Explorer. Only the object icons have a
different appearance.
The top end of the project hierarchy is structured as follows:
1st Level: Project
2nd Level: Subnets, stations, or S7/M7 programs
3rd Level: depends on the object in level 2.

Project Window
The project window is split into two halves. The left half shows the tree structure of
the project. The right half shows the objects that are contained in the object open in
the left half in the selected view (large symbols, small symbols, list, or details).
Click in the left half of the window on the box containing a plus sign to display the
full tree structure of the project. The resulting structure will look something like the
following figure.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 6-1
Setting Up and Editing the Project

At the top of the object hierarchy is the object ”S7_Pro1" as the icon for the whole
project. It can be used to display the project properties and serves as a folder for
networks (for configuring networks), stations (for configuring the hardware), and for
S7 or M7 programs (for creating software). The objects in the project are displayed
in the right half of the project window when you select the project icon. The objects
at the top of this type of object hierarchy (libraries as well as projects) form the
starting point in dialog boxes used to select objects.

Project View

You can display the project structure for the data available on the programming
device in the component view "offline" and for the data available on the
programmable control system in the component view "online" in project windows.
An additional view you can set is available if the respective optional package is
installed: the plant view.

Note
Configuring hardware and networks can only be done in the "offline" view.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

6-2 A5E00069873-03
 Setting Up and Editing the Project

6.2 Setting Up a Project

6.2.1 Creating a Project

To construct a solution to your automation task using the framework of a project

management, you will need to create a new project. The new project is created in
the directory you set for projects in the "General" tab when you selected the menu
command Options > Customize.

Note
The SIMATIC Manager allows names that are longer than eight characters. The
name of the project directory is, however, cut off to eight characters. Project
names must therefore differ in their first eight characters. The names are not case-
sensitive.

You will find a step-by-step guide to creating a project under Creating a Project
Manually or under Creating a Project Using the Wizard.

Creating a Project Using the Wizard

The easiest way to create a new project is using the "New Project" wizard. Use the
menu command File > ”New Project" Wizard to open the wizard. The wizard
prompts you to enter the required details in dialog boxes and then creates the
project for you. In addition to the station, CPU, program folder, source file folder,
block folder, and OB1 you can even select existing OBs for error and alarm
processing.
The following figure shows an example of a project created with the wizard.

Creating a Project Manually

You can also create a new project using the menu command File > New in the
SIMATIC Manager. It already contains the "MPI Subnet" object.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 6-3
Setting Up and Editing the Project

Alternative Procedures
When editing a project, you are flexible as to the order in which you perform most
of the tasks. Once you have created a project, you can choose one of the following
methods:
• First configure the hardware and then create the software for it, or
• Start by creating the software independent of any configured hardware.

Alternative 1: Configure the Hardware First

If you want to configure the hardware first, proceed as described in Volume 2 of the
Configuring Hardware with STEP 7 Manual. When you have done this, the
"S7 Program" and "M7 Program" folders required to create software are already
inserted. Then continue by inserting the objects required to create programs. Then
create the software for the programmable modules.

Alternative 2: Create Software First

You can also create software without first having to configure the hardware; this
can be done later. The hardware structure of a station does not have to be set for
you to enter your programs.
The basic procedure is as follows:
1. Insert the required software folders S7/M7 Program without a Station or
CPUS7 in your project.
Here you are simply deciding whether the program folder is to contain
S7 hardware or M7 hardware.
2. Then create the software for the programmable modules.
3. Configure your hardware.
4. Once you have configured the hardware, you can link the M7 or S7 program to
a CPU.

6.2.2 Inserting Stations

In a project, the station represents the hardware structure of a programmable

controller and contains the data for configuring and assigning parameters to
individual modules.
New projects created with the ”New Project" wizard already contain a station.
Otherwise you can create the station using the menu command Insert > Station.
You can choose between the following stations:
• SIMATIC 300 station
• SIMATIC 400 station
• SIMATIC H station
• SIMATIC PC station
• PC/programming device

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

6-4 A5E00069873-03
 Setting Up and Editing the Project

• SIMATIC S5
• Other stations, meaning non-SIMATIC S7/M7 and SIMATIC S5
The station is inserted with a preset name (for example, SIMATIC 300 Station(1),
SIMATIC 300 Station(2), etc.). You can replace the name of the stations with a
relevant name, if you wish.
You will find a step-by-step guide to inserting a station under Inserting a Station.

Configuring the Hardware

When you configure the hardware you specify the CPU and all the modules in your
programmable controller with the aid of a module catalog. You start the hardware
configuration application by double-clicking the station.
For each programmable module you create in your configuration, an S7 or
M7 program and a connection table (”Connections" object) are created
automatically once you have saved and exited the hardware configuration. Projects
created with the ”New Project" wizard already contain these objects.
You will find a step-by-step guide to configuring under Configuring the Hardware,
and detailed information under Basic Steps for Configuring a Station.

Creating a Connection Table

An (empty) connection table (”Connections" object) is created automatically for
each programmable module. The connection table is used to define communication
connections between programmable modules in a network. When it is opened, a
window is displayed containing a table in which you define connections between
programmable modules.
You will find detailed information under Networking Stations within a Project.

Next Steps
Once you have created the hardware configuration, you can create the software for
your programmable modules (Also refer to Inserting a S7/M7 Program).

6.2.3 Inserting an S7/M7 Program

The software for programmable modules is stored in object folders. For SIMATIC
S7 modules this object folder is called "S7 Program," for SIMATIC M7 modules it is
called "M7 Program."
The following figure shows an example of an S7 program in a programmable
module in a SIMATIC 300 station.

Project
SIMATIC 300 Station
Programmable Module
S7 Program

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 6-5
Setting Up and Editing the Project

Existing Components
An S7/M7 program is created automatically for each programmable module as a
container for the software:
The following objects already exist in a newly created S7 program:
• Symbol table (”Symbols" object)
• "Blocks" folder for containing the first block
• "Source Files" folder for source files
The following objects already exist in a newly created M7 program:
• Symbol table (”Symbols" object)
• "Blocks" folder

Creating S7 Blocks
You want to create Statement List, Ladder Logic, or Function Block Diagram
programs. To do this, select the existing "Blocks" object and then select the menu
command Insert > S7 Block. In the submenu, you can select the type of block you
want to create (such as a data block, user-defined data type (UDT), function,
function block, organization block, or variable table).
You can now open the (empty) block and start entering the Statement List, Ladder
Logic, or Function Block Diagram program. You will find more information on this in
Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks and in the Statement List, Ladder Logic,
and Function Block Diagram manuals.

Note
The object ”System Data" (SDB) which may exist in a user program was created
by the system. You can open it, but you cannot make changes to it for reasons of
consistency. It is used to make changes to the configuration once you have
loaded a program and to download the changes to the programmable controller.

Using Blocks from Standard Libraries

You can also use blocks from the standard libraries supplied with the software to
create user programs. You access the libraries using the menu command File >
Open. You will find further information on using standard libraries and on creating
your own libraries in Working with Libraries and in the online help.

Creating Source Files/CFC Charts

You want to create a source file in a particular programming language or a CFC
chart. To do this, select the "Source Files" or "Charts" object in the S7 program and
then select the menu command Insert > S7 Software. In the submenu, you can
select the source file that matches your programming language. You can now open
the empty source file and start entering your program. You will find more
information under Basic Information on Programming in STL Source Files.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

6-6 A5E00069873-03
 Setting Up and Editing the Project

Creating Programs for M7

You want to create programs for the operating system RMOS for a programmable
module from the M7 range. To do this, select the M7 program and then select the
menu command Insert > M7 Software. In the submenu, you can select the object
that matches your programming language or operating system. You can now open
the object you created to access the relevant programming environment.

Creating a Symbol Table

An (empty) symbol table (”Symbols" object) is created automatically when the
S7/M7 program is created. When you open the symbol table, the ”Symbol Editor"
window opens displaying a symbol table where you can define symbols. You will
find more information under Entering Multiple Shared Symbols in the Symbol
Table.

Inserting External Source Files

You can create and edit source files with any ASCII editor. You can then import
these files into your project and compile them to create individual blocks.
The blocks created when the imported source file is compiled are stored in the
”Blocks" folder.
You will find more information under Inserting External Source Files.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 6-7
Setting Up and Editing the Project

6.3 Editing a Project

6.3.1 Editing a Project

Opening a Project
To open an existing project, enter the menu command File > Open. Then select a
project in the dialog boxes that follow. The project window is then opened.

Note
If the project you require is not displayed in the project list, click on the "Browse"
button. In the browser you can then search for other projects and include any
projects you find in the project list. You can change the entries in the project list
using the menu command File > Manage.

Copying a Project
You copy a project by saving it under another name using the menu command File
> Save As.
You copy parts of a project such as stations, programs, blocks etc. using the menu
command Edit > Copy.
You will find a step-by-step guide to copying a project under Copying a Project and
Copying Part of a Project.

Deleting a Project
You delete a project using the menu command File > Delete.
You delete parts of a project such as stations, programs, blocks etc. using the
menu command Edit > Delete.
You will find a step-by-step guide to deleting a project under Deleting a Project and
Deleting Part of a Project.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

6-8 A5E00069873-03
 Setting Up and Editing the Project

6.3.2 Managing Multilingual Text

STEP 7 offers the possibility of exporting text that has been created in a project in
one language, having it translated, reimporting it, and displaying it in the translated
language.
The following text types can be managed in more than one language:
• Comments and titles
- Block titles and block comments
- Network titles and network comments
- Line comments from STL programs
- Comments from symbol tables, variable declaration tables, user-defined
data types, and data blocks
- Comments, state names, and transition names in HiGraph programs
- Extensions of step names and step comments in S7-Graph programs
• Display texts
- Message texts generated by STEP 7, S7-Graph, S7-HiGraph, or S7-
PDIAG
- System text libraries

Exporting
Exporting is done for all blocks and symbol tables located under the selected
object. An export file is created for each text type. This file contains a column for
the source language and a column for the target language. Text in the source
language must not be changed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 6-9
Setting Up and Editing the Project

Importing
During import, the contents of the target-language columns (right-hand column) are
brought into the selected project. Only the text for which a match with an existing
text in the source-language column is found is accepted.

Switching Languages
When switching languages, you can choose from all the languages that were
specified during import into the selected project. The language is then changed for
the selected objects.

Deleting a Language
When a language is deleted all the texts in this language are deleted from the
internal database.
One language should always be available as a reference language in your project.
This can, for example, be your local language. This language should not be
deleted. During exporting and importing always specify this reference language as
the source language. The target language can be set as desired.

Basic Procedure

Create the export files for the translation (menu

command Options > Managing Multilingual
Text > Export).

Translate the text.

Import the translated files (menu command

Options > Managing Multilangual Text >
Import).

Select the langauge in which the text is to be

displayed (menu command Options > Managing
Multilingual Text > Switch Language).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

6-10 A5E00069873-03
7 Defining Symbols

7.1 Absolute and Symbolic Addressing

In a STEP 7 program you work with addresses such as I/O signals, bit memory,
counters, timers, data blocks, and function blocks. You can access these
addresses in your program absolutely, but your programs will be much easier to
read if you use symbols for the addresses (for example, Motor_A_On, or other
identifiers according to the code system used within your company or industry). An
address in your user program can then be accessed via this symbol.

Absolute Addresses
An absolute address comprises an address identifier and a memory location (for
example, Q 4.0, I 1.1, M 2.0, FB21).

Symbolic Addresses
You can make your program easier to read and simplify troubleshooting if you
assign symbolic names to the absolute addresses.
STEP 7 can translate the symbolic names into the required absolute addresses
automatically. If you would prefer to access ARRAYs, STRUCTs, data blocks, local
data, logic blocks, and user-defined data types using symbolic names, you must
first assign symbolic names to the absolute addresses before you can address the
data symbolically.
You can, for example, assign the symbolic name MOTOR_ON to the address
Q 4.0 and then use MOTOR_ON as an address in a program statement. Using
symbolic addresses it is easier to recognize to what extent the elements in the
program match the components of your process control project.

Note
Two consecutive underline characters (for example, MOTOR__ON) are not
permitted in a symbolic name (variable ID).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-1
Defining Symbols

Support with Programming

In the programming languages Ladder Logic, Function Block Diagram, and
Statement List you can enter addresses, parameters, and block names as absolute
addresses or as symbols.
Using the menu command View > Display > Symbolic Representation you can
toggle between the absolute and symbolic representation of addresses.
To make it easier to program using symbolic addresses you can display the
absolute address and the symbol comment that belongs with the symbol. You can
activate this information using the menu command View > Display > Symbol
Information. This means that the line comment following every STL statement
contains more information. You cannot edit the display; you must make any
changes in the symbol table or the variable declaration table.
The following figure shows you the symbol information in STL.

FB34 - <Offline>
FB1003 : Interrupt Trigger
Network 1 : ???
U "Sensor1" "I1.0 Temperature overrange"
UN "Switch2" "I1.2 Fault acknowledgment"
= "Lighton" "Q4.0 Interrupt signal"

When you print out a block, the current screen representation with statement
comments or symbol comments is printed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-2 A5E00069873-03
 Defining Symbols

7.2 Shared and Local Symbols

A symbol allows you to work with meaningful symbolic names instead of absolute
addresses. The combination of short symbols and longer comments can be used
effectively to make programming easier and program documentation better.
You should distinguish between local (block-specific) and shared symbols.

Shared Symbols Local Symbols

Validity • Is valid in the whole user program, • Only known to the
• Can be used by all blocks, block in which it was
defined,
• Has the same meaning in all blocks,
• The same symbol can
• Must be unique in the whole user
be used in different
program.
blocks for different
purposes.
Permitted • Letters, numbers, special characters, • Letters,
characters • Accents other than 0x00, 0xFF, and • Numbers,
quotation marks, • Underscore (_).
• The symbol must be placed within
quotation marks if you use special
characters.
Use • You can define shared symbols for: • You can define local
symbols for:
• I/O signals (I, IB, IW, ID, Q, QB, QW, QD)
• Block parameters
• I/O inputs and outputs (PI, PQ)
(input, output, and
• Bit memory (M, MB, MW, MD) in/out parameters),
• Timers (T)/ counters (C) • Static data of a block,
• Logic blocks (OB, FB, FC, SFB, SFC) • Temporary data of a
• Data blocks (DB) block.
• User-defined data types (UDT)
• Variable table (VAT)
Defined Symbol table Variable declaration table
where? for the block

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-3
Defining Symbols

7.3 Displaying Shared or Local Symbols

You can distinguish between shared and local symbols in the code section of a
program as follows:
• Symbols from the symbol table (shared) are shown in quotation marks "..".
• Symbols from the variable declaration table of the block (local) are preceded
by the character "#".
You do not have to enter the quotation marks or the "#". When you enter your
program in Ladder, FBD, or STL the syntax check adds these characters
automatically.
If you are concerned that there may be some confusion because, for example, the
same symbols are used in both the symbol table and the variable declaration, you
must code the shared symbol explicitly when you want to use it. Any symbols
without the respective coding are interpreted as block-specific (local) variables in
this case.
Coding shared symbols is also necessary if the symbol contains blanks.
When programming in an STL source file the same special characters and
guidelines for their use apply. Code characters are not added automatically in
free-edit mode, but they are still necessary if you wish to avoid confusion.

Note
Using the menu command View > Display > Symbolic Representation you can
toggle the display between the declared shared symbolic and the absolute
addresses.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-4 A5E00069873-03
 Defining Symbols

7.4 Setting the Address Priority

In the dialog box for the S7 program properties you can set whether the symbol or
the absolute value have priority when the blocks are opened if changes have been
made in the symbol table. In STEP 7 versions older than V5 the absolute value
always had priority. For the block call command CALL, the absolute value always
has priority.
Example
A saved block contains the statement "A Symbol_A" where Symbol_A is defined in
the symbol table for the absolute value I 0.1. Now the symbol table is changed and
the block opened once again. Setting address priority therefore has the following
effect on this statement:

Address Changing the Statement when Explanation

Priority Assignment Block Opened
"Symbol_A = I 0.1"
Absolute Symbol_A = I 0.2 A I 0.1 The absolute value I 0.1 is
value displayed in the statement
because a symbol is no longer
assigned to this address.
Absolute Symbol_B = I0.1 A Symbol_B The new symbol for the still
value valid absolute value I 0.1 is
displayed in the statement.
Symbol Symbol_A = I 0.2 A Symbol_A The statement remains the
same. A message informing
you of the changed symbol
assignment is displayed.
Symbol Symbol_B = I 0.1 A Symbol_A The statement is marked as
incorrect (red text) because
Symbol_A is no longer defined.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-5
Defining Symbols

7.5 Symbol Table for Shared Symbols

7.5.1 Symbol Table for Shared Symbols

Shared symbols are defined in the symbol table.

An (empty) symbol table (”Symbols" object) is created automatically when you
create an S7 or M7 program.

Validity
The symbol table is only valid for the module to which you link the program. If you
want to use the same symbols in a number of different CPUs, you yourself must
ensure that the entries in the various symbol tables all match up (for example, by
copying the table).

7.5.2 Structure and Components of the Symbol Table

Structure of the Symbol Table

Symbol Editor - Project/SIMATIC300-Station(1)/CPU314(1)/.../Symbols

Table Edit Insert View Options Window Help

Project/SIMATIC300-Station(1)/CPU314(1)/.../Symbols
R O M C Symbol Adress Data type Comment
1

R/O/M/C Columns
The columns R/O/M/C show whether a symbol was assigned special object
properties:
• R (monitoring) means that error definitions for process diagnostics were
created for the symbol with the optional package S7-PDIAG (V5).
• O means that the symbol can be operated and monitored with WinCC.
• M means that a symbol-related message (SCAN) was assigned to the symbol.
• C means that the symbol is assigned communication properties (can only be
selected with NCM).

Symbol
The symbolic name must not be longer than 24 characters. A symbol table can
contain a maximum of 16380 symbols.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-6 A5E00069873-03
 Defining Symbols

You cannot assign symbols in the symbol table for addresses in data blocks (DBD,
DBW, DBB, DBX). Their names are assigned in the data block declaration.
For organization blocks (OB) and some system function blocks (SFB) and system
functions (SFC) predefined symbol table entries already exist which you can import
into the table when you edit the symbol table of your S7 program. The import file is
stored in the STEP 7 directory under ...\S7data\Symbol\Symbol.sdf.

Address
An address is the abbreviation for a particular memory area and memory location.
Example: Input I 12.1
The syntax of the address is checked as it is entered. A check is also made to see
whether the address may be assigned the specified data type.

Data Type
You can choose between a number of data types available in STEP 7. The data
type field already contains a default data type which you may change, if necessary.
If the change you make is not suitable for the address and its syntax is incorrect,
an error message appears as you exit the field.

Comment
You can assign comments to all symbols. The combination of brief symbolic names
and more detailed comments makes creating programs more effective and makes
your program documentation more complete. A comment can be up to 80
characters in length.

Converting to C Variables
You can select symbols in the symbol table for an M7 program and convert them to
corresponding C variables in conjunction with the ProC/C++ software option.

7.5.3 Addresses and Data Types Permitted in the Symbol Table

Only one set of mnemonics can be used throughout a symbol table. Switching
between SIMATIC (German) and IEC (English) mnemonics must be done in the
SIMATIC Manager using the menu command Options > Customize in the
"Language" tab.

IEC SIMATIC Description Data Type Address

Range
I E Input bit BOOL 0.0 to 65535.7
IB EB Input byte BYTE, CHAR 0 to 65535
IW EW Input word WORD, INT, S5TIME, DATE 0 to 65534
ID ED Input double word DWORD, DINT, REAL, TOD, TIME 0 to 65532
Q A Output bit BOOL 0.0 to 65535.7
QB AB Output byte BYTE, CHAR 0 to 65535

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-7
Defining Symbols

IEC SIMATIC Description Data Type Address

Range
QW AW Output word WORD, INT, S5TIME, DATE 0 to 65534
QD AD Output double word DWORD, DINT, REAL, TOD, TIME 0 to 65532
M M Memory bit BOOL 0.0 to 65535.7
MB MB Memory byte BYTE, CHAR 0 to 65535
MW MW Memory word WORD, INT, S5TIME, DATE 0 to 65534
MD MD Memory double word DWORD, DINT, REAL, TOD, TIME 0 to 65532
PIB PEB Peripheral input byte BYTE, CHAR 0 to 65535
PQB PAB Peripheral output byte BYTE, CHAR 0 to 65535
PIW PEW Peripheral input word WORD, INT, S5TIME, DATE 0 to 65534
PQ PAW Peripheral output word WORD, INT, S5TIME, DATE 0 to 65534
W
PID PED Peripheral input double word DWORD, DINT, REAL, TOD, TIME 0 to 65532
PQD PAD Peripheral output double word DWORD, DINT, REAL, TOD, TIME 0 to 65532
T T Timer TIMER 0 to 65535
C Z Counter COUNTER 0 to 65535
FB FB Function block FB 0 to 65535
OB OB Organization block OB 1 to 65535
DB DB Data block DB, FB, SFB, UDT 1 to 65535
FC FC Function FC 0 to 65535
SFB SFB System function block SFB 0 to 65535
SFC SFC System function SFC 0 to 65535
VAT VAT Variable table 0 to 65535
UDT UDT User-defined data type UDT 0 to 65535

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-8 A5E00069873-03
 Defining Symbols

7.5.4 Incomplete and Non-Unique Symbols in the Symbol Table

Incomplete Symbols
It is also possible to store incomplete symbols. You can, for example, enter only
the symbol name first and then add the corresponding address at a later date. This
means you can interrupt your work on the symbol table at any time, save the
interim result, and complete your work another time. When you come to use the
symbol for creating software (without an error message appearing), you must have
entered the symbolic name, the address, and the data type.

How Non-Unique Symbols Occur

Non-unique symbols occur when you insert a symbol in the symbol table whose
symbolic name and/or address was already used in another symbol row. This
means both the new symbol and the existing symbol are non-unique.
This happens, for example, when you copy and paste a symbol in order to change
the details in the copy slightly.

Marking Non-Unique Symbols

In the symbol table, non-unique symbols are identified by highlighting them
graphically (color, font). This change in their representation means they still require
editing. You can either display all symbols or filter the view so that only unique or
non-unique symbols are displayed.

Making Symbols Unique

A non-unique symbol becomes unique when you change the component (symbol
and/or address) which caused it to be non-unique. If two symbols are non-unique
and you change one of them to make it unique, the other one also becomes
unique.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-9
Defining Symbols

7.6 Entering Shared Symbols

7.6.1 Entering Shared Symbols

There are three methods of entering symbols that can be used for programming at
a later stage:
• Via Dialog Box
You can open a dialog box in the window where you are entering a program
and define a new symbol or redefine an existing symbol. This procedure is
recommended for defining individual symbols, for example, if you realize that a
symbol is missing or you want to correct one while you are writing the program.
This saves you displaying the whole symbol table.
• Directly in the Symbol Table
You can enter symbols and their absolute addresses directly in a symbol table.
This procedure is recommended if you want to enter a number of symbols and
for when you create the symbol table for a project because you have the
symbols which were already assigned displayed on the screen, making it
easier to keep an overview of the symbols.
• Import Symbol Tables from Other Table Editors
You can create the data for the symbol table in any table editor you are
comfortable with (for example, Microsoft Excel) and then import the file you
created into the symbol table.

7.6.2 General Tips on Entering Symbols

To enter new symbols in the symbol table, position the cursor in the first empty row
of the table and fill out the cells. You can insert new rows before the current row in
the symbol table using the menu command Insert > Symbol. If the row before the
cursor position already contains an address, you will be supported when inserting
new symbols by a presetting of the "Address" and "Data Type" columns. The
address is derived from the previous row; the default data type is entered as data
type.
You can copy and modify existing entries using the commands in the Edit menu.
Save and then close the symbol table. You can also save symbols which have not
been completely defined.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-10 A5E00069873-03
 Defining Symbols

When you enter the symbols in the table, you should note the following points:

Column Note
Symbol The name must be unique within the whole symbol table. When you
confirm the entry in this field or exit the field, a non-unique symbol is
marked. The symbol can contain up to 24 characters. Quotation marks (")
are not permitted.
Address When you confirm the entry in this field or exit the field, a check is made as
to whether the address entered is allowed.
Data Type When you enter the address, this field is automatically assigned a default
data type. If you change this default, the program checks whether the new
data type matches the address.
Comment You can enter comments here to briefly explain the functions of the
symbols (max. 80 characters). Entering a comment is optional.

7.6.3 Entering Single Shared Symbols in a Dialog Box

The procedure described below shows you how you can change symbols or define
new symbols in a dialog box while programming blocks without having to display
the symbol table.
This procedure is useful if you only want to edit a single symbol. If you want to edit
a number of symbols, you should open the symbol table and work in it directly.

Activating Symbol Display in a Block

You activate the display of symbols in the block window of an open block using the
menu command View > Display > Symbolic Representation. A check mark is
displayed in front of the menu command to show that the symbolic representation
is active.

Defining Symbols When Entering Programs

1. Make certain that the symbolic representation is switched on in the block
window (menu command View > Display > Symbolic Representation.)
2. Select the absolute address in the code section of your program to which you
want to assign a symbol.
3. Select the menu command Edit > Symbol.
4. Fill out the dialog box and close it, confirming your entries with ”OK" and
making sure you enter a symbol.
The defined symbol is entered in the symbol table. Any entries that would lead to
non-unique symbols are rejected with an error message.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-11
Defining Symbols

Editing in the Symbol Table

Using the menu command Options > Symbol Table you can open the symbol
table to edit it.

7.6.4 Entering Multiple Shared Symbols in the Symbol Table

Opening the Symbol Table

There are a number of ways of opening a symbol table:
• Double-click the symbol table in the project window.
• Select the symbol table in the project window and select the menu command
Edit > Open Object.
The symbol table for the active program is displayed in its own window. You can
now create symbols or edit them. When you open a symbol table for the first time
after it was created, it is empty.

Entering Symbols
To enter new symbols in the symbol table, position the cursor in the first empty row
of the table and fill out the cells. You can insert new empty rows before the current
row in the symbol table using the menu command Insert > Symbol. You can copy
and modify existing entries using the commands in the Edit menu. Save and then
close the symbol table. You can also save symbols which have not been
completely defined.

Sorting Symbols
The data records in the symbol table can be sorted alphabetically according to
symbol, address, data type, or comment.
You can change the way the table is sorted by using the menu command View >
Sort to open a dialog box and define the sorted view.

Filtering Symbols
You can use a filter to select a subset of the records in a symbol table.
Using the menu command View > Filter you open the "Filter" dialog box.
You can define criteria which the records must fulfil in order to be included in the
filtered view. You can filter according to:
• Symbol names, addresses, data types, comments
• Symbols with operator control and monitoring attribute, symbols with
communication properties, symbols for binary variables for messages (bit
memory or process input)
• Symbols with the status "valid," "invalid (non-unique, incomplete)"

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-12 A5E00069873-03
 Defining Symbols

The individual criteria are linked by an AND operation. The filtered records start
with the specified strings.
If you want to know more about the options in the "Filter" dialog box, open the
context-sensitive online help by pressing F1.

7.6.5 Using Upper and Lower Case for Symbols

No Distinction between Upper and Lower Case Characters

Previously it was possible to define symbols in STEP 7 which differed from one
another only in the case used for individual characters. This was changed in
STEP 7, V4.02. It is now no longer possible to distinguish between symbols on the
basis of the case used.
This change was made in response to the wishes of our customers, and will greatly
reduce the risk of errors occurring in a program. The restrictions which have been
made to the symbol definition also support the aims of the PLCopen forum to
define a standard for transferable programs.
Symbol definition based solely on a distinction between upper and lower case
characters is now no longer supported. Previously, for example, the following
definition was possible in the symbol table:
Motor1 = I 0.0
motor1 = I 1.0
The symbols were distinguished on the basis of the case used for the first letter.
This type of differentiation carries with it a significant risk of confusion. The new
definition eliminates this possible source of errors.

Effects on Existing Programs

If you have been using this criterion to distinguish between different symbols you
may experience difficulties with the new definition if:
• Symbols differ from one another only in their use of upper and lower case
characters
• Parameters differ from one another only in their use of upper and lower case
characters
• Symbols differ from parameters only in their use of upper and lower case
characters
All three of these conflicts can, however, be analyzed and resolved as described
below.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-13
Defining Symbols

Symbols which Differ from One Another Only in their Use of Upper and
Lower Case Characters
Conflict:
If the symbol table has not yet been edited with the current version of the software,
the first of the non-unique symbols in the table is used when source files are
compiled.
If the symbol table has already been edited, such symbols are invalid; this means
that the symbols are not displayed when blocks are opened and source files
containing these symbols can no longer be compiled without errors.
Remedy:
Check your symbol table for conflicts by opening the table and saving it again. This
action enables the non-unique symbols to be recognized. You can then display the
non-unique symbols using the filter "Non-Unique Symbols" and correct them. You
should also correct any source files which contain conflicts. You do not need to
make any further changes to the blocks, as the current (now conflict-free) version
of the symbol table is automatically used or displayed when a block is opened.
Parameters which Differ from One Another Only in their Use of Upper and
Lower Case Characters
Conflict:
Source files containing such interfaces can no longer be compiled without errors.
Blocks with such interfaces can be opened, but access to the second of these
parameters is no longer possible. When you try to access the second parameter,
the program automatically returns to the first parameter when the block is saved.
Remedy:
To check which blocks contain such conflicts, it is advisable to generate a source
file for all the blocks of a program using the function "Generate Source File." If
errors occur when you attempt to compile the source file you have created, there
must be a conflict.
Correct your source files by ensuring that the parameters are unique; for example,
by means of the "Find and Replace" function. Then compile the files again.
Symbols which Differ from Parameters Only in their Use of Upper and Lower
Case Characters
Conflict:
If shared and local symbols in a source file only differ from one another in their use
of upper and lower case characters, and is no initial characters have been used to
identify shared ("symbol name") or local (#symbol name) symbols, the local symbol
will always be used during compilation. This results in a modified machine code.
Remedy:
In this case it is advisable to generate a new source file from all of the blocks. This
will automatically assign local and shared access with the corresponding initial
characters and will ensure that they are handled correctly during future compilation
procedures.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-14 A5E00069873-03
 Defining Symbols

7.6.6 Exporting and Importing Symbol Tables

You can export the current symbol table to a text file in order to be able to edit it
with any text editor.
You can also import tables created using another application into your symbol table
and continue to edit them there. The import function can be used, for example, to
include in the symbol table assignment lists created with STEP5/ST following
conversion.
The file formats *.SDF, *.ASC, *.DIF, and *.SEQ are available to choose from.

Rules for Exporting

You can export the whole symbol table, a filtered subset of the symbol table, or
rows selected in the table view.
The properties of symbols that you can set using the menu command Edit >
Special Object Properties are not exported.

Rules for Importing

• For frequently used system function blocks (SFBs), system functions
(SFCs)and organization blocks (OBs)predefined symbol table entries already
exist in the file ...\S7DATA\SYMBOL\SYMBOL.SDF which you can import as
required.
• The properties of symbols that you can set using the menu command Edit >
Special Object Properties are not taken into consideration when exporting
and importing.

7.6.7 File Formats for Importing/Exporting a Symbol Table

The following file formats can be imported into or exported out from the symbol
table:
• ASCII file format (ASC)
• Data Interchange Format (DIF)
You can open, edit, and save DIF files in Microsoft Excel.
• System Data Format (SDF)
You can open, edit, and save SDF files in Microsoft Access.
- To import and export data to and from the Microsoft Access application,
use the SDF file format.
- In Access, select the file format ”Text (with delimiters)".
- Use the double inverted comma (") as the text delimiter.
- Use the comma (,) as the cell delimiter.
• Assignment list (SEQ)
Caution: When exporting the symbol table to a file of the type .SEQ comments
that are longer than 40 characters are truncated after the 40th character.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-15
Defining Symbols

ASCII File Format (ASC)

File Type *.ASC

Structure: Record length, delimiter comma, record
Example: 126,green_phase_ped. T 2 TIMER Duration of green phase for
pedestrians
126,red_ped. Q 0.0 BOOL Red for pedestrians

Data Interchange Format (DIF)

File Type *.DIF

Structure: A DIF file consists of the file header and the data:

Header TABLE Start of a DIF File

0,1
"<Title>" Comment string
VECTORS Number of records in the file
0,<No. of records>
""
TUPLES Number of data fields in a record
0,<No. of columns>
""
DATA ID for the end of the header and start of the data
0,0
""
Data (per record) <type>,<numeric value> ID for the data type, numeric value
<String> Alphanumeric part or
V if the alphanumeric part is not used

Header: the file header must contain the record types TABLE, VECTORS,
TUPLES, and DATA in the order specified. Before DATA, DIF files can contain
further, optional record types. These are, however, ignored by the Symbol Editor.
Data: in the data part, each entry consists of three parts: the ID for the Type (data
type), a numeric value, and an alphanumeric part.
You can open, edit, and save DIF files in Microsoft Excel. You should not use
accents, umlauts, or other special language characters.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-16 A5E00069873-03
 Defining Symbols

System Data Format (SDF)

File Type *.SDF

Structure: Strings in quotation marks, parts separated by commas
Example: "green_phase_ped."," T 2","TIMER","Duration of green phase for pedestrians"
"red_ped."," Q 0.0","BOOL","Red for pedestrians"

To open an SDF file in Microsoft Access you should select the file format ’Text
(with delimiter)’. Use the double quotation mark (") as the text delimiter and the
comma (,) as the field delimiter.

Assignment List (SEQ)

File Type *.SEQ

Structure: TAB Address TAB Symbol TAB Comment CR
Example: T 2 green_phase_ped. Duration of green phase for pedestrians
Q 0.0 red_ped. Red for pedestrians

TAB stands for the tabulator key (09H),

CR stands for carriage return with the RETURN key (0DH).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 7-17
Defining Symbols

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

7-18 A5E00069873-03
8 Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.1 Selecting an Editing Method

Depending on the programming language you use to create a program, you can
enter your program either in incremental input mode and/or free-edit (text) mode.

Incremental Editors for the Programming Languages Ladder Logic, Function

Block Diagram, Statement List, or S7-GRAPH
In the incremental input mode editors for Ladder, FBD, STL, and S7-GRAPH, you
create blocks that are stored in the user program. You should choose to use
incremental input mode if you want to check what you have entered immediately.
This edit mode is particularly suitable for beginners. In incremental input mode
each line or element has its syntax checked immediately as it is entered. Any
errors are indicated and must be corrected before completing the entry.
Syntactically correct entries are automatically compiled and stored in the user
program.
Any symbols use must be defined before editing the statements. If certain symbols
are not available, the block cannot be compiled fully; this inconsistent interim
version can, however, be saved.

Free-Edit (Text) Editors for the Programming Languages Statement List, S7 SCL,
or S7 HiGraph
In free-edit mode editors, you create source files that are then subsequently
compiled into blocks.
You should choose to use free-edit mode to enter a program quickly.
In free-edit mode the program or a block is edited in a text file and the text file is
then compiled.
The text files (source files) are stored in the source file folder of your S7 program,
for example, as an STL source file or SCL source file. A source file can contain
the code for one or more blocks. With the text editors for STL and SCL you can
generate code for OBs, FBs, FCs, DBs, and UDTs (user-defined data types), but
you can also create a whole user program. The whole program for a CPU
(meaning all blocks) can be contained in one single text file.
When you compile the source file are the respective blocks created and stored in
the user program. Any symbols used must be defined before compilation. Any
errors are only reported by the respective compiler during compilation.
For compilation it is important that the particular syntax for the programming
language has been adhered to. A syntax check is run only when you select the
consistency check command or when the source file is compiled into blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-1
Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.2 Selecting the Programming Language

8.2.1 Selecting the Programming Language

Setting the Programming Language for the Editor

You set which programming language and which type of editor you want to use to
create a block or a source file in the object properties when you create the
particular block or source file. This entry determines which editor is started when
the block or source file is opened.

Starting the Editor

You start the appropriate language editor in the SIMATIC Manager by
double-clicking the corresponding object (block, source file, etc.), by selecting the
menu command Edit > Open Object, or by selecting the corresponding button in
the toolbar.
To create an S7 program, the programming languages listed in the table are
available to you. The STEP 7 programming language representation types Ladder,
FBD, and STL are included with the standard STEP 7 software package. You can
purchase the other programming languages as optional software packages.
You then have the choice of a number of different programming philosophies
(Ladder Logic, Function Block Diagram, Statement List, high-level language,
sequential control, or state graph) and the choice whether you use a text-based or
a graphic programming language.
By selecting a programming language, you also determine which type of input
mode is permitted (•).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-2 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Blocks and Libraries

Programming User Group Application Incremental Free- Block can be

Language Input Edit Documented
Mode Back from
the CPU
Statement List Users who prefer Programs • • •
STL programming in a optimized in terms
language similar to of run time and
machine code memory
requirements
Ladder Logic LAD Users who are Programming logic • − •
accustomed to controls
working with circuit
diagrams
Function Block Users who are Programming logic • − •
Diagram FBD familiar with the controls
logic boxes of
Boolean algebra
SCL (Structured Users who have Programming data − • −
Control programmed in processing tasks
Language) high-level
languages such as
Optional package PASCAL or C
S7-GRAPH Users who want to Convenient • − •
work oriented on description of
the technological sequential
Optional package functions without processes
extensive
programming or
PLC experience
HiGraph Users who want to Convenient − • −
work oriented on description of
the technological asynchronous,
Optional package functions without non-sequential
extensive processes
programming or
PLC experience
CFC Users who want to Description of − − −
work oriented on continuous
the technological processes
Optional package functions without
extensive
programming or
PLC experience

If blocks contain no errors, you can switch between representing your blocks in
either Ladder Logic, Function Block Diagram, or Statement List. Program parts that
cannot be displayed in the language you switch to are shown in Statement List.
You can create blocks from source files in Statement List and also decompile them
back into source files.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-3
Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.2.2 Ladder Logic Programming Language (LAD)

The graphic programming language Ladder Logic (LAD) is based on the

representation of circuit diagrams. The elements of a circuit diagram such as
normally open contacts and normally closed contacts are grouped together in
networks. One or more networks form the code section of a logic block.

Example of Networks in Ladder Logic

Netzwork 1: Enable conditions

#Start #Stop #Coil

#Coil

Netzwork 2: Motor control T6

#Error
#Coil #Reset S_ODT
S S
Q
#Reset Time TV BI #Current_Time_bin
#Coil #Reset_Time_BCD
R BCD

Netzwork 3: Start lamp

#Reset #Start_Lamp

#Error

Netzwork 4: Stop lamp

#Reset #Stop_Lamp

The Ladder Logic programming language type is included with the STEP 7
standard software package. Creating programs in Ladder Logic is done with an
incremental editor.

8.2.3 Function Block Diagram Programming Language (FBD)

The programming language Function Block Diagram (FBD) uses the graphic logic
symbols familiar from Boolean algebra to represent logic. Complex functions such
as math functions can also be represented directly in conjunction with the logic
boxes.
The FBD programming language type is included with the STEP 7 Standard
software package.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-4 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Blocks and Libraries

Example of a Network in FBD

Network 1: Green phase for pedestrians

>=1
I0.0 &
I0.1 >=1

T6 & M0.0
M0.0
T5

Programs are created in FBD with an incremental editor.

8.2.4 Statement List Programming Language (STL)

The programming language representation type Statement List (STL) is a textual

language similar to machine code. Each statement corresponds to a step as the
CPU works its way through a program. A number of statements can be linked
together to form networks.

Example of Networks in Statement List

Network 1: Control drain valve

A(
O
O #Coil
)
AN #Close
= #Coil
Network 2: Display "Valve open"
A #Coil
= #Disp_open

Network 3: Display "Valve closed"

AN #Coil
= #Disp_closed

The Statement List programming language type is included with the STEP 7
Standard software package. You can edit S7 blocks in this language
representation type using incremental editors or create your program with a
free-edit mode editor in an STL source file and then compile it into blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-5
Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.2.5 S7 SCL Programming Language

The programming language SCL (Structured Control Language) available as an

optional package is a high-level textual language whose language definition
conforms generally to the International Electrotechnical Commission’s IEC 1131-3
standard. The PASCAL-type language simplifies, for example, the programming of
loops and conditional branches, in contrast to STL, by its high-level language
commands. SCL is therefore suitable for calculations involving formulae, complex
optimization algorithms, or the management of large quantities of data.
Creating programs in S7 SCL is done with a free-edit mode editor in an SCL
source file.

Example:
FUNCTION_BLOCK FB20
VAR_INPUT

ENDVAL: INT;

END_VAR

VAR_IN_OUT

IQ1 : REAL;

END_VAR

VAR

INDEX: INT;

END_VAR

BEGIN

CONTROL:=FALSE;

FOR INDEX:= 1 TO ENDVALUE DO

IQ1:= IQ1 * 2;

IF IQ1 >10000 THEN

CONTROL = TRUE

END_IF

END_FOR;

END_FUNCTION_BLOCK

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-6 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.2.6 S7-GRAPH Programming Language (Sequential Control)

The graphic programming language S7-GRAPH available as an optional package

allows you to program sequential controls. This includes creating a series of steps,
determining the contents of each step, and determining the transitions. You
program the contents of the steps in a special programming language (similar to
Statement List), and you enter the transitions in a Ladder Logic editor (a
streamlined version of the Ladder Logic language).
S7-GRAPH represents complex sequences very clearly and makes programming
and troubleshooting more effective.

Example of a Sequential Control in S7-GRAPH

S4 Rinse
D Q 1.1
I1.1 M2.1
T4 TIME#0D_0H_
0M_20S_0MS
I1.1 M2.1
T5

S5 Prewash
N Q 1.3
I1.3 N Q 1.0
T6
N Q 1.5

S6 Return
N Q 1.4
I1.1 M2.2
T7

Blocks Created
With the S7-GRAPH editor, you program the function block that contains the step
sequencer. A corresponding instance data block contains the data for the
sequencer, for example, FB parameters, step and transition conditions. You can
have this instance data block created automatically in the S7-GRAPH editor.

Source File
A textual source file (GRAPH source file) can be generated from a function block
created in S7-GRAPH which can be interpreted by operator panels or operator
interface text displays to display the sequencer.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-7
Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.2.7 S7 HiGraph Programming Language (State Graph)

The graphic programming language S7 HiGraph available as an optional package

allows you to program a number of the blocks in your program as state graphs.
This breaks down your plant into individual functional units which can each take on
different states. For the changes between the states you define transitions. You
describe the actions assigned to the states and the conditions for the transitions
between the states in a zoom-type language similar to Statement List.
You create a graph for each functional unit which describes the behavior of this
functional unit. The graphs for a plant are grouped together as graph groups.
Messages to synchronize the functional units can be exchanged between the
graphs.
The clear representation of the state transitions of a functional unit make
systematic programming possible and troubleshooting easier. In contrast to
S7-GRAPH, in S7 HiGraph only one state (in S7-GRAPH: "step") is ever active at
any one time. The following figure shows how to create graphs for functional units
(example).

Position
cam-operated switch Turn counter-
1 2 4 Index withdrawn clockwise
Coordinator
Workpiece 0
1 1
3 1
Turn clockwise
1 1

2 1 2
Motor Index inserted Loosen/tighten
Graph for coordinatiing the
counter bearing
functional units

Counter bearing

0
Index
1 1
0
Motor
1
1 1 3
0
3 1 1 1
1 1
2
3 1 1 1

2
1 1

Graphs for individual functional units

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-8 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Blocks and Libraries

0 1 1 States

Transition, that is, change 1 1

from state 3 to state 0

3 1 2

A graph group is stored in a HiGraph source file in the "Source Files" folder
beneath the S7 program. This source file is then compiled into S7 blocks for the
user program.
Syntax and formal parameters are checked on the last entry in a graph (when the
working window is closed). The addresses and symbols are checked when the
source file is compiled.

8.2.8 S7 CFC Programming Language

The optional software package CFC (Continuous Function Chart) is a programming

language used to link complex functions graphically.
You use the programming language S7 CFC to link existing functions. You do not
need to program many standard functions yourself, instead you can use libraries
containing standard blocks (for example, for logic, math, control, and data
processing functions). To use CFC you do not require any detailed programming
knowledge or specific knowledge of programmable control, and you can
concentrate on the technology used in your branch of industry.
The program created is stored in the form of CFC charts. These are stored in the
"Charts" folder beneath the S7 program. These charts are then compiled to form
the S7 blocks for the user program.
You may want to create blocks to be connected yourself, in which case you
program them for SIMATIC S7 with one of the S7 programming languages, and for
SIMATIC M7 with C/C++.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-9
Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.3 Creating Blocks

8.3.1 Blocks Folder

You can create the program for an S7 CPU in the form of:
• Blocks
• Source files
The folder "Blocks" is available under the S7 program for storing blocks.
This block folder contains the blocks you need to download to the S7 CPU for your
automation task. These loadable blocks include logic blocks (OBs, FBs, FCs) and
data blocks (DB). An empty organization block OB1 is automatically created with
the block folder because you will always need this block to execute your program in
the S7 CPU.
The block folder also contains the following objects:
• The user-defined data types (UDT) you created. These make programming
easier but are not downloaded to the CPU.
• The variable tables (VAT) that you can create to monitor and modify variables
for debugging your program. Variable tables are not downloaded to the CPU.
• The object "System Data" (system data blocks) that contains the system
information (system configuration, system parameters). These system data
blocks are created and supplied with data when you configure the hardware.
• The system functions (SFC) and system function blocks (SFB) that you need to
call in your user program. You cannot edit the SFCs and SFBs yourself.
With the exception of the system data blocks (which can only be created and
edited via the configuration of the programmable logic controller), the blocks in the
user program are all edited using the respective editor. This editor is started
automatically by double-clicking the respective block.

Note
The blocks you programmed as source files and then compiled are also stored in
the block folder.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-10 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.3.2 User-Defined Data Types (UDT)

User-defined data types are special data structures you create yourself that you
can use in the whole S7 program once they have been defined.
• User-defined data types can be used like elementary data types or complex
data types in the variable declaration of logic blocks (FC, FB, OB) or as a data
type for variables in a data block (DB). You then have the advantage that you
only need to define a special data structure once to be able to use it as many
times as you wish and assign it any number of variables.
• User-defined data types can be used as a template for creating data blocks
with the same data structure, meaning you create the structure once and then
create the required data blocks by simply assigning the user-defined data type
(Example: Recipes: The structure of the data block is always the same, only
the amounts used are different.)
User-defined data types are created in the SIMATIC Manager or the incremental
editor − just like other blocks.

Structure of a User-Defined Data Type

When you open a user-defined data type, a new working window is displayed
showing the declaration view of this user-defined data type in table form.
• The first and the last row already contain the declarations STRUCT and
END_STRUCT for the start and the end of the user-defined data type. You
cannot edit these rows.
• You edit the user-defined data type by typing your entries in from the second
row of the declaration table in the respective columns.
• You can structure user-defined data types from:
- Elementary data types
- Complex data types
- Existing user-defined data types
The user-defined data types in the S7 user program are not downloaded to the
S7 CPU. They are either created directly using an incremental input editor and
edited, or they are created when source files are compiled.

8.3.3 Block Properties

You can more easily identify the blocks you created if you use block properties and
you can also protect these blocks from unauthorized changes.
You should edit the block properties when the block is open. In addition to the
properties you can edit, the properties dialog box also displays data for information
only: you cannot edit this information.
The block properties and system attributes are also displayed in the SIMATIC
Manager in the object properties for a block. Here you can only edit the properties
NAME, FAMILY, AUTHOR, and VERSION.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-11
Creating Blocks and Libraries

You edit the object properties after you insert the block via the SIMATIC Manager.
If a block was created using one of the editors and not in the SIMATIC Manager,
these entries (programming language) are saved automatically in the object
properties.

Note
The mnemonics you want to use to program your S7 blocks can be set in the
SIMATIC Manager using the menu command Options > Customize and the
"Language" tab.

Table of Block Properties

When entering block properties, you should observe the input sequence shown in
the following table:

Keyword / Property Meaning Example

[KNOW_HOW_PROTECT] Block protection; a block compiled KNOW_HOW_PROTECT
with this option does not allow its
code section to be viewed.
[AUTHOR:] Name of author: company name, AUTHOR : Siemens, but no
department name, or other name keyword
(max. 8 characters without blanks)
[FAMILY:] Name of block family: for example, FAMILY : controllers, but no
controllers keyword
(max. 8 characters without blanks)
[NAME:] Block name (max. 8 characters) NAME : PID, but no keyword
[VERSION: int1 . int2] Version number of block VERSION : 3.10
(both numbers between 0 and 15,
meaning 0.0 to 15.15)
[CODE_VERSION1] ID whether a function block can have CODE_VERSION1
multiple instances declared or not. If
you want to declare multiple
instances, the function block should
not have this property
[UNLINKED] for DBs only A data block with the property
UNLINKED is not linked into the
program.
[READ_ONLY] for DBs only Write protection for data blocks; its READ_ONLY
data can only be read and cannot be
changed

The block protection KNOW_HOW_PROTECT has the following consequences:

• If you want to view a compiled block at a later stage in the incremental STL,
FBD, or Ladder editors, the code section of the block cannot be displayed.
• The variable declaration table for the block displays only the variables of the
declaration types var_in, var_out, and var_in_out. The variables of the
declaration types var_stat and var_temp remain hidden.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-12 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Blocks and Libraries

Assignment: Block Property to Block Type

The following table shows which block properties can be declared for which block
types:

Property OB FB FC DB UDT
KNOW_HOW_PROTECT • • • • −
AUTHOR • • • • −
FAMILY • • • • −
NAME • • • • −
VERSION • • • • −
UNLINKED − − − • −
READ_ONLY − − − • −

The KNOW_HOW_PROTECT property can be set in a source file when you

program the block. It is displayed in the "Block Properties" dialog box but cannot be
changed.

8.3.4 Displaying Block Lengths

Block lengths are displayed in "bytes."

Display in the Block Folder Properties

The following lengths are displayed in the block folder properties in the offline view:
Size (sum of all blocks without system data) in the load memory of the
programmable controller
Size (sum of all blocks without system data) in the work memory of the
programmable controller
Block lengths on the programming device (PG/PC) are not displayed in the block
folder properties.

Display in the Block Properties

The following are displayed in the block properties:
Required number of local data: size of the local data in bytes
MC7: size of the MC7 code in bytes, or size of the DB user data
Size of the load memory in the programmable controller
Size of the work memory in the programmable controller: only displayed if
hardware assignment is recognized.
For display purposes, it does not matter whether the block is located in the window
of an online view or an offline view.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-13
Creating Blocks and Libraries

Display in the SIMATIC Manager (Details View)

If a block folder is opened and the "Details View" selected, the work memory
requirement is displayed in the project window, irrespective of whether the block
folder is located in the window of an online view or an offline view.
You can calculate the sum of the block lengths by selecting all the relevant blocks.
In this case, the sum of the selected blocks is displayed in the status bar of the
SIMATIC Manager.
No lengths are displayed for blocks which cannot be downloaded to the
programmable controller (for example, variable tables).
Block lengths on the programming device (PG/PC) are not displayed in the Details
view.

8.3.5 Rewiring
The following blocks and addresses can be rewired:
Inputs, outputs
Memory bits, timers, counters
Functions, function blocks
To rewire:
1. Select the "Blocks" folder that contains the individual blocks you want to rewire
in the SIMATIC Manager.
2. Select the menu command Options > Rewire.
3. Enter the required replacements (old address/new address) in the table in the
"Rewire" dialog box.
4. Select the option "All addresses within the specified address area" if you want
to rewire address areas (BYTE, WORD, DWORD).
Example: You enter IW0 and IW4 as the address areas. The addresses I0.0 –
I1.7 are then rewired to the addresses I4.0 – I5.7. Addresses from the rewired
area (for example, I0.1) can then no longer be entered in the table individually.
5. Click the "OK" button.
This starts the rewire process. After rewiring is completed, you can specify in a
dialog box whether you want to see the info file on rewiring. This info file contains
the address lists "Old address" and "New address." The individual blocks are listed
with the number of wiring processes that have been carried out in each one.
When rewiring, the following should be noted:
When you rewire (that is, rename) a block, the new block cannot currently exist. If
the block exists, the process is interrupted.
When you rewire a function block (FB), the instance data block is automatically
assigned to the rewired FB. The instance DB does not change, that is, the
DB number is retained.

8.3.6 Attributes for Blocks and Parameters

A description of the attributes can be found in the reference help on system

attributes.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-14 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.4 Working with Libraries

8.4.1 Working with Libraries

Libraries serve to store reusable program components for SIMATIC S7/M7. The
program components can be copied to the library from existing projects or created
directly in the library independently of other projects.
You can save yourself a lot of programming time and effort if you store blocks
which you want to use many times in a library in an S7 program. You can copy
them from there to the user program where they are required.
To create S7/M7 programs in a library, the same functions apply as for projects –
with the exception of debugging.

Creating Libraries
You can create libraries just like projects using the menu command File > New.
The new library is created in the directory you set for libraries in the "General" tab
when you selected the menu command Options > Customize.

Note
The SIMATIC Manager allows names that are longer than eight characters. The
name of the library directory is, however, cut off to eight characters. Library names
must therefore differ in their first eight characters. The names are not case-
sensitive. When this directory is opened in the Browser, the full name is displayed
again, but when browsing for the directory, only the shortened name appears.
Note that you cannot use blocks from libraries of a new STEP 7 version in
projects of an older STEP 7 version.

Opening Libraries
To open an existing library, enter the menu command File > Open. Then select a
library in the dialog boxes that follow. The library window is then opened.

Note
If you cannot find the library you require in the library list, click the "Browse" button
in the "Open" dialog box. The standard Windows browser then displays the
directory structure in which you can search for the library.
Note that the name of the file always corresponds to the original name of the
library when it was created, meaning any name changes made in the SIMATIC
Manager are not made at file level.
When you select a library it is added to the library list. You can change the entries
in the library list using the menu command File > Manage.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-15
Creating Blocks and Libraries

Copying Libraries
You copy a library by saving it under another name using the menu command File
> Save As.
You copy parts of a library such as programs, blocks, source files etc. using the
menu command Edit > Copy.

Deleting a Library
You delete a library using the menu command File > Delete.
You delete parts of a library such as programs, blocks, source files etc. using the
menu command Edit > Delete.

8.4.2 Hierarchical Structure of Libraries

Libraries are structured in a hierarchical manner, just like projects:

• Libraries can contain S7/M7 programs.
• An S7 program can contain one "Blocks" folder (user program), one "Source
Files" folder, one "Charts" folder, and one "Symbols" object (symbol table).
• An M7 program can contain charts and C programs for programmable
M7 modules as well as a "Symbols" object (symbol table) and a "Blocks" folder
for data blocks and variable tables.
• The "Blocks" folder contains the blocks that can be downloaded to the
S7 CPU. The variable tables (VAT) and user-defined data types in the folder
are not downloaded to the CPU.
• The "Source Files" folder contains the source files for the programs created in
the various programming languages.
• The "Charts" folder contains the CFC charts (only if the S7 CFC optional
software is installed).
When you insert a new S7/M7 program, a "Blocks" folder, "Source Files" folder
(S7 only), and a "Symbols" object are inserted automatically in it.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-16 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Blocks and Libraries

8.4.3 Overview of the Standard Libraries

The STEP 7 Standard package contains the standard libraries (Version 2/Version
3):
• stlibs (V2): standard library version 2
• Standard Library: standard library from version 3 upwards
The standard libraries contain the following components:
• System Function Blocks: system function blocks (SFB) and system functions
(SFC)
• S5-S7 Converting Blocks: blocks for converting STEP 5 programs
• TI-S7 Converting Blocks: standard functions for general use
• IEC Function Blocks: blocks for IEC functions such as for processing time
and date information, for comparison operations, for string processing, and
selecting the maximum and minimum
• Organization Blocks: standard organization blocks (OB)
The standard library for version 3 also contains the following components:
• PID Control Blocks: function blocks (FB) for PID control
• Communication Blocks: functions (FC) and function blocks for SIMATICNET
CPs.
When you install optional software packages, other libraries may be added.

Deleting and Installing the Supplied Libraries

You can delete the supplied libraries in the SIMATIC Manager and then reinstall
them. To install the libraries, you must execute the STEP 7 V5.0 Setup program
from the beginning again.

Note
When you install STEP 7, the supplied libraries are always copied. If you edit
these libraries, the modified libraries will be overwritten with the originals when
STEP 7 is installed again.
For this reason, you should copy the supplied libraries before making any changes
and then only edit the copies.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 8-17
Creating Blocks and Libraries

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

8-18 A5E00069873-03
9 Creating Logic Blocks

9.1 Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks

9.1.1 Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks

Logic blocks (OBs, FBs, FCs) comprise a variable declaration section, a code
section, and also have properties. When programming, you must edit the following
three parts:
• Variable declaration table: In the variable declaration table you specify the
parameters, system attributes for parameters, and local block-specific
variables.
• Code section: In the code section you program the block code to be
processed by the programmable controller. This consists of one or more
networks. To create networks you can use, for example, the programming
languages Ladder Logic (LAD), Function Block Diagram (FBD), or Statement
List (STL).
• Block properties: The block properties contain additional information such as
a time stamp or path that is entered by the system. In addition, you can enter
your own details such as name, family, version, and author and you can assign
system attributes for blocks.
In principle it does not matter in which order you edit the parts of a logic block. You
can, of course, also correct them and add to them.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-1
Creating Logic Blocks

Procedure for Programming Logic Blocks in STL

Create a logic block (FB, FC or OB) in

the SIMATIC Manager

Incremental STL Editor

Edit the variable declaration table

for the block.

Edit the code section.

Edit the block properties.

Save the block

(menu command File > Save)

Note
If you want to make use of symbols in the symbol table, you should first check that
they are complete and make any necessary corrections.

9.1.2 Default Settings for the LAD/STL/FBD Program Editor

Before you start programming, you should make yourself familiar with the settings
in the editor in order to make it easier and more comfortable for you when
programming.
Using the menu command Options > Customize you open a tabbed dialog box. In
the various tabs you can make the following default settings for programming
blocks, e.g. in the "Editor" tab:
• The font (type and size) in text and tables.
• Whether you want symbols and comments to be displayed with a new block.
You can change the settings for language, comments, and symbols during editing
using the commands in the View menu.
You can change the colors used for highlighting, for example, networks or
statement lines in the "LAD/FBD" tab.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-2 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.1.3 Access Rights to Blocks and Source Files

When editing a project, a common database is often used, meaning that a number
of personnel may want to access the same block or data source at the same time.
The read/write access rights are assigned as follows:
• Offline editing:
When you attempt to open a block/source file, a check is made to see whether
you have ’write’ access to the object. If the block/source file is already open,
you can only work with a copy. If you then attempt to save the copy, the
system queries whether you want to overwrite the original or save the copy
under a new name.
• Online editing:
When you open an online block via a configured connection, the corresponding
offline block is disabled, preventing it from being edited simultaneously.

9.1.4 Instructions from the Program Element Catalog

The program elements catalog provides a list of Ladder, STL, and FBD elements
as well as already declared multiple instances, already programmed blocks, and
blocks from libraries. It can be accessed using the menu command View >
Catalog. Program elements can be inserted in the code section using the menu
command Insert > Program Elements.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-3
Creating Logic Blocks

Example of the Program Elements Catalog in STL

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-4 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.2 Editing the Variable Declaration Table

9.2.1 Using the Variable Declaration in Logic Blocks

When you open a logic block, a window appears containing the variable
declaration table for the block in the upper half and the code section in the lower
half in which you edit the actual block code.

Example: Variable Declaration Table and Code Section in STL

LAD\STL\FDB:-FB6-<Offline>
File Edit Insert PLC Debug View Options Window Help

TRAFFIC\...\FB6-<Offline>
Address Decl. Name Type Initial Value Comment
0.0 in dur_g_p S5TIME S5T#0MS
2.0 in del_r_p S5TIME S5T#0MS
4.0 in starter BOOL FALSE
6.0 in t_dur_y_car TIMER
8.0 in t_dur_y_car TIMER
10.0 in t_delay_y_car TIMER

FB6: Traffic light

Network 1 : ???
U(
U #starter
U
O #condition
)
UN #t_dur_r_car
= #condition
Network 2 : ???
UN #condition
= #g_car

In the variable declaration table you specify the local block-specific variables
including the formal parameters for the block and the system attributes for
parameters. This has the following effects:
• During declaration, sufficient memory space is reserved for temporary
variables in the local data stack, and in the case of function blocks, for static
variables in the instance DB to be associated later.
• When setting input, output, and in/out parameters you also specify the
"interface" for the call of a block in the program.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-5
Creating Logic Blocks

• When you declare the variables in a function block, these variables (with the
exception of the temporary variables) also determine the data structure for
every instance DB that is associated with the function block.
• By setting system attributes you assign special properties for message and
connection configuration, operator interface functions, and process control
configuration to parameters.

9.2.2 Relationship between the Variable Declaration Table and the

Code Section

The variable declaration table and code section of logic blocks are closely linked
because the names in the variable declaration table are used in the code section.
Any changes in the variable declaration therefore have an effect on the whole code
section.

Action in the Variable Declaration Reaction in the Code Section

Correct new entry If invalid code present, previously
undeclared variable now becomes valid
Correct name change without type change Symbol is immediately shown everywhere
with its new name
Correct name is changed to an invalid name Code remains unchanged
Invalid name is changed to a correct name If invalid code is present, it becomes valid
Type change If invalid code is present, it becomes valid
and if valid code is present, this may
become invalid
Deleting a variable (symbolic name) used in Valid code becomes invalid
the code

Changes to comments, the incorrect entry of a new variable, a change to an initial

value, or deleting an unused variable has no effect on the code section.

9.2.3 Structure of the Variable Declaration Table

The variable declaration table contains entries for the address, declaration type,
symbolic name, data type, initial value, and comment for the variables. Each table
row stands for one variable declaration. Variables of the data type ARRAY or
STRUCT require a number of rows.
You will find the valid data types for the local data of the various block types in
Appendix "Assigning Data Types to Local Data of Logic Blocks".

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-6 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

Column Meaning Remarks Editing

Address Address in the With data types for which more than one byte is System entry:
format BYTE.BIT required, the address shows the assignment by a the address is
jump to the next byte address. Key: assigned by the
* : size of an array element in bytes, system and
+ : initial address related to the start of the displayed when
STRUCT, you stop
= : complete memory requirement of a STRUCT. entering a
declaration.
Variable Symbolic name of The variable symbol must start with a letter. Necessary
the variable Reserved keywords are not permitted.
Declaration Declaration type, Depending on the block type, the following are Assigned by
"purpose" of the possible: system
variable Input parameters "in" depending on
Output parameters "out" block type
In/out parameters "in_out"
Static variables "stat"
Temporary variables "temp"
Data type Data type of the You can select the elementary data types using Necessary
variable the pop-up right mouse button menu.
(BOOL, INT,
WORD, ARRAY
etc.)
Initial value Initial value if the Must be compatible with the data type. Optional
software should not When you save a data block for the first time, the
use the default initial value is used as the actual value if you have
value. not explicitly defined actual values for the
variables.
Comment Comment for Optional
documentation
purposes

Default
When you open a newly created logic block, a default variable declaration table is
displayed. This lists only the valid declaration types for the selected block type (in,
out, in_out, stat, temp) in the set order. When you create a new organization block
(OB), a standard variable declaration is displayed whose values you can change.

Columns That Cannot be Edited in the Declaration Table

Column Entry
Address The address is assigned by the system and displayed when you stop
entering a declaration.
Declaration Type The declaration type is determined by the position of the declaration within
the table. This ensures that variables can only be entered in the correct
order for declaration types. If you want to change the declaration type of a
declaration, cut the declaration out and paste it in again below the new
declaration type.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-7
Creating Logic Blocks

9.2.4 General Notes on Variable Declaration Tables

You can use the usual functions in the Edit menu to edit the table. To make editing
easier, use the context-sensitive menu under the right mouse button. When you
enter the data type you can also make use of the support of the right mouse
button.

Selecting in Variable Declaration Tables

You select individual rows by clicking the corresponding, write-protected address
cell. You can select more rows of the same declaration type by holding the SHIFT
key pressed. The selected rows are highlighted in black.
You select ARRAYs by clicking the address cell of the respective row.
If you want to select a structure, click with the mouse on the address cell of the
first or last row (in which the keyword STRUCT or END_STRUCT is located). You
select individual declarations within a structure by clicking the mouse on the
relevant address cell for the row.
When you enter structures within another structure, the hierarchy is displayed by
the variable names being indented accordingly.

Undoing Actions
In the variable declaration table you can use the menu command Edit > Undo to
undo the most recent cut or delete operation.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-8 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.3 Multiple Instances in the Variable Declaration Table

9.3.1 Using Multiple Instances

It is possible that you may want to or have to use a restricted number of data
blocks for instance data owing to the performance (for example, memory capacity)
of the S7 CPUs you are using. If other existing function blocks are called in an FB
in your user program (call hierarchy of FBs), you can call these other function
blocks without their own (additional) instance data blocks.
Use the following solution:
• Include the function blocks you want to call as static variables in the variable
declaration of the calling function block.
• In this function block, call other function blocks without their own (additional)
instance data blocks.
• This concentrates the instance data in one instance data block, meaning you
can use the available number of data blocks more effectively.
The following example illustrates the solution described: FB2 and FB3 use the
instance DB of the function block FB1 from which they were called.

FB 1 Instance DB of FB 1
Declaration section:

Static variable of the

type "FBs to be called"
(FB2, FB3) FB2
(uses instance DB
instance_1: FB 2 of FB 1)
instance_2: FB 3

FB call:
CALL#instance_1
CALL#instance_2 FB 3
(uses instance DB
of FB 1)

Only requirement: You must "tell" the calling function block which instances you are
calling and what (FB) type these instances are. These details must be entered in
the declaration section of the calling function block. The function block used must
have at least one variable or parameter from the data area (VAR_TEMP cannot be
used).
Do not use multiple instance data blocks if online changes are expected while the
CPU is running. Bumpless reloading is only guaranteed when using instance data
blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-9
Creating Logic Blocks

9.3.2 Rules for Declaring Multiple Instances

The following rules apply to the declaration of multiple instances:

• Declaring multiple instances is only possible in function blocks that were
created with STEP 7 from Version 2 onwards (see Block Attribute in the
properties of the function block).
• In order to declare multiple instances, the function block must be created as a
function block with multiple instance capability (default setting from STEP 7
Version x.x; can be deactivated in the editor using Options > Customize).
• An instance data block must be assigned to the function block in which a
multiple instance is declared.
• A multiple instance can only be declared as a static variable (declaration type
"stat").

Note
• You can also create multiple instances for system function blocks.
• If the function block was not created as being able to have multiple instances
and you want it to have this property, you can generate a source file from the
function block in which you then delete the block property CODE_VERSION1
and then compile the function block again.

9.3.3 Entering a Multiple Instance in the Variable Declaration Table

1. Open the function block from which the subordinate function blocks are to be
called.
2. Define a static variable in the variable declaration of the calling function block
for each call of a function block for whose instance you do not want to use an
instance data block.
- Position the cursor in a blank row with the declaration "stat" in the second
column.
- Enter a name for the FB call in the "Name" column after the declaration
type "stat."
- Enter the function block you want to call in the "Type" column as an
absolute address or with its symbolic name.
- You can enter any explanations required in the comment column.
Calls in the Code Section
When you have declared multiple instances, you can use FB calls without
specifying an instance DB.
Example: If the static variable "Name: Motor_1 , Data type: FB20" is defined, the
instance can be called as follows:
Call Motor_1 // Call of FB20 without instance DB

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-10 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.4 General Notes on Entering Statements and Comments

9.4.1 Structure of the Code Section

In the code section you program the sequence for your logic block by entering the
appropriate statements in networks, depending on the programming language
chosen. After a statement is entered, the editor runs an immediate syntax check
and displays any errors in red and italics.
The code section for a logic block generally comprises a number of networks that
are made up of a list of statements.
In a code section you can edit the block title, block comments, network title,
network comments, and statement lines within the networks.

Structure of the Code Section Using the STL Programming Language as an

Example

FB70 - <Offline>

Block title FB70 : Engine C ontrol P rogram

Block Statem ent List Engine C ontrol Program (G enerator1)

PID Controller
comment

Netw ork Network Startup Control Program

comment
A I 1.1 //C om ment
A Q 4.1
Statem ents
AN I 2.6
= Q 0.4
N etwork 2 : ???
Netw ork title
???

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-11
Creating Logic Blocks

9.4.2 Procedure for Entering Statements

You can edit the parts of the code section in any order. We recommend you
proceed as follows when you program a block for the first time:

Enter block title (optional)

Enter block comment (optional)

Edit networks

Enter network title (optional)

Enter network comment (optional)

Enter statements
Enter statement comments (optional)

You can make changes in either overwrite mode or insert mode. You switch
between modes using the INSERT key.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-12 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.4.3 Entering Shared Symbols in a Program

Using the menu command Insert > Symbol you can insert symbols in the code
section of your program. If the cursor is positioned at the beginning, the end, or
within a string, the symbol is already selected that starts with this string - if such a
symbol exists. If you change the string, the selection is updated in the list.
Separators for the beginning and end of a string are, for example, blank, period,
colon. No separators are interpreted within shared symbols.
To enter symbols, proceed as follows:
1. Enter the first letter of the required symbol in the program.
2. Press CTRL and J simultaneously to display a list of symbols. The first symbol
starting with the letter you entered is already selected.
3. Enter the symbol by pressing RETURN or select another symbol.
The symbol enclosed in quotation marks is then entered instead of the first letter.
In general the following applies: if the cursor is located at the beginning, the end, or
within a string, this string is replaced by the symbol enclosed in quotation marks
when inserting a symbol.

9.4.4 Title and Comments for Blocks and Networks

Comments make your user program easier to read and therefore make
commissioning and troubleshooting easier and more effective. They are an
important part of the program documentation and should certainly be made use of.

Comments in Ladder Logic, Function Block Diagram, and Statement List

Programs
The following comments are available:
• Block title: title for a block (max. 64 characters)
• Block comment: documents the whole logic block, for example, the purpose of
the block
• Network title: title for a network (max. 64 characters)
• Network comment: documents the functions of a single network
• Comment column in the variable declaration table: comments the declared
local data
• Symbol comment: comments that were entered for an address when its
symbolic name was defined in the symbol table.
You can display these comments using the menu command View > Display
with > Symbol Information.
In the code section of a logic block you can enter the block title and network title,
and block comments or network comments.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-13
Creating Logic Blocks

Block Title or Network Title

To enter a block or network title, position the cursor on the three question marks to
the right of the block name or network name (for example, Network 1 : ???). A text
box is opened in which you can enter the title. This can be up to 64 characters
long.
Block comments pertain to the whole logic block. There they can comment the
function of the block. Network comments pertain to the individual networks and
document details about the network.

1. Network 2: ???
Mouse click

2. Network 2: The network title is displayed here

Block Comments and Network Comments

You can toggle the view of the gray comment fields on and off using the menu
command View > Display with > Comments. A double-click on the comment field
opens the text box in which you can now enter your remarks. You are allowed
64 Kbytes per block for block comments and network comments.

1. ???
Mouse click
2. Comment for network or block

9.4.5 Search Function for Errors in the Code Section

Errors in the code section are easy to recognize by their red color. To make it
easier to navigate to errors that lie outside the visible area on the screen, the editor
offers two search functions Edit > Go To > Previous Error/Next Error.
The search for errors goes beyond one network. This means that the whole code
section is searched and not just one network or the area currently visible on the
screen.
If you activate the status bar using the menu command View > Status Bar, notes
on the errors found are displayed there.
You can also correct errors and make changes in overwrite mode. You toggle
between insert mode and overwrite mode using the INSERT key.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-14 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.5 Editing LAD Elements in the Code Section

9.5.1 Settings for Ladder Logic Programming

Setting the Ladder Logic Layout

You can set the layout for creating programs in the Ladder Logic representation
type. The format you select (A4 portrait/landscape/maximum size) affects the
number of Ladder elements that can be displayed in one rung.
1. Select the menu command Options > Customize.
2. Select the "LAD/FBD" tab in the following dialog box.
3. Select the required format from the "Layout" list box. Enter the required format
size.

Settings for Printing

If you want to print out the Ladder code section, you should set the appropriate
page format before you start to program the code section.

Settings in the "LAD/FBD" Tab

In the "LAD/FBD" tab which is accessed using the menu command Options >
Customize you can make basic settings, e.g. concerning layout and address field
width.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-15
Creating Logic Blocks

9.5.2 Rules for Entering Ladder Logic Elements

You will find a description of the Ladder Logic programming language

representation in the "Ladder Logic for S7-300/400 – Programming Blocks" manual
or in the Ladder Logic online help.
A Ladder network can consist of a number of elements in several branches. All
elements and branches must be connected; the left power rail does not count as a
connection (IEC 1131-3).
When programming in Ladder you must observe a number of guidelines. Error
messages will inform you of any errors you make.

Closing a Ladder Network

Every Ladder network must be closed using a coil or a box. The following Ladder
elements must not be used to close a network:
• Comparison boxes
• Coils for midline outputs _/(#)_/
• Coils for positive _/(P)_/ or negative _/(N)_/ edge evaluation

Positioning Boxes
The starting point of the branch for a box connection must always be the left power
rail. Logic operations or other boxes can be present in the branch before the box.

Positioning Coils
Coils are positioned automatically at the right edge of the network where they form
the end of a branch.
Exceptions: Coils for midline outputs _/(#)_/ and positive _/(P)_/ or negative
_/(N)_/ edge evaluation cannot be placed either to the extreme left or the extreme
right in a branch. Neither are they permitted in parallel branches.
Some coils require a Boolean logic operation and some coils must not have a
Boolean logic operation.
• Coils which require Boolean logic:
- Output _/( ), set output _/(S), reset output _/(R)
- Midline output _/(#)_/, positive edge _/(P)_/, negative edge _/(N)_/
- All counter and timer coils
- Jump if Not _/(JMPN)
- Master Control Relay On _/(MCR<)
- Save RLO into BR Memory _/(SAVE)
- Return _/(RET)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-16 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

• Coils which do not permit Boolean logic:

- Master Control Relay Activate _/(MCRA)
- Master Control Relay Deactivate _/(MCRD)
- Open Data Block _/(OPN)
- Master Control Relay Off _/(MCR>)
All other coils can either have Boolean logic operations or not.
The following coils must not be used as parallel outputs:
• Jump if Not _/(JMPN)
• Jump _/(JMP)
• Call from Coil _/(CALL)
• Return _/(RET)

Enable Input/Enable Output

The enable input "EN" and enable output "ENO" of boxes can be connected but
this is not obligatory.

Removing and Overwriting

If a branch consists of only one element, the whole branch is removed when the
element is deleted.
When a box is deleted, all branches which are connected to the Boolean inputs of
the box are also removed with the exception of the main branch.
The overwrite mode can be used to simply overwrite elements of the same type.

Parallel Branches
• Draw OR branches from left to right.
• Parallel branches are opened downwards and closed upwards.
• A parallel branch is always opened after the selected Ladder element.
• A parallel branch is always closed after the selected Ladder element.
• To delete a parallel branch, delete all the elements in the branch. When the
last element in the branch is deleted, the branch is removed automatically.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-17
Creating Logic Blocks

9.5.3 Illegal Logic Operations in Ladder

Power Flow from Right to Left

No branches may be created which may cause power to flow in the reverse
direction. The following figure shows an example: With signal state "0" at I 1.4 a
power flow from right to left would result at I 6.8. This is not permitted.

I 1.0 I 1.2 I 1.4 I 4.2 Q 6.0

I 2.6 I 6.8

Illegal power flow!

I 4.4 I 2.8

Short Circuit
No branches may be created which cause a short circuit. The following figure
shows an example:

I 1.0 I 1.2 I 1.4 Q 6.0

Illegal short cicuit!

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-18 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.6 Editing FBD Elements in the Code Section

9.6.1 Settings for Function Block Diagram Programming

Setting the Function Block Diagram Layout

You can set the layout for creating programs in the Function Block Diagram
representation type. The format you select (A4 portrait/landscape/maximum size)
affects the number of FBD elements that can be displayed in one rung.
1. Select the menu command Options > Customize.
2. Select the "LAD/FBD" tab in the following dialog box.
3. Select the required format from the "Layout" list box. Enter the required format
size.

Settings for Printing

If you want to print out the FBD code section, you should set the appropriate page
format before you start to program the code section.

Settings in the "LAD/FBD" Tab

• In the "LAD/FBD" tab which is accessed using the menu command Options >
Customize you can make basic settings, e.g. concerning layout and address
field width.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-19
Creating Logic Blocks

9.6.2 Rules for Entering FBD Elements

You will find a description of the FBD programming language representation in the
"Function Block Diagram for S7-300/400 – Programming Blocks" manual or in the
FBD online help.
An FBD network can consist of a number of elements. All elements must be
connected (IEC 1131–3).
When programming in FBD you must observe a number of guidelines. Error
messages will inform you of any errors you make.

Entering and Editing Addresses and Parameters

When an FBD element is inserted, the characters ??? and ... are used as token
characters for addresses and parameters.
• The red characters ??? stand for addresses and parameters which must be
connected.
• The black characters ... stand for addresses and parameters which can be
connected.
If you position the mouse pointer on the token characters, the expected data type
is displayed.

Positioning Boxes
Standard boxes (flip flops, counters, timers, math operations, etc.) can be added to
boxes with binary logic operations (&, >=1, XOR). The exceptions to this rule are
comparison boxes.
No separate logic operations with separate outputs can be programmed in a
network. You can, however, assign a number of assignments to a string of logic
operations with the help of a T branch. The following figure shows a network with
two assignments.

#starter >=1
T branch
#condition &

#t_next_red_car #condition
#t_dur_r_car =

>=1

#cond_02
#car =

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-20 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

The following boxes can only be placed at the right edge of the logic string where
they close the string:
• Set counter value
• Assign parameters and count up, assign parameters and count down
• Assign pulse timer parameters and start, assign extended pulse timer
parameters and start
• Assign on-delay/off-delay timer parameters and start
Some boxes require a Boolean logic operation and some boxes must not have a
Boolean logic operation.

Boxes which require Boolean logic:

• Output, set output, reset output _/[R]
• Midline output _/[#]_/, positive edge _/[P]_/, negative edge _/[N]_/
• All counter and timer boxes
• Jump if Not _/[JMPN]
• Master Control Relay On _/[MCR<]
• Save RLO into BR Memory _/[SAVE]
• Return _/[RET]

Boxes which do not permit Boolean logic:

• Master Control Relay Activate [MCRA]
• Master Control Relay Deactivate [MCRD]
• Open Data Block [OPN]
• Master Control Relay Off [MCR>]
All other boxes can either have Boolean logic operations or not.

Enable Input/Enable Output

The enable input "EN" and enable output "ENO" of boxes can be connected but
this is not obligatory.

Removing and Overwriting

When a box is deleted, all branches which are connected to the Boolean inputs of
the box are also removed with the exception of the main branch.
The overwrite mode can be used to simply overwrite elements of the same type.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-21
Creating Logic Blocks

9.7 Editing STL Statements in the Code Section

9.7.1 Settings for Statement List Programming

Setting the Mnemonics

You can choose between two sets of mnemonics:
• German
• English.
You set the mnemonics in the SIMATIC Manager with the menu command
Options > Customize in the "Language" tab before opening a block. While editing
a block you cannot change the mnemonics.
You edit the block properties in their own dialog box.
In the editor you can have a number of blocks open and edit them alternately as
required.

9.7.2 Rules for Entering STL Statements

You will find a description of the Statement List programming language

representation in the "Statement List for S7-300/400 – Programming Blocks"
manual or in the STL online help (Language Descriptions).
When you enter statements in STL in incremental input mode, you must observe
the following basic guidelines:
• The order in which you program your blocks is important. Called blocks must
be programmed before calling blocks.
• A statement is made up of a label (optional), instruction, address, and
comment (optional).
Example: M001: A I 1.0 //Comment
• Every statement has its own line.
• You can enter up to 999 networks in a block.
• Each network can have up to approximately 2000 lines. If you zoom in or out,
you can enter more or fewer lines accordingly.
• When entering instructions or absolute addresses, there is no distinction made
between lower and upper case.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-22 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.8 Updating Block Calls

9.8.1 Updating Block Calls

You can use the menu command Edit > Block Call > Update in "LAD/STL/FBD –
Programming S7 Blocks" to automatically update block calls or user-defined data
types which have become invalid after you have carried out the following interface
changes:
• Inserted new parameters
• Deleted parameters
• Changed the name of parameters
• Changed the type of parameters
• Changed the order of parameters.
When assigning formal and actual parameters, you must follow the following rules
in the order specified:
1. Same parameter names:
The actual parameters are assigned automatically, if the name of the formal
parameter has remained the same.
Special case: In Ladder Logic and Function Block Diagram, the preceding link
for binary input parameters can only be assigned automatically if the data type
(BOOL) is the same. If the data type has been changed, the preceding link is
retained as an open branch.
2. Same parameter data types:
After the parameters with the same name have been assigned, as yet
unassigned actual parameters are assigned to formal parameters with the
same data type as the "old" formal parameter.
3. Same parameter position:
After you have carried out rules 1 and 2, any actual parameters which have still
not been assigned are now assigned to the formal parameters according to
their parameter position in the "old" interface.
4. If actual parameters cannot be assigned using the three rules described above,
they are deleted or, in the case of binary preceding links in Ladder Logic or
Function Block Diagram, they are retained as open branches.
After carrying out this function, check the changes you have made in the variable
declaration table and in the code section of the program.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-23
Creating Logic Blocks

9.9 Saving Logic Blocks

9.9.1 Saving Logic Blocks

To enter newly created blocks or changes in the code section of logic blocks or in
declaration tables in the programming device database, you must save the
respective block. The data are then written to the hard disk of the programming
device.

To save blocks on the hard disk of the programming device:

1. Activate the working window of the block you want to save.
2. Select one of the following menu commands:
- File > Save saves the block under the same name.
- File > Save As saves the block under a different S7 user program or under
a different name. Enter the new path or new block name in the dialog box
which then appears.
In both cases the block is saved only if its syntax contains no errors. Syntax errors
are identified immediately when the block is created and are then displayed in red.
These errors must be corrected before the block can be saved.

Note
• You can also save blocks or source files beneath other projects or libraries
in the SIMATIC Manager (by dragging & dropping, for example).
• You can only save blocks or complete user programs to a memory card in
the SIMATIC Manager.
• If problems occur when saving or compiling large blocks, you should
reorganize the project. Use the menu command File > Reorganize in the
SIMATIC Manager to do this. Then try to save or compile again.

9.9.2 Correcting the Interfaces in a Function, Function Block, or UDT

If you need to correct the interface in an FB, FC, or UDT, proceed as follows to
avoid time stamp conflicts:
1. Generate an STL source file from the block you want to change and all directly
or indirectly referenced blocks.
2. Save the changes in the source file you generated.
3. Compile the modified source file back into blocks.
You can now save/download the interface changes.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-24 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Logic Blocks

9.9.3 Avoiding Errors when Calling Blocks

STEP 7 Overwrites Data in the DB Register

STEP 7 modifies the registers of the S7-300/S7-400 CPU when various
instructions are executed. The contents of the DB and DI registers are, for
example, swapped when you call an FB. This allows the instance DB of the called
FB to be opened without losing the address of the previous instance DB.
If you work with absolute addressing, errors can occur accessing data saved in the
registers. In some cases, the addresses in the register AR1 (address register 1)
and in the DB register are overwritten. This means that you could read or write to
the wrong addresses.

Danger
! Danger of damage to property and persons when:
1. Using CALL FC, CALL FB, CALL multiple instance
2. Accessing a DB using the complete absolute address (for example
DB20.DBW10)
3. Accessing variables of a complex data type

It is possible that the contents of DB registers (DB and DI), address registers
(AR1, AR2), and accumulators (ACCU1, ACCU2) may be changed.
In addition, you cannot use the RLO bit of the status word as an additional
(implicit) parameter when you call an FB or FC.
When using the programming techniques mentioned above, you must make sure
that you save and restore the contents yourself; otherwise errors may occur.

Saving Correct Data

The contents of the DB register can cause critical situations if you access the
absolute addresses of data using the abbreviated format. If, for example, you
assume that DB20 is open (and that its number is saved in the DB register), you
can specify DBX0.2 to access the data in bit 2 of byte 0 of the DB whose address
is entered in the DB register (in other words DB20). If, however, the DB register
contains a different DB number you access the wrong data.
You can avoid errors when accessing data of the DB register by using the following
methods to address data:
• Use the symbolic address
• Use the complete absolute address (for example DB20.DBX0.2)
If you use these addressing methods, STEP 7 automatically opens the correct DB.
If you use the AR1 register for indirect addressing, you must always load the
correct address in AR1.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 9-25
Creating Logic Blocks

Situations in which Registers are Modified

The manipulation of the address registers for indirect addressing is relevant only in
STL. The other languages do not support indirect access to the address registers.
The adaptation of the DB register by the compiler must be taken into account in all
programming languages to ensure correct parameter transfer when blocks are
called.
The contents of the address register AR1 and the DB register of the calling block
are overwritten in the following situations:

Situation Description
With actual • Once you have assigned an actual parameter to a block from a DB
parameters (for example DB20.DBX0.2) STEP 7 opens the DB (DB20) and
from a DB adapts the content of the DB register. The program then works with
the adapted DB after the block call.
When calling • After a block has been called from within an FC that transfers a
blocks in component of a formal parameter of a higher data type (string,
conjunction array, structure or UDT) to the called block, the content of AR1 and
with higher data the DB register of the calling block are modified.
types • The same applies to a call from within an FB if the parameter is in
the VAR_IN_OUT area of the caller.
When • When an FB accesses a component of a formal parameter of a
accessing higher data type in the VAR_IN_OUT area (string, array, structur or
components of UDT), STEP 7 uses the address register AR1 and the DB register.
a higher data This means that the contents of both registers are modified.
type • When an FC accesses a component of a formal parameter of a
higher data type in the VAR_IN_OUT area (string, array, structur or
UDT), STEP 7 uses the address register AR1 and the DB register.
This means that the contents of both registers are modified.

Note
• When an FB is called from within a version 1 block, the actual parameter for
the first Boolean IN or IN_OUT parameter is not transferred correctly if the
command before the call does not limit the RLO. In this case, it is logically
combined with the existing RLO.
• When an FB is called (single or multiple instance), the address register AR2 is
written to.
• If the address register AR2 is modified in an FB, there is no guarantee that the
FB will be executed correctly.
• If the complete absolute DB address is not transferred to an ANY parameter,
the ANY pointer does not get the DB number of the open DB. Instead, it
always gets the number 0.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

9-26 A5E00069873-03
10 Creating Data Blocks

10.1 Basic Information on Creating Data Blocks

The data block (DB) is a block in which you can, for example, store values for your
machine or plant to access. In contrast to a logic block that is programmed with
one of the programming languages Ladder Logic, Statement List, or Function Block
Diagram, a data block contains only the variable declaration section. This means
the code section is irrelevant here and so is programming networks.
When you open a data block, you can either view the block in the declaration view
or in the data view. You can toggle between the two views with the menu
commands View > Declaration View and View > Data View.

Declaration View
You use the declaration view if you want to:
• View or determine the data structure of shared data blocks,
• View the data structure of data blocks with an associated user-defined data
type (UDT), or
• View the data structure of data blocks with an associated function block (FB).
The structure of data blocks that are associated with a function block or user-
defined data type cannot be modified. To modify them you must first modify the
associated FB or UDT and then create a new data block.

Data View
You use the data view if you want to modify data. You can only display, enter, or
change the actual value of each element in the data view. In the data view of data
blocks, the elements of variables with complex data types are listed individually
with their full names.

Differences between Instance Data Blocks and Shared Data Blocks

A shared data block is not assigned to a logic block. It contains values required by
the plant or machine and can be called directly at any point in the program.
An instance data block is a block that is assigned directly to a logic block, such as
a function block. The instance data block contains the data that were stored in a
function block in the variable declaration table.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 10-1
Creating Data Blocks

10.2 Declaration View of Data Blocks

With data blocks which are not shared, the declaration view cannot be changed.

Column Explanation
Address Displays the address which STEP 7 automatically assigns for the variable when you
finish entering a declaration.
Declaration This column is only displayed for instance data blocks. It shows you how the variables
in the variable declaration of the function block are declared:
• Input parameter (IN)
• Output parameter (OUT)
• In/out parameter (IN_OUT)
• Static data (STAT)
Name Enter the symbolic name you have to assign to each variable here.
Type Enter the data type you want to assign to the variable (BOOL, INT, WORD, ARRAY,
etc.). The variables can have elementary data types, complex data types, or user-
defined data types.
Initial Value Here you can enter the initial value if you do not want the software to use the default
value for the data type entered. All values must be compatible with the data type.
When you save a block for the first time, the initial value is used as the actual value if
you have not explicitly defined actual values for the variables.
Comment Entering a comment in this field helps to document the variables. The comment can
have up to 80 characters.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

10-2 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Data Blocks

10.3 Data View of Data Blocks

The data view shows you the actual values of all variables in the data block. You
can only change these values in the data view. The table representation in this
view is the same for all shared data blocks. For instance data blocks an additional
"Declaration" column is displayed.
For variables with complex data types or user-defined data types, all elements are
displayed in their own row with their full symbolic name in the data view. If the
elements are in the IN_OUT area of an instance data block, the pointer points to
the complex or user-defined data type in the "Actual Value" column.
The data view displays the following columns:

Column Explanation
Address Displays the address which STEP 7 automatically assigns for the variable.
Declaration This column is only displayed for instance data blocks. It shows you how the
variables in the variable declaration of the function block are declared:
• Input parameter (IN)
• Output parameter (OUT)
• In/out parameter (IN_OUT)
• Static data (STAT)
Name The symbolic name assigned in the variable declaration for the variable. You cannot
edit this field in the data view.
Type Displays the data type defined for the variable.
For shared data blocks, only the elementary data types are listed here because the
elements are listed individually in the data view for variables with complex or user-
defined data types.
For instance data blocks the parameter types are also displayed, for in/out
parameters (IN_OUT) with complex or user-defined data types, a pointer points to
the data type in the "Actual Value" column.
Initial Value The initial value that you entered for the variable if you do not want the software to
use the default value for the specified data type.
When you save a data block for the first time, the initial value is used as the actual
value if you have not explicitly defined actual values for the variables.
Actual Value Offline: The value that the variable had when the data block was opened or to which
you last changed it and saved it (even if you opened the data block online, this
display is not updated).
Online: The actual value on opening the data block is displayed but not updated
automatically. To update the view, press F5.
You can edit this field if it does not belong to an in/out parameter (IN_OUT) with a
complex or user-defined data type. All values must be compatible with the data type.
Comment The comment entered to document the variable. You cannot edit this field in the data
view.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 10-3
Creating Data Blocks

10.4 Editing and Saving Data Blocks

10.4.1 Entering the Data Structure of Shared Data Blocks

If you open a data block which is not assigned to a user-defined data type or
function block, you can define its structure in the declaration view of the data block.
With data blocks which are not shared, the declaration view cannot be changed.
1. Open a shared data block, meaning a block which is not associated with a
UDT or FB.
2. Display the declaration view of the data block if this view is not set already.
3. Define the structure by filling out the table displayed in accordance with the
information below.
With data blocks which are not shared, the declaration view cannot be modified.

Column Explanation
Address Displays the address which STEP 7 automatically assigns for the variable when you
finish entering a declaration.
Name Enter the symbolic name you have to assign to each variable here.
Type Enter the data type you want to assign to the variable (BOOL, INT, WORD, ARRAY,
etc.). The variables can have elementary data types, complex data types, or user-
defined data types.
Initial Value Here you can enter the initial value if you do not want the software to use the default
value for the data type entered. All values must be compatible with the data type.
When you save a block for the first time, the initial value is used as the actual value if
you have not explicitly defined actual values for the variables.
Comment Entering an optional comment in this field helps to document the variable. The comment
can have up to 80 characters.

10.4.2 Entering and Displaying the Data Structure of Data Blocks

Referencing an FB (Instance DBs)

Input
When you associate a data block with a function block (instance DB), the variable
declaration of the function block defines the structure of the data block. Any
changes can only be made in the associated function block.
1. Open the associated function block (FB).
2. Edit the variable declaration table of the function block.
3. Create the instance data block again.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

10-4 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Data Blocks

Display
In the declaration view of the instance data block you can display how the variables
in the function block were declared.
1. Open the data block.
2. Display the declaration view of the data block if this view is not set already.
3. See below for more information on the table displayed.
With data blocks which are not shared, the declaration view cannot be changed.

Column Explanation
Address Displays the address which STEP 7 automatically assigns for the variable.
Declaration This column shows you how the variables in the variable declaration of the function
block are declared:
• Input parameter (IN)
• Output parameter (OUT)
• In/out parameter (IN_OUT)
• Static data (STAT)
The declared temporary local data of the function block are not in the instance data
block.
Name The symbolic name assigned in the variable declaration of the function block.
Type Displays the data type assigned in the variable declaration of the function block. The
variables can have elementary data types, complex data types, or user-defined data
types.
If additional function blocks are called within the function block for whose call static
variables have been declared, a function block or a system function block (SFB) can
also be specified here as the data type.
Initial Value The initial value that you entered for the variable in the variable declaration of the
function block if you do not want the software to use the default value.
When you save a data block for the first time, the initial value is used as the actual
value if you have not explicitly defined actual values for the variables.
Comment The comment entered in the variable declaration for the function block to document
the data element. You cannot edit this field.

Note
For data blocks that are assigned to a function block, you can only edit the actual
values for the variables. To enter actual values for the variables, you must be in
the data view of data blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 10-5
Creating Data Blocks

10.4.3 Entering the Data Structure of User-Defined Data Types (UDT)

1. Open the user-defined data type (UDT).

2. Display the declaration view if this view is not set already.
3. Define the structure of the UDT by determining the sequence of variables, their
data type, and an initial value if required using the information in the table
below.
4. You complete the entry of a variable by exiting the row with the TAB key or
RETURN.

Column Explanation
Address Displays the address which STEP 7 automatically assigns for the variable when you
finish entering a declaration.
Name Enter the symbolic name you have to assign to each variable here.
Type Enter the data type you want to assign to the variable (BOOL, INT, WORD, ARRAY,
etc.). The variables can have elementary data types, complex data types, or their own
user-defined data types.
Initial Value Here you can enter the initial value if you do not want the software to use the default
value for the data type entered. All values must be compatible with the data type.
When you save an instance of the user-defined data type (or a variable, or a data
block) for the first time, the initial value is used as the actual value if you have not
explicitly defined actual values for the variables.
Comment Entering a comment in this field helps to document the variables. The comment can
have up to 80 characters.

10.4.4 Entering and Displaying the Structure of Data Blocks Referencing

a UDT

Input
When you assign a data block to a user-defined data type, the data structure of the
user-defined data type defines the structure of the data block. Any changes can
only be made in the associated user-defined data type.
1. Open the user-defined data type (UDT).
2. Edit the structure of the user-defined data type.
3. Create the data block again.
Display
You can only display how the variables were declared in the user-defined data type
in the declaration view of the data block.
1. Open the data block.
2. Display the declaration view of the data block if this view is not set already.
3. See below for more information on the table displayed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

10-6 A5E00069873-03
 Creating Data Blocks

The declaration view cannot be modified. Any changes can only be made in the
associated user-defined data type.

Column Explanation
Address Displays the address which STEP 7 automatically assigns for the variable.
Name The symbolic name assigned in the variable declaration of the user data type.
Type Displays the data types assigned in the variable declaration of the user-defined data
type. The variables can have elementary data types, complex data types, or user-
defined data types.
Initial Value The initial value that you entered for the variable in the user-defined data type if you do
not want the software to use the default value.
When you save a data block for the first time, the initial value is used as the actual
value if you have not explicitly defined actual values for the variables.
Comment The comment entered in the variable declaration for the user-defined data type to
document the data element.

Note
For data blocks that are assigned to a user-defined data type, you can only edit
the actual values for the variables. To enter actual values for the variables, you
must be in the data view of data blocks.

10.4.5 Editing Data Values in the Data View

Editing actual values is only possible in the data view of data blocks.
1. If necessary, toggle to the table display in the data view using the menu
command View > Data View.
2. Enter the required actual values for the data elements in the fields of the
column "Actual Value." The actual values must be compatible with the data
type of the data elements.
Any incorrect entries (for example, if an actual value entered is not compatible with
the data type) made during editing are recognized immediately and shown in red.
These errors must be corrected before saving the data block.

Note
Any changes to the data values are only retained once the data block has been
saved.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 10-7
Creating Data Blocks

10.4.6 Resetting Data Values to their Initial Values

Resetting data values is only possible in the data view of data blocks.
1. If necessary, toggle to the table display in the data view using the menu
command View > Data View.
2. Select the menu command Edit > Initialize Data Block to do this.
All variables are assigned their intended initial value again, meaning the actual
values of all variables are overwritten by their respective initial value.

Note
Any changes to the data values are only retained once the data block has been
saved.

10.4.7 Saving Data Blocks

To enter newly created blocks or changed data values in data blocks in the
programming device database, you must save the respective block. The data are
then written to the hard disk of the programming device.

To save blocks on the hard disk of the programming device:

1. Activate the working window of the block you want to save.
2. Select one of the following menu commands:
- File > Save saves the block under the same name.
- File > Save As saves the block under a different S7 user program or under
a deifferent name. Enter the new path or new block name in the dialog box
which then appears. With data blocks, you may not use the name DB0
because this number is reserved for the system.
In both cases the block is saved only if its syntax contains no errors. Syntax errors
are identified immediately when the block is created and are then displayed in red.
These errors must be corrected before the block can be saved.

Note
• You can also save blocks or source files beneath other projects or libraries in
the SIMATIC Manager (by dragging & dropping, for example).
• You can only save blocks or complete user programs to a memory card in
the SIMATIC Manager.
• If problems occur when saving or compiling large blocks, you should
reorganize the project. Use the menu command File > Reorganize in the
SIMATIC Manager to do this. Then try to save or compile again.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

10-8 A5E00069873-03
11 Creating STL Source Files

11.1 Basic Information on Programming in STL Source Files

You can enter your program or parts of it as an STL source file and then compile it
into blocks in one step. The source file can contain the code for a number of blocks
which are then compiled as blocks in one compilation run.
Creating programs using a source file has the following advantages:
• You can create and edit the source file with any ASCII editor, then import it and
compile it into blocks using this application. The compilation process creates
the individual blocks and stores them in the S7 user program.
• You can program a number of blocks in one source file.
• You can save a source file even if it contains syntax errors. This is not possible
if you create logic blocks using an incremental syntax check. However, the
syntax errors are only reported once you compile the source file.
The source file is created in the syntax of the programming language
representation Statement List (STL). The source file is given its structure of blocks,
variable declaration, and networks using keywords.
When you create blocks in STL source files you should note the following:
• Guidelines for Programming STL Source Files
• Syntax and Formats for Blocks in STL Source Files
• Structure of Blocks in STL Source Files

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-1
Creating STL Source Files

11.2 Rules for Programming in STL Source Files

11.2.1 Rules for Entering Statements in STL Source Files

An STL source file consists mainly of continuous text. To enable the file to be
compiled into blocks, you must observe certain structures and syntax rules.
The following general guidelines apply to creating user programs as STL source
files:

Topic Rule
Syntax The syntax of the STL statements is the same as in the incremental
Statement List editor. One exception to this is the CALL instruction.
CALL In a source file, you enter parameters in brackets. The individual
parameters are separated by a comma.
Example: FC call (one line)
CALL FC10 (param1 :=I0.0,param2 :=I0.1);
Example: FB call (one line)
CALL FB10, DB100 (para1 :=I0.0,para2 :=I0.1);

Example: FB call (more than one line)

CALL FB10, DB100 (
para1 :=I0.0,
para2 :=I0.1);

Note:
When calling a block, transfer the parameters in the defined order in
the ASCII Editor. Otherwise the comment assignment for these lines
may not match in the STL and source file views.

Upper/lower case The editor in this application is not case-sensitive, the exception to
this being system attributes and jump labels. When entering strings
(data type STRING) you must also observe upper and lower case.
Keywords are shown in upper case. When compiled, upper and
lower case are not observed; therefore you can enter keywords in
upper or lower case or a mixture of the two.
Semicolon Designate the end of every STL statement and every variable
declaration with a semicolon (;). You can enter more than one
statement per line.
Double slash (//) Begin every comment with a double slash (//) and end the comment
with RETURN (or line feed).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-2 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

11.2.2 Rules for Declaring Variables in STL Source Files

For every block in the source file you must declare the required variables.
The variable declaration section comes before the code section of the block.
The variables must - if they are being used - be declared in the correct sequence
for declaration types. This means all variables of one declaration type are together.
For Ladder, Function Block Diagram, and Statement List you fill out a variable
declaration table, but here you have to work with the relevant keywords.

Keywords for Variable Declaration

Declaration Type Keywords Valid for...

Input parameters "VAR_INPUT" FBs, FCs
Declaration list
"END_VAR"
Output parameters "VAR_OUTPUT" FBs, FCs
Declaration list
"END_VAR"
In/out parameters "VAR_IN_OUT" FBs, FCs
Declaration list
"END_VAR"
Static variables "VAR" FBs
Declaration list
"END_VAR"
Temporary variables "VAR_TEMP" OBs, FBs, FCs
Declaration list
END_VAR

The keyword END_VAR denotes the end of a declaration list.

The declaration list is a list of the variables of a declaration type in which default
values can be assigned to the variables (exception: VAR_TEMP). The following
example shows the structure of an entry in the declaration list:
Duration_Motor1 : S5TIME := S5T#1H_30M ;
Variable Data type Default value

Note
• The variable symbol must start with a letter. You may not assign a symbolic
name for a variable that is the same as one of the reserved keywords.
• If variable symbols are identical in the local declarations and in the symbol
table, you can code local variables by placing # in front of the name and
putting variables in the symbol table in quotation marks. Otherwise, the block
interprets the variable as a local variable.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-3
Creating STL Source Files

11.2.3 Rules for Block Order in STL Source Files

Called blocks precede the calling blocks. This means:

• The OB1 used in most cases, which calls other blocks, comes last. Blocks that
are called from OB1 must precede it.
• User-defined data types (UDT) precede the blocks in which they are used.
• Data blocks with an associated user-defined data type (UDT) follow the user-
defined data type.
• Shared data blocks precede all blocks from which they are called.
• Instance data blocks follow the associated function block.
• DB0 is reserved. You cannot create a data block with this name.

11.2.4 Rules for Setting System Attributes in STL Source Files

System attributes can be assigned to blocks and parameters. They control the
message configuration and connection configuration, operator interface functions,
and process control configuration.
The following applies when entering system attributes in source files:
• The keywords for system attributes always start with S7_.
• The system attributes are placed in braces (curly brackets).
• Syntax: {S7_idenifier := ’string’}
a number of identifiers are separated by ";".
• System attributes for blocks come before the block properties and after the
keywords ORGANIZATION_ and TITLE.
• System attributes for parameters are included with the parameter declaration,
meaning before the colon for the data declaration.
• A distinction is made between upper and lower case characters. This means
that the correct use of upper and lower case characters is important when
entering system attributes.
The system attributes for blocks can be checked or changed in incremental input
mode using the menu command File > Properties under the "Attributes" tab.
The system attributes for parameters can be checked or changed in incremental
input mode using the menu command Edit > Object Properties. The cursor must
be positioned in the name field of the parameter declaration.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-4 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

11.2.5 Rules for Setting Block Properties in STL Source Files

You can more easily identify the blocks you created if you use block properties and
you can also protect these blocks from unauthorized changes.
The block properties can be checked or changed in incremental input mode using
the menu command File > Properties under the "General - Part 1" and "General -
Part 2" tabs.
The other block properties can only be entered in the source file.
The following applies in source files:
• Block properties precede the variable declaration section.
• Each block property has a line of its own.
• The line ends with a semicolon.
• The block properties are specified using keywords.
• If you enter block properties, they must appear in the sequence shown in the
Table of Block Properties.
• The block properties valid for each block type are listed in the Assignment:
Block Property to Block Type.

Note
The block properties are also displayed in the SIMATIC Manager in the object
properties for a block. The properties AUTHOR, FAMILY, NAME, and VERSION
can also be edited there.

Block Properties and Block Order

When entering block properties, you should observe the input sequence shown in
the following table:

Order Keyword / Property Meaning Example

1. [KNOW_HOW_PROTECT] Block protection; a block KNOW_HOW_PROTECT
compiled with this option does
not allow its code section to be
viewed.
2. [AUTHOR:] Name of author: company name, AUTHOR : Siemens, but
department name, or other name no keyword
(max. 8 characters without
blanks)
3. [FAMILY:] Name of block family: for FAMILY : controllers, but
example, controllers no keyword
(max. 8 characters without
blanks)
4. [NAME:] Block nam e (max. 8 characters) NAME : PID, but no
keyword

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-5
Creating STL Source Files

Order Keyword / Property Meaning Example

5. [VERSION: int1 . int2] Version number of block VERSION : 3.10
(both numbers between 0 and 15,
meaning 0.0 to 15.15)
6. [CODE_VERSION1] ID whether a function block can CODE_VERSION1
have multiple instances declared
or not. If you want to declare
multiple instances, the function
block should not have this
property
7. [UNLINKED] for DBs only A data block with the property
UNLINKED is not linked into the
program.
8. [READ_ONLY] for DBs only Write protection for data blocks; FAMILY= Examples
its data can only be read and VERSION= 3.10
cannot be changed
READ_ONLY

11.2.6 Permitted Block Properties for Each Block Type

The following table shows which block properties can be declared for which block
types:

Property OB FB FC DB UDT
KNOW_HOW_PROTECT • • • • −
AUTHOR • • • • −
FAMILY • • • • −
NAME • • • • −
VERSION • • • • −
UNLINKED − − − • −
READ_ONLY − − − • −

Setting Block Protection with KNOW_HOW_PROTECT

You can protect your blocks from unauthorized users by setting block protection
using the keyword KNOW_HOW_PROTECT when you program the block in the
STL source file.
This block protection has the following consequences:
• If you want to view a compiled block at a later stage in the incremental STL,
FBD, or Ladder editors, the code section of the block cannot be displayed.
• The variable declaration list for the block displays only the variables of the
declaration types var_in, var_out, and var_in_out. The variables of the
declaration types var_stat and var_temp remain hidden.
• The keyword KNOW_HOW_PROTECT is entered before any other block
properties.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-6 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

Setting Write Protection for Data Blocks with READ_ONLY

For data blocks, you can set up write protection so that the block is not overwritten
during program processing. The data block must exist in the form of an STL source
file to do this.
Use the keyword READ_ONLY in the source file to set write protection. This
keyword must appear immediately before the variable declarations in a line on its
own.

11.3 Structure of Blocks in STL Source Files

11.3.1 Structure of Blocks in STL Source Files

The blocks in STL source files are structured using keywords. Depending on the
type of block, there are differences in the structure of:
• Logic blocks
• Data blocks
• User-defined data types (UDT)

11.3.2 Structure of Logic Blocks in STL Source Files

A logic block is made up of the following sections, each of which is identified by the
corresponding keyword:
• Block start,
• identified by keyword and block number or block name, for example
- "ORGANIZATION_BLOCK OB1" for an organization block,
- "FUNCTION_BLOCK FB6" for a function block, or
- "FUNCTION FC1 : INT" for a function. With functions the function type is
also specified. This can be an elementary or complex data type (with the
exception of ARRAY and STRUCT) and defines the data type of the return
value (RET_VAL). If no value is to be returned, the keyword VOID is given.
• Optional block title introduced by the keyword "TITLE" (max. length of title:
64 characters)
• Additional comments, beginning with a double slash // at the start of the line
• Block properties (optional)
• Variable declaration section
• Code section, beginning with "BEGIN." The code section consists of one or
more networks that are identified by "NETWORK." You cannot enter a network
number.
• Optional network for each network used, introduced by the keyword "TITLE ="
(max. length of title: 64 characters)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-7
Creating STL Source Files

• Additional comments for each network, beginning with a double slash // at the
start of the line
• Block end, identified by END_ORGANIZATION_BLOCK,
END_FUNCTION_BLOCK, or END_FUNCTION
• A blank must be placed between the block type and the block number. The
symbolic block name can be identified by quotation marks to ensure that the
symbolic names of local variables and names in the symbol table remain
unique.

11.3.3 Structure of Data Blocks in STL Source Files

A data block consists of the following areas that are introduced by their respective
keywords:
• Block start, identified by keyword and block number or block name, for
example, DATA_BLOCK DB26
• Reference to an associated UDT or function block (optional)
• Optional block title introduced by the keyword TITLE = (entries longer than
64 characters are cut off)
• Optional block comment, beginning with a double slash //
• Block properties (optional)
• Variable declaration section (optional)
• Assignment section with default values, beginning with BEGIN (optional)
• Block end, identified by END_DATA_BLOCK
There are three types of data block:
• Data blocks, user-defined
• Data blocks with an associated user-defined data type (UDT)
• Data blocks with an associated function block (known as "instance" data
blocks)

11.3.4 Structure of User-Defined Data Types in STL Source Files

A user-defined data type consists of the following areas that are introduced by their
respective keywords:
• Block start, identified by keyword TYPE and number or name, for example,
TYPE UDT20
• Structured data type
• Block end, identified by END_TYPE
When you enter a user-defined data type, you must ensure that user-defined data
types precede the blocks in which they are used.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-8 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

11.4 Syntax and Formats for Blocks in STL Source Files

11.4.1 Syntax and Formats for Blocks in STL Source Files

The format tables show the syntax and formats that you should observe when
programming STL source files. The syntax is represented as follows:
• Each element is described in the right column.
• Any elements that must be entered are shown in quotation marks.
• The square brackets [...] mean that the contents of these brackets are optional.
• Keywords are given in upper case letters.

11.4.2 Format Table of Organization Blocks

The following table shows a brief list of the format for organization blocks in an STL
source file:

Structure Description
"ORGANIZATION_BLOCK" ob_no ob_no is the block number, for example: OB1;
or ob_name ob_name is the symbolic name of the block as
defined in the symbol table
[TITLE= ] Block title (entries longer than 64 characters are cut
off)
[Block comment] Comments can be entered after "//"
[System attributes for blocks] System attributes for blocks
[Block properties] Block properties
Variable declaration section Declaration of temporary variables
"BEGIN" Keyword to separate the variable declaration
section from the list of STL instructions
NETWORK Start of a network
[TITLE= ] Network title (max. 64 characters)
[Network comment] Comments can be entered after "//"
List of STL instructions Block instructions
"END_ORGANIZATION_BLOCK" Keyword to end organization block

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-9
Creating STL Source Files

11.4.3 Format Table of Function Blocks

The following table shows a brief list of the format for function blocks in an STL
source file:

Structure Description
"FUNCTION_BLOCK" fb_no or fb_no is the block number, for example FB6;
fb_name fb_name is the symbolic name of the block as
defined in the symbol table
[TITLE= ] Block title (entries longer than 64 characters are cut
off)
[Block comment] Comments can be entered after "//"
[System attributes for blocks] System attributes for blocks
[Block properties] Block properties
Variable declaration section Declaration of input, output, and in/out parameters,
and temporary or static variables
The declaration of the parameters may also contain
the declarations of the system attributes for
parameters.
"BEGIN" Keyword to separate the variable declaration
section from the list of STL instructions
NETWORK Start of a network
[TITLE= ] Network title (max. 64 characters)
[Network comment] Comments can be entered after "//"
List of STL instructions Block instructions
"END_FUNCTION_BLOCK Keyword to end function block

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-10 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

11.4.4 Format Table of Functions

The following table shows a brief list of the format for functions in an STL source
file:

Structure Description
"FUNCTION" fc_no : fc_type or fc_no is the block number, for example FC5;
fc_name : fc_type fc_name is the symbolic name of the block as
defined in the symbol table;

fc_type is the data type of the return value

(RET_VAL) of the function. This can be an
elementary or complex data type (with the
exception of ARRAY and STRUCT) or VOID.

If you want to use system attributes

for the return value (RET_VAL), you must enter the
system attributes for parametersin front of the colon
for the data declaration.
[TITLE= ] Block title (entries longer than 64 characters are cut
off)
[Block comment] Comments can be entered after "//"
[System attributes for blocks] System attributes for blocks
[Block properties] Block properties
Variable declaration section Declaration of input, output, and in/out parameters,
and temporary variables
"BEGIN" Keyword to separate the variable declaration
section from the list of STL instructions
NETWORK Start of a network
[TITLE= ] Network title (max. 64 characters)
[Network comment] Comments can be entered after "//"
List of STL instructions Block instructions
"END_FUNCTION" Keyword to end function

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-11
Creating STL Source Files

11.4.5 Format Table of Data Blocks

The following table shows a brief list of the format for data blocks in an STL source
file:

Structure Description
"DATA_BLOCK" db_no or db_name db_no is the block number, for example DB5;
db_name is the symbolic name of the block as
defined in the symbol table
[TITLE= ] Block title (entries longer than 64 characters are cut
off)
[Block comment] Comments can be entered after "//"
[System attributes for blocks] System attributes for blocks
[Block properties] Block properties
Declaration section Declaration whether the block is associated with a
UDT or an FB, given as a block number or
symbolic name as defined in the symbol table, or
as a complex data type
"BEGIN" Keyword to separate the declaration section from
the list of value assignments
[Assignment of initial values] Variables can have specific initial values assigned.
Individual variables either have constants assigned
or a reference is made to other blocks.
"END_DATA_BLOCK" Keyword to end data block

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-12 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

11.5 Creating STL Source Files

11.5.1 Creating STL Source Files

The source file must be created in the source file folder beneath the S7 program.
You can create source files in the SIMATIC Manager or the editor window.
Creating Source Files in the SIMATIC Manager
1. Open the appropriate "Source Files" folder by double-clicking on it.
2. To insert an STL source file select the menu command Insert > S7 Software >
STL Source File.
Creating Source Files in the Editor Window
1. Select the menu command File > New.
2. In the dialog box, select the source file folder of the same S7 program that
contains the user program with the blocks.
3. Enter a name for the new source file.
4. Confirm with "OK".
The source file is created under the name you entered and is displayed in a
window for editing.

11.5.2 Editing S7 Source Files

The programming language and editor with which a source file is edited can be set
in the object properties for the source file. This ensures that the correct editor and
the correct programming language are started when the source file is opened for
editing. The STEP 7 Standard package supports programming in STL source files.
Other programming languages are also available as optional packages. You can
only select the menu command to insert the source file if the corresponding
software option is loaded on your computer.
To edit an S7 source file, proceed as follows:
1. Open the appropriate "Source Files" folder by double-clicking on it.
2. Start the editor required for editing as follows:
- Double-click the required source file in the right half of the window.
- Select the required source file in the right half of the window and select the
menu command Edit > Open Object.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-13
Creating STL Source Files

11.5.3 Inserting Block Templates in STL Source Files

Block templates for organization blocks (OB), function blocks (FB), functions (FC),
data blocks (DB), instance data blocks, data blocks with associated user-defined
data types, and user-defined data types (UDT) are available for programming in
STL source files. The block templates make it easier to enter blocks in your source
file and to observe syntax and structure guidelines.
To insert a block template, proceed as follows:
1. Activate the window of the source file in which you want to insert a block
template.
2. Position the cursor at the point in the file after which you want to insert the
block template.
3. Select one of the menu commands Insert > Block Template >
OB/FB/FC/DB/Instance DB/DB Referencing UDT/UDT.
The block template is inserted in the file after the cursor position.

11.5.4 Inserting External Source Files

You can create and edit a source file with any ASCII editor, then import it into a
project and compile it into individual blocks using this application. To do this, you
must import the source files into the "Source Files" folder of the S7 program in
whose S7 user program the blocks created during compilation are to be stored.
To insert an external source file, proceed as follows:
1. Select the source file folder of the S7 program in which the external source
files are to be imported.
2. Select the menu command Insert > External Source File.
3. In the dialog box which appears, enter the source file you want to import.
The file name of the source file you are importing must have a valid file extension.
STEP 7 uses the file extension to determine the source file type. This means, for
example, that STEP 7 creates an STL source file when it imports a file with the
extension .AWL. Valid file extensions are listed in the dialog box under "File Type."

Note
You can also use the menu command Insert > External Source File to import
source files you created with STEP 7 version 1.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-14 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

11.5.5 Generating STL Source Files from Blocks

You can generate an STL source file which you can edit with any text editor from
existing blocks. The generated source file is created in the source file folder of the
same S7 user program from whose user program the blocks were selected.
To generate a source file from a block, proceed as follows:
1. Select the menu command File > Generate Source File.
2. In the dialog box, select the source file folder in which you want to create the
new source file.
3. Enter a name for the source file in the text box.
4. In the "Select STEP 7 Blocks" dialog box, select the block(s) which you want to
generate as the given source file. The selected blocks are displayed in the right
list box.
5. Confirm with "OK."
One continuous STL source file is created from the selected blocks and is
displayed in a window for editing.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-15
Creating STL Source Files

11.6 Saving and Compiling STL Source Files and Executing a

Consistency Check

11.6.1 Saving STL Source Files

You can save an STL source file at any time in its current state. The program is not
compiled and no syntax check is run, meaning any errors are saved as well.
Syntax errors are detected and reported only when the source file is compiled or
following a consistency check.
To save a source file under the same name:
1. Activate the window for the source file you want to save.
2. Select the menu command File > Save.
To save a source file under a new name/in another project:
1. Activate the window for the source file you want to save.
2. Select the menu command File > Save As.
3. In the dialog box, select the source file folder in which you want to save the
source file and enter its new name.

11.6.2 Checking Consistency in STL Source Files

Using the menu command File > Consistency Check you can display any syntax
errors in the STL source file. In contrast to compiling, no blocks are generated.
When the consistency check is completed, a dialog box is displayed showing you
the total number of errors found.
Any errors that are found are listed individually in the lower part of the window with
a line reference. Correct these errors before compiling the source file so that all the
blocks can be created.

11.6.3 Troubleshooting in STL Source Files

The active window for source files is split into two. The following errors are listed in
the lower half:
• Errors that were found after starting a compilation run with the menu command
File > Compile.
• Errors that were found after starting a consistency check with the menu
command File > Consistency Check.
To find the location of an error in a source file, position the cursor on the respective
error message in the lower part of the window. The text line containing the error is
automatically highlighted in the upper part of the window. The error message also
appears in the status bar.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-16 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

11.6.4 Compiling STL Source Files

Requirements
In order to be able to compile the program you created in a source file into blocks,
the following requirements must be fulfilled:
• Only source files which are stored in the "Source Files" folder beneath an
S7 program can be compiled.
• As well as the "Source Files" folder, a "Blocks" folder must also lie beneath the
S7 program in which the blocks created during compilation can be stored. The
blocks programmed in the source file are only created if the source file was
compiled without error. If there are a number of blocks programmed in a
source file, only those which contain no errors are created. You can then open
these blocks, edit them, download them to the CPU, and debug them
individually.
Procedure in the Editor
1. Open the source file you want to compile. The source file must be in the source
file folder of the S7 program in whose S7 user program the compiled blocks
are to be stored.
2. Select the menu command View > Display with > Symbolic Representation
so that the symbolic names in the compiled blocks can be displayed
afterwards.
3. Select the menu command File > Compile.
4. The "Compiler Report" dialog box is displayed showing the number of lines
compiled and syntax errors found.
The blocks specified for the file are only created once the source file has been
compiled without errors. If there are a number of blocks programmed in a source
file, only those which contain no errors are created. Warnings of errors do not
prevent blocks being created.
Any syntax errors detected during compilation are shown in the lower part of the
working window and must be corrected before the respective blocks can be
created.
Procedure in the SIMATIC Manager
1. Open the appropriate "Source Files" folder by double-clicking on it.
2. Select one or more source files that you want to compile. You cannot start a
compilation run for a closed source file folder to compile all the source files in
it.
3. Select the menu command File > Compile to start compilation. The correct
compiler is called for the source file you selected. The successfully compiled
blocks are then stored in the block folder beneath the S7 program.
Any syntax errors detected during compilation are displayed in a dialog box
and must be corrected so that the blocks where the errors were found can be
created as well.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-17
Creating STL Source Files

11.7 Examples of STL Source Files

11.7.1 Examples of Declaring Variables in STL Source Files

Variables of Elementary Data Type

// Comments are separated from the declaration section by a double slash.

VAR_INPUT // Keyword for input variable
in1 : INT;// Variable name and type are separated by ":"
in3 : DWORD; // Every variable declaration is terminated with a semicolon
in2 : INT := 10; // Optional setting for an initial value in the declaration
END_VAR // End declaration of variables of the same declaration type
VAR_OUTPUT // Keyword for output variable
out1 : WORD;
END_VAR // Keyword for temporary variable
VAR_TEMP
temp1 : INT;
END_VAR

Variable of Data Type Array

VAR_INPUT // Input variable

array1 : ARRAY [1..20] of INT; // array1 is a one-dimensional array
array2 : ARRAY [1..20, 1..40] of DWORD; // array2 is a two-dimensional array
END_VAR

Variables of Data Type Structure

VAR_OUT // Output variable

OUTPUT1: STRUCT// OUTPUT1 has the data type STRUCT
var1 : BOOL; // Element 1 of the structure
var2 : DWORD; // Element 2 of the structure
END_STRUCT; // End of the structure
END_VAR

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-18 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

11.7.2 Example of Organization Blocks in STL Source Files

ORGANIZATION_BLOCK OB1
TITLE = Example for OB1 with different block calls
//The 3 networks show block calls
//with and without parameters

{S7_pdiag := ’true’} //System attribute for blocks

AUTHOR Siemens
FAMILY Example
NAME Test_OB
VERSION 1.1
VAR_TEMP
Interim value : INT; // Buffer
END_VAR

BEGIN

NETWORK
TITLE = Function call transferring parameters
// Parameter transfer in one line
CALL FC1 (param1 :=I0.0,param2 :=I0.1);

NETWORK
TITLE = Function block call
// transferring parameters
// Parameter transfer in more than one line
CALL Traffic light control , DB6 ( // Name of FB, instance data block
dur_g_p := S5T#10S, // Assign actual values to parameters

del_r_p := S5T#30S,
starter := TRUE,
t_dur_y_car := T 2,
t_dur_g_ped := T 3,
t_delay_y_car := T 4,
t_dur_r_car := T 5,
t_next_red_car := T 6,
r_car := "re_main", // Quotation marks show symbolic
y_car := "ye_main", // names entered in symbol table
g_car := "gr_main",
r_ped := "re_int",
g_ped := "gr_int");

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-19
Creating STL Source Files

NETWORK
TITLE = Function block call
// transferring parameters
// Parameter transfer in one line
CALL FB10, DB100 (para1 :=I0.0,para2 :=I0.1);

END_ORGANIZATION_BLOCK

11.7.3 Example of Functions in STL Source Files

FUNCTION FC1: VOID

// Only due to call
VAR_INPUT
param1 : bool;
param2 : bool;
END_VAR
begin
end_function

FUNCTION FC2 : INT

TITLE = Increment number of items
// As long as the value transferred is < 1000, this function
// increases the transferred value. If the number of items
// exceeds 1000, "-1" is returned via the return value
// for the function (RET_VAL).

AUTHOR Siemens
FAMILY Throughput check
NAME : INCR_ITEM_NOS
VERSION : 1.0

VAR_IN_OUT
ITEM_NOS : INT; // No. of items currently manufactured
END_VAR

BEGIN

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-20 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

NETWORK
TITLE = Increment number of items by 1
// As long as the current number of items lies below 1000,
// the counter can be increased by 1
L ITEM_NOS; L 1000; // Example for more than one
> I; JC ERR; // statement in a line.
L 0; T RET_VAL;
L ITEM_NOS; INC 1; T ITEM_NOS; BEU;
ERR: L -1;
T RET_VAL;
END_FUNCTION

FUNCTION FC3 {S7_pdiag := ’true’} : INT

TITLE = Increment number of items
// As long as the value transferred is < 1000, this function
//increases the transferred value. If the number of items
//exceeds 1000, "-1" is returned via the return value
//for the function (RET_VAL).
//
//RET_VAL has a system attribute for parameters here

AUTHOR : Siemens
FAMILY : Throughput check
NAME : INCR_ITEM_NOS
VERSION : 1.0

VAR_IN_OUT
ITEM_NOS {S7_visible := ’true’}: INT; // No. of items currently manufactured
//System attributes for parameters
END_VAR

BEGIN

NETWORK
TITLE = Increment number of items by 1
// As long as the current number of items lies below 1000,
// the counter can be increased by 1
L ITEM_NOS; L 1000; // Example for more than one
> I; JC ERR; // statement in a line.
L 0; T RET_VAL;
L ITEM_NOS; INC 1; T ITEM_NOS; BEU;
ERR: L -1;
T RET_VAL;

END_FUNCTION

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-21
Creating STL Source Files

11.7.4 Example of Function Blocks in STL Source Files

FUNCTION_BLOCK FB6
TITLE = Simple traffic light switching
// Traffic light control of pedestrian crosswalk
// on main street

{S7_m_c := ’true’} //System attribute for blocks

AUTHOR : Siemens
FAMILY : Traffic light
NAME : Traffic light01
VERSION : 1.3

VAR_INPUT

starter : BOOL := FALSE; // Cross request from pedestrian

t_dur_y_car : TIMER; // Duration green for pedestrian
t_next_r_car : TIMER; // Duration between red phases for cars
t_dur_r_car : TIMER;
number {S7_server := ’alarm_archiv’; S7_a_type := ’alarm_8’} :DWORD;
// Number of cars
// number has system attributes for parameters

END_VAR
VAR_OUTPUT

g_car : BOOL := FALSE; // GREEN for cars_

END_VAR
VAR
condition : BOOL := FALSE; // Condition red for cars
END_VAR

BEGIN
NETWORK
TITLE = Condition red for main street traffic
// After a minimum duration has passed, the request for green at the
// pedestrian crosswalk forms the condition red
// for main street traffic.
A(;
A #starter; // Request for green at pedestrian crosswalk and
A #t_next_r_car; // time between red phases up
O #condition; // Or condition for red
);

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-22 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

AN #t_dur_y_car; // And currently no red light

= #condition; // Condition red
NETWORK
TITLE = Green light for main street traffic
AN #condition; // No condition red for main street traffic
= #g_car; // GREEN for main street traffic
NETWORK
TITLE = Duration of yellow phase for cars
// Additional program required for controlling
// traffic lights

END_FUNCTION_BLOCK

FUNCTION_BLOCK FB10
VAR_INPUT
para1 : bool;
para2: bool;
end_var
begin
end_function_block

data_block db10
FB10
begin
end_data_block

data_block db6
FB6
begin
end_data_block

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-23
Creating STL Source Files

11.7.5 Example of Data Blocks in STL Source Files

Data Block:

DATA_BLOCK DB10
TITLE = DB Example 10
STRUCT
aa : BOOL; // Variable aa of type BOOL
bb : INT; // Variable bb of type INT
cc : WORD;
END_STRUCT;
BEGIN // Assignment of initial values
aa := TRUE;
bb := 1500;
END_DATA_BLOCK

Data Block with Associated User-Defined Data Type:

DATA_BLOCK DB20
TITLE = DB (UDT) Example
UDT 20 // Associated user-defined data type
BEGIN
start := TRUE; // Assignment of initial values
setp. := 10;
END_DATA_BLOCK

Note
The UDT used must come before the data block in the source file.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-24 A5E00069873-03
 Creating STL Source Files

Data Block with Associated Function Block:

DATA_BLOCK DB30
TITLE = DB (FB) Example
FB30 // Associated function block
BEGIN
start := TRUE; // Assignment of initial values
setp. := 10;
END_DATA_BLOCK

Note
The associated function block must come before the data block in the source file.

11.7.6 Example of User-Defined Data Types in STL Source Files

TYPE UDT20
STRUCT
start : BOOL; // Variable of type BOOL
setp. : INT; // Variable of type INT
value : WORD; // Variable of type WORD
END_STRUCT;
END_TYPE

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 11-25
Creating STL Source Files

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

11-26 A5E00069873-03
12 Displaying Reference Data

12.1 Overview of the Available Reference Data

12.1.1 Overview of the Available Reference Data

You can create and evaluate reference data to make it easier to debug and modify
your user program. You use the reference data for the following:
• As an overview of your whole user program
• As the basis for changes and tests
• To complement your program documentation
The following table shows which information you can extract from the individual
views:

View Purpose
Cross-reference list Overview of the addresses in the memory areas I, Q, M, P, T, C, and DB,
FB, FC, SFB, SFC calls used in the user program.
Using the menu command View > Cross References for Address, you
can display all the cross-references including overlapping access to the
selected address.
Assignment list for inputs, Overview of which bits of the addresses in the memory areas I, Q, and M,
outputs, and bit memory and which timers and counters (T and C) are already occupied within the
(I,Q,M) user program; forms an important basis for troubleshooting or changes in
Assignment list for timers the user program
and counters (T/C)
Program structure Call hierarchy of the blocks within a user program and an overview of the
blocks used and their nesting levels
Unused symbols Overview of all symbols which are defined in the symbol table but not
used in the parts of the user program for which reference data are
available
Addresses without Overview of all absolute addresses which are used in the parts of the user
symbols program for which reference data are available but for which no symbol
has been defined in the symbol table

The reference data for the selected user program include all the lists in the table. It
is possible to create and display one or more of the lists for one user program or for
more than one user program.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 12-1
Displaying Reference Data

Displaying a Number of Views Simultaneously

Displaying other lists in additional windows allows you, for example, to:
• Compare the same lists for different S7 user programs.
• Display various views of a list, for example, a cross-reference list, displayed
differently and placed side by side on the screen. You can, for example,
display only the inputs of an S7 user program in one of the cross-reference
lists and only the outputs in another list.
• Open a number of lists for an S7 user program simultaneously, for example,
program structure and cross-reference list.

12.1.2 Cross-Reference List

The cross-reference list provides an overview of the use of addresses within the
S7 user program.
When you display the cross-reference list you obtain a list of the addresses of
memory areas input (I), output (Q), bit memory (M), timer (T), counter (C), function
block (FB), function (FC), system function block (SFB), system function (SFC), I/O
(P) and data block (DB), as used in the S7 user program along with their addresses
(absolute address or symbol) and usage. It is displayed in an active window. The
working window’s title bar shows the name of the user program to which the cross-
reference list belongs.
Every line in the window corresponds to a cross-reference list entry. The search
function makes it easier for you to find specific addresses and symbols.
The cross-reference list is the default view when you display reference data. You
can change this default.

Structure
A cross-reference list entry consists of the following columns:

Column Content/Meaning
Address Absolute address
Symbol Symbolic address name
Block Block in which the address is used
Type Whether a read (R) and/or write (W) access to the address is
involved
Language/Details Information on the programming language used to create the block

The columns Symbol, Block, Type, and Language/Details are displayed only if the
corresponding options were selected for the cross-reference list. The information
for Language and Details is shown in one column and only the whole column can
be activated or deactivated. This block information varies depending on the
programming language the block was written in.
You can set the column width in the cross-reference list shown on the screen as
required using the mouse.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

12-2 A5E00069873-03
 Displaying Reference Data

Sorting
The cross-reference list default option is to sort by memory areas. If you click a
column header with the mouse, you can sort the entries of this column by the
default sort criteria.

Example of Cross-Reference List Layout

Address Symbol Block Type Language Details

I1.0 Motor on OB2 R STL Nw 2 Inst 33 /0
M1.2 MemoryBit FC2 R LAD Nw 33
C2 Counter2 FB2 FBD Nw2

12.1.3 Program Structure

The program structure describes the call hierarchy of the blocks within an S7 user
program. You are also given an overview of the blocks used, their dependencies,
and their local data requirements.
Using the menu command View > Filter in the "Generating Reference Data"
window you open a tabbed dialog box. In the "Program Structure" tab you can set
how you want the program structure displayed.
You can choose between:
• Tree structure and
• Parent/child structure (table form)
You can specify whether you want all blocks to be displayed or whether the
hierarchy should start from a specific start block.

Symbols for the Program Structure

Symbol Meaning
Block called normally (CALL FB10)
Block called unconditionally (UC FB10)
Block called conditionally (CC FB10)
Data block
Recursion
Recursion and called conditionally
Recursion and called unconditionally

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 12-3
Displaying Reference Data

Block not called

• Recursions in the call are recognized and indicated visually in the tree
structure.
• Recursions within the call hierarchy are marked with different symbols.
• Regularly called blocks (CALL), conditionally called blocks (CC) or
unconditionally called blocks (UC) are marked by different symbols.
• Blocks which are not called are shown at the bottom of the tree structure and
marked with a black cross. There is no further breakdown of the call structure
of a block which is not called.

Tree Structure
The entire call hierarchy is shown, starting from a particular block.
Every program structure possesses exactly one block as its root. This can be the
OB1 block or any other block preset as starting block by the user.

Program Structure for pro\test\blocks\blocks -

S7 Program
OB1 <maximum: 66>
FB10, DB101 [42]
DB10(dbten) [42]
FC10
DB10(dbten) [66]
SFB0(CTU), DB100 [66]
SFC52(WR_USMSG) [66]
FC10
DB10(dbten) [66]
SFB0(CTU), DB100 [66]
SFC52(WR_USMSG) [66]
SFB0(CTU), DB100 [42]
SFC52(WR_USMSG) [42]

If the program structure is to be created for all organization blocks (OB) and OB1 is
not in the S7 user program, or if a starting block was specified which is not present
in the program, you are automatically prompted to specify another block for the
program structure root.
Display of multiple calls of blocks can be deactivated by option settings, both for
the tree structure and for the parent/child structure.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

12-4 A5E00069873-03
 Displaying Reference Data

Displaying the Maximum Local Data Requirement in the Tree Structure

To give you a quick overview of the local data requirement of the organization
blocks in the user program displayed, the following can be displayed in the tree
structure:
• The maximum local data requirement per OB and
• The local data requirement per path
You can activate and deactivate this display in the ”Program Structure" tab.
To display the local data requirement of a selected block, click the right mouse
button and select the ”Block Information" menu command in the
context-sensitive menu.
If synchronous error OBs (OB121, OB122) are present, a plus sign and the
additional requirement for the synchronous error OBs are displayed after the
numerical value for the maximum local data requirement.

Parent/Child Structure
The calling and the called block are shown. This call pairing is given for every block
in the S7 user program.

Displaying Deleted Blocks

Lines relating to deleted blocks are displayed in red and the character string
"?????" is displayed after the blocks.

12.1.4 Assignment List for Inputs, Outputs, and Bit Memory (I/Q/M)

Assignment lists show you which addresses are already assigned within the user
program. This display is an important basis for troubleshooting or making changes
in the user program.
The I/Q/M assignment list display gives you an overview of which bit in which byte
of the memory areas input (I), output (Q), and bit memory (M) is used. The I/Q/M
assignment list is displayed in a working window. The working window's title bar
shows the name of the S7 user program to which the assignment list belongs.
Each line contains one byte of the memory area in which the eight bits are coded
according to their access. It also indicates whether the access is of a byte, word, or
double word.

Codes in the I/Q/M Assignment List

. the address is not accessed and thus not assigned
o the address is being accessed directly
x the address is being accessed indirectly (byte, word, or double word access)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 12-5
Displaying Reference Data

Columns in the I/Q/M Assignment List

Column Content/Meaning
7
6
5
4 Bit number of the corresponding byte
3
2
1
0
B The byte is occupied by a one-byte access
W The byte is occupied by a one-word access
D The byte is occupied by a double-word access

Example of Assignment List (I/Q/M) Layout

The following example shows the typical layout of an assignment list for inputs,
outputs, and bit memory (I/Q/M).

Address 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 B W D
QB0 O X X O X X X X O . .
QB1 . O . . O . O . . . .
IB0 O O O . O . O . . . .
IB1 . . . . . . . . . . .
MB0 X X X X X X X X . O .
MB1 X X X X X X O X . . .

The first line gives the assignment of the output byte QB0. The address QB0 is
accessed byte-wise. At the same time, however, there is bit access to the output
bits Q 0.4 and Q 0.7. There is therefore an "O" in columns "4" and "7." There is an
"X" in columns "0", "1", "2", "3", "5", and "6" to indicate the byte access. An "O"
appears in column B because there is a byte access to address QB0.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

12-6 A5E00069873-03
 Displaying Reference Data

12.1.5 Assignment List for Timers and Counters (T/C)

Assignment lists show you which addresses are already assigned within the user
program. This display is an important basis for troubleshooting or making changes
in the user program.
The T/C assignment list display gives you an overview of which timers (T) and
counters (C) are used.
The T/C assignment list is displayed in a working window. The working window’s
title bar shows the name of the S7 user program to which the assignment list
belongs. Each line contains 10 timers or counters.

Codes in the T/C Assignment List

. not used
x used

Example of Assignment List (T/C) Layout

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
T 00-09 . X . . . X . . .
T 10-19 . . X . . . . X . X
T 20-29 . . . . X . . . . .
C 00-09 . . X . . . . X . .
C 10-19 . . . . . . . . . X
C 20-29 . . . . . . . . . .
C 30-39 . . . . X . . . . .

In this example, the timers T1, T6, T12, T17, T19, T24 and the counters C2, C7,
C19, C34 are assigned.
These lists are sorted alphabetically. You can sort the entries by clicking the
column title.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 12-7
Displaying Reference Data

12.1.6 Unused Symbols

You are shown an overview of all the symbols with the following characteristics:
• The symbols defined in the symbol table.
• The symbols not used in the parts of the user program for which reference data
exist.
They are displayed in an active window. The working window’s title bar shows the
name of the user program to which the list belongs.
Every line shown in the window corresponds to a list entry. A line consists of
address, symbol, data type, and comment.

Column Content/Meaning
Symbol Symbolic name
Address Absolute address
Data Type Data type of the address
Comment Comment on the address from the symbol table

Example of List of Unused Symbols Layout

Symbol Address Data Type Comment

MCB1 I 103.6 BOOL Motor circuit breaker 1
MCB2 I 120.5 BOOL Motor circuit breaker 2
MCB3 I 121.3 BOOL Motor circuit breaker 3

You can sort the entries by clicking the column title.

12.1.7 Addresses Without Symbols

When you display the list of addresses without symbols, you obtain a list of the
elements which are used in the S7 user program, but which are not defined in the
symbol table. They are displayed in an active window. The working window’s title
bar shows the name of the user program to which the list belongs.
A line consists of the address and the number of times that the address is used in
the user program.

Example:

Address Number
Q 2.5 4
I 23.6 3
M 34.1 20

The list is sorted according to address.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

12-8 A5E00069873-03
 Displaying Reference Data

12.1.8 Displaying Block Information for LAD, FBD, and STL

The block information for Ladder Logic, Function Block Diagram, and Statement
List is displayed in the cross-reference list and the program structure. This
information consists of the block language and details.
In the "Program Structure" view, the block information is displayed using the menu
command View > Block Information or via the right mouse button. The display
depends on whether the representation "Parent/Child Structure" or "Tree Structure"
was selected under the filter settings in the "Program Structure" tab.
In the "Cross References" view, block information can be toggled on and off using
the command View > Filter.
• Activate the "Block language and details" check box in the "Cross References"
tab of the "Filter" dialog box to display the block information.
The block information varies according to the programming language the block was
written in and is shown using abbreviations.

Language Network Statement Instruction

STL Nw Inst /
LAD Nw
FBD Nw

Nw and Inst specify in which network and in which statement the address is used
(cross-reference list) or the block is called (program structure).

Displaying Block Information for the Optional Programming Languages

The online help topics on block information can be accessed if the corresponding
optional package is installed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 12-9
Displaying Reference Data

12.2 Working with Reference Data

12.2.1 Ways of Displaying Reference Data

The following possibilities are available for displaying reference data:

Displaying from the SIMATIC Manager

1. In the project window in the component view offline, select the "Blocks" folder.
2. Select the menu command Options > Reference Data > Display.

Displaying from the Editor Window

1. Open a block in the "Blocks" folder.
2. In the window of the programming language editor, select the menu command
Options > Reference Data.
The "Customize" dialog box is displayed. Here you can select the view that is
shown first. The default view is the one in the application for displaying reference
data that was closed last. You can suppress the dialog for future calls.

Displaying Directly from the Compiled Block

You can display the reference data for a compiled block directly from the language
editor to get a current overview of your user program.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

12-10 A5E00069873-03
 Displaying Reference Data

12.2.2 Displaying Lists in Additional Working Windows

Using the menu command Window > New Window you can open additional
working windows and display other views of the reference data (for example, List of
Unused Symbols).
You open a working window for previously undisplayed reference data using the
menu command Reference Data > Open.
You can change to another view of the reference data by selecting one of the
commands in the "View" menu or the corresponding button in the toolbar:

Reference Data View Menu Command to Display this Reference Data View
Addresses Without Symbols View > Addresses Without Symbols
Unused Symbols View > Unused Symbols
I/Q/M Assignment List View > Assignment > Inputs, Outputs, and Bit Memory
T/C Assignment List View > Assignment > Timers and Counters
Program Structure View > Program Structure
Cross-Reference List View > Cross References

12.2.3 Generating and Displaying Reference Data

Generating Reference Data:

1. In the SIMATIC Manager, select the block folder for which you want to
generate reference data.
2. Select the menu command Options > Reference Data > Generate in the
SIMATIC Manager.
Before generating reference data, the computer checks to see if any reference
data are available and if so, whether the data are current.
• If reference data are available, they are generated.
• If the reference data available are not current, you can choose whether to
update the reference data or whether to generate them again completely.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 12-11
Displaying Reference Data

Displaying Reference Data:

Using the menu command Options > Reference Data > Display you can display
the reference data.
Before displaying reference data, a check is made to ascertain whether any
reference data exist and whether the existing reference data are current.
• If no reference data exist they are generated.
• If incomplete reference data exist, a dialog box is displayed showing a notice
that the reference data are inconsistent. You can then decide whether you
want to update the reference data and to what extent. You then have the
following possibilities:

Choice Meaning
For modified blocks only The reference data are updated for any modified or new blocks;
information on any blocks deleted is removed from the reference
database.
For all blocks The reference data are generated again from scratch for all blocks.
Do not update The reference data are not updated.

In order to update the reference data, the blocks are recompiled. The appropriate
compiler is called to compile each block. Using the menu command View >
Update you can refresh the view of the reference data already displayed in the
active window.

12.2.4 Finding Address Locations in the Program Quickly

You can use reference data to position the cursor at different locations of an
address in the program when programming. To do this, you must have up-to-date
reference data. However, you do not have to start the application for displaying
reference data.

Basic Procedure
1. Select the menu command Options > Reference Data > Generate in the
SIMATIC Manager to generate the current reference data. This step is only
necessary if there are no reference data, or if you have old reference data.
2. Select the address in an open block.
3. Select the menu command Edit > Go To > Location.
A dialog box is now displayed containing a list with the locations of the address
in the program.
4. Select the option "Overlapping access to memory areas" if you also want to
display the locations of the addresses whose physical addresses or address
area overlap with that of the called address. The "Address" column is added to
the table.
5. Select a location in the list and click the "Go To" button.
If the reference data are not up-to-date when you open the dialog box, a message
to this effect will appear. You can then update the reference data.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

12-12 A5E00069873-03
 Displaying Reference Data

List of Locations
The list of locations in the dialog box contains the following details:
• The block in which the address is used
• The symbolic name of the block, if one exists
• Details, for example, information on the location and, if appropriate, the
instruction, which depends on the original programming language of the block
or source file (SCL)
• Language-dependent information
• Type of access to the address: read-only (R), write-only (W), read and write
(RW), unknown (?).
• Block language
You can filter the display of locations and in this way view, for example, write
access only for an address. The online help for this dialog box provides you with
more detailed information on what to enter in the fields and the other information
displayed.

Note
Reference data only exist offline. This function therefore always works
with the cross references of the offline blocks, even if you call the function
in an online block.

12.2.5 Example of Working with Address Locations

You want to determine at which locations output Q1.0 (direct/indirect) is set. The
following STL code in OB1 is used as an example:

Network 1: ...........
A Q 1.0 // irrelevant
= Q 1.1 // in this example

Network 2:
A M1.0
A M2.0
= Q 1.0 // assignment

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 12-13
Displaying Reference Data

Network 3:
//comment line only
SET
= M1.0 // assignment

Network 4:
A I 1.0
A I 2.0
= M2.0 // assignment

This results in the following assignment tree for Q1.0:

Then proceed as follows:

1. Position the cursor on Q1.0 (NW 1, Inst 1) in OB1 in the LAD/STL/FBD Editor.
2. Select the menu command Edit > Go To > Location or use the right mouse
button to select "Go to Location."
The dialog box now displays all the assignments for Q1.0:
OB1 Cycle Execution NW 2 Inst 3 /= W STL
OB1 Cycle Execution NW 1 Inst 1 /A R STL

3. Jump to "NW 2 Inst 3" in the Editor using the "Go To" button in the dialog box:
Network 2:
A M1.0
A M2.0
= Q 1.0

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

12-14 A5E00069873-03
 Displaying Reference Data

4. The assignments to both M1.0 and M2.0 must now be checked. First position
the cursor on M1.0 in the LAD/STL/FBD Editor.
5. Select the menu command Edit > Go To > Location or use the right mouse
button to select "Go to Location." The dialog box now displays all the
assignments for M1.0:
OB1 Cycle Execution NW 3 Inst 2 /= W STL
OB1 Cycle Execution NW 2 Inst 1 /A R STL
6. Jump to "NW 3 Inst 2" in the Editor using the "Go To" button in the dialog box.
7. In the LAD/STL/FBD Editor in Network 3, you will see the assignment to M1.0
is not important (because it is always TRUE) and that the assignment to M2.0
needs to be examined instead.

In STEP 7 versions earlier than V5, you would now have to run through
the entire chain of assignments all over again. The buttons ">>" and "<<"
make this much simpler:

8. Place the open dialog box "Go to Location" on top, or call the function "Go to
Location" in the LAD/STL/FBD Editor from your current position.
9. Click the "<<" button once or twice until all the locations of Q1.0 are displayed;
the last jump location "NW 2 Inst 3" is selected.
10. Jump from the address locations dialog box to "NW 2 Inst 3" in the Editor using
the "Go To" button (as in point 3):
Network 2:
A M1.0
A M2.0
= Q 1.0
11. In point 4, the assignment to M1.0 was checked. Now you have to check all the
(direct/indirect) assignments to M2.0. Position the cursor on M2.0 in the Editor
and call the function "Go to Location:" All the assignments to M2.0 are
displayed:
OB1 Cycle Execution NW 4 Inst 3 /= W STL
OB1 Cycle Execution NW 2 Inst 2 /A R STL
12. Jump to "NW 4 Inst 3" in the LAD/STL/FBD Editor using the "Go To" button:
Network 4:
A I 1.0
A I 2.0
= M2.0
13. Now you have to check the assignments to I1.0 and I2.0. This process is not
described in this example, because you proceed in the same way as before
(point 4 onwards).
By switching between the LAD/STL/FBD Editor and the address locations dialog
box, you can find and check the relevant locations in your program.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 12-15
Displaying Reference Data

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

12-16 A5E00069873-03
13 Checking Block Consistency and Time
Stamps as Block Property

13.1 Checking Block Consistency

Introduction
If the interfaces or the code of individual blocks have to be adapted or extended,
this can lead to time stamp conflicts. Time stamp conflicts can in turn cause block
inconsistencies between calling blocks and called blocks or reference blocks and
thus to a high amount correction work.
The "Check block consistency" function eliminates a lot of this correction work. The
"Check block consistency" function removes a large part of all the time stamp
conflicts and block inconsistencies. In the case of blocks whose block
inconsistencies could not be eliminated automatically, the function places you at
the position to be changed in the corresponding editor, where you can carry out the
required changes. All the block inconsistencies are eliminated and the blocks
compiled step-by-step.
Requirements
It is only possible to check block consistency for projects created from STEP 7
V5.0, Service Pack 3. For older projects, you must first compile everything when
starting the block consistency check (menu command Program > Compile All).
For blocks created with an options package, the options package must be installed
for the consistency check.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 13-1
Checking Block Consistency and Time Stamps as Block Property

Starting the Block Consistency Check

At the start of the block consistency check, the time stamps of the block interfaces
are checked, and blocks that could cause block inconsistencies are highlighted in
the tree view (Dependency Tree/Reference Tree)
1. Select the menu command Program > Compile
STEP 7 automatically recognizes the programming language for the relevant
blocks and calls the corresponding editor. As far as possible, the time stamp
conflicts and block inconsistencies are corrected automatically and the blocks
are compiled. If the time stamp conflict or the inconsistency in a block cannot
be eliminated automatically, an error message appears in the output window
(refer to Step 2 for further procedures). This process is repeated automatically
for all the blocks of the tree view.
2. If it was not possible to eliminate all the block inconsistencies automatically
during the compilation run, the corresponding blocks are marked in the output
windows as error messages. Position the mouse on the corresponding error
entry and use the right-hand mouse to call the error display in the pop-up
menu. The relevant error is opened and the program jumps to the positions to
be changed. Eliminate all the block inconsistencies, and save and close the
block. Repeat this process for all the blocks marked as errors.
3. Start Steps 1 and 2 again. Repeat this process until no more errors are
displayed in the message window.
Views in "Check Block Consistency"
Output Window in "Check Block Consistency"

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

13-2 A5E00069873-03
 Checking Block Consistency and Time Stamps as Block Property

13.2 Time Stamps as a Block Property and Time Stamp

Conflicts
Blocks contain a code time stamp and an interface time stamp. These time stamps
are displayed in the dialog box for the block properties. You can monitor the
consistency of STEP 7 programs using time stamps.
STEP 7 displays a time stamp conflict if it detects a violation of the rules when
comparing time stamps. The following violations may occur:
• A called block is more up-to-date than the calling block (CALL)
• A referenced block is more up-to-date than the block which is using it
• Examples of the second type of violation:
• A UDT is more up-to-date than the block which is using it; that is, a DB or
another UDT, or an FC, an FB, or an OB which is using the UDT in the variable
declaration table.
• An FB is more up-to-date than its corresponding instance DB.
• An FB2 is defined as a multiple instance in FB1 and FB2 is more up-to-date
than FB1.

Note
Even if the relationship between the interface time stamps is correct,
inconsistencies may occur:
• The definition of the interface for the referenced block does not match the
definition in the location at which it is used.
These inconsistencies are known as interface conflicts. They can occur, for
example, when blocks are copied from different programs or when an ASCII
source file is compiled and not all of the blocks in a program are generated.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 13-3
Checking Block Consistency and Time Stamps as Block Property

13.3 Time Stamps in Logic Blocks

Code Time stamp

The time and date the block was created is entered here. The time stamp is
updated:
• When the program code is changed
• When the interface description is changed
• When the comment is changed
• When an ASCII source file is created for the first time and compiled
• When the block properties ("Properties" dialog box) are changed

Interface Time stamp

The time stamp is updated:
• When the interface description is changed (changes to data types or initial
values, new parameters)
• When an ASCII source file is created for the first time and compiled, if the
interface is changed structurally.
• The time stamp is not updated:
• When symbols are changed
• When comments in the variable declaration are changed
• When changes are made in the TEMP area

Rules for Block Calls

• The interface time stamp of the called block must be older than the code time
stamp of the calling block.
• Only change the interface of a block if no block is open which calls this block.
Otherwise, if you save the calling blocks later than the changed block, you will
not recognize this inconsistency from the time stamp.

Procedure if a Time stamp Conflict Occurs

A time stamp conflict is displayed when the calling block is opened. After making
changes to an FC or FB interface, all calls to this block in calling blocks are shown
in expanded form.
If the interface of a block is changed, all blocks which call this block must be
adjusted as well.
After making changes to an FB interface, the existing multiple instance definitions
and instance data blocks must be updated.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

13-4 A5E00069873-03
 Checking Block Consistency and Time Stamps as Block Property

13.4 Time Stamps in Shared Data Blocks

Code Time stamp

The time stamp is updated:
• When an ASCII source file is created for the first time
• When an ASCII source file is compiled
• When changes are made in the declaration view or in the data view of the
block

Interface Time stamp

The time stamp is updated:
• When the interface description is changed in the declaration view (changes to
data types or initial values, new parameters)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 13-5
Checking Block Consistency and Time Stamps as Block Property

13.5 Time Stamps in Instance Data Blocks

An instance data block saves the formal parameters and static data for function
blocks.

Code Time stamp

The time and date the instance data blocks were created is entered here. The time
stamp is updated when you enter actual values in the data view of the instance
data block. The user cannot make changes to the structure of an instance data
block because the structure is derived from the associated function block (FB) or
system function block (SFB).

Interface Time stamp

When an instance data block is created, the interface time stamp of the associated
FB or SFB is entered.

Rules for Opening Without Conflicts

The interface time stamps of the FB/SFB and the associated instance data block
must match.

Procedure if a Time stamp Conflict Occurs

If you change the interface of an FB, the interface time stamp of the FB is updated.
When you open an associated instance data block, a time stamp conflict is
reported because the time stamps of the instance data block and the FB no longer
match. In the declaration section of the data block the interface is displayed with
the symbols generated by the compiler (pseudo-symbols). The instance data block
can now only be viewed.
To remedy time stamp conflicts of this type, you must create the instance data
block for a changed FB again.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

13-6 A5E00069873-03
 Checking Block Consistency and Time Stamps as Block Property

13.6 Time Stamps in UDTs and Data Blocks Derived from

UDTs
User-defined data types (UDTs) can, for example, be used to create a number of
data blocks with the same structure.

Code Time stamp

The code time stamp is updated on every change.

Interface Time stamp

The interface time stamp is updated when the interface description is changed
(changes to data types or initial values, new parameters).
The interface time stamp of a UDT is also updated when the ASCII source file is
compiled.

Rules for Opening Without Conflicts

• The interface time stamp of the user-defined data type must be older than the
interface time stamp in logic blocks in which this data type is used.
• The interface time stamp of the user-defined data type must be identical to the
time stamp of a data block derived from a UDT.
• The interface time stamp of the user-defined data type must be younger than
the time stamp of a secondary UDT.

Procedure if a Time stamp Conflict Occurs

If you change a UDT definition that is used in a data block, function, function block,
or another UDT definition, STEP 7 reports a time stamp conflict when the block is
opened.
The UDT component is shown as a fanned-out structure. All variable names are
overwritten by values preset by the system.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 13-7
Checking Block Consistency and Time Stamps as Block Property

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

13-8 A5E00069873-03
14 Configuring Messages

14.1 The Message Concept

14.1.1 The Message Concept

Messages allow you to detect, localize, and remedy errors during processing on
the programmable controllers quickly thus reducing downtimes on a plant
considerably.
Before messages can be output, they must first be configured.
With STEP 7, you can create and edit messages linked to events with assigned
message texts and message attributes. You can also compile the messages and
display them on display devices.

14.1.2 What Are the Different Messaging Methods?

There are different methods of creating messages.

Bit Messaging
Bit messaging requires the programmer to perform three steps:
• Create the user program on the programming device and set the required bit.
• Create an assignment list using any text editor in which a message text is
assigned to the message bit (for example, M 3.1 = limit switch pressure).
• Create the list of message texts on the operator panel on the basis of the
assignment list.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-1
Configuring Messages

Program on the Assignment list List of messages for

programming dewice operator and control monitoring

A I1.1 M3.1 Limit switch 1 M3.1 „Message text for

A M3.1 1 pressure . Limit switch
. . pressure“
. .
. .
.

The operator interface system queries the programmable controller cyclically

whether the message bit has changed or not. If the programmable controller
signals a change, the corresponding message is displayed. The message receives
the timestamp from the operator interface system.

Message Numbering
Message numbering required the programmer to perform only one step:
• Create the user program on the programming device, set the required bit, and
assign the required message text to the bit directly while programming.

Program in programmable controller Display on operator control

and monitoring system

A I1.1 "Message text for Limit

A M3.1 switch pressure“
CALL message "Message text for
block Limit switch pressure”

There is no cyclic query of the programmable controller. When the programmable

controller signals a change, the corresponding message number is passed to the
operator interface system and the corresponding message text is displayed. The
message receives the timestamp from the programmable controller and can
therefore be traced more exactly than with bit messaging.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-2 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

14.1.3 Choosing a Messaging Method

Overview
The following table shows the properties and requirements for the different
messaging methods:

Message Numbering Bit Messaging

• Messages are managed in a common • There is no common database for
database for programming device and the programming device and
operator panel operator panel
• The load on the bus is low (programmable • The load on the bus is high
controller signals active) (operator panel polls)
• Messages receive the timestamp from the • Messages receive the timestamp
programmable controller from the operator panel

The message numbering method recognizes the following three types of

messages:

Block-Related Messages Symbol-Related Messages User-Defined Diagnostic

Messages

• Synchronous to the • Asynchronous to the • Synchronous to the program

program program • Display in the diagnostic buffer
• Display using WinCC and • Display using WinCC on the programming device
ProTool (ALARM_S only) • Possible only with S7-400 • Possible with S7-300/400
• Possible with S7-300/400 • Configure via the symbol • Program using message block
• Program using message table (system function)
blocks: • Download to the • WR_USMSG
• ALARM programmable controller • No transfer to the operator
• ALARM_8 via system data blocks panel
(SDBs)
• ALARM_8P
• Transfer to the operator
• NOTIFY
panel via PLC-OS
• ALARM_S(Q) connection configuration
• AR_SEND
• Transfer to the operator
panel
• for WinCC via PLC-OS
connection
configuration
• for ProTool via Pro
Tool functions

STEP 7 supports the more user-friendly message numbering method which will be
described in detail below.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-3
Configuring Messages

Examples of Message Numbering

Messaging Method Application

Block-related messages Used to report program-synchronous events, for example,
to show that a controller has reached a limit value
Symbol-related messages Used to report events that are independent of the
program, for example, a switch setting being monitored
User-defined messages Used to report diagnostic events in the diagnostic buffer,
with each call of the SFC

14.1.4 SIMATIC Components

Overview
The following figure shows an overview of which SIMATIC components are
involved in configuring and displaying messages.

Configuring/Creating
Messages Displaying Messages

SKA/SCL
Symbols PG OP/OS
WinCC
PDIAG
Data transfer ProTool
CFC
PG
S7-GRAPH CPU Messages

Module
Information

Load
program/SDB Message
S7-300
frames/
module data

S7-400

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-4 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

14.1.5 Parts of a Message

How a message is displayed depends on the messaging method, the message

block used, and the display device.
The possible parts of a message are listed in the following table:

Part Description
Timestamp Generated in the programmable controller when the message event
occurs
Message state The following states are possible: incoming, outgoing, outgoing
without acknowledgement, outgoing with acknowledgement
Associated value Some messages can be assigned a process value that can be
evaluated by the message block used
Image If the system crashes the messages that occurred can be displayed
subsequently on the operator station
Message number A unique number throughout the project which is allocated by the
system and identifies a message
Message text Configured by the user

Example
The following example shows an alarm message on an operator panel.

Message number
Message status
Time stamp

0000049 K 11:32:00 27.03.98

Tank pressure too high: 12.7 bar

Message text
Associated value

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-5
Configuring Messages

14.1.6 Assigning Message Numbers

Messages are identified by a number which is unique throughout a project. To

achieve this, the individual STEP 7 programs are each allocated a number range
within the total available range (1 to 2097151). If you copy a program and a conflict
results - that is, if the same message numbers have already been assigned in the
target range - the new program must be allocated a new number range. If such a
situation arises, STEP 7 automatically opens the dialog box in which you can
specify the new number range.
If no messages have been configured, you can also set or change the number
range for an S7 program using the menu command Edit > Special Object
Properties > Message Numbers.
By default, the message number range is assigned in steps of 20,000.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-6 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

14.2 Assigning and Editing Block-Related Messages

14.2.1 Assigning and Editing Block-Related Messages

Block-related messages are assigned to a block (FB). To create a block-related

message, you can use system function blocks (SFBs) and system functions (SFCs)
as message blocks.

14.2.2 Which Message Blocks Are Available?

You can choose between the following message blocks, each of which contains a
programmed message function:
• SFB33 ”ALARM”
• SFB34 ”ALARM_8”
• SFB35 ”ALARM_8P”
• SFB36 ”NOTIFY”
• SFC18 ”ALARM_S” and SFC17 ”ALARM_SQ”
• SFB37 ”AR_SEND” (to send archives)
You will find more detailed information in the reference online help on blocks.

When to Use Which Message Block?

The following table helps you decide which message block to choose for your
particular task. Selecting a message block depends on the following:
• The number of channels available in the block and therefore the number of
signals that are monitored per block call
• Whether messages are to be acknowledged
• The option of specifying associated values
• The display devices to be used
• The technical specifications of the CPU to be used.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-7
Configuring Messages

Message Chan- Acknow- Asso- WinCC ProTool CPU PLC Remarks

Block nels ledge- ciated Display Display Messages
ment Values /S7 Status
Display
ALARM 1 Possible Up to Yes No No S7-400 Sends a
SFB33 10 message for
each incoming
or outgoing
edge
ALARM_8 8 Possible No Yes No No S7-400 Sends a
SFB34 message for
each incoming
or outgoing
edge of one or
more signals
ALARM_8P 8 Possible Up to Yes No No S7-400 As ALARM_8
SFB35 10
NOTIFY 1 No Up to Yes No No S7-400 As ALARM
SFB36 10
AR_SEND 1 Yes No No S7-400 Used to send
SFB37 an archive
ALARM_SQ 1 Possible 1 Yes Yes* Yes S7-300/ Not an edge
SFC17 S7-400 change but
every SFC call
generates a
message
ALARM_S 1 No 1 Yes Yes* Yes S7-300/ As ALARM_SQ
SFC18 S7-400
* depending on the OP type

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-8 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

14.2.3 Formal Parameters, System Attributes, and Message Blocks

Formal Parameters as Message Number Inputs

For each message or group of messages you need a formal parameter in your
program which you specify as an input variable in the variable declaration table of
your program. This formal parameter is then used as a message number input and
forms the basis of a message.

How to Provide Formal Parameters with System Attributes

As a prerequisite for starting message configuration, you must first provide the
formal parameters with system attributes as follows:
1. Add the following system attributes for parameters: "S7_server" and
"S7_a_type"
2. Assign values to the system attributes corresponding to the message blocks
that you called in your program code. The value for "S7_server" is always
"alarm_archiv", the value for "S7_a_type" corresponds to the called message
block.

System Attributes and Corresponding Message Blocks

The message blocks themselves are not displayed as objects in the message
manager; instead, the display contains the corresponding values of the system
attribute "S7_a_type". These values have the same names as the message blocks
that exist as SFBs or SFCs (exception: "alarm_s").

S7_a_type Message Description Properties

Block
alarm_8 ALARM_8 SFB34 8 channels, can be acknowledged, no
associated values
alarm_8p ALARM_8P SFB35 8 channels, can be acknowledged, up to
10 associated values per channel
notify NOTIFY SFB36 1 channel, cannot be acknowledged, up
to 10 associated values
alarm ALARM SFB33 1 channel, can be acknowledged, up to
10 associated values
alarm_s ALARM_S SFC18 1 channel, cannot be acknowledged, up
to 1 associated value
alarm_s ALARM_SQ SFC17 1 channel, can be acknowledged, up to
1 associated value
ar_send AR_SEND SFB37 Used to send an archive

You will find more detailed information in the reference online help on system
attributes.
The system attributes are assigned automatically if the message blocks that you
use in your program are SFBs or FBs with corresponding system attributes and are
called as multiple instances.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-9
Configuring Messages

14.2.4 Message Templates and Messages

Message configuration allows you to use different procedures to create a message

template or a message. This depends on the message-type block via which you
gain access to message configuration.

The message-type block can be either a function block (FB) or an instance data
block.
• With an FB you can create a message template to use as a template for
creating messages. All entries you make for the message template are entered
in the messages automatically. If you assign an instance data block to the
function block, messages for the instance data block are generated
automatically in accordance with the message template and assigned
message numbers.
• For an instance data block, you can modify messages generated based on this
message template for a specific instance.
The visible difference here is that message numbers are assigned for messages
but not for message templates.

Locking Data for a Message Template

Message configuration allows you to enter texts and attributes for event-dependent
messages. You can also specify, for example, how you want to display the
messages on specific display devices. To make it easier to generate messages,
you can work with message templates.
• When you enter data (attributes and texts) for the message template, you can
specify whether they are to be locked or not. With locked attributes a key
symbol is added next to the input box. Locked texts show a check mark in the
"Locked" column.
• With the message template "locked data" you cannot make changes in the
instance-specific messages. The data are only displayed.
• If you do need to make changes, you must go back to the message template,
remove the lock, and make the changes there. The changes do not apply for
instances that were generated before the change.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-10 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

14.2.5 Creating Block-Related Messages

Basic Procedure

Select a suitable message block for your task.

Program an FB as a message type block.

• Select the function block (FB) to which you
want to assign the message and open it.
• Fill out the variable declaration table.
• Program the call for the message block in the
code section of the FB.

Call up the message configuration (standard

dialog box or PCS7 message configuration).

Create the message template with texts,

attributes, and display devices in the FB.

Associate instance DBs with the FB and change

these according to your requirements.

Transfer the data you configured to the WinCC

database.

Programming Message-Type Blocks (FB)

1. In the SIMATIC Manager select the function block (FB) for which you want to
generate a block-related message and open this block with a double-click.
Result: The selected block is opened and displayed in the ”LAD/STL/FBD”
window.
2. Fill out the variable declaration table. For every message block that is called in
the function block you must declare variables in the calling function block.

In the variable declaration table, enter the following variables in the

"Declaration" column:
- For the declaration type ”in” enter a symbolic name for the message block
input, for example, ”Mess01” (for message input 01) and the type (must be
”DWORD” without an initial value).
- For the declaration type ”stat” enter a symbolic name for the message
block to be called, for example, ”alarm” and the corresponding type, here
”SFB33.”

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-11
Configuring Messages

3. In the code section of the function block, insert the call for the selected
message block, here ”CALL alarm”, and finish your entry with RETURN.

Result: The input variables for the called message block (here SFB33) are
displayed in the code section of the function block.
4. Assign the symbolic name you assigned in step 2. for the message block input,
here "Mess01," to the variable ”EV_ID” and confirm that the system attributes
should be used for message configuration.

Result: A flag should appear in the "Name” column if the column is not
selected. The selected block is then set as a message-type block. The required
system attributes (for example, S7_server and S7_a_type) and the
corresponding values are assigned automatically.
5. Repeat steps 2. to 4. for all calls to message blocks in this function block.
6. Save the block using the menu command File > Save.
7. Close the ”LAD/STL/FBD" window.

Opening the Message Configuration Dialog Box

• Select the menu command Edit > Special Object Properties > Message in
the SIMATIC Manager.

Result: The STEP 7 message configuration dialog box (standard dialog box) is
opened. Information on opening the PCS7 Message Configuration function can
be found under PCS7 Message Configuration.

Creating a Message Template

1. Select the desired message block and enter the required message attributes
and message text in the ”Attributes” and ”Text” tabs.
If you selected a multi-channel message block (for example, ”ALARM_8”), you
can assign its own message text to each sub-number. The attributes apply to
all sub-numbers.
2. Assign the required display devices to the message template by clicking the
"New Device" button and selecting the required display devices in the "Add
Display Device" dialog box.
In the following tabbed pages enter the required texts and attributes for the display
devices. Exit the dialog box with "OK".

Note
When editing the display device-specific texts and attributes, please read the
documentation supplied with your display device.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-12 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

Creating Instance Data Blocks

1. When you have created a message template, you can associate instance data
blocks to it and edit the instance-specific messages for these data blocks.
To do this, in the SIMATIC Manager open the block that is to call your
previously configured function block, for example, ”OB1” by double-clicking it.
In the open code section of the OB, enter the call (”CALL”), the name and
number of the FB to be called and of the instance DB that you want to
associate with the FB as an instance. Confirm your entry with RETURN.

Example: Enter ”CALL FB1, DB1”. If DB1 does not yet exist, confirm the
prompt whether you want the instance DB created with ”Yes.”

Result: The instance DB is created. In the code section of the OB, the input
variables of the associated FBs, here for example ”Mess01,” and the message
number allocated by the system, here ”1,” are displayed.
2. Save the OB with the menu command File > Save and close the
”LAD/STL/FBD” window.

Editing Messages
1. In the SIMATIC Manager, select the created instance DB, for example, ”DB1”
and select the menu command Edit > Special Object Properties > Message
to open the message configuration dialog box.

Result: The "Message Configuration" dialog box is opened and the selected
instance DB with the message number allocated by the system is displayed.
2. Enter the required changes for the corresponding instance DB in the
appropriate tabs and add other display devices if you wish. Exit the dialog box
with ”OK.”

Result: The message configuration for the selected instance DB is then

complete.

Transferring Configuration Data

• Transfer the configured data to the WinCC database (via the PLC-OS
connection configuration) or the ProTool database.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-13
Configuring Messages

14.2.6 PCS7 Message Configuration

For editing message templates and messages to be output on WinCC display

devices, the PCS7 message configuration function in STEP 7 provides a user-
friendly method of:
• Simplifying the configuration of display devices (created automatically)
• Simplifying the entry of attributes and texts for messages
• Guaranteeing that messages are standardized.

Opening the PCS7 Message Configuration Function

1. In the SIMATIC Manager, select the block (FB or DB) whose message texts
you want to edit and use the menu command Edit > Object Properties to
open the dialog box for entering system attributes.
2. In the table shown, enter one of the following system attributes:
- Attribute: ”S7_alarm_ui” and value: ”1” for non-event driven PCS7
messages (the value 0 turns off the PCS7 message configuration).
Property parameters can be set in LAD/STL/FBD. DBs generated
afterwards and assigned to the corresponding FBs, take on these
attributes and can be switched independently of their message type (FB).
- Attribute: "S7_alarm" and value "alarm_16" (if the selected block is an
event-driven communication block (EDC)). Property parameters may not
be assigned for event driven communication. The message texts for these
FB assigned DBs cannot be edited in the SIMATIC Manager.

Note
When you enter the system attributes, a syntax check is run and the incorrect
entries are marked in red.

3. Exit the dialog box with ”OK.”

4. Select the menu command Edit > Special Object Properties > Message

Result: The "PCS7 Message Configuration" dialog box is opened.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-14 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

Editing Message Templates

1. In the SIMATIC Manager, select the FB whose message texts you want to edit
and open the PCS7 message configuration dialog box.

Result: For each message block for which you declared a variable in the FB, a
tab appears in the dialog box. For the event-driven communication block, two
tabs appear in the dialog box.
2. Fill out the text boxes for the message parts "Origin," "OS area," and "Batch
ID."
3. Enter the message class and the event text for all events of the message
blocks used and specify whether every event must be acknowledged
individually.
4. For the message parts that apply for all instances and should not be changed,
click the "Locked" check box.

Editing Messages
1. In the SIMATIC Manager, select the instance DB whose message texts you
want to edit and open the PCS7 message configuration dialog box.
2. Do not change the instance-specific message parts that are not locked.

Note
The message text of instance DBs that are assigned to event-driven
communication blocks can be edited only in CFC.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-15
Configuring Messages

14.3 Assigning and Editing Symbol-Related Messages

14.3.1 Assigning and Editing Symbol-Related Messages

Symbol-related messages (SCAN) are assigned directly to a signal in the symbol

table. Permitted signals are all Boolean addresses: inputs (I), outputs (Q), and bit
memory (M). You can assign these signals different attributes, messages texts,
and up to 10 associated values with the message configuration function. You can
make it easier to select signals in the symbol table by setting filters.
With a symbol-related message you can scan a signal in a predefined time interval
to determine whether a signal change has taken place.

Note
The time interval is dependent on the CPU used.

Basic Procedure

Create the symbol table for your S7 program

using the Symbol Editor.

Select a symbol for which you want to create a

message.

Open the message configuration dialog box and

create a message.

Generate the system data blocks (SDBs).

Assign a display device to the message.

During processing, the signals for which you have configured messages are
checked asynchronously to your program. The checks take place at the configured
time intervals. The messages are displayed on the assigned display devices.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-16 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

14.4 Creating and Editing User-Defined Diagnostic Messages

14.4.1 Creating and Editing User-defined Diagnostic Messages

Using this function you can write a user entry in the diagnostic buffer and send a
corresponding message which you create in the message configuration application.
User-defined diagnostic messages are created by means of the system function
SFC52 (WR_USMSG) which is used as a message block. You must insert the call
for the SFC52 in your user program and allocate it the event ID.
In contrast to block-related and symbol-related messages, user-defined diagnostic
messages can only be displayed on a programming device. You cannot therefore
assign display device to these messages in the message configuration application.

Requirements
Before you can create a user-defined diagnostic message, you must have done the
following:
• Created a project in the SIMATIC Manager
• Created the S7/M7 program in the project to which you want to assign the
message

Basic Procedure
To create and display a user-defined diagnostic message, proceed as follows:

In the SIMATIC Manager, select the required

S7 program and start the message
configuration application.

Create a new message with message

number, message name (identification), and
texts.

Enter the message in the diagnostic buffer of

the CPU via the SFC 52 call.

Display the messages you have created via

"CPU messages."

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-17
Configuring Messages

14.5 Translating and Editing User Texts

14.5.1 Translating and Editing Operator Related Texts

Texts that are output on display devices during process editing were usually input
in the same language used to program the automation solution.
It may often be the case that an operator who is to react to messages on a display
device does not speak this language. This user needs texts in his own language to
ensure smooth, problem-free processing and quick reaction to messages output by
the system.
STEP 7 allows you to translate any and all operator related texts into any language
required. The only prerequisite for this is that you have already installed the
language in your project (menu command: Options > Language for Display
Devices in the SIMATIC Manager). The number of languages available is
determined when Windows is installed (system property).
In this way you can be certain that any user faced with such a message at a later
date will have it displayed in the appropriate language. This system feature
considerably increases processing security and accuracy.
Operator related texts are user texts and text libraries.

14.5.2 Translating and Editing User Texts

You can create user texts for an entire project, for S7 programs, the block folder or
individual blocks, and for the symbol table if messages are configured in these
objects. They contain all texts and messages that can be shown on display
devices, for example. For one project, there can be several lists of operator related
texts that you can translate into the required languages.
You can select the languages that are available in a project (menu command
Options > Language for Display Devices…). You can also add or delete
languages later.
When you open the user texts of a STEP 7 object (menu command Options >
Translate Texts > User Texts), a table is displayed on the screen. Each column of
the table represents a language. The first column of the table always displays the
language that is set as the default language.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-18 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

Basic Procedure

In the SIMATIC Manager, with the menu command Options > Language for
Display Devices…, make sure that you have set the languages into which you
want to translate the user texts.

Select the object whose texts you want to

translate.

Select the menu command Options > Translate

Texts > User Texts.

Translate the texts.

Save your translations with the menu command

Texts > Save.

Exporting and Importing Operator-Related Texts

You can translate or edit operator-related texts that were created in STEP 7
outside of STEP 7. To do this, export the displayed list of operator related texts to
text files in CSV format that you can edit with an ASCII editor or with a table editing
tool such as Microsoft Excel. Then import the texts back into STEP 7.
You can only import operator related texts into the part of the project from which
you exported them.

14.5.3 Translating Text Libraries

Text libraries provide a list of texts that can be integrated into messages, updated
dynamically at run time, and shown on a programming device or other display
device. They are assigned to CPUs. The texts in system text libraries are provided
by STEP 7 or STEP 7 optional packages. There can be several text libraries
assigned to one CPU. You can translate these texts into the required languages.
In the SIMATIC Manager, you can select the languages that are available in a
project (menu command Options > Language for Display Devices…). You can
also add or delete languages later.
When you open a text library (menu command Options > Translate Texts >
System Text Library), a table is displayed on the screen. Each column of the table
represents a language. The first column always displays the index with which you
can reference the individual texts.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-19
Configuring Messages

Example

Index German English

1732 ausgefallen failed
1733 gestört faulty
1734 Parametrierfehler parameter
assignment error

Basic Procedure
In the SIMATIC Manager, with the menu command Options > Language for
Display Devices…, make sure that you have set the languages into which you
want to translate a text library.

Select the CPU or an object below the CPU

whose text library you want to translate.

Select the menu command Options > Translate

Texts > System Text Library and select the text
library that you want to edit.

Translate the texts.

Save your translations with the menu command

Texts > Save.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-20 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

14.6 Transferring Message Configuration Data to the

Programmable Controller

14.6.1 Transferring Configuration Data to the Programmable Controller

Overview
Using the transfer program PLC-OS Engineering you transfer the message
configuration data generated to the WinCC database.
You have the choice of a number of different transfer options. You can, for
example, select an address and text comparison to ensure that the current data are
transferred.

Requirements
Before you start the transfer, the following requirements must be fulfilled:
• You have installed the setup program PLC-OS connection configuration
• You have generated the configuration data for creating messages.

Basic Procedure

In the SIMATIC Manager, create the OS objects

on which you want to display messages.

Start the transfer of the configuration data using

the menu command Options > PLC-OS
Connection Data > Transfer.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-21
Configuring Messages

14.7 Displaying CPU Messages and User-Defined Diagnostic

Messages

14.7.1 Displaying CPU Messages and User-Defined Diagnostic

Messages

With the ”CPU Messages" function, you can display asynchronous messages on
diagnostic events and user-defined diagnostic messages and/or ALARM_S/SQ
messages.
You can also start the message configuration application from the CPU Messages
application using the menu command Options > Configure Messages and create
user-defined diagnostic messages. The requirement for this is that you started the
CPU Messages application via an online project.

Display Options
With the ”CPU Messages" function, you can decide whether and how online
messages for selected CPUs are displayed.
• "Bring to the Foreground”: The window containing the CPU messages
appears in the foreground. The window appears in the foreground every time a
new message is received.
• ”Leave in the Background”: The CPU messages are received in the
background. The window remains in the background when new messages are
received and can be brought to the foreground if required.
• ”Ignore Message”: The CPU messages are not displayed and, in contrast to
the other two modes, not archived.
In the ”CPU Messages" window, you can browse through the messages in the
archive. Some examples are shown in the following figure:

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-22 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

Programm: schutz402\416neu414alt\CPU414-1
CPU Messages X
File Edit PLC View Options Help

Event ID: 16# 4303

Date 27.08.98 Time: 10:45:49:714
Program: as402\416new414old\CPU414-1
STOP caused by STOP switch being activated
Previous op. mode: RUN
Requested op. mode: STOP (internal)
................................................................ ...........
Message number: 7 Alarm message incoming
Date: 27.08.98 Time: 10:45:56:637
Program: as402\416new414old\CPU414-1
Optional text for Alarm_S message no. 7
...........................................................................
Event ID: 16# A102
Date: 27.08.98 Time: 10:46:01:671
Program: as402\416new414old\CPU414-1
User-defined diagnostic message class "A", no.=2, incoming
...........................................................................
Event ID: 16# A002
Date: 27.08.98 Time: 10:46:02:711
Program: as402\416new414old\CPU414-1
User-defined diagnostic message class "A", no.=2, outgoing
...........................................................................
Message Number: 4 Event message incoming
Date: 27.08.98 Time: 10:46:04:914
Program: as402\416new414old\CPU414-1
Optional text for Alarm_S message no. 4

Ready NUM

Acknowledgeable messages (ALARM_SQ) are displayed in bold type and can be

acknowledged using the menu command Edit > Acknowledge CPU Message.

Archive Function
There is an archive to back up the messages in which between 40 and 2000 CPU
messages can be stored. If the set archive size is exceeded, the oldest message in
the archive is deleted to make space for the new message.

Updating ALARM_S/ALARM_SQ Messages

When ALARM_S/SQ messages are updated, all unsent and/or unacknowledged
messages are entered in the archive again. The messages are updated:
• If a restart is performed on the module to which the messages relate (not a
cold restart)
• If you click the option "A" for ALARM_S/SQ in the "Customize" dialog box while
configuring CPU messages.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-23
Configuring Messages

Basic Procedure
To configure CPU messages for selected modules:

In the SIMATIC Manager, select the S7 Program

and select the menu command PLC > CPU
Messages.

Specify which messages you want to receive and

how these messages are to be displayed.

14.7.2 Configuring CPU Messages

To configure CPU messages for selected modules, proceed as follows:

1. In the SIMATIC Manager, start the CPU Messages application via an online
project. To do this, select an S7 program online and call the CPU Messages
application for the selected CPU using the menu command PLC > CPU
Messages.

Result: The "CPU Messages" application window appears which lists the
registered CPU.
2. You can extend the list of registered CPUs by repeating step 1. for other
programs or interfaces.
3. Click the check box in front of the list entries and specify which messages
should be received for the module:

A: activates (ALARM_SQ (SFC 17) and ALARM_S (SFC 18) for example,
reporting process diagnostic messages from S7 PDIAG, S7-GRAPH, or system
errors.

W: activates diagnostic events.

4. Set the size of the archive.

Result: As soon as the above messages occur, they are written in the
message archive and displayed in the form you selected.

Note
The CPUs for which you have called the menu command PLC > CPU Messages
in the SIMATIC Manager are entered in the list of registered modules in the "CPU
Messages" application window. The entries in the list are retained until they are
deleted in the "CPU Messages" application window.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-24 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

14.7.3 Displaying Stored CPU Messages

CPU messages are always recorded in the archive unless you have selected the
menu command View > Ignore Message. All archived messages are always
displayed.

14.8 Configuring the ’Reporting of System Errors’

14.8.1 Configuring the ’Reporting of System Errors’

Introduction
When a system error occurs, S7 components and DP standard slaves can trigger
organization block calls.
Example: If there is a wire break, a module with diagnostic capability can trigger a
diagnostic interrupt (OB82).
For the system errors that occur, the S7 components provide information. The start
event information, that is, the local data of the assigned OB (which contain the data
record 0, among other things), provide general information on the location (such as
the logical address of the module) and type (such as channel error or backup
failure) of the error.
In addition, the error can be specified in greater detail by means of additional
diagnostic information (reading data record 1 with SFC51 or reading the diagnostic
message of DP standard slaves with SFC13). Examples of this would be channel 0
or 1 and wire break or measuring-range overrun.
With the Report System Error function, STEP 7 offers a convenient way to display
diagnostic information supplied by the component in message form.
The necessary blocks and message texts are automatically generated by STEP 7.
All the user has to do is load the generated blocks into the CPU and transfer the
texts to connected HMI devices.
You will find a complete overview of the supported diagnostic information for
various slaves in the section Supported Components and Functional Scope

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-25
Configuring Messages

Basic Procedure

Configure the station and assign parameters to

the modules (enable diagnostic interrupts).

Make the settings for reporting system faults and

configure the messages.

Start generating the blocks.

Check and supplement the generated blocks.

Transfer the configuration data for the generated

messages to the appropriate HMI devices that are
supposed to prodcue system fault reports.

Download the generated blocks to the CPU.

The messages are sent by means of the standard message path ALARM_S/SQ to
CPU Messages on the programming device or to the connected HMI devices.

14.8.2 Supported Components and Functional Scope

The components of S7 300 stations, S7 400 stations, and DP slaves are supported
by Report System Error, as long as they support functions such as diagnostic
interrupt, insert/remove-module interrupt, and channel-specific diagnostics.

The following components are not supported by Report System Error:

• M7, C7, and PROFIBUS-DP configurations on DP master interface modules
(CP 342-5 DP) in S7-300 stations
• H systems
• SIMATIC PC stations (software PLC, slot PLC)
In the case of a restart, you must also note that missing interrupt messages can
occur. This is because the message acknowledgement memory of the CPU cannot
be deleted during restart, but Report System Error resets the internal data.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-26 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

In the two tables that follow, you will find all the diagnostic blocks of the various
slaves supported by Report System Error

Diagnostic ID Channel Module Status Manufacturer’s Device

Block (faulty slot) Designation (module error, Specification Designation
(channel incorrect/no (only for ET
error) 1) module) 200 B)
Header ID 2) 0x01 0x10 0x00 0x00 0x00 + 1
Type 0x82 Type > 0x9F Byte
Diagnostic
Info
ET 200S Message: Plain-Text Plain-Text Plain-Text - 4)
"Diagnosis is Message Message Message from
available" .GSE File 3)
ET 200M Not Evaluated Not Evaluated Not Evaluated - -
as S7 Slave
ET 200M Message: Plain-Text Plain-Text - -
as Standard "Diagnosis is Message Message
Slave available"
ET 200X Message: - - - -
"Diagnosis is
available"
ET 200X Message: Plain-Text Plain-Text - -
DESINA "Diagnosis is Message Message
available"
ET 200L Message: - - -
"Diagnosis is
available"
ET 200B Message: - - - Message:
Digital "Diagnosis is "Module
available" Malfunction"
ET 200B Message: - - -
Analog "Diagnosis is
available"
1) Standard messages after DPV0, at Norm slaves additionally from GSE file
2) Header identifier: Identifier in the diagnostic message which identifies different diagnostic parts.
3) GSE file: Description of a DPV0 or DPV1 Norm slave in file form
4) "-" means that the component does not supply the information.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-27
Configuring Messages

Diagnostics Block DS0/DS1 1 H Status Other Instancing

(H Systems are not yet
supported)
Header ID 2 0x00 0x00 0x00
Type 0x01 Type = 0x9E or Other Type
Type = 0x9F
ET 200S Plain-Text Message -...3) Not Evaluated
ET 200M Plain-Text Message Not Evaluated Not Evaluated
as S7 Slave
ET 200M Plain-Text Message Not Yet Evaluated Not Evaluated
as Standard Slave
ET 200X Message: "Module - Not Evaluated
Malfunction"
ET 200X DESINA Plain-Text Message - Not Evaluated
ET 200L Message: "Module - -
Malfunction"
ET 200B Digital - - -
ET 200B Analog Plain-Text Message - Not Evaluated
1) DS0: Standard diagnostics, for example module fault, external auxiliary voltage or front connector missing,
extent 4 bytes, contained in the local data of the OB 82.
DS1: Channel error, defined differently for each channel type, readable in the user program via SFC 51.
The texts come from the S7 HW diagnostics.
2) Header identifier: Identifier in the diagnostic message which identifies different diagnostic parts.
3) "-" means that the component does not supply the information.

The diagnostic message (also called Norm slave message) is made up of the
diagnostic blocks mentioned above and can be read in the user program via
SFC 13.
In STEP 7 the diagnostics message is displayed via the call of the module state in
the on-line window "HWConfig” (diagnose hardware) in the "DP Slave Diagnostics"
tab card under "Hex display".

14.8.3 Settings for Reporting System Errors

You have several possibilities for calling the dialog for the settings:
• In HW Config, select the CPU for which you would like to configure the
reporting of system errors. Then select the menu command Options > Report
System Error.
• If you have already generated blocks for reporting system errors, you can call
up the dialog by double-clicking a generated block (FB, DB).
• In the Properties dialog of the station, select the option for automatic call up
during Save and Compile the configuration.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-28 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

You get to the option for automatic call up during Save and Compile as follows:
1. In the SIMATIC Manager, select the appropriate station.
2. Select the menu command Edit > Object Properties.
3. Select the Settings tab.
In the dialog box, enter the following, in addition to other things:
• Which FB and which assigned instance DB should be generated
• The CPU behavior on error: You can set whether or not the CPU should switch
to STOP after reporting a system error.
• Generating error OBs: whether or not error OBs that are not yet available
should be generated in the S7 program
• Whether messages should be acknowledgeable
• Whether reference data should be generated
• Whether warnings should always be displayed during the generation of Report
System Error.
• Whether the dialog box should appear when Report System Error is
automatically called after saving and compiling the configuration (see setting
above)
• The appearance of the messages (structure and order of the possible text
parts)
You can find more detailed information in the Help on the called dialog.

14.8.4 Generating Blocks for Reporting System Errors

In order to generate the required blocks (FB and DB, and, depending on the
setting, OBs that are not yet available), proceed as follows:
• In the Report System Errors dialog box, click the Generate button.
The following blocks are generated:
• Error OBs (if the check box "Generate error OBs" was activated)
• Diagnostic FB (default: FB49)
• Instance DB for the diagnostic FB (default: DB49)
• Optional user FB called by the diagnostic FB

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-29
Configuring Messages

14.8.5 Generated Error OBs

If you activated the check box "Generate error OBs" in the "General" tab of the
"Report System Error" dialog box, the following error OBs will be generated:
• OB81 (power supply error) with a call for the generated diagnostic FB.
• OB82 (diagnostic interrupt OB; only if modules or DP slaves were configured)
with a call for the generated diagnostic FB.
• OB83 (plug/remove interrupt) with a call for the generated diagnostic FB.
• OB84 (CPU hardware fault)
This OB is generated without contents so that the CPU does not switch to
STOP mode when communication errors occur (for example, problems with the
MPI terminating resistor when inserting and removing the MPI cable). Errors
are not evaluated; no message is generated.
• OB85 (program execution error)
The CPU is only prevented from switching to STOP when there is an error
updating the process image (for example, removing the module). This is so
that the diagnostic FB in OB83 can be processed. Any CPU STOP setting after
a Report System Error message takes effect in OB83. With all other OB85
error events, the CPU goes into STOP mode.
• OB86 (failure of an expansion rack, a DP master system, or a distributed I/O
device) with a call for the generated diagnostic FB.
This OB is generated only if the one of the above components was configured.

If the Error OBs Already Exist...

Existing error OBs are not overwritten. You must insert the call of the generated FB
in the corresponding OB yourself.

If the Configuration Includes Distributed I/O Devices...

For evaluating errors in distributed I/O, the generated FB calls SFC13 automatically
(reads diagnostic data of the DP slaves). To ensure this function, the generated FB
must be called either only in OB1 or in a cyclic interrupt OB with a short time cycle
and in startup OBs.
ATTENTION
Please note the following:
• The CPU no longer goes into STOP mode when Report System Error
generates OB85 upon the error event Error While Updating Process Image.
• OB85 is also called up by the CPU when the following errors occur:
- Error Event for an OB That Is Not Loaded
- Error When Calling or Accessing an OB That Is Not Loaded
When these errors occur, the CPU still goes into STOP mode when Report
System Error generates OB85, as was the case before Report System Error
was in use.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-30 A5E00069873-03
 Configuring Messages

• The setting CPU Goes into STOP Mode after Executing Diagnostic FB is NOT
effective for OB84 and OB85, because the FB of Report System Error is not
called up in these OBs. In the case of OB85, this setting is noted indirectly by
the FB call in OB83.

14.8.6 Generated FB, DB

The generated FB evaluates the local data of the error OB, reads any additional
diagnostic information of the S7 component that triggered the failure, and
generates the appropriate message automatically.
The FB has the following properties:
• Language of generation RSE (Report System Error) (also applies to the
generated instance DB)
• Know-how protected (also applies to the generated instance DB)
• Delays arriving interrupts during run time
• Calls up the dialog for setting the "Report System Error" function by means of
double-click (also applies to the generated instance DB).

User Block
Because the diagnostics FB is know-how protected, you cannot edit it. However,
the FB provides an interface for the user program so that you can access such
things as the error status or the message number.
The block for evaluating in the user program (can be set in the User Block tab of
the of the dialog) is called in the generated FB with the following parameters:
EV_C : BOOL ; //Message incoming (TRUE) or outgoing (FALSE)
EV_ID : DWORD ; //Generated message number
IO_Flag: BYTE ; //Input module: B#16#54 Output module: B#16#55
logAdr : WORD ; //Logical address
TextListID : WORD ; //ID of the text list (default list = 1)
ErrorNo : WORD ; //Generated error number
Channel_Error : BOOL ;//Channel error (TRUE)
ChannelNo : WORD ; //Channel number
If the user FB does not exist yet, it is created by the SFM with the parameters listed
above.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 14-31
Configuring Messages

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

14-32 A5E00069873-03
15 Controlling and Monitoring Variables

15.1 Configuring Variables for Operator Control and

Monitoring

Overview

STEP 7 provides a user-friendly method of controlling and monitoring variables in

your process or programmable controller using WinCC.
The advantage of this method over previous methods is that you no longer need to
configure data separately for each operator station (OS), you simply configure once
using STEP 7. You can transfer the data generated when you configure with
STEP 7 to the WinCC database using the transfer program PLC-OS Engineering
(part of the software package "Process Control System PCS7"), during which the
consistency of the data and their compatibility with the display system are checked.
WinCC uses the data in variable blocks and graphic objects.
Using STEP 7, you can configure or modify operator control and monitoring
attributes for the following variables:
• Input, output, and in/out parameters in function blocks
• Bit memory and I/O signals
• Parameters for CFC blocks in CFC charts

Basic Procedure

The procedure for configuring operator control and monitoring variables is

dependent on the selecting programming/configuration language and the type of
variables you want to control and monitor. The basic procedure always includes the
following steps, however:
1. Assign system attributes for operator control and monitoring to the parameters
of a function block or to the symbols in a symbol table.

The step is not required in CFC because you take blocks that have already
been prepared from a library.
2. Assign the variables you want to control and monitor with the required
attributes and logging properties in a dialog box (S7_m_c). In the Operator
Interface dialog box (menu command Edit > Special Object Properties >
Operator Interface), you can change WinCC attributes, such as limit values,
substitute values, and protocol properties, etc.
3. Transfer the configuration data generated with STEP 7 to your display system
(WinCC) by means of the PLC-OS Engineering tool.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 15-1
Controlling and Monitoring Variables

Naming Conventions
For the configuration data for WinCC to be saved and transferred, they are stored
under a unique name automatically assigned by STEP 7. The names of the
variables for operator control and monitoring, the CFC charts, and the S7 programs
form part of this name and for this reason are subject to certain conventions:
• The names of the S7 programs in an S7 project must be unique (different
stations may not contain S7 programs with the same name).
• The names of the variables, S7 programs, and CFC charts may not contain
underscores, blanks, or the following special characters: [ ‘ ] [ . ] [ % ] [ - ] [ / ]
[ * ] [ + ].

15.2 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes

with Statement List, Ladder Logic, a

15.2.1 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes with

Statement List, Ladder Logic, and Function Block Diagram

Overview
Using the procedure described below, you can make function block parameters
suitable for operator control and monitoring and assign the required O, C, and M
attributes to associated instance DBs or shared DBs in your user program.

Requirements
You must have created a STEP 7 project, an S7 program, and a function block.

Basic Procedure

Assign the system attribute S7_m_c to all the

parameters of function blocks which you want to
control and monitor.

Assign WinCC attributes to the instances of FBs

or shared data blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

15-2 A5E00069873-03
 Controlling and Monitoring Variables

15.3 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes

via the Symbol Table

15.3.1 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes via the

Symbol Table

Overview
Independent of the programming language used, you can configure the following
variables using the procedure described below:
• Bit memory
• I/O signals

Requirement
Before you start, the following requirements must be fulfilled:
• You have created a project in the SIMATIC Manager.
• An S7 program with a symbol table must exist in this project.
• The symbol table must be open.

Basic Procedure

Assign the special object property "Operator

Control and Monitoring" to the symbols..

Assign WinCC attributes to the symbols.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 15-3
Controlling and Monitoring Variables

15.4 Changing Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes

with CFC

15.4.1 Changing Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes with CFC

Overview
With CFC, you create your user program by selecting blocks that already have
operator control and monitoring capabilities from a library, and placing and linking
them in a chart.

Requirement
You have inserted an S7 program in a STEP 7 project, created a CFC chart, and
placed blocks in it.

Basic Procedure

Edit the object properties of the blocks.

Note
If you use blocks which you have created yourself and to which you have
assigned the system attribute S7_m_c, you can give these blocks operator control
and monitoring capabilities by activating the "Operator Control and Monitoring"
check box in the "Operator Control and Monitoring" dialog box (menu command
Edit > Special Object Properties > Operator Control and Monitoring).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

15-4 A5E00069873-03
 Controlling and Monitoring Variables

15.5 Transferring Configuration Data to the Operator Interface

Programmable Controller

15.5.1 Transferring Configuration Data to the Operator Interface

Programmable Controller

Overview
Using the transfer program PLC-OS Engineering you transfer the configuration
data for operator control and monitoring generated to the WinCC database.
You have the choice of a number of different transfer options. You can, for
example, select an address and text comparison to ensure that the current WinCC
attributes are transferred.

Requirement
Before you start the transfer, the following requirements must be fulfilled:
• You have installed the setup program PLC-OS connection configuration
(Engineering).
• You have generated the configuration data for operator control and monitoring.

Basic Procedure
To transfer the configuration data for operator control and monitoring to the WinCC
database, proceed as follows:

In the SIMATIC Manager, create the operator

station objects.

Select the transfer options.

Transfer the data.

Display the transfer protocol, if required.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 15-5
Controlling and Monitoring Variables

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

15-6 A5E00069873-03
16 Establishing an Online Connection and
Making CPU Settings

16.1 Establishing Online Connections

16.1.1 Establishing Online Connections

An online connection between programming device and programmable logic

controller is needed to download S7 user programs/blocks, upload blocks from the
S7 programmable controller to the programming device, and for other activities:
• Debugging user programs
• Displaying and changing the operating mode of the CPU
• Displaying and setting the time and date of the CPU
• Displaying module information
• Comparing blocks online and offline
• Diagnosing hardware
To establish an online connection, the programming device and programmable
logic controller must be connected via a suitable interface (for example, multipoint
interface (MPI)). You can then access the programmable controller via the online
window of the project or the "Accessible Nodes" window.

16.1.2 Establishing an Online Connection via the "Accessible Nodes"

Window

This type of access enables you to access a programmable logic controller quickly,
for test purposes, for example. You can access all the accessible programmable
modules in the network. Select this method if no project data about the
programmable controllers are available on your programming device.
You open the "Accessible Nodes" window using the menu command PLC >
Display Accessible Nodes. In the "Accessible Nodes" object all the
programmable modules accessible in the network are displayed with their address.
Nodes that cannot be programmed with STEP 7 (such as programming devices or
operator panels) can also be displayed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 16-1
Establishing an Online Connection and Making CPU Settings

16.1.3 Establishing an Online Connection via the Online Window of the

Project

Select this method if you have configured the programmable controller in a project
on your programming device/PC. You can open the online window in the SIMATIC
Manager using the menu command View > Online. It displays the project data on
the programmable controller (in contrast to the offline window that displays the
project data on the programming device/PC). The online window shows the data on
the programmable controller both for the S7 program and for the M7 program.
You use this view of the project for functions involving access to the programmable
controller. Certain functions in the "PLC" menu of the SIMATIC Manager can be
activated in the online window but not in the offline window.
There are two types of access as follows:
• Access with Configured Hardware
This means you can only access modules which were configured offline. Which
online modules you can access is determined by the MPI address set when the
programmable module was configured.
• Access without Configured Hardware
The requirement for this is an existing S7 program or M7 program which was
created independently of the hardware (meaning it lies directly beneath the
project). Which online modules you can access is determined here by
specifying the corresponding MPI address in the object properties of the
S7/M7 program.
Access via the online window combines the data on the programmable control
system with the relevant data on the programming device. If, for example, you
open an S7 block beneath a project online, the display is made up as follows:
• Code section of the block from the CPU in the S7 programmable logic
controller, and
• Comments and symbols from the database in the programming device
(provided they exist offline) When you open blocks directly in the connected
CPU without an existing project structure, they are displayed as they are found
in the CPU, which means without symbols and comments.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

16-2 A5E00069873-03
 Establishing an Online Connection and Making CPU Settings

16.1.4 Password Protection for Access to Programmable Controllers

Using password protection you can:

• Protect the user program in the CPU and its data from unauthorized changes
(write protection)
• Protect the programming know-how in your user program (read protection)
• Prevent online functions that would interfere with the process
You can only protect a module with a password if the module supports this
function.
If you want to protect a module with a password, you must define the protection
level and set the password in the course of assigning the module parameters and
then download the changed parameters to the module.
If you need to enter a password to execute an online function, the "Enter
Password" dialog box is displayed. If you enter the correct password, you are given
access rights to modules for which a particular protection level was set during
parameter assignment. You can then establish online connections to the protected
module and execute the online functions belonging to that protection level.
Using the menu command PLC > Access Rights > Setup, you can call the "Enter
Password" dialog box directly. By doing this, for example at the beginning of a
session, you can enter the password once and will no longer be queried during
later online accesses. The password remains effective until either the SIMATIC
Manager is closed or the password is cancelled with the menu command PLC >
Access Rights > Cancel.

CPU Remarks
Parameter
Test Can be set in the "Protection" tab.
operation/pr In process operation, test functions such as program status or
ocess monitor/modify variables are restricted so that the set permissible scan cycle
operation time increase is not exceeded. This means, for example, that no call
(not for S7- conditions are allowed in program status and the status display of a
400 or CPU programmed loop is interrupted at the point of return.
318-2) Testing using breakpoints and single-step program execution cannot be
used in process operation.
In test operation, all test functions via programming device/PC even if they
cause considerable increases to the scan cycle time can be used without
restrictions.
Protection Can be set in the "Protection" tab. You can make write or read/write access
level to the CPU dependent on knowing the correct password. The password is
set in this tab.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 16-3
Establishing an Online Connection and Making CPU Settings

16.1.5 Updating the Window Contents

You should note the following:

• Changes in the online window of a project as a result of user actions (for
example, downloading or deleting blocks) are not automatically updated in any
open "Accessible Nodes" windows.
• Any such changes in the "Accessible Nodes" window are not automatically
changed in any open online windows of a project.
To update the display in a parallel open window, you must refresh the display in
this window explicitly (using the menu command or the function key F5).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

16-4 A5E00069873-03
 Establishing an Online Connection and Making CPU Settings

16.2 Displaying and Changing the Operating Mode

16.2.1 Displaying and Changing the Operating Mode

With this function you can, for example, switch the CPU to RUN again after
correcting an error.

Displaying the Operating Mode

1. Open your project and select an S7/M7 program, or open the "Accessible
Nodes" window using the menu command PLC > Display Accessible Nodes
and select a node ("MPI=...").
2. Select the menu command PLC > Operating Mode.
This dialog box displays the current and the last operating mode and the current
setting of the mode selector on the module. For modules for which the current
keyswitch setting cannot be displayed, the text "Undefined" is displayed.

Changing the Operating Mode

You can change the mode of the CPU using the buttons. Only those buttons are
active that can be selected in the current operating mode.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 16-5
Establishing an Online Connection and Making CPU Settings

16.3 Displaying and Setting the Time and Date

16.3.1 Displaying and Setting the Time and Date

Proceed as follows:
1. Open your project and select an S7/M7 program, or open the "Accessible
Nodes" window using the menu command PLC > Display Accessible Nodes
and select a node ("MPI=...").
2. Select the menu command PLC > Set Date and Time.
The menu command can be selected only if an S7/M7 program is selected in
the project window (online view) or a node ("MPI=...") is selected in the
"Accessible Nodes" window.
3. In the dialog box displayed you can read the current time and date on the
selected module.
4. If required, you can enter new values in the "Date" and "Time" fields or you can
use the default option to accept the time and date on your programming
device/PC.

Note
If the module does not have a real-time clock, the dialog box shows "00:00:00" for
the time and "00.00.00" for the date.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

16-6 A5E00069873-03
17 Downloading

17.1 Downloading from the PG/PC to the Programmable

Controller

17.1.1 Requirements for Downloading

Requirements for Downloading to the Programmable Controller

• There must be a connection between your programming device and the CPU
in the programmable controller (for example, via the multipoint interface).
• Access to the programmable controller must be possible.
• The program you are downloading has been compiled without errors.
• The CPU must be in an operating mode in which downloading is permitted
(STOP or RUN-P).
Note that in RUN-P mode the program will be downloaded a block at a time. If
you overwrite an old CPU program doing this, conflicts may arise, for example,
if block parameters have changed. The CPU then goes into STOP mode while
processing the cycle. We therefore recommend that you switch the CPU to
STOP mode before downloading.
• If you opened the block offline and want to download it, the CPU must be
linked to an online user program in the SIMATIC Manager.
• Before you download your user program, you should reset the CPU to ensure
that no ”old" blocks are on the CPU.

STOP Mode
Set the operating mode from RUN to STOP before you do the following:
• Download the complete user program or parts of it to the CPU
• Execute a memory reset on the CPU
• Compress the user memory

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-1
Downloading

Warm Restart (Transition to RUN Mode)

If you execute a warm restart in the "STOP" mode, the program is restarted and
first processes the startup program (in the block OB100) in STARTUP mode. If the
startup is successful, the CPU changes to RUN mode. A warm restart is required
after the following:
• Resetting the CPU
• Downloading the user program in STOP mode

17.1.2 Differences Between Saving and Downloading Blocks

You should always distinguish between saving and downloading blocks.

Saving Downloading
Menu commands File > Save PLC > Download
File > Save As
Function The current status of the block in The current status of the block in
the editor is saved on the hard the editor is only downloaded to
disk of the programming device. the CPU.
Syntax check A syntax check is run. Any errors A syntax check is run. Any errors
are reported in dialog boxes. The are reported in dialog boxes. The
causes of the errors and the error causes of the errors and the error
locations are also shown. You locations are also shown. You
must correct these errors before must correct these errors before
you save or download the block. you save or download the block.
If no errors are found in the If no errors are found in the
syntax, the block is compiled into syntax, the block is compiled into
machine code and either saved machine code and either saved
or downloaded. or downloaded.

The table applies independent of whether you have opened the block online or
offline.

Tip for Block Changes – Save First Then Download

To enter newly created blocks or changes in the code section of logic blocks, in
declaration tables or to enter new or changed data values in data blocks, you must
save the respective block. Any changes you make in the editor and transfer to the
CPU using the menu command PLC > Download, −for example, for testing small
changes−, must also be saved on the hard disk of the programming device in every
case before you exit the editor. Otherwise, you will have different versions of your
user program in the CPU and on the programming device. It is generally
recommended that you save all changes first and then download them.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-2 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

17.1.3 Load Memory and Work Memory in the CPU

After completing the configuration, parameter assignment, and program creation

and establishing the online connection, you can download complete user programs
or individual blocks to a programmable controller. To test individual blocks, you
must download at least one organization block (OB) and the function blocks (FB)
and functions (FC) called in the OB and the data blocks (DB) used. To download
the system data created when the hardware was configured, the networks
configured, and the connection table created to the programmable controller, you
download the object ”System Data".
You download user programs to a programmable controller using the SIMATIC
Manager, for example, during the end phase of the program testing or to run the
finished user program.

Relationship - Load Memory and Work Memory

The complete user program is downloaded to the load memory; the parts relevant
to program execution are also loaded into the work memory.

CPU

Programming Load memory Work memory

Device

EPROM RAM
Downloading
the program
to the CPU Parts
relevant to
RAM program
execution

CPU Load Memory

• The load memory is used to store the user program without the symbol table
and the comments (these remain in the memory of the programming device).
• Blocks that are not marked as required for startup will be stored only in the
load memory.
• The load memory can either be RAM, ROM, or EPROM memory, depending
on the programmable controller.
• The load memory can also have an integrated EEPROM part as well as an
integrated RAM part (for example, CPU 312 IFM and CPU 314 IFM).
• In S7-400, it is imperative that you use a memory card (RAM or EEPROM) to
extend the load memory.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-3
Downloading

CPU Work Memory

The work memory (integrated RAM) is used to store the parts of the user program
required for program processing.

Possible Downloading/Uploading Procedures

• You use the download function to download the user program or loadable
objects (for example, blocks) to the programmable controller. If a block already
exists in the RAM of the CPU, you will be prompted to confirm whether or not
the block should be overwritten.
• You can select the loadable objects in the project window and download them
from the SIMATIC Manager (menu command: PLC > Download).
• When programming blocks and when configuring hardware and networks you
can directly download the object you were currently editing using the menu in
the main window of the application you are working with (menu command: PLC
> Download).
• Another possibility is to open an online window with a view of the
programmable controller (for example, using View > Online or PLC > Display
Accessible Nodes) and copy the object you want to download to the online
window.
Alternatively you can upload the current contents of blocks from the RAM load
memory of the CPU to your programming device via the load function.

17.1.4 Download Methods Dependent on the Load Memory

The division of the load memory of a CPU into RAM and EEPROM areas
determines the methods available for downloading your user program or the blocks
in your user program. The following methods are possible for downloading data to
the CPU:

Load Memory Method of Loading Type of Communication between

PG and PLC
RAM Downloading and deleting individual Online PG – PLC connection
blocks
Downloading and deleting a Online PG – PLC connection
complete user program
Reloading individual blocks Online PG – PLC connection
Integrated (S7-300 only) or Downloading complete user Online PG – PLC connection
plug-in EPROM programs
Plug-in EPROM Downloading complete user External loading of the EPROM
programs and inserting the memory card or
via online connection on the PLC
where the EPROM is inserted.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-4 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

Downloading to the RAM via Online Connection

In the programmable controller the data are lost if there is a power failure and the
RAM is not backed up. The data in the RAM will then be lost in this case.

Saving to EPROM Memory Card

Blocks or the user program are saved on an EPROM memory card which is then
inserted in a slot on the CPU.
Memory cards are portable data media. They are written by the programming
device and then inserted in the appropriate slot on the CPU.
The data stored on them are retained following power down and when the CPU is
reset. The contents of the EPROM are copied to the RAM area of the CPU memory
again when power returns following a memory reset of the CPU and power down if
the RAM is not backed up.

Saving in the Integrated EPROM

For the CPU 312, you can also save the contents of the RAM to the integrated
EPROM. The data in the integrated EPROM are retained during power down. The
contents of the integrated EPROM are copied to the RAM area of the CPU memory
again when power returns following power down and a memory reset of the CPU if
the RAM is not backed up.

17.1.5 Reloading Blocks in the Programmable Controller

You can overwrite blocks which already exist in the load memory (RAM) or work
memory of the CPU in the S7 programmable logic controller with a new version
(reload them). The existing version is then overwritten.
The procedure for reloading S7 blocks is the same as for downloading. A prompt
simply appears, querying whether you want to overwrite the existing block.
A block stored in the EPROM cannot be deleted but is declared invalid once it is
reloaded. The replacement block is loaded in the RAM. This creates gaps in the
load memory or the work memory. If these gaps eventually mean that no new
blocks can be downloaded, you should compress the memory.

Note
If the power goes down and then returns and the RAM does not have a battery
backup, or following a memory reset of the CPU the "old" blocks become valid
again.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-5
Downloading

17.1.6 Downloading via EPROM Memory Cards

Requirements
For access to EPROM memory cards in the programming device which are
intended for an S7 programmable logic controller, you will require the appropriate
EPROM drivers. For access to EPROM memory cards which are intended for an
M7 programmable control system, the Flash File System must be installed (only
possible on the PG 720, PG 740, and PG 760). EPROM drivers and the Flash File
System are offered as options when you install the STEP 7 Standard package. If
you are using a PC, an external prommer will be required to save to EPROM
memory cards.
You can also install the drivers at a later date. To do this, call up the corresponding
dialog box via Start > Simatic > STEP 7 > Memory Card Parameter Assignment
or via the Control Panel (double-click the "Memory Card Parameter Assignment"
icon).

Saving on the Memory Card

To save blocks or user programs to a memory card, proceed as follows:
1. Insert the memory card in the slot of your programming device.
2. Open the "Memory Card" window by:
- Clicking the button for "Memory Card" in the toolbar. If necessary, activate
the toolbar using the menu command View > Toolbar.
- Alternatively, select the menu command File > S7 Memory Card > Open.
3. Open or activate one of the following windows displaying the blocks you want
to save: The following windows are possible:
- Project window, "ONLINE" view
- Project window, "offline" view
- Library window
- "Accessible Nodes" window
4. Select the "Blocks" folder or individual blocks and copy them to the
"S7 Memory Card" window.
5. If a block already exists on the memory card, an error message is displayed. In
this case, erase the contents of the memory card and repeat the steps from 2.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-6 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

17.1.7 Downloading the Hardware Configuration and Connection

Configuration Separately

17.1.7.1 Downloading a Configuration to a Programmable Controller

Tip
Before downloading, use the Station > Check Consistency menu command to
make sure there are no errors in your station configuration. STEP 7 then checks to
see whether downloadable system data can be created from the present
configuration. Any errors found during consistency checking are displayed in a
window.

Requirements for Downloading

• The programming device (PG) is connected to the MPI interface of the CPU
using an MPI cable.
• In a networked system (programming device is connected to a subnet):
All modules in a subnet must have different node addresses and the actual
configuration must match the network configuration you created.
• The present configuration must match the actual station structure.
A configuration can only be downloaded to the station if it is consistent and free
of errors. Only then can system data blocks (SDBs) be created which can in
turn be downloaded to the modules.
• If the station structure contains modules that were configured and assigned
parameters using optional software packages: The optional package must be
authorized.

Procedure
• Select the menu command PLC > Download To Module.
STEP 7 guides you by means of dialog boxes to the result.
The configuration for the complete programmable controller is downloaded to the
CPU. The CPU parameters become active immediately. The parameters for the
other modules are transferred to the modules during startup.

Note
Partial configurations, for example, the configuration of individual racks, cannot be
downloaded to a station. For consistency reasons, STEP 7 always downloads the
whole configuration to the station.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-7
Downloading

Changing the CPU Operating Mode During Downloading

When you trigger the function PLC > Download, you can execute the following
actions on the programming device guided by the dialog boxes:
• Switch the CPU to STOP
(if the mode selector is set to RUN-P or the connection to the CPU is
authorized by password)
• Compress the memory
(if not enough continuous free memory is available)
• Switch the CPU back to RUN

17.1.7.2 Downloading the Network Configuration for the First Time

Before you download for the first time, the modules connected to the subnet do not
yet have their configured node address, but a default address. In order that your
network functions correctly, each node in a subnet must have a different node
address.
• MPI subnet with connection via the CPU
CPUs are supplied with the default address 2. However, you can only use this
address once in a subnet, so you will have to change the default node address
for any other CPUs.
• PROFIBUS and Industrial Ethernet subnets with CPs
The CPs of the stations that are run via these subnets must be configured and
assigned a node address. You should always assign the address via the MPI
of the station before you can download and communicate via the subnet (you
will find more information in the SIMATIC NET, NCM S7 for PROFIBUS, and
NCM for Industrial Ethernet manuals).

If the Network Node is Not an S7 Station...

If the network node is not an S7 station, the network and node properties must be
assigned using the tool or switches intended for this purpose. This is the case for
DP slaves, for example, whose PROFIBUS address must be set using switches.
Ensure that these settings match the settings for the objects in the network view
(PG/PC, Other Station, S5 Station).

Changing the PROFIBUS Address of DP Slaves

DP slaves connected to a PROFIBUS subnet must also have a unique PROFIBUS
address. If the DP slave you want to connect supports the function
"Set_Slave_Add" (for example, ET 200C), you can assign the address with
STEP 7:
In the SIMATIC Manager and in Configuring Hardware you can assign a new
PROFIBUS address using the menu command PLC > Assign PROFIBUS
Address.
Tip: If you are not entirely certain of the current address assignment, you should
connect the DP slaves to the PG/PC one by one and re-address them.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-8 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

Changing the Node Address of S7 Stations

To change the preset node address, proceed as follows for S7 stations:
1. Configure the station; set the node address of the connected module (for
example, a CPU) in the "General" tab ("Properties" button under "Interface").
2. Switch the module to STOP and connect your programming device to the
interface on the module via a connecting cable.
3. Determine the preset node address of the connected module (using, for
example, the menu command PLC > Display Accessible Nodes in the
SIMATIC Manager).
4. Download the configuration with the new node address to the programmable
controller (that is, to the connected module):
- In the station view (Configuring Hardware) using the menu command
PLC > Download
- In the network view (NetPro) select the station you want to download and
select the menu command PLC > Download > Selected Stations. Enter
the "old" (still valid) preset address.

17.1.7.3 Downloading the Network Configuration to a Programmable

Controller

Requirement
Here we shall assume that the entire project was already configured, meaning you
have:
• Configured all stations
• Created all subnets and set their properties
• Configured connections (if required)
• Set the PG/PC interface so that communication between the PG/PC and the
programmable controller is possible via the connected subnet.
• Checked the configuration for consistency
Only when a configuration is free of errors, meaning when all networked modules
in a subnet have unique node addresses and when their actual configuration
matches the network configuration you have created should you download the
configuration via the subnet (PROFIBUS or MPI) to the programmable controllers.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-9
Downloading

17.1.7.4 Downloading Changes to the Network Configuration

Requirements
All networked modules in a subnet must have unique node addresses and the
actual configuration must match the network configuration you created.
If you connect a new station to a subnet and the preset node address is already
present in the subnet, you should proceed as described under "Downloading for
the First Time."

What is Downloaded Where?

After compiling the network configuration (menu command Network > Save and
Compile) or after PLC > Download > ... NetPro creates system data blocks
(SDBs) for modules that can interpret the information in the SDBs. The SDBs can
contain connection tables, node addresses, subnet properties, input/output
addresses, and module parameters.
Depending on which menu command you choose for downloading, different
contents are downloaded to different programmable control systems.

Note
Only with the option PLC > Download > Connections and Network Gateways
can you download with the participating CPUs in RUN-P mode. For all other
options the CPU must be switched to STOP.

Menu Command PLC > What is Downloaded? Where?

Download >
... Selected Station(s) Connection tables, node To the selected stations
addresses, subnet properties,
input/output addresses, and
module parameters for the
selected stations
... Selected and Partner Connection tables, node To the selected station and to
Stations addresses, subnet properties, all stations that are connection
input/output addresses, and partners of this station
module parameters for the
selected station and the
connection partners of the
selected station
... Stations on Subnet Connection tables, node One after another to all
addresses, subnet properties, stations on the selected
input/output addresses, and subnet
module parameters

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-10 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

Menu Command PLC > What is Downloaded? Where?

Download >
... Selected Connections Selected connections To the local station and (for
(multiple selections possible) two-way connections) to the
corresponding partner stations
... Connections and Connections (an empty To the selected module
Network Gateways connection table is also (possible in RUN-P mode)
possible) and network
gateway information

Procedure
1. Connect the programming device to the subnet to which the node you want to
load is connected.
2. Open NetPro.
3. Select the station you want to download or the subnet (for PLC > Download >
Stations on Subnet) in the network view.
4. Select one of the above options for the menu command PLC > Download.

Further Information
Further information on the menu commands related to downloading can be found
in the context-specific help (select the menu command and press F1).

17.1.7.5 Downloading the Global Data Configuration

During the compiler run, the data in the global data table are converted into system
data. If no errors are displayed during compiling, you can transfer the system data
to the CPUs:
• Select the menu command PLC > Download.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-11
Downloading

17.2 Uploading from the Programmable Controller to the

PG/PC

17.2.1 Uploading from the Programmable Controller to the PG/PC

This function supports you when carrying out the following actions:
• Saving information from the programmable controller (for example, for
servicing purposes)
• Fast configuring and editing of a station, if the hardware components are
available before you start configuring.

Saving Information from the Programmable Controller

This measure may be necessary if, for example, the offline project data of the
version running on the CPU are not, or only partially, available. In this case, you
can at least retrieve the project data that are available online and upload them to
your programming device.

Fast Configuring
Entering the station configuration is easier if you upload the configuration data from
the programmable controller to your programming device after you have configured
the hardware and restarted the station. This provides you with the station
configuration and the types of the individual modules. Then all you have to do is
specify these modules in more detail (order number) and assign them parameters.
The following information is uploaded to the programming device:
• S7-300: Configuration for the central rack and any expansion racks
• S7-400: Configuration of the central rack with a CPU and signal modules
without expansion racks
• Configuration data for the distributed I/O cannot be uploaded to the
programming device.
This information is uploaded if there is no configuration information on the
programmable controller; for example, if a memory reset has been carried out on
the system. Otherwise, the Upload function provides much better results.
For S7-300 systems without distributed I/O, all you have to do is specify these
modules in more detail (order number) and assign them parameters.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-12 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

Note
When you upload data (if you do not already have an offline configuration),
STEP 7 cannot determine all the order numbers of the components.
You can enter the "incomplete" order numbers when you configure the hardware
using the menu command Options > Specify Module. In this way, you can
assign parameters to modules that STEP 7 does not recognize (that is, modules
that do not appear in the "Hardware Catalog" window); however, STEP 7 will not
then check whether you are keeping to the parameter rules.

Restrictions when Uploading from the Programmable Controller

The following restrictions apply to the data uploaded from the programmable
controller to the programming device:
• Blocks do not contain any symbolic names for parameters, variables, and
labels
• Blocks do not contain any comments
• The entire program is uploaded with all the system data, whereby the system
can only continue to process the system data belonging to the "Configuring
Hardware" application
• The data for global data communication (GD) and configuring symbol-related
messages cannot be processed further
• Force jobs are not uploaded to the programming device with the other data.
They must be saved separately as a variable table (VAT)
• Comments in the module dialog boxes are not uploaded
• The names of the modules are only displayed if this option has been selected
during configuration (HW Config: the option "Save object names in the
programmable logic controller" in the dialog box under Options > Customize).

17.2.2 Uploading a Station

Using the menu command PLC > Upload Station you can upload the current
configuration and all blocks from the programmable controller of your choice to the
programming device.
To do this, STEP 7 creates a new station in the current project under which the
configuration will be saved. You can change the preset name of the new station
(for example, "SIMATIC 300-Station(1)"). The inserted station is displayed both in
the online view and in the offline view.
The menu command can be selected when a project is open. Selecting an object in
the project window or the view (online or offline) has no effect on the menu
command.
You can use this function to make configuring easier.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-13
Downloading

• For S7-300 programmable controllers, the configuration for the actual

hardware configuration is uploaded including the expansion racks, but without
the distributed I/O (DP).
• For S7-400 programmable controllers, the rack configuration is uploaded
without the expansion racks and without the distributed I/O.
With S7-300 systems without distributed I/O, all you have to do is specify the
modules in more detail (order number) and assign them parameters.

Restrictions when Uploading Stations

The following restrictions apply to the data uploaded to the programming device:
• Blocks do not contain any symbolic names for parameters, variables, and
labels
• Block do not contain any comments
• The entire program is uploaded with all the system data, whereby not all the
data can be processed further
• The data for global data communication (GD), configuring symbol-related
messages, and configuring networks cannot be processed further
• Force jobs cannot be uploaded to the programming device and then loaded
back to the programmable controller.

17.2.3 Uploading Blocks from an S7 CPU

You can upload S7 blocks from the CPU to the hard disk of the programming
device using the SIMATIC Manager. Uploading blocks to the programming device
is useful in the following situations:
• Making a backup copy of the current user program loaded in the CPU. This
backup can then be downloaded again, for example, following servicing or
following a memory reset of the CPU by maintenance personnel.
• You can upload the user program from the CPU to the programming device
and edit it there, for example, for troubleshooting purposes. In this case you do
not have access to symbols or comments for program documentation.
Therefore we recommend that this procedure is used only for service
purposes.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-14 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

17.2.4 Editing Uploaded Blocks in the PG/PC

Being able to upload blocks from the CPU to the programming device has the
following uses:
• During the test phase, you can correct a block directly on the CPU and
document the result.
• You can upload the current contents of blocks from the RAM load memory of
the CPU to your programming device via the load function.

Note
Time stamp Conflicts when Working Online and Offline
The following procedures lead to time stamp conflicts and should therefore be
avoided.

Time stamp conflicts result when you open a block online if:
• Changes made online were not saved in the offline S7 user program
• Changes made offline were not downloaded to the CPU

Time stamp conflicts result when you open a block offline if:
• An online block with a time stamp conflict is copied to the S7 user program
offline and the block is then opened offline.

Two Distinct Cases

When uploading blocks from the CPU to the programming device, remember that
there are two distinct situations:
1. The user program to which the blocks belong is located on the programming
device.
2. The user program to which the blocks belong is not on the programming
device.
This means that the program sections listed below, that cannot be downloaded to
the CPU, are not available. These components are:
• The symbol table with the symbolic names of the addresses and the comments
• Network comments of a Ladder Logic or Function Block Diagram program
• Line comments of a Statement List program
• User-defined data types

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-15
Downloading

17.2.5 Reloading the Hardware Configuration and Connection

Configuration

17.2.5.1 Uploading a Configuration from a Station

Requirement
You have used an MPI cable to connect the programming device (PG) to the
MPI interface of the CPU.

Tips
Upload stations to a newly created, empty project.
Stations that are dependent on other stations in a particular way (I slave on a
DP master station, receiver and sender in a configuration with direct data
exchange/lateral communication link) should always be uploaded together to one
project. Reason: Without the particular "partners" for a station of this type, the
project would remain inconsistent.

Procedure
1. Select the menu command PLC > Upload.
2. The dialog box to open the configuration appears.
3. Select the project in which the configuration will be stored later and confirm
with "OK."
4. In the dialog box which then appears, set the node address, rack number, and
slot in the module from which the configuration should be read (generally
CPU). Confirm with "OK."
You can use the Station > Properties menu command to assign a station name to
this configuration and then store it in the default project (Station > Save menu
command).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-16 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

17.2.5.2 Uploading a Network Configuration

Overview
You have the possibility of uploading the real network structure of your project
station by station to your programming device.
Firstly you can upload the whole configuration for a project station by station to the
programming device in the SIMATIC Manager (menu command PLC > Upload).
STEP 7 then creates a new station object in the current project for each station you
want to upload.
Alternatively you can upload a station configuration when you configure the
hardware (menu command PLC > Upload).
Below is a description of how you can upload the whole network configuration
station by station in NetPro.

Requirements
The PG/PC is connected to the same subnet as the stations you want to upload or
the stations are accessible via network gateways. The node addresses and
racks/slots of the modules connected to the subnet are known.

Procedure
1. Connect the programming device to the subnet to which the node you want to
load is connected.
2. Create a new project for the loaded network configuration if necessary.
3. Open NetPro via a project to which you want to save the uploaded network
configuration at a later stage (for example, via a newly created project).
4. Select the menu command PLC > Upload Station.
The menu command can be selected only when a project is open.
5. In the following dialog box, specify the station to be uploaded by giving its node
address and rack/slot.
The "Station" object appears in the network view with all modules that have a
network connection. The subnets to which the station is connected are also
displayed. You can change the name of the station assigned by the system
using the menu command Edit > Object Properties.
The configured connections are also uploaded and are visible when you select
a module that is the end point of connections.
6. You can modify the station configuration or the connections as well and then
load the changes into the station. For connections that were created using
optional packages, the optional package must be installed so that these
connections can be edited and loaded into the station again.
7. Proceed as described above until you have loaded all the required stations.
8. If required, you can save the network configuration in the current project (menu
command Network > Save or Network > Save and Compile).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-17
Downloading

Special Features of Connections Uploaded to the Programming Device

In the connection table, the connection partner configured offline is missing – the
connection partner is "unspecified." However, address details are available in the
dialog box that follows the properties dialog box.
The communication direction of PTP connections cannot be determined by STEP 7
in every case; but a message informs you of which communication directions are
likely.

17.2.6 Deleting on the Programmable Controller

17.2.6.1 Erasing the Load/Work Memory and Resetting the CPU

Before downloading your user program to the S7 programmable controller, you
should perform a memory reset on the CPU to ensure that no "old" blocks are still
on the CPU.

Requirement for Memory Reset

The CPU must be in STOP mode to perform a memory reset (mode selector set to
STOP, or to RUN-P and change the mode to STOP using the menu command PLC
> Operating Mode).

Performing a Memory Reset on an S7 CPU

When a memory reset is performed on an S7 CPU, the following happens:
• The CPU is reset.
• All user data are deleted (blocks and system data blocks (SDB) with the
exception of the MPI parameters).
• The CPU interrupts all existing connections.
• If data are present on an EPROM (memory card or integrated EPROM), the
CPU copies the EPROM contents back to the RAM area of the memory
following the memory reset.
The contents of the diagnostic buffer and the MPI parameters are retained.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-18 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

Performing a Memory Reset on M7 CPUs/FMs

When a memory reset is performed on an M7 CPU/FM, the following happens:
• The original state is restored.
• The system data blocks (SDB) with the exception of the MPI parameters are
deleted.
• The CPU/FM breaks off all existing connections. User programs are retained
and will continue running after you switch the CPU from STOP to RUN.
With the "memory reset" function you can restore the original state of the M7 CPU
or FM following serious errors by deleting the current system data blocks (SDB)
from the work memory and reloading the SDBs in the read-only memory. In some
cases, a warm restart of the operating system will be required. To do this, you clear
the M7 using the mode selector (switch to MRES position). A reset using the mode
selector on SIMATIC M7 CPUs or FMs is only possible if the RMOS32 operating
system is used on the CPU/FM.

17.2.6.2 Deleting S7 Blocks on the Programmable Controller

Deleting individual blocks on the CPU may be necessary during the test phase of
the CPU program. Blocks are stored in the user memory of the CPU either in the
EPROM or RAM (depending on the CPU and the load procedure).
• Blocks in the RAM can be deleted directly. The occupied space in the load or
work memory becomes free and can be used again.
• Blocks in the integrated EPROM are always copied to the RAM area following
a memory reset of the CPU. The copies in the RAM can be deleted directly.
The deleted blocks are then marked in the EPROM as invalid until the next
memory reset or power down without RAM backup. Following a memory reset
or power down without RAM backup, the "deleted" blocks are copied from the
EPROM to the RAM and become active. Blocks in the integrated EPROM (for
example, in the CPU 312) are deleted by overwriting them with the new RAM
contents.
• EPROM memory cards must be erased in the programming device.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-19
Downloading

17.2.7 Compressing the User Memory (RAM)

17.2.7.1 Gaps in the User Memory (RAM)

After deleting and reloading blocks, gaps can occur in the user memory (load and
work memory) and reduce the usable memory area. With the compress function,
the existing blocks are rearranged in the user memory without gaps, and a
continuous free memory is created.
The following figure shows a diagram of how occupied blocks of memory are
shifted together by the compress function.

Memory occupied before compressing

Memory occupied after compressing

Occupied memory
Free memory

Always Try to Compress the Memory in STOP Mode

Only if you compress the memory in "STOP" mode are all the gaps closed up. In
the RUN-P mode (mode selector setting), the blocks currently being processed
cannot be shifted since they are open. The compress function does not work in the
RUN mode (mode selector setting) (write protection!).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-20 A5E00069873-03
 Downloading

17.2.7.2 Compressing the Memory Contents of an S7 CPU

Ways of Compressing the Memory

There are two methods of compressing the user memory, as follows:
• If there is insufficient memory available when you are downloading to the
programmable controller, a dialog box appears informing you of the error. You
can compress the memory by clicking the corresponding button in the dialog
box.
• As a preventative measure, you can display the memory utilization (menu
command PLC > Module Information, "Memory" tab) and start the
compressing function if required.

Procedure
1. Select the S7 program in the "Accessible Nodes" window or the online view of
the project.
2. Select the menu command PLC > Module Information.
3. In the dialog box which then appears, select the "Memory" tab. In this tabbed
page there is a button for compressing the memory if the CPU supports this
function.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 17-21
Downloading

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

17-22 A5E00069873-03
18 Testing with Variable Tables

18.1 Introduction to Testing with Variable Tables

Variable tables offer the advantage of being able to store various test
environments. Thus, tests and monitoring can be effortlessly reproduced during
operation or for the purpose of service and maintenance. There is no limit to the
number of variable tables that can be stored.
When testing using variable tables, the following functions are available:
• Monitoring Variables
This function enables you to display on the programming device/PC the current
values of individual variables in a user program or a CPU.
• Modifying Variables
You can use this function to assign fixed values to individual variables of a user
program or a CPU. Modifying values once and immediately is also possible
when testing using program status.
• Enable Peripheral Output and Activate Modify Values
These two functions allow you to assign fixed values to individual I/O outputs of
a CPU in STOP mode.
• Forcing Variables
You can use this function to assign individual variables of a user program or a
CPU with a fixed value which cannot be overwritten by the user program.
You can assign or display the values for the following variables:
• Inputs, outputs, bit memory, timers, and counters
• Contents of data blocks
• I/O (periphery)
You enter the variables you want to display or modify in variable tables.
You can determine when and how often the variables are monitored or assigned
new values by defining a trigger point and trigger frequency.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-1
Testing with Variable Tables

18.2 Basic Procedure when Monitoring and Modifying with the

Variable Table
To use the Monitor and Modify functions, proceed as follows:
1. Create a new variable table or open an existing variable table.
2. Edit or check the contents of the variable table.
3. Establish an online connection between the current variable table and the
required CPU using the menu command PLC > Connect To.
4. Using the menu command Variable > Trigger, select a suitable trigger point
and set the trigger frequency.
5. The menu commands Variable > Monitor and Variable > Modify toggle the
Monitor and Modify functions on and off.
6. Save the completed variable table using the menu command Table > Save or
Table > Save As, so that you can call it up again at any time.

18.3 Editing and Saving Variable Tables

18.3.1 Creating and Opening a Variable Table

Before you can monitor or modify variables, you must create a variable table (VAT)
and enter the required variables. To create a variable table, you can choose from
one of the following methods:

In the SIMATIC Manager:

• Select the "Blocks" folder and the menu command Insert > S7 Block >
Variable Table. In the dialog box, you can give the table a name ("Symbolic
Name" text box). This name is displayed in the project window. You can open
the variable table by double-clicking the object.
• Select a connection or, in the online view, an S7 or M7 program from the list of
accessible nodes. You create an unnamed variable table using the menu
command PLC > Monitor/Modify Variables.

In "Monitor/Modify Variables":
• You can use the menu command Table > New to create a new variable table
which is not yet assigned to any S7 or M7 program. You can open existing
tables with Table > Open.
• You can use the corresponding symbols in the toolbar to create or open
variable tables.
Once you have created a variable table, you can save it, print it out, and use it
again and again for monitoring and modifying.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-2 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

18.3.2 Copying/Moving Variable Tables

You can copy or move variable tables in block folders of an S7/M7 program.
Note the following when copying or moving variable tables:
• Existing symbols in the symbol table of the target program will be updated.
• When you move a variable table, the corresponding symbols from the symbol
table of the source program will also be moved to the symbol table of the target
program.
• When you delete variable tables from the block folder, the corresponding
symbols from the symbol table of the S7/M7 program will also be deleted.
• If the target program already contains a variable table with the same name, the
next-highest free number will be assigned when you copy the variable table.
• If the target program already contains a variable table with the same name,
you can rename the variable table when copying (as a default a number is
attached to the existing name).

18.3.3 Saving a Variable Table

You can use saved variable tables to monitor and modify variables when you test a
program again.
1. Save the variable table using the menu command Table > Save.
2. If the variable table has been created, you must now give the variable table a
name, for example, "ProgramTest_1."
When you save a variable table, all the current settings and the table format are
saved. This means that the settings made under the menu item "Trigger" are
saved.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-3
Testing with Variable Tables

18.4 Entering Variables in Variable Table

18.4.1 Inserting Addresses or Symbols in a Variable Table

Select the variables whose values you want to modify or monitor and enter them in
the variable table. Start from the "outside" and work "inwards"; this means you
should first select the inputs and then the variables that are influenced by the
inputs and which influence the outputs, and finally the outputs.
If you want, for example, to monitor the input bit 1.0, the memory word 5, and the
output byte 0, enter the following in the "Address" column:
Example:
I 1.0
MW5
QB0

Example of a Completed Variable Table

The following figure shows a variable table with the following visible columns:
Address, Symbol, Display Format, Monitor Value, and Modify Value

Variable Table 1
Table Edit Insert PLC Variable View Options Window Help

"Variable Table 1"

Address Symbol Display Format Status Val Force Valu
//OB1 Network 1
I 0.1 "Pushbutton 1" BOOL true
I 0.2 "Pushbutton 2" BOOL true
Q 4.0 "Green light" BOOL false
//OB1 Network 3
I 0.5 "Automatic On" BOOL true
I 0.6 "Manual On" BOOL true
Q 4.2 "Automatic mode" BOOL true true
//OB1 call FB1 for petrol engine on
I 1.0 "PE_on" BOOL false
I 1.1 "PE_off" BOOL false
I 1.2 "PE_failur" BOOL false
Q 5.1 "PE_preset_reached" BOOL false
Q 5.0 "PE_on" BOOL true
//OB1 call FB1 for diesel engine on
I 1.4 "DE_on" BOOL false
I 1.5 "DE_off" BOOL

(direct)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-4 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

Notes on Inserting Symbols

• You enter the variable you want to modify with your address or as a symbol.
You can enter symbols and addresses either in the "Symbol" column or in the
"Address" column. The entry is then written automatically in the correct column.
If the corresponding symbol is defined in the symbol table, the symbol column
or the address column is filled out automatically.
• You can only enter symbols that have already been defined in the symbol
table.
• A symbol must be entered exactly as it was defined in the symbol table.
• Symbol names that contain special characters must be enclosed in inverted
commas (for example, "Motor.Off", "Motor+Off", "Motor-Off").
• To define new symbols in the symbol table select the menu command Options
> Symbol Table. Symbol can also be copied from the symbol table and pasted
in a variable table.

Syntax Check
When you enter variables in the variable table, a syntax check is carried out at the
end of each line. Any incorrect entries are marked in red. If you position the cursor
in a row marked in red, you can read the cause of the error in the status bar. Notes
on correcting the error can be obtained by pressing F1.

Maximum Size
A maximum of 255 characters per line are permitted in a variable table. A carriage
return into the next row is not possible. A variable table can have up to a maximum
of 1024 rows. This is then its maximum size.

18.4.2 Inserting Modify Values

Modify Value as Comment

If you want to make the "modify value" of a variable ineffective, use the Variable >
Modify Value as Comment menu command. A comment marker "//" before the
value to be modified of a variable indicates that it is without effect. The command
marker "//" can also be inserted in front of the "modify value" instead of the menu
command call. The ineffectiveness of the "modify value" can be reversed by
calling up the Variable > Modify Value as Comment menu command again or by
removing the comment marker.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-5
Testing with Variable Tables

18.4.3 Upper Limits for Entering Timers

Note the following upper limits for entering timers:

Example: W#16#3999 (maximum value in BCD format)

Examples:

Address Monitor Enter Modify Value Explanation

Format Display
T 1 SIMATIC_TIME 137 S5TIME#130MS Conversion to milliseconds
MW4 SIMATIC_TIME 137 S5TIME#890MS Representation in BCD format possible
MW4 HEX 137 W#16#0089 Representation in BCD format possible
MW6 HEX 157 W#16#009D Representation in BCD format not
possible, therefore the monitor format
SIMATIC_TIME cannot be selected

Note
• You can enter timers in millisecond steps but the value entered is adapted to
the time frame. The size of the time frame depends on the size of the time
value entered (137 becomes 130 ms; the 7 ms were rounded down).
• The modify values for addresses of the data type WORD, for example, IW1,
are converted to BCD format. Not every bit pattern is a valid BCD number,
however. If the entry cannot be represented as SIMATIC_TIME for an address
of the data type WORD, the application reverts automatically to the default
format (here: HEX, see Select Monitor Format, Default Command (View
Menu)) so that the value entered can be displayed.

BCD Format for Variables in the SIMATIC_TIME Format

Values of variables in the SIMATIC_TIME format are entered in BCD format.
The 16 bits have the following significance:
|00xx|hhhh|tttt|uuuu|
Bits 15 and 14 are always zero.
Bits 13 and 12 (marked with xx) set the multiplier for bits 0 to 11:
00 => multiplier 10 milliseconds
01 => multiplier 100 milliseconds
10 => multiplier 1 second
11 => multiplier 10 seconds
Bits 11 to 8 hundreds (hhhh)
Bits 7 to 4 tens (tttt)
Bits 3 to 0 units (uuuu)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-6 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

18.4.4 Upper Limits for Entering Counters

Note the following upper limits for entering counters:

Upper limit for counters: C#999
W#16#0999 (maximum value in BCD format)

Examples:

Address Monitor Enter Modify Value Explanation

Format Display
C1 COUNTER 137 C#137 Conversion
MW4 COUNTER 137 C#89 Representation in BCD format
possible
MW4 HEX 137 W#16#0089 Representation in BCD format
possible
MW6 HEX 157 W#16#009D Representation in BCD format
not possible, therefore the
monitor format COUNTER
cannot be selected

Note
• If you enter a decimal number for a counter and do not mark the value with
C#, this value is automatically converted to BCD format (137 becomes
C#137).
• The modify values for addresses of the data type WORD, for example, IW1,
are converted to BCD format. Not every bit pattern is a valid BCD number,
however. If the entry cannot be represented as COUNTER for an address of
the data type WORD, the application reverts automatically to the default
format (here: HEX, see Select Monitor Format, Default Command (View
Menu)) so that the value entered can be displayed.

18.4.5 Inserting Comment Lines

Comment lines are introduced by the comment marker ”//".

If you want to make one or more lines of the variable table ineffective (as a
comment line), use the Edit > Line without effect menu command or the
corresponding symbol in the toolbar.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-7
Testing with Variable Tables

18.5 Examples

18.5.1 Example of Entering Addresses in Variable Tables

Permitted Address: Data Type: Example (English Mnemonics):

Input | Output | Bit memory BOOL I 1.0 | Q 1.7 | M 10.1
Input | Output | Bit memory BYTE IB 1 | QB 10 | MB 100
Input | Output | Bit memory WORD IW 1 | QW 10 | MW 100
Input | Output | Bit memory DWORD ID 1 | QD 10 | MD 100
I/O (Input | Output) BYTE PIB 0 | PQB 1
I/O (Input | Output) WORD PIW 0 | PQW 1
I/O (Input | Output) DWORD PID 0 | PQD 1
Timers TIMER T1
Counters COUNTER C1
Data block BOOL DB1.DBX 1.0
Data block BYTE DB1.DBB 1
Data block WORD DB1.DBW 1
Data block DWORD DB1.DBD 1

Note:
The entry "DB0. .." is not permitted because it is already used internally.

In the Force Values Window:

• When forcing with S7-300 modules, only inputs, outputs, and I/O (outputs) are
allowed.
• When forcing with S7-400 modules, only inputs, outputs, bit memory, and I/O
(inputs/outputs) are allowed.

18.5.2 Example of Entering a Contiguous Address Range

Open a variable table and call up the "Insert Range of Variables" dialog box with
the menu command Insert > Range of Variables.
For the dialog box entries the following lines for bit memory are inserted in the
variable table:
• From address: M 3.0
• Number: 10
• Display format: BIN

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-8 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

Address Display Format

M 3.0 BIN
M 3.1 BIN
M 3.2 BIN
M 3.3 BIN
M 3.4 BIN
M 3.5 BIN
M 3.6 BIN
M 3.7 BIN
M 4.0 BIN
M 4.1 BIN

Note that in this example the designation in the "Address" column changes after
the eighth entry.

18.5.3 Examples of Entering Modify and Force Values

Bit Addresses

Possible bit addresses Permitted modify/force values

I1.0 true
M1.7 false
Q10.7 0
DB1.DBX1.1 1
I1.1 2#0
M1.6 2#1

Byte Addresses

Possible byte addresses Permitted modify/force values

IB 1 2#00110011
MB 12 b#16#1F
MB 14 1F
QB 10 ’a’
DB1.DBB 1 10
PQB 2 -12

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-9
Testing with Variable Tables

Word Addresses

Possible word addresses Permitted modify/force values

IW 1 2#0011001100110011
MW12 w#16#ABCD
MW14 ABCD
QW 10 b#(12,34)
DB1.DBW 1 ’ab’
PQW 2 -12345
MW3 12345
MW5 s5t#12s340ms
MW7 0.3s or 0,3s
MW9 c#123
MW11 d#1990-12-31

Double Word Addresses

Possible double word Permitted modify/force values

addresses
ID 1 2#00110011001100110011001100110011
MD 0 1.23e4
MD 4 1.2
QD 10 dw#16#abcdef10
QD 12 ABCDEF10
DB1.DBD 1 b#(12,34,56,78)
PQD 2 ’abcd’
MD 8 l# -12
MD 12 l#12
MD 16 -123456789
MD 20 123456789
MD 24 t#12s345ms
MD 28 tod#1:2:34.567
MD 32 p#e0.0

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-10 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

Timers

Possible addresses of Permitted modify/force Explanation

the type "Timer" values
T1 0 Conversion to milliseconds (ms)
T 12 20 Conversion to ms
T 14 12345 Conversion to ms
T 16 s5t#12s340ms
T 18 1.3 Conversion to 1s 300 ms
T 20 1.3s Conversion to 1s 300 ms

Modifying a timer affects only the value, not the state. This means that the timer T1
can be modified to the value 0, without the result of logic operation for A T1 being
changed.
The strings 5t, s5time can be written in either upper or lower case.

Counters

Possible addresses of the type Permitted modify/force values

"Counter"
C1 0
C 14 20
C 16 c#123

Modifying a counter only affects the value, not the state. This means that Counter
C1 can be modified to the value 0 without the result of logic operation for A C1
being changed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-11
Testing with Variable Tables

18.6 Establishing a Connection to the CPU

18.6.1 Establishing a Connection to the CPU

In order to be able to monitor or modify the variables you entered in your current
variable table (VAT), you must establish a connection to the appropriate CPU. It is
possible to link each variable table with a different CPU.

Displaying an Online Connection

If an online connection exists, the term "ONLINE" in the title bar of the variable
table window indicates this fact. The status bar displays the operating states
"RUN", "STOP", "DISCONNECTED" or "CONNECTED", depending on the CPU.

Establishing an Online Connection to the CPU

If an online connection to the required CPU does not exist, use the menu command
PLC > Connect To > ... to define a connection to the required CPU so that
variables can be monitored or modified. Alternatively, you can also click the
corresponding buttons in the toolbar.

ON
Connection to configured CPU

Connection to directly connected CPU (for example,

ON MPI=2 (direct))

Interrupting the Online Connection to the CPU

Using the menu command PLC > Disconnect you interrupt the connection
between the variable table and the CPU.

Note
If you created an unnamed variable table with the menu command Table > New,
you can establish a connection to the last configured CPU configured if it is
defined.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-12 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

18.7 Monitoring Variables

18.7.1 Introduction to Monitoring Variables

The following methods are available to you for monitoring variables:

• Activate the Monitor function with the menu command Variable > Monitor. The
values of the selected variables are displayed in the variable table in
accordance with the trigger point and trigger frequency set. If you set the
trigger frequency ”Every cycle," you can toggle the Monitor function off again
with the menu command Variable > Monitor.
• You can update the values of the selected variables once and immediately
using the menu command Variable > Update Monitor Values. The current
values of the selected variables are displayed in the variable table.

Aborting "Monitoring" with ESC

If you press ESC while the "Monitoring" function is active, the function is terminated
without a query.

18.7.2 Defining the Trigger for Monitoring Variables

You can display on the programming device the current values of individual
variables in a user program at a specific point during program processing (trigger
point) in order to monitor them.
When you select a trigger point you determine the point in time at which the
monitor values of variables will be displayed.
You can set the trigger point and a trigger frequency using the menu command
Variable > Trigger.

Trigger Possible Settings

Trigger point Start of cycle
End of cycle
Transition from RUN to STOP
Trigger frequency Once
Every cycle

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-13
Testing with Variable Tables

Trigger Point
The following figure shows the position of the trigger points.

Process-image input table

Trigger point "Start of cycle"

OB1
Trigger point "Transition
from RUN to STOP"

Trigger point "End of cycle"

Process-image output table

To display the modified value in the "Status Value" column, you should set the
trigger point for monitoring to ”Start of cycle" and the trigger point for modifying to
”End of cycle".

Trigger Immediately
You can update the values of selected variables using the menu command
Variable > Update Monitor Values. This command is taken to mean ”trigger
immediately" and is executed as quickly as possible without reference to any point
in the user program. These functions are mainly used for monitoring and modifying
in STOP mode.

Trigger Frequency
The following table shows the effect that the trigger frequency has on the
monitoring of variables:

Trigger frequency: Once Trigger frequency: Every cycle

Monitor Update once Monitoring with a defined trigger
Variables Dependent on trigger point When testing a block you can track the
progress of processing exactly.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-14 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

18.8 Modifying Variables

18.8.1 Introduction to Modifying Variables

The following methods are available to you for modifying variables:

• Activate the Modify function with the menu command Variable > Modify. The
user program applies the modify values for the selected variables from the
variable table in accordance with the trigger point and trigger frequency set. If
you set the trigger frequency ”Every cycle," you can toggle the Modify function
off again with the menu command Variable > Modify.
• You can update the values of the selected variables once and immediately
using the menu command Variable > Activate Modify Values.
The functions Force and Enable Peripheral Output (PQ) provide other possibilities.

When Modifying, Note:

• Only those addresses that were visible in the variable table when you started
modifying are modified.
If you decrease the size of the visible area of the variable table once you have
started modifying, addresses may be modified that are no longer visible.
If the visible area of the variable table is made larger, there may be addresses
visible that are not modified.
• Modifying cannot be undone (for example, with Edit > Undo).
• If you select modifying in every cycle, you cannot scroll on the screen.

Danger
! Changing the variable values while a process is running can lead to serious
damage to property or personnel if errors occur in the function or in the program.
Make sure that no dangerous situations can occur before you execute the ”Modify"
function.

Aborting "Modifying" with ESC

If you press ESC while the "Modifying" function is in process, the function is
aborted without a query.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-15
Testing with Variable Tables

18.8.2 Defining the Trigger for Modifying Variables

You can assign fixed values to individual variables of a user program (once or
every cycle) at a specific point during program processing (trigger point).
When you select a trigger point you determine the point in time at which the modify
values are assigned to the variables.
You can set the trigger point and a trigger frequency using the menu command
Variable > Trigger.

Trigger Possible Settings

Trigger point Start of cycle
End of cycle
Transition from RUN to STOP
Trigger frequency Once
Every cycle

Trigger Point
The following figure shows the position of the trigger points.

Process-image input table

Trigger point "Start of cycle"

OB1

Trigger point "Transition

from RUN to STOP"
Trigger point "End of cycle"

Process-image output table

The position of the trigger points shows:

• Modifying inputs is only useful with the trigger point "Start of cycle"
(corresponds to the start of the user program OB 1), because otherwise the
process image of the inputs is updated after modifying and therefore
overwritten).
• Modifying outputs is only useful with the trigger point "End of cycle"
(corresponds to the end of the user program OB 1), because otherwise the
user program can overwrite the process image of the outputs).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-16 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

To display the modified value in the "Status Value" column, you should set the
trigger point for monitoring to ”Start of cycle" and the trigger point for modifying to
”End of cycle".
The following applies to trigger points when modifying variables:
• If you set ”Once" as the trigger frequency, a message appears if the selected
variables cannot be modified.
• With the trigger frequency ”Every cycle," no message appears.

Trigger Immediately
You can modify the values of selected variables using the menu command
Variable > Activate Modify Values. This command is taken to mean ”trigger
immediately" and is executed as quickly as possible without reference to any point
in the user program. This function is used mainly for modifying in STOP mode.

Trigger Frequency
The following table shows the effect that the trigger condition set has on the
modifying of variables:

Trigger frequency: Once Trigger frequency: Every cycle

Modify Activate once Modifying with a defined trigger
Variables You can assign values to By assigning fixed values you can
variables once, independent of simulate certain situations for your user
the trigger point. program and use this to debug the
functions you have programmed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-17
Testing with Variable Tables

18.9 Forcing Variables

18.9.1 Introduction to Forcing Variables

You can assign fixed values to individual variables of a user program so that they
cannot be changed or overwritten even by the user program executing in the CPU.
The requirement for this is that the CPU supports this function (for example, the
S7-400 CPUs). By assigning fixed values to variables you can set specific
situations for your user program and use this to test the programmed functions.

"Force Values" Window

Only when the "Force Values" window is active can the menu commands for
forcing be selected.
To display this window, select the menu command Variable > Display Force
Values.
You should only open one single "Force Values" window for a CPU. The variables
together with their respective force values for the active force job are displayed in
this window.

Example of a Force Values Window

Force Values : MPI = 3 (direct) ONLINE

Address Symbol Display Format Force Value
IB 0 HEX B#16#10
Q 0.1 BOOL true
Q 1.2 BOOL true

The name of the current online connection is shown in the title bar.
The data and time the force job was read from the CPU are shown in the status
bar.
If no force job is active, the window is empty.
The different methods of displaying variables in the "Force Values" window have
the following significance:

Display Meaning
Bold: Variables that are already assigned a fixed value in the CPU.
Normal: Variables that are being edited.
Grayed out: Variables of a module that is not present/inserted in the rack
or
Variables with an address error; an error message is displayed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-18 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

Using Forceable Addresses from the Variable Table

Select the variables you want to force in the variable table.
When you open the "Force Values" window these variables are used if the module
can force the variables.

Using the Force Job from the CPU or Setting Up a New Force Job
If the "Force Values" window is open and active, another message is displayed:
• If you confirm it, the changes in the window are overwritten with the force job
existing on the CPU. You can restore the previous window contents with the
menu command Edit > Undo.
• If you cancel it, the current contents of the window are retained.
You can then save the contents of the "Force Values" window as a variable
table using the menu command Table > Save As or select the menu command
Variable > Force: this writes the current contents of the window to the CPU as
the new force job.
Monitoring and modifying variables is only possible in the variable table and not in
the "Force Values" window.

Saving a Force Values Window

You can save the contents of the force values window in a variable table. Using the
Insert > Variable Table menu command, you can reinsert the saved contents in a
force values window.

Notes on Symbols in the Force Values Window

The symbols in the last active window are entered except if you opened the
"Monitoring and Modifying Variables" application from another application which
has no symbols.
If you cannot enter symbolic names, the "Symbol" column is hidden. The menu
command Options > Symbol Table is deactivated in this case.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-19
Testing with Variable Tables

18.9.2 Safety Measures When Forcing Variables

Beware of Injury to Personnel and Damage to Property

Note that when using the "Force" function, any incorrect action could:
• Endanger the life or health of personnel or
• Cause damage to machines or the whole plant.

Caution
! • Before you start the Force function you should check that nobody is executing this
function on the same CPU at the same time.
• A Force job can only be deleted or terminated with the menu command Variable >
Stop Forcing. Closing the force values window or exiting the ”Monitoring and
Modifying Variables" application does not delete the force job.
• Forcing cannot be undone (for example, with Edit > Undo).
• Read the information on the Differences between Forcing and Modifying Variables.
• If a CPU does not support the Force function, all menu commands in the Variable
menu linked with forcing are deactivated.
If the output disable is deactivated with the menu command Variable > Enable Peripheral
Output, all forced output modules output their force value.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-20 A5E00069873-03
 Testing with Variable Tables

18.9.3 Differences Between Forcing and Modifying Variables

The following table summarizes the differences between forcing and modifying:

Feature / Function Forcing with Forcing with Modify

S7-400 S7-300
Bit memory (M) • − •
Timers and counters (T, C) − − •
Data blocks (DB) − − •
Peripheral inputs (PIB, PIW, PID) • − −
Peripheral outputs (PQB, PQW, PQD) • − •
Inputs and outputs (I, Q) • • •
Setting triggers Always trigger always trigger once or every
immediately immediately cycle
Function only affects variable in visible Affects all force affects all force •
area of active window values values
User program can overwrite the − • •
modify/force values
Replacing the force value effective • • −
without interruption
The variables retain their values when • • −
the application is exited
The variables retain their values after • • −
the connection to the CPU is broken
Addressing errors permitted: − − The last becomes
e.g. IW1 modify/force value: 1 effective
IW1 modify/force value: 0

Note
• With "Enable Peripheral Outputs," the force values for forced peripheral
outputs become effective on the corresponding output modules; the modify
values for peripheral outputs, however, do not.
• With forcing, the variable always has the forced value. This value is read during
each read access to the user program. All forms of write access are ineffective.
• With permanent modifying, read access to the program is effective and
remains so until the next trigger point.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 18-21
Testing with Variable Tables

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

18-22 A5E00069873-03
19 Testing Using Program Status

19.1 Testing Using Program Status

You can test your program by displaying the program status (RLO, status bit) or the
contents of the corresponding registers for every instruction. You can define the
scope of the information displayed in the "LAD/FBD" tab in the "Customize" dialog
box. You open this dialog box using the menu command Options > Customize in
the "LAD/STL/FBD: Programming Blocks" window.

Warning
! Testing a program while a process is running can lead to serious damage to
property or persons if errors occur in the function or in the program.
Ensure that no dangerous situations can occur before you execute this function.

Requirements
To display the program status, the following requirements must be fulfilled:
• You must have saved the block without errors and then downloaded it to the
CPU.
• The CPU must be in operation and the user program running.
• The block must be open online.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 19-1
Testing Using Program Status

Basic Procedure for Monitoring the Program Status

It is strongly recommended that you do not call the whole program and debug it,
but call the blocks one by one and debug them individually. You should start with
the blocks in the last nesting level of the call hierarchy, for example, by calling them
in OB1 and creating the environment to be tested for the block by monitoring and
modifying variables.

Open block online

Define the display for the program status

Define the call environment (optional)

Select the operation mode for the test

Switch test on/off

To set breakpoints, and to execute the program in single-step mode, test operation
mode must be set (see menu command Debug > Operation). These test functions
are not possible in process operation mode.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

19-2 A5E00069873-03
 Testing Using Program Status

19.2 Program Status Display

The display of the program status is updated cyclically. It begins with the selected
network.

Preset Color Codes in LAD and FBD

• Status fulfilled: green continuous lines
• Status not fulfilled: blue dotted lines
• Status unknown: black continuous lines
The preset for line type and color can be changed under the menu command
Options > Customize, "LAD/FBD" tab.

Status of Elements
• The status of a contact is:
- Fulfilled if the address has the value "1,"
- Not fulfilled if the address has the value "0,"
- Unknown if the value of the address is unknown.
• The status of elements with enable output (ENO) corresponds to the status of
a contact with the value of the ENO output as the address.
• The status of elements with a Q output corresponds to the status of a contact
with the value of the address.
• The status for CALLs is fulfilled if the BR bit is set following the call.
• The status of a jump instruction is fulfilled if the jump is executed, meaning if
the jump condition is fulfilled.
• Elements with enable output (ENO) are shown in black if the enable output is
not connected.

Status of Lines
• Lines are black if they are not run through or if their status is unknown.
• The status of lines that start at the power rail is always fulfilled ("1").
• The status of lines at the start of parallel branches is always fulfilled ("1").
• The status of the line following an element is fulfilled if both the status of the
line before the element and the status of the element are fulfilled.
• The status of the line following NOT is fulfilled if the status of the line before
NOT is not fulfilled (and vice versa).
• The status of the line after an intersection of a number of lines is fulfilled if:
- The status of at least one line before the intersection is fulfilled.
- The status of the line before the branch is fulfilled.

Status of Parameters
• The values of parameters in bold type are current.
• The values of parameters in thin type result from a previous cycle; the program
section was not processed in the current scan cycle.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 19-3
Testing Using Program Status

19.3 What You Should Know About Testing in Single-Step

Mode/Breakpoints
When testing in single-step mode you can do the following:
• Execute programs statement by statement (in single steps)
• Set breakpoints
The function "testing in single-step mode" is not possible for all programmable
controllers (refer to the documentation for the relevant programmable controller).

Status Word

/FC STA OS CC0 BR

RLO OR OV CC1

Accu1 3039 Accu2 58

AR1 0 AR2 84000000
ShdDB InstDB

Requirements
• The test operation mode must be set. Testing in single-step mode is not
possible in process operation mode (see menu command Debug >
Operation).
• Testing in single-step mode is possible only in Statement List. For blocks in
Ladder Logic or Function Block Diagram you must change the view using the
menu command View > STL.
• The block must not be protected.
• The block must be open online.
• The opened block must not be changed in the Editor.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

19-4 A5E00069873-03
 Testing Using Program Status

Number of Breakpoints
The number of breakpoints is variable and depends on the following:
• The number of breakpoints already set
• The number of variable statuses running
• The number of program statuses running
Refer to your programmable controller documentation to find out whether it
supports testing in single-step mode.
You will find the menu commands you can use to set, activate, or delete
breakpoints in the "Debug" menu. You can also select these menu commands
using icons in the breakpoint bar. Display the breakpoint bar using the menu
command View > Breakpoint Bar.

Permitted Test Functions

• Monitor/modify variables
• Module information
• Operating mode

Danger
Risk of dangerous plant status in HOLD mode.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 19-5
Testing Using Program Status

19.4 What You Should Know About the HOLD Mode

If the program encounters a breakpoint, the programmable controller goes into the
HOLD operating mode.

LED Display in HOLD Mode

• LED RUN flashes
• LED STOP is lit

Program Processing in HOLD Mode

• In HOLD mode, no S7 code is processed, meaning no priority classes are
processed any further.
• All timers are frozen:
- No timer cells are processed
- All monitoring times are paused
- The basic clock rate of the time-controlled levels are paused
• The real time clock continues to run
• For safety reasons, the outputs are always disabled in HOLD mode ("output
disable").

Behavior following Power Supply Failure in HOLD Mode

• Programmable controllers with battery backup change to STOP mode and
remain there following a power supply failure during HOLD mode and a
subsequent return of power. The CPU does not execute an automatic restart.
From STOP mode you can determine how processing continues (for example,
by setting/resetting breakpoints, executing a manual restart).
• Programmable controllers without battery backup are not "retentive" and
therefore execute an automatic warm restart when power returns, regardless of
the previous operating mode.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

19-6 A5E00069873-03
 Testing Using Program Status

19.5 Program Status of Data Blocks

From STEP 7 version 5 onwards, it is possible to observe a data block online in the
data view. The display can be activated either by an online data block or by an
offline data block. In both cases, the contents of the online data block in the
programmable controller are displayed.
The data block must not be modified before the program status is started. If there is
a structural difference (declaration) between the online data block and the offline
data block, the offline data block can be downloaded to the programmable
controller directly on request.
The data block must be located in the "data view," so that the online values can be
displayed in the "Actual Value" column. Only the the part of the data block which is
visible on the screen is updated. While the status is active, you cannot switch to the
declaration view.
While the update is in progress, a green bar is visible in the status bar and the
operating mode is displayed.
The values are issued in the fomat of the respective data type; the format cannot
be changed.
After program status has been concluded, the "Actual Value" column displays
again the contents which were valid before the program status. It is not possible to
transfer the updated online values to the offline data block.

Updating data types:

All the elementary data types are updated in a shared DB, as well as in all the
declarations (in/out/inout/stat) of an instance data block.
Some data types cannot be updated. When the program status is active, fields in
the "Actual Value" column which contain data which have not been updated are
displayed with a gray background.
• The complex data types DATE_AND_TIME and STRING are not updated.
• In the complex data types ARRAY, STRUCT, UDT, FB, and SFB, only those
elements which are elementary data types are updated.
• In the INOUT declaration of an instance data block only the pointer to the
complex data type is displayed, not the elements of the data type itself. The
pointer is not updated.
• Parameter types are not updated

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 19-7
Testing Using Program Status

19.6 Setting the Call Environment for a Block

To record the program status you can specify exact conditions by setting the call
environment. The program status is then recorded only if the trigger conditions set
are fulfilled.
To set the display, proceed as follows:
1. Select the menu command Debug > Call Environment.
2. In the dialog box, set the trigger conditions and confirm them with "OK."

Option Meaning
Call path Here you can specify the call path in which the block to be tested must be
called to activate status recording. You can enter the last three call levels
before reaching the test block.
With address De-activate if the call path condition should be deactivated.
Open data blocks Here the call environment is specified by naming one or two data blocks.
The status is recorded if the block to be tested was called with the specified
data blocks.

Specifying the Call Environment for Block Instances

Proceed as follows in order to have the program status of a block displayed in a
certain instance.
1. Select the menu command Debug > Mode and set the "Debug mode"
operating mode.
2. Open the calling block and position the cursor on the desired call instruction
(CALL line in STL or box of the block in the LAD/FBD).
3. Use the right-hand mouse button to select the menu command Called Block >
Monitor with Call Path.
Result: The called block is opened. The call is entered as a criterion in the
trigger conditions of the block and the status is activated for this instance of the
block.
Existing trigger conditions for data blocks remain unchanged.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

19-8 A5E00069873-03
20 Testing using the Simulation Program S7-
PLCSIM (Optional Package)

20.1 Testing using the Simulation Program (Optional

Package)
With the optional software package PLC Simulation you can run and test your
program on a simulated programmable controller that exists on your computer or
programming device (for example, PG 740). As the simulation is realized
completely by the STEP 7 software, you do not require any S7 hardware (CPU or
signal modules). Using the simulated S7 CPU you can test and troubleshoot
programs for S7-300 and S7-400 CPUs.
This application provides a simple user interface for monitoring and modifying the
various parameters that are used in your program (for example, for switching inputs
on and off). You can also use the various applications in the STEP 7 software while
your program is being processed by the simulated CPU. For example, you can
monitor and modify variables with the variable table.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 20-1
Testing using the Simulation Program S7-PLCSIM (Optional Package)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

20-2 A5E00069873-03
21 Diagnostics

21.1 Diagnosing Hardware and Troubleshooting

You can see whether diagnostic information is available for a module by the
presence of diagnostics symbols. Diagnostics symbols show the status of the
corresponding module and, for CPUs, the operating mode as well.
Diagnostics symbols are displayed in the project window in the online view as well
as in the quick view (default setting) or the diagnostic view when you call the
function "Diagnose Hardware." Detailed diagnostic information is displayed in the
"Module Information" application, which you can start by double-clicking a
diagnostics symbol in the quick view or the diagnostic view.

SIMATIC Manager ONLINE

Project S7 Program
Station
Call the function
"Diagnose Hardware"

Diagnostics Quick View Diagnostic View

symbol of
CPU
CPU
+ Failed Modules UR (0)

1 PS 307 5A

Module Information 2 CPU 314

3 AI-300

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-1
Diagnostics

How to Locate Faults

1. Open the online window for the project with the menu command View >
Online.
2. Open all the stations so that the programmable modules configured in them
are visible.
3. Check to see which CPU is displaying a diagnostics symbol indicating an error
or fault. You can open the help page with an explanation of the diagnostics
symbols using the F1 key.
4. Select the station that you want to examine.
5. Select the menu command PLC > Module Information to display the module
information for the CPU in this station.
6. Select the menu command PLC > Diagnose Hardware to display the "quick
view" with the CPU and the failed modules in this station. The display of the
quick view is set as default (menu command Option > Customize, "View" tab).
7. Select a faulty module in the quick view.
8. Click the "Module Information" button to obtain the information on this module.
9. Click the "Open Station Online" button in the quick view to display the
diagnostic view. The diagnostic view contains all the modules in the station in
their slot order.
10. Double-click a module in the diagnostic view in order to display its module
information. In this way, you can also obtain information for those modules that
are not faulty and therefore not displayed in the quick view.
You do not necessarily have to carry out all of the steps; you can stop as soon as
you have obtained the diagnostic information you require.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-2 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.2 Diagnostics Symbols in the Online View

Diagnostics symbols are displayed in the online project window and in the
hardware configuration window with the online view of configuration tables.
Diagnostics symbols make it easier for you to detect a fault. You can see by a
glance at a module symbol whether diagnostic information is available. If there are
no faults present, the symbols for the module types are displayed without additional
diagnostics symbols.
If diagnostic information is available for a module, a diagnostics symbol is
displayed in addition to the module symbol or the module symbol is displayed with
reduced contrast.

Diagnostics Symbols for Modules (Example: FM / CPU)

Symbol Meaning
Preset-actual mismatch in the
configuration (module exists/type
monitoring mismatch): the configured
module is not available or a different
module type is inserted
Fault: module has a fault.
Possible causes: diagnostic interrupt,
I/O access error, or error LED detected
Diagnosis not possible because no
online connection exists or the CPU
cannot supply diagnostic information
for the module (for example, power
supply, or submodule).

Diagnostics Symbols for Operating Modes (Example: CPU)

Symbol Mode
STARTUP

STOP

STOP
triggered by STOP mode on another
CPU in multicomputing operation
RUN

HOLD

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-3
Diagnostics

Diagnostics Symbol for Forcing

Symbol Mode
Variables are being forced on this
module, meaning variables in the user
program for the module are assigned
fixed values that cannot be changed
by the program.
The symbol for forcing can also
appear in combination with other
symbols (here with the symbol for
RUN mode).

Updating the Display of Diagnostic Symbols

The appropriate window must be activated.
• Press F5 or
• Select the menu command View > Update in the window.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-4 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.3 Diagnosing Hardware: Quick View

21.3.1 Calling the Quick View

The quick view offers you a quick way of using "Diagnosing Hardware" with less
information than the more detailed displays in the diagnostic view of HW Config.
The quick view is displayed as default when the "Diagnose Hardware" function is
called.

Displaying the Quick View

You call this function from the SIMATIC Manager using the menu command PLC >
Diagnose Hardware.
You can use the menu command as follows:
• In the online window of the project if a module or an S7/M7 program is
selected.
• If a node ("MPI=...") is selected in the "Accessible Nodes" window and this
entry belongs to a CPU.
From the configuration tables displayed, you can select modules whose module
information you want to display.

21.3.2 Information Functions in the Quick View

The following information is displayed in the quick view:

• Data for the online connection to the CPU
• Diagnostic symbol for the CPU
• Diagnostic symbols for the modules in which the CPU has detected a fault
(for example, diagnostic interrupt, I/O access error)
• Module type and address of the module (rack, slot, DP master system with
station number).

Other Diagnostic Options in the Quick View

• Displaying the Module Information
You can call this dialog box by clicking the "Module Information" button. The
dialog box displays detailed diagnostic information, depending on the
diagnostic capabilities of the selected module. In particular, you can display the
entries in the diagnostic buffer via the diagnostic information of the CPU.
• Displaying the Diagnostic View
Using the "Open Station Online" button, you can open the dialog box which, in
contrast to the quick view, contains a graphic overview of the whole station as
well as configuration information. It focuses on the module which is highlighted
in the list "CPU / Faulty Modules."

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-5
Diagnostics

21.4 Diagnosing Hardware: Diagnostic View

21.4.1 Calling the Diagnostic View

Using this method you can open the "Module Information" dialog box for all
modules in the rack. The diagnostic view (configuration table) shows the actual
structure of a station at the level of the racks and DP stations with their modules.

Note
• If the configuration table is already open offline, you can also get the online
view of the configuration table using the menu command Station > Open
Online.
• Depending on the diagnostics capability of the module, a varying number of
tabs are displayed in the ”Module Information" dialog box.
• In the "Accessible Nodes" window, only the modules with their own node
address (MPI or PROFIBUS address) are ever visible.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-6 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

Calling from the ONLINE view of a project in the SIMATIC Manager

1. Establish an online connection to the programmable controller using the menu
command View > Online in the project view in the SIMATIC Manager.
2. Select a station and open it with a double-click.
3. Then open the "Hardware" object in it. The diagnostic view is opened.
Now you can select a module and call up its module information using the menu
command PLC > Module Information.

Calling from the offline view of a project in the SIMATIC Manager

Execute the following steps:
1. Select a station from the project view of the SIMATIC Manager and open it with
a double-click.
2. Then open the "Hardware" object in it. The configuration table is opened.
3. Select the Station > Open Online menu command.
4. The diagnostic view of HW Config is opened with the station configuration as
determined from the modules (for example, CPU). The status of the modules is
indicated by means of symbols. Refer to the online help for the meaning of the
various symbols. Faulty modules and configured modules which are missing
are listed in a separate dialog box. From this dialog box you can navigate
directly to one of the selected module (”Go To” button).
5. Double-click the symbol for the module whose status you are interested in. A
dialog box with tabs (depending on the type of module) gives you a detailed
analysis of the module status.

Calling from the "Accessible Nodes" window in the SIMATIC Manager

Execute the following steps:
1. Open the "Accessible Nodes" window in the SIMATIC Manager using the
menu command PLC > Display Accessible Nodes.
2. Select a node in the ”Accessible Nodes" window.
3. Select the menu command PLC > Diagnose Hardware.

Note
In the "Accessible Nodes" window, only the modules with their own node address
(MPI or PROFIBUS address) are ever visible.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-7
Diagnostics

21.4.2 Information Functions in the Diagnostic View

In contrast to the quick view, the diagnostic view displays the entire station
configuration available online. This consists of:
• Rack configurations
• Diagnostics symbols for all configured modules
From these, you can read the status of each module and, with CPU modules,
the operating mode.
• Module type, order number and address details, comments on the
configuration.

Additional Diagnostic Options in the Diagnostic View

By double-clicking a module, you can display the operating mode of this module.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-8 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.5 Module Information

21.5.1 Options for Displaying the Module Information

You can display the "Module Information" dialog box from different starting points.
The following procedures are examples of frequently used methods of calling
module information:
• In the SIMATIC Manager from a window with the project view "online" or
"offline."
• In the SIMATIC Manager from an "Accessible Nodes" window
• In the diagnostic view of HW Config

SIMATIC Manager Module Information

(O li )
Project S7 program
Station
CPU

Call from the SIMATIC Manager Diagnostic view of HWConfig

Accessible Nodes UR (0)

Accessible Nodes
1 PS 307 5A
MPI=2
2 CPU 314

3 AI-300

Call from "Accessible Nodes" Call from the diagnostic view

"Module Information"
"Diagnosing Hardware"

In order to display the status of a module with its own node address, you require
an online connection to the programmable controller. You establish this connection
via the online view of a project or via the "Accessible Nodes" window.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-9
Diagnostics

21.5.2 Module Information Functions

The module information functions can each be found in the various tabs within the
"Module Information" dialog box. When displayed in an active situation, only those
tabs relevant to the selected module are displayed.

Function/Tab Information Use

General Identification data on the selected The online information from the
module; for example, order number, inserted module can be compared
release number, status, slot in rack with the data for the configured
module
Diagnostic Buffer Overview of events in the diagnostic To find the cause of a CPU STOP
buffer and detailed information on the and evaluate the events on the
selected event selected module leading to it
Using the diagnostic buffer, errors in
the system can still be analyzed at a
later time to find the cause of a
STOP or to trace back and
categorize the occurrence of
individual diagnostic events
Diagnostic Interrupt Diagnostic data for the selected To evaluate the cause of a module
module fault
DP Slave Diagnostic data for the selected DP To evaluate the cause of a fault in a
Diagnostics slave (to EN 50170) DP slave
Memory Memory capacity. Current utilization Before new or extended blocks are
of the work memory and the load transferred to a CPU, to check
memory of the selected CPU or M7 whether sufficient load memory is
function module available in the CPU/function module
or to compress the memory content.

Scan Cycle Time Duration of the longest, shortest, and To keep a check on the configured
last scan cycle of the selected CPU minimum cycle time, and the
or M7 function module maximum and current cycle times
Time System Current time, operating hours, and To display and set the time and date
information about synchronizing of a module and to check the time
clocks (synchronization intervals) synchronization
Performance Data Address areas and the available Before and during the creation of a
blocks for the selected module user program to check whether the
(CPU/FM) CPU fulfils the requirements for
executing a user program; for
example, load memory size or size of
the process image
Blocks Display of all block types available in To check which standard blocks your
(can be opened from the scope of supply of the selected user program can contain or call to
the ”Performance module List of OBs, SFBs, and SFCs be able to run on the selected CPU.
Data" tab) you can use for this module
Communication Transmission rates, the overview of To determine how many and which
communication connections, the CPU or M7 FM connections are
communication load, and the possible and how many are in use
maximum message frame size on the
communication bus of the selected
module

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-10 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

Function/Tab Information Use

Stacks Stacks tab: Can only be called up in To determine the cause of a
STOP mode or HOLD mode. transition to STOP and to correct a
The B stack for the selected module block
is displayed. You can then also
display the I stack, the L stack, and
the nesting stack and jump to the
error location in the interrupted block.

Additional Information Displayed

For each tab, the following information is displayed:
• Online path to the selected module
• Operating mode of the corresponding CPU (for example, RUN, STOP)
• Status of the selected module (for example, error, ok)
• Operating mode of the selected module (for example, RUN, STOP) if it has its
own operating mode (for example, CP 342-5)
The operating mode of the CPU itself and the status of the selected module cannot
be displayed if the module information for a non-CPU module is opened from the
"Accessible Nodes" window.

Displaying a Number of Modules Simultaneously

You can display the module information for a number of modules simultaneously.
To do this, you must change to the respective module context, select another
module, and then call the module information for it. Another ”Module Information"
dialog box is then displayed. Only one dialog box can be opened for each module.

Updating the Display of Module Information

Each time you switch to a tab in the "Module Information" dialog box, the data are
read from the module again. While a page is displayed, however, the contents are
not updated. If you click the "Update" button, you can read the data from the
module without changing the tab.

21.5.3 Scope of the Module Type-Dependent Information

The scope of information that can be evaluated and displayed is dependent on:
• The module selected, and
• From which view you call the module information
A full scope of information is available when called from the online view of the
configuration tables or from the project window.
A limited scope of information is available when called from the "Accessible
Nodes" window.
Depending on the scope of the information, the modules are divided into the
categories "with system diagnostic capability," "with diagnostic capability," or
"without diagnostic capability." The following figure shows these categories:

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-11
Diagnostics

Diagnostic buffer and SZL of the Modules with system diagnostics capability
module

All modules ≠ CPU

Diagnostic information of the
CPU via the module

Diagnostic data of the module

Modules with diagnostic capability

• Modules with system diagnostic capability are, for example, the modules FM
351 and FM 354
• Modules with diagnostic capability are most analog signal modules.
• Modules without diagnostic capability are most digital signal modules.

Tabs Displayed
The table shows which property tabs are present in the ”Module Information" dialog
box for each module type.

Tab CPU or Module with Module with Module DP Slave

M7 FM System Diagnostics without
Diagnostics Capability Diagnostics
Capability Capability
General yes yes yes yes yes
Diagnostic Buffer yes yes − − −
Diagnostic Interrupt − yes yes − yes
Memory yes − − − −
Scan Cycle Time yes − − − −
Time System yes − − − −
Performance Data yes − − − −
Stacks yes − − − −
Communication yes − − − −
DP Slave − − − − yes
Diagnostics
− − − −
1)
H state yes
1)
Only for CPUs in H systems

In addition to the information in the tabbed property sheets, the operating mode is
displayed for modules with an operating mode. When you open the dialog box from
the configuration tables online, the status of the module from the viewpoint of the
CPU is displayed (for example, OK, fault, module not available).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-12 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.6 Diagnosing in STOP Mode

21.6.1 Basic Procedure for Determining the Cause of a STOP

To determine why the CPU has gone into "STOP" mode, proceed as follows:
1. Select the CPU that has gone into STOP.
2. Select the menu command PLC > Module Information.
3. Select the "Diagnostic Buffer" tab.
4. You can determine the cause of the STOP from the last entries in the
diagnostic buffer.

If a programming error occurs:

1. The entry "STOP because programming error OB not loaded" means, for
example, that the CPU has detected a program error and then attempted to
start the (non-existent) OB to handle the programming error. The previous
entry points to the actual programming error.
2. Select the message relating to the programming error.
3. Click the "Open Block" button.
4. Select the "Stacks" tab.

21.6.2 Stack Contents in STOP Mode

By evaluating the diagnostic buffer and the stack contents you can determine the
cause of the fault in the processing of the user program.
If, for example, the CPU has gone into STOP as a result of a programming error or
the STOP command, the "Stacks" tab in the module information displays the block
stack. You can display the contents of the other stacks using the ”I Stack", ”L
Stack", and ”Nesting Stack" buttons. The stack contents give you information on
which instruction in which block led to the CPU going into STOP.

B Stack Contents
The B stack, or block stack, lists all the blocks that were called before the change
to STOP mode and which were not completely processed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-13
Diagnostics

I Stack Contents
When you click the ”I Stack" button, the data at the interrupt location are displayed.
The I stack, or interrupt stack, contains the data or the states which were valid at
the time of the interrupt, for example:
• Accumulator contents and register contents
• Open data blocks and their size
• Content of the status word
• Priority class (nesting level)
• Interrupted block
• Block in which program processing continues after the interrupt

L Stack Contents
For every block listed in the B stack, you can display the corresponding local data
by selecting the block and clicking the ”L Stack" button.
The L stack, or local data stack, contains the local data values of the blocks the
user program was working with at the time of the interrupt.
In-depth knowledge of the system is required to interpret and evaluate the local
data displayed. The first part of the data displayed corresponds to the temporary
variables for the block.

Nesting Stack Contents

When you click the ”Nesting Stack" button, the contents of the nesting stack at the
interrupt location are displayed.
The nesting stack is a memory area that the logic operations A(, AN(, O(, ON(, X(,
and XN( use.
The button is only active if bracket expressions were still open at the time of
interruption.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-14 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.7 Checking Scan Cycle Times to Avoid Time Errors

21.7.1 Checking Scan Cycle Times to Avoid Time Errors

The "Scan Cycle Time" tab in the module information gives information about the
scan cycle times of the user program.
If the duration of the longest cycle time is close to the configured maximum scan
cycle time, there is a danger that fluctuations in the cycle time might cause a time
error. This can be avoided if you extend the maximum cycle time (watchdog time)
of the user program.
If the cycle length is less than the configured minimum scan time, the cycle is
automatically extended by the CPU/FM to the configured minimum cycle time. In
the case of a CPU, the background OB (OB90) is processed during this extended
time (if it has been downloaded).

Setting the Scan Cycle Time

You can set the maximum and minimum cycle times when you configure the
hardware. To do this, double-click in the offline view of the configuration table on
the CPU/FM to define its properties. You can enter the appropriate values in the
”Cycle/Clock Memory" tab.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-15
Diagnostics

21.8 Flow of Diagnostic Information

21.8.1 Flow of Diagnostic Information

The following figure shows the flow of diagnostic information in SIMATIC S7.

CPU Modules

The diagnostic function of the CPU The diagnostic

detects a system error. function of a
module detects
an error and
The diagnostic function of the CPU
generates a
detects an error in the user
diagnostic
program
interrupt
(OB 82).

Diagnostic
System status list interrupt

Diagnostic
buffer

STEP 7
SFCs

User program

Displaying Diagnostic Information

You can read out the diagnostic entries using SFC51 RDSYSST in the user
program or display the diagnostic messages in plain language with STEP 7.
They provide information about the following:
• Where and when the error occurred
• The type of diagnostic event to which the entry belongs (user-defined
diagnostic event, synchronous/asynchronous error, operating mode change).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-16 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

Generating Process Control Group Messages

The CPU enters events of the standard diagnostics and extended diagnostics in
the diagnostic buffer. It also generates a process control group message for the
standard diagnostic events if the following conditions are met:
• You have specified that process control messages will be generated in
STEP 7.
• At least one display unit has logged on at the CPU for process control
messages.
• A process control group message is only generated when there is not currently
a process control group message of the corresponding class (there are seven
classes).
• One process control group message can be generated per class.

21.8.2 System Status List SSL

The system status list (SSL) describes the current status of the programmable logic
controller. It provides an overview of the configuration, the current parameter
assignment, the current statuses and sequences on the CPU, and the modules
belonging to it.
You can only read the data in the system status list but not modify them. It is a
virtual list that is only created on request.
The information that you can display using the system status list can be divided
into four areas.

System status list

System data

Diagnostic status Diagnostic data

data in the CPU on modules

Diagnostic buffer

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-17
Diagnostics

Reading Out the System Status List

There are two ways of reading out the information in system status lists, as follows:
• Implicitly, via STEP 7 menu commands from the programming device (for
example, memory configuration, static CPU data, diagnostic buffer, status
displays).
• Explicitly, via the system function SFC 51 RDSYSST in the user program, by
entering the number of the required partial system status list (see Help on
Blocks )

System Data of the System Status List

System data are intrinsic or assigned characteristic data of a CPU. The following
table shows the topics about which information can be displayed (partial system
status lists):

Topic Information
Module identification Order number, type ID, and version of the module
CPU characteristics Time system, system behavior (for example,.
multicomputing) and language description of the
CPU
Memory areas Memory configuration of the module (size of the
work memory).
System areas System memory of the module (for example, number
of memory bits, timers, counters, memory type).
Block types Which blocks (OB, DB, SDB, FC, FB) exist on the
module, the maximum number of blocks of one type,
and the maximum size of a block type
Assignment of interrupts and Assignment of interrupts/errors to OBs
errors
Interrupt status Current status of interrupt processing/interrupts
generated
Status of the priority classes Which OB is being executed, which priority class is
disabled due to the parameter setting
Operating mode and mode Which operating modes are possible, the last
transition operating mode change, the current operating mode

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-18 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

Diagnostic Status Data in the CPU

Diagnostic status data describe the current status of the components monitored by
the system diagnostics. The following table shows the topics about which
information can be displayed (partial system status lists):

Topic Information
Communication status data All the communication functions currently set in the
system
Diagnostic modules The modules with diagnostics capability logged on
at the CPU
Start information list of the OB Start information about the OBs of the CPU
Start event list Start events and priority classes of the OBs
Module status information Status information about all assigned modules that
are plugged in, faulty, or generate hardware
interrupts

Diagnostic Data on Modules

In addition to the CPU, there are also other modules with diagnostic capabilities
(SMs, CPs, FMs) whose data are entered in the system status list. The following
table shows the topics about which information can be displayed (partial system
status list):

Topic Information
Module diagnostic information Module start address, internal/external faults,
channel faults, parameter errors (4 bytes)
Module diagnostic data All the diagnostic data of a particular module

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-19
Diagnostics

21.8.3 Sending Your Own Diagnostic Messages

You can also extend the standard system diagnostics of SIMATIC S7 by using the
system function SFC 52 WRUSMSG to:
• Enter your own diagnostic information in the diagnostic buffer (for example,
information about the execution of the user program).
• Send user-defined diagnostic messages to logged on stations (monitoring
devices such as a PG, OP or TD).

User-Defined Diagnostic Events

The diagnostic events are divided into event classes 1 to F. The user-defined
diagnostic events belong to event classes 8 to B. These can be divided into two
groups, as follows:
• Event classes 8 and 9 include messages with a fixed number and predefined
text that you can call up based on the number.
• Event classes A and B include messages to which you can assign a number
(A000 to A0FF, B000 to B0FF) and text of your own choice.

Sending Diagnostic Messages to Stations

In addition to making a user-defined entry in the diagnostic buffer, you can also
send your own user-defined diagnostic messages to logged on display devices
using SFC52 WRUSMSG. When SFC52 is called with SEND = 1, the diagnostic
message is written to the send buffer and automatically sent to the station or
stations logged on at the CPU.
If it is not possible to send messages (for example, because no display device is
logged on or because the send buffer is full) the user-defined diagnostic event is
still entered in the diagnostic buffer.

Generating a Message with Acknowledgement

If you acknowledge a user-defined diagnostic event and want to record the
acknowledgement, proceed as follows:
• When the event enters the event state, write 1 to a variable of the type BOOL,
when the event leaves the event state write 0 to the variable.
• You can then monitor this variable using SFB33 ALARM.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-20 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.8.4 Diagnostic Functions

System diagnostics detect, evaluate, and report errors that occur within a
programmable controller. For this purpose, every CPU and every module with
system diagnostics capability (for example, FM 354) has a diagnostic buffer in
which detailed information on all diagnostic events is entered in the order they
occurred.

Diagnostic Events
The following entries are displayed as diagnostic events, for example:
• Internal and external faults on a module
• System errors in the CPU
• Operating mode changes (for example, from RUN to STOP)
• Errors in the user program
• Inserting/removing modules
• User messages entered with the system function SFC52
The content of the diagnostic buffer is retained following a memory reset. Using the
diagnostic buffer, errors in the system can still be analyzed at a later time to find
the cause of a STOP or to trace back and categorize the occurrence of individual
diagnostic events

Acquiring Diagnostic Data

You do not need to program the acquisition of diagnostic data by system
diagnostics. This is a standard feature that runs automatically. SIMATIC S7
provides various diagnostic functions. Some of these functions are integrated on
the CPU, others are provided by the modules (SMs, CPs, and FMs).

Displaying Faults
Internal and external module faults are displayed on the front panels of the module.
The LED displays and their evaluation are described in the S7 hardware manuals.
With the S7-300, internal and external faults are displayed together as a group
error.
The CPU recognizes system errors and errors in the user program and enters
diagnostic messages in the system status list and the diagnostic buffer. These
diagnostic messages can be read out on the programming device.
Signal and function modules with diagnostic capability detect internal and external
module errors and generate a diagnostic interrupt to which you can react using an
interrupt OB.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-21
Diagnostics

21.9 Program Measures for Handling Errors

21.9.1 Program Measures for Handling Errors

When it detects errors in program processing (synchronous errors) and errors in

the programmable controller (asynchronous errors), the CPU calls the appropriate
organization block (OB) for the error:

Error Error OB
I/O redundancy error OB70
CPU redundancy error OB72
Communication Redundancy Error OB 73
Time error OB80
Power supply error OB81
Diagnostic interrupt OB82
Insert/remove module interrupt OB83
CPU hardware fault OB84
Priority class error OB85
Rack failure or failure of a station in the OB86
distributed I/O
Communication error OB87
Programming error OB121
I/O access error OB122

If the appropriate OB is not available, the CPU goes into STOP mode. Otherwise, it
is possible to store instructions in the OB as to how it should react to this error
situation. This means the effects of an error can be reduced or eradicated.

Basic Procedure
Creating and Opening the OB
1. Display the module information for your CPU.
2. Select the "Performance Data" tab.
3. Decide on the basis of the list displayed whether the OB you want to program
is permitted for this CPU.
4. Insert the OB in the "Blocks" folder of your program and open the OB.
5. Enter the program for handling the error.
6. Download the OB to the programmable controller.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-22 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

Programming Measures for Handling Errors

1. Evaluate the local data of the OB to determine the exact cause of the error.
The variables OB8xFLTID and OB12xSWFLT in the local data contain the
error code. Their meaning is described in the "System and Standard Functions
Reference Manual."
2. Branch to the program segment which reacts to this error.
You will find an example of handling diagnostic interrupts in the reference online
help on System and Standard Functions under the heading "Example of Module
Diagnostics with SFC51 (RDSYSST)."
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.2 Evaluating the Output Parameter RET_VAL

Using the RET_VAL output parameter (return value), a system function indicates
whether or not the CPU was able to execute the SFC function correctly

Error Information in the Return Value

The return value is of the integer data type (INT). The sign of an integer indicates
whether it is a positive or negative integer. The relationship of the return value to
the value ”0" indicates whether or not an error occurred while the function was
being executed (see table):
• If an error occurs while the function is being executed, the return value is less
than "0." The sign bit of the integer is ”1."
• If the function is executed free of errors, the return value is greater than or
equal to "0." The sign bit of the integer is ”0."

Processing of the SFC by the CPU Return Value Sign of the Integer
Error occurred Less than ”0" Negative (sign bit is "1")
No error Greater than or Positive (sign bit is "0")
equal to ”0"

Reacting to Error Information

If an error occurs while an SFC is being executed, the SFC provides an error code
in the return value (RET_VAL).
A distinction is made between the following:
• A general error code that all SFCs can output and
• A specific error code that the SFC can output depending on its specific
function.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-23
Diagnostics

Transferring the Function Value

Some SFCs also use the output parameter RET_VAL to transfer the function value,
for example, SFC64 TIMETCK transfers the system time it has read using
RET_VAL.
You can find more detailed information on the output parameter RET_VAL in the
Help on SFBs/SFCs.

21.9.3 Error OBs as a Reaction to Detected Errors

Detectable Errors
The system program can detect the following errors:
• CPU functioning incorrectly
• Error in the system program execution
• Errors in the user program
• Error in the I/Os
Depending on the type of error, the CPU is set to STOP mode or an error OB is
called.

Programming Reactions
You can design programs to react to the various types of errors and to determine
the way in which the CPU reacts. The program for a particular error can then be
saved in an error OB. If the error OB is called, the program is executed.

An error occurs...

The CPU calls the corresponding error OB.

If an error OB is programmed, the CPU executes

the program in the OB. If no error OB is
programmed, the CPU goes into "STOP" mode.
(Exception: OB 81)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-24 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

Error OBs
A distinction is made between synchronous and asynchronous errors as follows:
• Synchronous errors can be assigned to an MC7 instruction (for example, load
instruction for a signal module which has been removed).
• Asynchronous errors can be assigned to a priority class or to the entire
programmable logic controller (for example, cycle time exceeded).
The following table shows what types of errors can occur. Refer to your
"S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation Manual" or the
"S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Hardware and Installation Manual"
for information as to whether your CPU provides the specified OBs.

Error Class Error Type OB Priority

Redundancy I/O redundancy error (only OB 70 25
in H CPUs)
CPU redundancy error OB 72 28
(only in H CPUs)
Communication OB 73 25
Redundancy Error
Asynchronous Time error OB 80 26
Power supply error OB 81 (or 28 if the error OB is called
Diagnostic Interrupt OB 82 in the startup program)
Insert/remove module OB 83
interrupt
CPU hardware fault OB 84
Program sequence error OB 85
Rack failure OB 86
Communication error OB 87
Synchronous Programming error OB 121 Priority of the OB that caused
the error
I/O access error OB 122

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-25
Diagnostics

Example of Using Error OB81

Using the local data (start information) of the error OB, you can evaluate the type of
error that has occurred.
If, for example, the CPU detects a battery error, the operating system calls OB81
(see figure).

The CPU detects a OB 81 checks the type of power

battery error. supply error that was detected and
displays whether the error was
OB 81 caused by a battery failure.

Types of power supply error

21 Battery exhausted
Operating Program 1
(CPU)
system execution
22 No backup voltage
(CPU)
23 24 V power supply failure
1
(CPU)
31 Battery exhausted
1
(Expansion unit)
32 No backup voltage
1
(Expansion unit)
33 24V power supply failure
1
(Expansion unit)
1
Not with the S7-300.

You can write a program that evaluates the event code triggered by the OB81 call.
You can also write a program that brings about a reaction, such as activating an
output connected to a lamp on the operator station.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-26 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

Local Data of Error OB81

The following table shows the temporary variables that must be declared, in this
case, in the variable declaration table of OB81.
The symbol Battery error (BOOL) must be identified as an output (for example,
Q 4.0) so that other parts of the program can access these data.

Decl. Name Type Description

TEMP OB81EVCLASS BYTE Error class/error identifier 39xx
TEMP OB81FLTID BYTE Error code:
b#16#21 =
At least one backup battery of the CPU is
1)
exhausted
b#16#22 =
No backup voltage in the CPU
b#16#23 =
Failure of the 24-V power supply in
1
the CPU
b#16#31 =
At least one backup battery of an expansion
1)
rack is exhausted
b#16#32 =
Backup voltage not present in an expansion
1
rack
b#16#33 =
Failure of the 24-V power supply of an
1)
expansion rack
TEMP OB81PRIORITY BYTE Priority class = 26/28
TEMP OB81OBNUMBR BYTE 81 = OB81
TEMP OB81RESERVED1 BYTE Reserved
TEMP OB81RESERVED2 BYTE Reserved
TEMP OB81MDLADDR INT Reserved
TEMP OB81RESERVED3 BYTE Only relevant for error codes B#16#31,
B#16#32, B#16#33
TEMP OB81RESERVED4 BYTE
TEMP OB81RESERVED5 BYTE
TEMP OB81RESERVED6 BYTE
TEMP OB81DATETIME DATEAND Date and time at which the OB was started
TIME
1)
= Not with the S7-300.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-27
Diagnostics

Sample Program for the Error OB81

The sample STL program shows how you can read the error code in OB81.
The program is structured as follows:
• The error code in OB81 (OB81FLTID) is read and compared with the value of
the event ”battery exhausted" (B#16#3921).
• If the error code corresponds to the code for ”battery exhausted," the program
jumps to the label Berr and activates the output batteryerror.
• If the error code does not correspond to the code for ”battery exhausted," the
program compares the code with the code for ”battery failure".
• If the error code corresponds to the code for ”battery failure," the program
jumps to the label Berr and activates the output batteryerror. Otherwise the
block is terminated.

AWL Description
L B#16#21 // Compare event code "battery exhausted"
//(B#16#21) with
L #OB81_FLT_ID // the error code for OB81.
==I // If the same (battery is exhausted),
// jump to Berr.
JC Berr
L B#16#22 // Compare event code "battery failure"
//(b#16#22) with
==I // the error code for OB81.
JC BF // If the same, jump to Berr.
BEU // No message about battery failure

Berr: L B#16#39 // Compare the ID for the next event with

L #OB81_EV_CLASS // the error code for OB81.
==I // If a battery failure or an exhausted battery
// is found,
S batteryerror // set the output "battery error."
// (Variable from the symbol table)
L B#16#38 // Compare the ID for the concluding event with
==I // the error code for OB81.
R batteryerror // reset the output "battery error, when
// the error is fixed.

You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs, as well as an
explanation of event IDs, in the corresponding Help on Blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-28 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.9.4 Inserting Substitute Values for Error Detection

With certain types of error (for example, a wire break affecting an input signal), you
can supply substitute values for values that are not available due to the error.
There are two ways in which you can supply substitute values:
• You can assign substitute values for configurable output modules using
STEP 7. Output modules that cannot have parameters assigned have the
default substitute value 0.
• Using SFC44 RPLVAL, you can program substitute values in error OBs (only
for input modules).
For all load instructions that lead to synchronous errors, you can specify a
substitute value for the accumulator content in the error OB.

Sample Program for Substituting a Value

In the following sample program, a substitute value is made available in SFC44
RPLVAL. The following figure shows how OB122 is called when the CPU
recognizes that an input module is not reacting.

OB1
L PIB0
T IB0
OB 122
SFC44

RPL_VAL

In this example, the substitute value in the following figure is entered in the
program so that the program can continue to operate with feasible values.

Substitute value: 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

Start_Sw I 0.0
Stop_Sw I 0.1

Stand_Eval I 0.3
Full_Sw I 0.4

If an input module fails, the processing of the statement L PIB0 produces a

synchronous error and starts OB122. As standard, the load instruction reads in the
value 0. With SFC44, however, you can define any substitute value suitable for the
process. The SFC replaces the accumulator content with the specified substitute
value.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-29
Diagnostics

The following sample program could be written in OB122. The following table
shows the temporary variables that must be declared, in this case, in the variable
declaration table of OB122.

Decl. Name Type Description

TEMP OB122EVCLASS BYTE Error class/error ID 29xx
TEMP OB122SWFLT BYTE Error code:
1) 1)
16#42, 16#43, 16#44 , 16#45
TEMP OB122PRIORITY BYTE Priority class = priority of the OB in which the
error occurred
TEMP OB122OBNUMBR BYTE 122 = OB122
TEMP OB122BLKTYPE BYTE Block type in which the error occurred
TEMP OB122MEMAREA BYTE Memory area and type of access
TEMP OB122MEMADDR WORD Address in the memory at which the error
occurred
TEMP OB122BLKNUM WORD Number of the block in which the error
occurred
TEMP OB122PRGADDR WORD Relative address of the instruction that caused
the error
TEMP OB122DATETIME DATEANDTIME Date and time at which the OB was started
TEMP Error INT Saves the error code of SFC44
1)
Not with the S7-300.

STL Description
L B#16#2942 Compare the event code of OB122 with the event code
L (B#16#2942) for the acknowledgement of a time error
#OB122SWFLT when reading the I/O. If the same, jump to ”Aerr".
==I Compare the event code of OB122 with the event code
(B#16#2943) for an addressing error (writing to a module
JC Aerr
that does not exist). If not the same, jump to ”Stop."
L B#16#2943
Label ”Aerr": transfers DW#16#2912 (binary 10010) to
<> I SFC44 (REPL_VAL). SFC44 loads this value in
JC Stop accumulator 1 (and substitutes the value that triggered
the OB122 call). The SFC error code is saved in #Error.
Aerr: CALL ”REPL_VAL"
Compare #Error with 0 (if the same, no error occurred
VAL : = DW#16#2912 when executing OB122). End the block if no error
RETVAL : = #Error occurred.
L #Error "Stop" label: calls SFC46 ”STP" and changes the CPU to
L 0 STOP mode.
==I
BEC

Stop: CALL ”STP"

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-30 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.9.5 I/O Redundancy Error (OB70)

Description
The operating system of a H CPU calls OB70 if a loss of redundancy occurs on the
PROFIBUS DP (for example, if there is a bus failure on the active DP master or an
error in the DP slave interface module) or if the active DP master changes from
DP slaves with switched I/Os.

Programming OB70
You must create OB70 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB70 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB70, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB70 and determine which event triggered
the loss of I/O redundancy.
• To determine the status of your system using SFC51 RDSYSST
(SZLID=B#16#71).
The CPU does not change to STOP mode if an I/O redundancy error occurs and
OB70 is not programmed.
If OB70 is downloaded and the H system is not in redundant mode, OB70 is
processed in both CPUs. The H system remains in redundant mode.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.6 CPU Redundancy Error (OB72)

Description
The operating system of the H CPU calls OB72 if one of the following events
occurs:
• Loss of redundancy on the CPUs
• Comparison error (for example, RAM, PIQ)
• Standby-master switchover
• Synchronization error
• Error in a SYNC submodule
• Update process aborted
• OB72 is executed by all CPUs which are in RUN mode or STARTUP mode
after an accompanying start event.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-31
Diagnostics

Programming OB72
You must create OB72 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB72 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB72, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB72 and determine which event triggered
the loss of CPU redundancy.
• To determine the status of your system using SFC51 RDSYSST
(SZLID=B#16#71).
• To react to the loss of CPU redundancy specifically for the plant.
The CPU does not change to STOP mode if a CPU redundancy error occurs and
OB72 is not programmed.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.7 Communication Redundancy Error (OB73)

Description
The operating system of the H CPU calls the OB73 at the first occurrence of a loss
of redundancy in a redundant S7 connection. (Redundant S7 connections exist
exclusively in S7 communication; see "S7-400 H Programmable Controller
Redundant Systems".) With a loss of redundancy of additional redundant
S7-connections, OB73 does not start again.
OB73 does not restart until you have restored the redundancy to all of the
S7 connections that were redundant.
The CPU does not change to STOP mode if a corresponding start event occurs
and OB73 is not programmed.

Programming OB73
You must create OB73 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB73 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB73 for purposes such as the following:
• To evaluate the start information of OB73 and determine which event triggered
the loss of I/O redundancy.
• To determine the status of your system using SFC51 RDSYSST
(SZL_ID=B#16#71).
The CPU does not change to STOP mode if a communication redundancy error
occurs and OB73 is not programmed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-32 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

If OB73 is loaded and the H system is in redundant operation, OB73 is executed in

both CPUs. The H system remains in redundant operation.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.8 Time Error (OB80)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB80 when a time error occurs. Time errors
include the following, for example:
• Maximum cycle time exceeded
• Time-of-day interrupts skipped by moving the time forward
• Delay too great when processing a priority class

Programming OB80
You must create OB80 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB80 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB80, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB80 and to determine which time-of-day
interrupts were skipped.
• By including SFC29 CANTINT, you can deactivate the skipped time-of-day
interrupt so that it is not executed and only time-of-day interrupts relative to the
new time will be executed.
If you do not deactivate skipped time-of-day interrupts in OB80, the first skipped
time-of-day interrupt is executed, all others are ignored.
If you do not program OB80, the CPU changes to STOP mode when a time error is
detected.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-33
Diagnostics

21.9.9 Power Supply Error (OB81)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB81 if one of the following fails in a CPU
or an expansion unit
• The 24-V voltage supply
• A battery
• The complete backup
This OB is also called when the problem has been eliminated (the OB is called
when an event comes and goes).

Programming OB81
You must create OB81 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB81 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can, for example, use OB81 for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB81 and determine which power supply
error has occurred.
• To find out the number of the rack with the defective power supply.
• To activate a lamp on an operator station to indicate that maintenance
personnel should replace a battery.
If you do not program OB81, the CPU does not change to STOP mode if a power
supply error is detected, in contrast to all other asynchronous error OBs. The error
is, however, entered in the diagnostic buffer and the corresponding LED on the
front panel indicates the error.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.10 Diagnostic Interrupt (OB82)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB82 when a module with diagnostics
capability on which you have enabled the diagnostic interrupt detects an error and
when the error is eliminated (the OB is called when the event comes and goes).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-34 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

Programming OB82
You must create OB82 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB82 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can, for example, use OB82 for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB82.
• To obtain exact diagnostic information about the error that has occurred.
When a diagnostic interrupt is triggered, the module on which the problem has
occurred automatically enters 4 bytes of diagnostic data and their start address in
the start information of the diagnostic interrupt OB and in the diagnostic buffer. This
provides you with information about when an error occurred and on which module.
With a suitable program in OB82, you can evaluate further diagnostic data for the
module (which channel the error occurred on, which error has occurred). Using
SFC51 RDSYSST, you can read out the module diagnostic data and enter this
information in the diagnostic buffer with SFC52 WRUSRMSG. You can also send a
user-defined diagnostic message to a monitoring device.
If you do not program OB82, the CPU changes to STOP mode when a diagnostic
interrupt is triggered.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.11 Insert/Remove Module Interrupt (OB83)

Description
S7-400 CPUs monitor the presence of modules in the central rack and expansion
racks at intervals of approximately 1 second.
After the power supply is turned on, the CPU checks whether all the modules listed
in the configuration table created with STEP 7 are actually inserted. If all the
modules are present, the actual configuration is saved and is used as a reference
value for cyclic monitoring of the modules. In each scan cycle, the newly detected
actual configuration is compared with the previous actual configuration. If there are
discrepancies between the configurations, an insert/remove module interrupt is
signaled and an entry is made in the diagnostic buffer and the system status list. In
RUN mode, the insert/remove module interrupt OB is started.

Note
Power supply modules, CPUs, and IMs must not be removed in RUN mode.
Between removing and inserting a module, at least two seconds must be allowed to pass
so that the CPU can detect that a module has been removed or inserted.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-35
Diagnostics

Assigning Parameters to a Newly Inserted Module

If a module is inserted in RUN mode, the CPU checks whether the module type of
the new module matches the original module. If they match, the module is
assigned parameters. Either the default parameters or the parameters you
assigned with STEP 7 are transferred to the module.

Programming OB83
You must create OB83 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB83 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB83, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB83.
• By including system functions SFC55 to 59, to assign parameters to a newly
inserted module.
If you do not program OB83, the CPU changes from RUN to STOP when an
insert/remove module interrupt occurs.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.12 CPU Hardware Fault (OB84)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB84 when an error is detected on the
interface to the MPI network, to the communication bus, or to the network card for
the distributed I/Os; for example, if an incorrect signal level is detected on the line.
The OB is also called when the error is eliminated (the OB is called when the event
comes and goes).

Programming OB84
You must create OB84 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB84 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB84, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB84.
• By including system function SFC52 WRUSMSG to send a message to the
diagnostic buffer.
If you do not program OB84, the CPU changes to STOP mode when a CPU
hardware fault is detected.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-36 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.9.13 Program Sequence Error (OB85)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB85:
• When a start event for an interrupt OB exists but the OB cannot be executed
because it has not been downloaded to the CPU.
• When an error occurs accessing the instance data block of a system function
block.
• When an error occurs updating the process image table (module does not exist
or defective).

Programming OB85
You must create OB85 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB85 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB85, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB85 and determine which module is
defective or not inserted (the module start address is specified).
• By including SFC49 LGCGADR to find out the slot of the module involved.
If you do not program OB85, the CPU changes to STOP mode when a priority
class error is detected.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.14 Rack Failure (OB86)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB86 when a rack failure is detected; for
example:
• Rack failure (missing or defective IM or break on the connecting cable)
• Distributed power failure on a rack
• Failure of a DP slave in a master system of the SINEC L2-DP bus system
The OB is also called when the error is eliminated (the OB is called when the event
comes and goes).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-37
Diagnostics

Programming OB86
You must create OB86 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB86 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB86, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB86 and determine which rack is
defective or missing.
• To enter a message in the diagnostic buffer with system function SFC 52
WRUSMSG and to send the message to a monitoring device.
If you do not program OB86, the CPU changes to STOP mode when a rack failure
is detected.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.15 Communication Error (OB87)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB87 when a communication error occurs
in data exchange using communication function blocks or in global data
communication, for example:
• When receiving global data, an incorrect frame ID was detected
• The data block for the status information of the global data does not exist or is
too short.

Programming OB87
You must create OB87 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB87 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB87, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB87.
• To create a data block if the data block for the status information of global data
communication is missing.
If you do not program OB87, the CPU changes to STOP mode when a
communication error is detected.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-38 A5E00069873-03
 Diagnostics

21.9.16 Programming Error (OB121)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB121 when a programming error occurs,
for example:
• Addressed timers do not exist.
• A called block is not loaded.

Programming OB121
You must create OB121 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB121 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB121, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB121.
• To enter the cause of an error in a message data block.
If you do not program OB121, the CPU changes to STOP mode when a
programming error is detected.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

21.9.17 I/O Access Error (OB122)

Description
The operating system of the CPU calls OB122 when a STEP 7 instruction
accesses an input or output of a signal module to which no module was assigned
at the last warm restart, for example:
• Errors with direct I/O access (module defective or missing)
• Access to an I/O address that is not known to the CPU.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 21-39
Diagnostics

Programming OB122
You must create OB122 as an object in your S7 program using STEP 7. Write the
program to be executed in OB122 in the generated block and download it to the
CPU as part of your user program.
You can use OB122, for example, for the following purposes:
• To evaluate the start information of OB122
• To call the system function SFC 44 and supply a substitute value for an input
module so that program execution can continue with a meaningful, process-
dependent value.
If you do not program OB122, the CPU changes to STOP mode when an I/O
access error is detected.
You can find detailed information on OBs, SFBs, and SFCs in the corresponding
Help on Blocks.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

21-40 A5E00069873-03
22 Printing and Archiving

22.1 Printing Project Documentation

22.1.1 Printing Project Documentation

Once you have finished creating the program for your automation task, you can
print out all the important data for project documentation purposes using the print
functions integrated in STEP 7.

Parts of the Project You Can Print

You can print the contents of objects both directly from the SIMATIC Manager and
by opening the respective object and starting the print procedure.
The following parts of a project can be printed directly via the SIMATIC Manager:
• Object tree (structure of the project/library)
• Object lists (contents of an object folder)
• Object contents
• Messages
By opening the respective object, the following parts of a project can be printed:
• Blocks in Ladder Logic, Statement List, or Function Block Diagram
representation or in other languages (optional software)
• Symbol table with the symbolic names for absolute addresses
• Configuration table with the arrangement of modules in the programmable
controller and the module parameters
• Diagnostic buffer content
• Variable table with monitor formats, and monitor and modify values
• Reference data; such as cross-reference lists, assignment lists, program
structures, lists of unused addresses, lists of addresses without symbols
• Global data table
• Module information with the module status
• Operator related texts (user texts and text libraries)
• Documents from optional packages such as other programming languages

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 22-1
Printing and Archiving

DOCPRO Optional Package

To create, edit, and print standardized wiring manuals you can use the optional
software package DOCPRO. This creates plant documentation that fulfils the DIN
and ANSI standards.

22.1.2 Basic Procedure when Printing

To print, proceed as follows:

1. Open the appropriate object to display the information you want to print on the
screen.
2. Open the ”Print" dialog box using the menu command File > Print in the
application window. Depending on which application you are in, the first entry
in the menu bar may not be ”File", but the object processed by the application,
such as ”Symbol Table."
3. If necessary, change the print options (printer, print range, number of copies
etc.) in the dialog box and close it.
Some dialog boxes have a "Print" button, for example, the "Module Information"
dialog box. Click this button to print the contents of the dialog box.
Blocks do not need to be opened. You can print them directly in the SIMATIC
Manager using the menu command File > Print.

22.1.3 Print Functions

The following additional functions are available for printing print objects:

Print Objects Menu Command Function Function Function Function

Print preview Page setup Headers and Print setup
footers
Blocks, STL File > * • • − •
source files
Module − • − −
information
Global data GD Table> * • • − •
table
Configuration Station > * • • − •
table
Object, object File > * − • • •
folder
Reference data Reference Data > • • − •
*
Symbol table Symbol Table > * • • − •

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

22-2 A5E00069873-03
 Printing and Archiving

Print Objects Menu Command Function Function Function Function

Print preview Page setup Headers and Print setup
footers
Variable table Table > * − • − •
Connection Network > * • • − •
table
Operator Texts • • − •
related texts
(user texts, text
libraries)
* : The * symbol serves as a wildcard for the respective function in the menu command
(e.g. print preview or page setup)

Step-for-step instructions for printing the individual print objects can be found
under:
How to Print .

Print Preview
You can use the "Print Preview" function to display the page layout of the
document to be printed.
If the document consists of several pages, two periods appear after the page
number in the bottom right corner of the page. The last page does not have these
periods, indicating no more pages are to follow.

Note
The print format of the finished document is not displayed in the print preview.

Setting the Page Format

You can set the page format for all STEP 7 applications and optional packages
which you want to print (for example, A4, A5, Letter) in the SIMATIC Manager with
the menu command File > Page Setup. Temporary settings, valid only for the
current session, can be set in individual applications (e.g. Symbol Editor).
Adjust the layout of the document so that it matches the required paper format. If
the document is too wide, the right-hand margin will be printed on a consecutive
page.
If you select a page format with a margin (for example, A4 Margin), the printed
document has a margin on the left of the page that you can use to punch holes for
binding.

Note
If you require help on the "Page Setup" dialog box, click the "Help" button or press
F1 while the cursor is positioned on the dialog box.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 22-3
Printing and Archiving

Setting Headers and Footers

With the "File > Headers and Footers" function in the SIMATIC Manager, you can
set headers and footers for the documents you want to print throughout the project.
If the document consists of several pages, two periods appear after the page
number in the bottom right corner of the page. The last page does not have these
periods, indicating no more pages are to follow. This is a quick way of checking
whether the printout is complete. The two periods are also visible in the print
preview.

Print Setup
With the "Print Setup" function, you can select a printer and set the paper format
(portrait or landscape). The settings available for this function depend on the type
of print driver used.

22.1.4 Special Note on Printing the Object Tree

In the "Print Object List" dialog box, in addition to the object list you can also print
the object tree by selecting the option "Tree window."
If you select the option "All" under "Print range," the whole tree structure is printed.
If you select the option button "Selection," the tree structure from the selected
object downwards is printed.

Note
The settings made in the dialog box apply only to printing the list or tree and not
for printing the contents of the objects; the settings in the relevant applications are
used for this.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

22-4 A5E00069873-03
 Printing and Archiving

22.2 Archiving Projects and Libraries

22.2.1 Archiving Projects and Libraries

You can store individual projects or libraries in compressed form in an archive file.
This compressed storage procedure is possible on a hard disk or on a portable
data medium (such as a floppy disk).

Archive Programs
The archive function provides you with an interface for calling the archive program
of your choice. The archive programs ARJ and PKZIP 2.50 are included as a part
of the STEP 7 package. You will require the following versions if you use one of the
archive programs below (or a newer version):
• ARJ from version 2.4.1a
• PKZIP from version 2.04g
• LHARC from version 2.13
• WinZip from version 6.0
• JAR from version 1.02

Recommendation for Archiving

Projects that have long file names (longer than the 8.3 DOS convention) or contain
deep nested directory structures (with directories whose absolute path name is
longer than 64 characters) should only be archived with the archive programs
PKZIP 2.50, WinZip, or JAR. With other archive programs, there is no guarantee
that these structures will be maintained and that the archive files will unpack
completely and correctly. This applies particularly to projects which contain objects
from the optional package WinCC.

22.2.2 Uses for Saving/Archiving

Save As
With this function you create a copy of the project under another name.
You can use this function:
• To create backup copies
• To duplicate an existing project in order to adapt it for other purposes.
To use the fastest method of creating a copy, select the "Save As" option without
rearranging in the dialog box. The whole file structure from the project directory
down is copied without a check and saved under another name.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 22-5
Printing and Archiving

There must be sufficient space on the data medium to store the backup copy. Do
not attempt to save projects to diskette as there will not generally be sufficient
space available. To transport project data on diskette use the "Archive" function.
Saving with rearranging takes longer, but a message is displayed if an object
cannot be copied and saved. Causes for this may be a missing optional package or
defective data for an object.

Archive
You can store individual projects or libraries in compressed form in an archive file.
This compressed storage procedure is possible on a hard disk or on a portable
data medium (such as a floppy disk).
Only transport projects on diskette in the form of archive files. If the project is too
large, select an archive program with which disk-crossing archives can be created.
Projects or libraries which were compressed into an archive file cannot be edited. If
you want to edit them again you must unpack the data which means retrieving the
project or library.

22.2.3 Requirements for Archiving

To archive a project or library, the following requirements must be fulfilled:

• You must have installed the archive program in your system. The link to
STEP 7 is explained in the online help topic "Steps for Archiving/Retrieving."
• All the data for the project without exception must be in the project directory or
a subdirectory of the project. When working with the C development
environment, it is possible to store data in other locations. These data would
then not be included in the archive file.
• The file names must fulfil the DOS name conventions (eight characters for the
name plus three characters for the extension) if you work with one of the
archive programs ARJ, PKZip Version 2.04g or LHArc because these archive
programs are DOS programs. PKZip Version 2.50, Jar and WinZip must not
fulfil the name conventions.

22.2.4 Procedure for Archiving/Retrieving

You archive/retrieve your project or library using the menu command File >
Archive or File > Retrieve.

Note
Projects or libraries which were compressed into an archive file cannot be edited.
If you want to edit them again you must unpack the data which means retrieving
the project or library.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

22-6 A5E00069873-03
 Printing and Archiving

When retrieving, the retrieved projects or libraries are automatically included in the
project/library list.

Setting the Target Directory

To set the target directory, use the menu command Options > Customize in the
SIMATIC Manager to open the "Customize" dialog box.
In the "Archive" tab of this dialog box you can switch the option "Check target
directory on retrieval" on and off.
If this option is deactivated, the path set in the "General" tab of the same dialog box
for "Storage location for projects" and "Storage location for libraries" is used as the
target directory for retrieving.

Copying an Archive File to Diskette

You can archive a project/library and then copy the archive file to a diskette. It is
also possible to select a floppy disk drive in the ”Archive" dialog box as the target
directory.

Note on Retrieving with PKZIP 2.04g

If the "Disk-crossing archive" option was activated when you created an archive on
diskette using the archive program PKZIP, the program prompts you to insert the
last diskette of the archive when you extract the archive. PKUNZIP always displays
the following message in the DOS window:
Insert the LAST disk of the backup set - Press a key when
ready.
This message appears even if the archive was created with the option "Disk-
crossing archive" but the whole archive fits on one single diskette.
Ignore the message in this case and confirm the dialog by pressing any key.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 22-7
Printing and Archiving

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

22-8 A5E00069873-03
23 When Several Users are Editing the Same
Project

23.1 Multi-User Configuration in a Network

Overview
In STEP 7 you can work in Windows 95/98/NT/2000 Workgroups and NT/Novell
networks in a multi-user configuration. There are three different possible methods:
• The project is on a local drive and is also used from another workstation.

Example: Workstations 1 and 2 access project A on workstation 1.

• The project is on a project/network server.

Example: Workstations 1 and 2 access project C on the network server.

• The projects are distributed among the local drives and one or more
project/network servers.

Example: Workstations 1 and 2 access projects A, B, and C.

PC network
STEP 7 STEP 7
workstation 1 workstation 2

Project A Project B

Project C

Windows NT group server

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 23-1
When Several Users are Editing the Same Project

Guidelines for Storing Projects on Network Servers

• When you store your projects on network servers, the access path must
always be assigned a drive letter.
• When you store your projects on network servers or on enabled drives of other
network users, Windows 95/98/NT/2000 can only be shut down on those
servers or network nodes when all STEP 7 applications that access the
projects are closed.

Guidelines for Multi-User Editing of S7 Programs

You should note the following:
• Before a number of users can work on one S7 program, you must set the
workstation configuration (menu command Start > Simatic > STEP 7 >
Configure SIMATIC Workspace).
• Blocks and STL source files:
Each user should program a different block or source file. If two users attempt
to edit a block or source file at the same time, a message is displayed, and
access is denied for the second user.
• Symbol table:
Several users can open the symbol table at the same time but only one user
can edit it. If two users attempt to edit the symbol table at the same time, a
message is displayed, and access is denied for the second user.
• Variable tables:
Several users can open the variable table at the same time but only one user
can edit it. If two users attempt to edit the variable table at the same time, a
message is displayed, and access is denied for the second user. There can be
a number of variable tables in an S7 program. These can, of course, be edited
separately and independently of each other.

Guidelines for Multi-User Editing of Stations

You should note the following:
• The hardware configuration and the network configuration of a station should
only be edited centrally by one user.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

23-2 A5E00069873-03
24 Working with M7 Programmable Control
Systems

24.1 Procedure for M7 Systems

The standard PC architecture of the M7-300/M7-400 automation computer forms a
freely programmable extension to the SIMATIC automation platform. You can
programs the user programs for SIMATIC M7 in a high-level language such as C or
graphically using CFC (Continuous Function Chart).
To create the programs, you will also require the system software M7-SYS RT for
M7-300/400 and a development environment for M7 programs (ProC/C++ or CFC)
in addition to STEP 7.

Basic Procedure
When you create an automation solution with SIMATIC M7, there are a series of
basic tasks. The following table shows the tasks that need to be performed for
most projects and assigns them to a basic procedure. The table also gives
references to the relevant chapter in this manual or other manuals.

Procedure Description
Design automation solution M7-specific;
refer to:
M7-SYS RT Programming
Manual
Start STEP 7 As for S7
Create project structure As for S7
Set up station
Configure the hardware
Configure communication connections As for S7
Define symbol table As for S7
Create C or CFC user program M7-specific;
refer to: ProC/C++
Configure operating system M7-specific;
Install operating system on M7-300/M7-400 refer to:
Download hardware configuration and user program to M7 M7-SYS RT User Manual
Test and debug user program ProC/C++
Monitor operation and M7 diagnostics As for S7, but without
user-defined diagnostics
Printing and archiving As for S7

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 24-1
Working with M7 Programmable Control Systems

What Is Different in M7?

For M7-300/M7-400, the following functions are not supported in STEP 7:
• Multicomputing – synchronous operation of several CPUs
• Force variables
• Global data communication
• User-defined diagnostics

Managing M7 Programmable Control Systems

STEP 7 offers you specific support with the following tasks on M7 programmable
control systems:
• Installing an operating system on the M7-300/M7-400
• Configuring the operating system by editing system files
• Downloading user programs to the M7-300/M7-400
• Updating the firmware
To access M7 programmable control system management, select the following
menu command from the context of a project that contains stations with M7 CPUs
or FMs, with the M7 program folder selected:
PLC > Manage M7 System
You will find detailed instructions in the online help and user manual for M7-SYS
RT.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

24-2 A5E00069873-03
 Working with M7 Programmable Control Systems

24.2 Optional Software for M7 Programming

M7 Optional Software
STEP 7 provides you with the basic functions you require to do the following:
• Create and manage projects
• Configure and assign parameters to the hardware
• Configure networks and connections
• Manage symbol data
These functions are provided regardless of whether you are using a SIMATIC S7
or SIMATIC M7 programmable controller.
To create M7 applications, you will require the M7 optional software in addition to
STEP 7.

Software Content
M7-SYS RT • M7 RMOS32 operating system
• M7-API system library
• Support for MPI
CFC for S7 and M7 Programming software for CFC (Continuous Function Chart)
programs
M7-ProC/C++ • Link for the Borland development environment in STEP 7
• Symbol import editor and generator
• Organon xdb386 high-level language debugging tool
Borland C++ Borland C/C++ development environment

In conjunction with the M7 optional software, STEP 7 can also support the following
additional tasks:
• Downloading data to the M7 programmable control system via the multipoint
interface (MPI)
• Requesting information about the M7 programmable control system
• Making particular settings on the M7 programmable control system and
resetting the M7
The following figure shows the dependencies of the M7 optional software for
M7 programming.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 24-3
Working with M7 Programmable Control Systems

C/C++ Programs CFC Programs

M7 ProC/C++ CFC for S7 and M7

Borland C++

M7 SYS RT

Summary

To create... You will require the M7 software option...

C/C++ programs 1. M7-SYS RT
2. M7-ProC/C++
3. Borland C++
CFC programs 1. M7-SYS RT
2. CFC for S7 and M7
3. Borland C++

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

24-4 A5E00069873-03
 Working with M7 Programmable Control Systems

Which Software Offers Which Type of Support?

The specific tools required to create M7 applications are partly integrated in
STEP 7 and partly in the M7 software options.
The following table shows you which software package supports which tasks:

Software Support Offered

STEP 7 • Installing the M7 operating system
• Managing the M7 programmable control system
• Downloading, starting, and deleting the M7 programs
• Displaying status and diagnostic data
• Resetting the CPU
M7-SYS RT The M7 operating system and M7 system software utilities help with
the following:
• Controlling program processing
• Managing memory and resources
• Access to computer hardware and SIMATIC hardware
• Handling interrupts
• Diagnostics
• Status monitoring
• Communication
M7-ProC/C++ • By integrated code creation (integrating the Borland
development environment into STEP 7)
• By linking project symbols into the source code
• By integrated debugging functions
Borland C++ • Creating C and C++ programs
CFC for S7 and M7 • Creating, testing, and debugging CFC programs
• Starting and running CFC programs

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 24-5
Working with M7 Programmable Control Systems

24.3 M7-300/M7-400 Operating Systems

The utilities offered by the operating system are of prime importance for
applications created using the high-level languages C and C++. The operating
system takes on the following tasks for the application:
• Accessing the hardware
• Managing resources
• System integration
• Communication with other components in the system
To solve automation tasks, the M7 RMOS32 (Realtime Multitasking Operating
System) real-time operating system is used with the SIMATIC M7 automation
computer. M7 RMOS32 has been extended to include a call interface, the M7 API
(Application Programming Interface) to integrate it into the SIMATIC system.
The real-time operating system M7 RMOS32 is used for 32-bit applications in
time-critical, real-time, and multitasking solutions. It is available in the following
configurations for M7 modules:
• M7 RMOS32
• M7 RMOS32 with MS-DOS
The operating system configuration you choose for your M7 programmable control
system depends on the M7 modules you are using:

Operating System Module / PROFIBUS-DP and TCP/IP Installation on

Configuration Main Memory Yes/No Mass Memory
M7 RMOS32 FM 356-4 / 4 MB No Memory card ≥4 MB
FM 356-4 / 8 MB Yes or hard disk
CPU 388-4 / 8 MB Yes
FM 456-4 / 16 MB Yes
CPU 488-3 / 16 MB Yes
CPU 486-3 / 16 MB Yes
M7 RMOS32 FM 356-4 / 8 MB No Memory card ≥4 MB
with MS-DOS CPU 388-4 / 8 MB No or hard disk
FM 456-4 / 16 MB Yes
CPU 488-3 / 16 MB Yes
CPU 486-3 / 16 MB Yes

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

24-6 A5E00069873-03
25 Tips and Tricks

25.1 Exchanging Modules in the Configuration Table

If you using HW Config to revise a station configuration and you want to exchange
a module for one with a new order number for example, proceed as follows:
1. Use a drag-and-drop operation to drag the module from the Hardware Catalog
window over the old module that is already placed.
2. Drop the new module. To the extent possible, the new module assumes the
parameters of the one that was already inserted.
This procedure is faster than exchanging modules by deleting the old module and
then inserting the new one and assigning parameters to it.
You can turn this function on or off in HW Config by means of the menu command
Options > Settings ("Enable Module Swapping")

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 25-1
Tips and Tricks

25.2 Projects with a Large Number of Networked Stations

If you configure all stations one after the other and then call NetPro by means of
the menu command Options > Configure Network in order to configure
connections, the stations are placed in the network view automatically. This
procedure has the disadvantage that you then have to arrange the stations and
subnets according to topological criteria later.
If your project includes a large number of networked stations and you want to
configure connections between these stations, you should configure the system
structure in the network view from the beginning to preserve the overview:
1. Create the new project in the SIMATIC Manager (menu command File > New).
2. Start NetPro (menu command Options > Configure Network)
3. Create in NetPro station for station as follows:
- Use a drag-and-drop operation to place the station from the Catalog
window.
- Double-click the station to start HW Config.
- Use a drag-and-drop operation to place the modules with communication
capability (CPUs, CPs, FMs, IF modules) in HW Config.
- If you want to network these modules, double-click on the corresponding
rows in the configuration table to create new subnets and to network the
interfaces.
- Save the configuration and switch to NetPro.
- In NetPro, position stations and subnets (move objects with the mouse
until you have reached the position you want)
4. Configure the connections in NetPro and correct the networking where
necessary.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

25-2 A5E00069873-03
 Tips and Tricks

25.3 Rearranging
If unexplained problems occur when working with STEP 7, it often helps to
rearrange the database of the project or library.
Select the menu command File > Rearrange to do this. This removes any gaps
which occur when contents are deleted, meaning that the amount of memory
required for the project/library data is reduced.
The function optimizes the data storage for the project or library in a similar way to
which a program defragments a hard disk also optimizes file storage on the hard
disk.
The duration of the reorganization process depends on the amount of data to be
moved around and may take some time. The function is therefore not executed
automatically (for example, when you close a project) but must be triggered by the
user when he/she wants to rearrange the project or library.

Requirement
Projects and libraries can only be rearranged if no objects in them are being edited
by other applications and therefore locked for access.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 25-3
Tips and Tricks

25.4 Testing with the Variable Table

For monitoring and modifying variables in the variable table, note the following
editing tips:
• You can enter symbols and addresses in both the "Symbol" column as well as
the "Address" column. The entry is written into the appropriate column
automatically.
• To display the modified value, you should set the trigger point for "Monitoring"
to "Beginning of Scan Cycle" and the trigger point for Modifying" to "End of
Scan Cycle."
• If you place the cursor in a row that is marked with red, you can read the cause
of the error in the tool tip. Press F1 to get suggestions for eliminating the error.
• You can enter only those symbols that are already defined in the symbol table.
You must enter a symbol exactly as it is defined in the symbol table.
Symbol names that contain special characters must be enclosed in quotation
marks (for example, "Motor.Off," "Motor+Off," "Motor-Off").
• Warnings can be switched off in the "Online" tab ("Customize" dialog box).
• The connection can be changed without having previously disconnected the
connection.
• The monitoring trigger can be defined while monitoring variables.
• You can modify selected variables by selecting the rows and executing the
"Force" function. Only the highlighted variables are modified.
• With the "Combine Variables" option you can enlarge the number of variables
which can be monitored ("Online" tab in the "Customize" dialog box).
• Exiting without Confirmation:
If you press the ESC key while "Monitoring," "Modifying" "Release PQ,"
"Monitoring" and "Modifying" are terminated without asking if you want to exit.
• Entering a Contiguous Address Range:
Use the menu command Insert > Range of Variables.
• Displaying and Hiding Columns:
Use the following menu commands to display or hide individual columns:
Symbol: View > Symbol
Symbol comment: View > Symbol Comment
Presentation format of the status value: View > Display Format
Status value of the variables: View > Status Value
Modify value of the variables: View > Modify Value
• Changing the display format of several rows of the table at the same time:
- Select the area of the table in which you want to change the display format
by holding the left mouse button down and dragging across the desired table
area.
- Select the presentation with the menu command View > Select Display
Format. The format is changed only for those rows of the selected table for
which a format change is permitted.
• Input examples by means of the F1 key:
- If you place the cursor in the address column and you press F1, you will
get examples for address inputs.
- If you place the cursor in the modify value column and you press F1, you
will get examples for modify/force value inputs.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

25-4 A5E00069873-03
 Tips and Tricks

25.5 Virtual Work Memory

Another reason for problems occurring in STEP 7 may be too little virtual work
memory.
To work with STEP 7 under Windows 95/98/NT/2000 you should adjust the setting
for the virtual memory. To adjust the setting, proceed as follows:
1. Open the Control Panel from the start bar using the commands Start >
Settings > Control Panel.
2. Double-click the "System" icon.
Under Windows95/98/NT, select the "Performance" tab in the "System
Properties" dialog box.
3. "Performance Characteristics"
Under Windows 2000, select the "Advanced" tab and click on the "System
Performance Options" button.
4. Click the "Virtual Memory" button (under Windows 9x) or the "Change" button
(under Windows NT/2000).
5. Windows 9x only: In the "Virtual Memory" dialog box, select the option "Let me
specify my own virtual memory settings."
6. Enter at least 40 Mbytes as the "Minimum" and at least 150 Mbytes as the
"Maximum."
7. Windows 9x only: Make sure that the option "Disable virtual memory" is
deactivated.
NT only: Click the "Set" button.

Note
As the virtual memory is on the hard disk (default C:) and dynamic, you should
ensure that sufficient memory is available for the directory TMP or TEMP (approx.
20 to 30 Mbytes):
• If the S7 project is also on the same partition on which the virtual memory is
set, approximately twice the size of the S7 project should be available as free
memory space.
• If the project is stored on another partition, this requirement becomes
irrelevant.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 25-5
Tips and Tricks

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

25-6 A5E00069873-03
A Appendix

A.1 Operating Modes

A.1.1 Operating Modes and Mode Transitions

Operating Modes
Operating modes describe the behavior of the CPU at a particular point in time.
Knowing the operating modes of CPUs is useful when programming the startup,
testing the controller, and for troubleshooting.
The S7-300 and S7-400 CPUs can adopt the following operating modes:
• STOP
• STARTUP
• RUN
• HOLD
In STOP mode, the CPU checks whether all the configured modules or modules
set by the default addressing actually exist and sets the I/Os to a predefined initial
status. The user program is not executed in STOP mode.
In STARTUP mode, a distinction is made between the startup types "warm restart,"
"cold restart," and "hot restart:"
• In a warm restart, program processing starts at the beginning of the program
with initial settings for the system data and user address areas (the non-
retentive timers, counters, and bit memory are reset).
• In a cold restart, the process-image input table is read in and the STEP 7 user
program is processed starting at the first command in OB1 (also applies to
warm restart).
- Any data blocks created by SFC in the work memory are deleted; the
remaining data blocks have the preset value from the load memory.
- The process image and all timers, counters, and bit memory are reset,
regardless of whether they were assigned as retentive or not.
• In a hot restart, the program is resumed at the point at which it was interrupted
(timers, counters, and bit memory are not reset). A hot restart is only possible
on S7-400 CPUs.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-1
Appendix

In RUN mode, the CPU executes the user program, updates the inputs and
outputs, services interrupts, and process error messages.
In HOLD mode, processing of the user program is halted and you can test the user
program step by step. The HOLD mode is only possible when you are testing using
the programming device.
In all these modes, the CPU can communicate via the multipoint interface (MPI).

Other Operating Modes

If the CPU is not ready for operation, it is in one of the following modes:
• Off, in other words, the power supply is turned off.
• Defective, in other words, a fault has occurred.
To check whether the CPU is really defective, switch the CPU to STOP and
turn the power switch off and then on again. If the CPU starts up, display the
diagnostic buffer to analyze the problem. If the CPU does not start up it must
be replaced.

Operating Mode Transitions

The following figure shows the operating modes and mode transitions for S7-300
and S7-400 CPUs:

6.
HOLD

5. 4. 10. 9.
2. 7.

3. STARTUP
1. STOP RUN
8.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-2 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

The table shows the conditions under which the operating modes can change.

Transition Description
1. After you turn on the power supply, the CPU is in STOP mode.
2. The CPU changes to STARTUP mode:
• After the CPU is changed to RUN or RUN-P using the keyswitch or by
the programming device.
• After a startup triggered automatically by turning on the power.
• If the RESUME or START communication function is executed.
In both cases the keyswitch must be set to RUN or RUN-P.
3. The CPU changes back to STOP mode when:
• An error is detected during the startup.
• The CPU is changed to STOP by the keyswitch or on the programming
device.
• A stop command is executed in the startup OB.
• The STOP communication function is executed.
4. The CPU changes to HOLD mode when a breakpoint is reached in the
startup program.
5. The CPU changes to STARTUP mode when the breakpoint in a startup
program was set and the ”EXIT HOLD" command was executed (test
functions).
6. The CPU changes back to STOP mode when:
• The CPU is changed to STOP with the keyswitch or by the
programming device.
• The STOP communication command is executed.
7. If the startup is successful, the CPU changes to RUN.
8. The CPU changes back to STOP mode when:
• An error is detected in RUN mode and the corresponding OB is not
loaded.
• The CPU is changed to STOP by the keyswitch or on the programming
device.
• A stop command is executed in the user program.
• The STOP communication function is executed.
9. The CPU changes to HOLD mode when a breakpoint is reached in the user
program.
10. The CPU changes to RUN mode when a breakpoint was set and the
”EXIT HOLD" command is executed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-3
Appendix

Operating Mode Priority

If a number of operating mode transitions are requested simultaneously, the
operating mode with the highest priority is selected. If, for example, the mode
selector is set to RUN and you attempt to set the CPU to STOP at the
programming device, the CPU will change to STOP because this mode has the
highest priority.

Priority Mode
Highest STOP
HOLD
STARTUP
Lowest RUN

A.1.2 STOP Mode

The user program is not executed in STOP mode. All the outputs are set to
substitute values so that the controlled process is in a safe state. The CPU makes
the following checks:
• Are there any hardware problems(for example, modules not available)?
• Should the default setting apply to the CPU or are there parameter sets?
• Are the conditions for the programmed startup behavior satisfied?
• Are there any system software problems?
In STOP mode, the CPU can also receive global data and passive one-way
communication is possible using communication SFBs for configured connections
and communication SFCs for non-configured connections.

Memory Reset
The CPU memory can be reset in STOP mode. The memory can be reset manually
using the keyswitch (MRES) or from the programming device (for example, before
downloading a user program).
Resetting the CPU memory returns the CPU to its initial status, as follows:
• The entire user program in the work memory and in the RAM load memory and
all address areas are cleared.
• The system parameters and the CPU and module parameters are reset to the
default settings. The MPI parameters set prior to the memory reset are
retained.
• If a memory card (Flash EPROM) is plugged in, the CPU copies the user
program from the memory card to the work memory (including the CPU and
module parameters if the appropriate configuration data are also on the
memory card).
The diagnostic buffer, the MPI parameters, the time, and the run-time meters are
not reset.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-4 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.1.3 STARTUP Mode

Before the CPU can start processing the user program, a startup program must
first be executed. By programming startup OBs in your startup program, you can
specify certain settings for your cyclic program.
There are three types of startup: warm restart, cold restart, and hot restart. A hot
restart is only possible on S7-400 CPUs. This must be set explicitly in the
parameter set for the CPU using STEP 7.
The features of the STARTUP mode are as follows:
• The program in the startup OB is processed (OB100 for warm restart, OB101
for hot restart, OB102 for cold restart).
• No time-driven or interrupt-driven program execution is possible.
• Timers are updated.
• Run-time meters start running.
• Disabled digital outputs on signal modules (can be set by direct access).

Warm Restart
A warm restart is always permitted unless the system has requested a memory
reset. A warm restart is the only possible option after:
• Memory reset
• Downloading the user program with the CPU in STOP mode
• I stack/B stack overflow
• Warm restart aborted (due to a power outage or changing the mode selector
setting)
• When the interruption before a hot restart exceeds the selected time limit.

Manual Warm Restart

A manual warm restart can be triggered by the following:
• The mode selector
(the CRST/WRST switch – if available - must be set to CRST)
• The corresponding command on the programming device or by communication
functions
(if the mode selector is set to RUN or RUN-P)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-5
Appendix

Automatic Warm Restart

An automatic warm restart can be triggered following power up in the following
situations:
• The CPU was not in STOP mode when the power outage occurred.
• The mode selector is set to RUN or RUN-P.
• No automatic hot restart is programmed following power up.
• The CPU was interrupted by a power outage during a warm restart (regardless
of the programmed type of restart).
The CRST/WRST switch has no effect on an automatic warm restart.

Automatic Warm Restart Without a Backup Battery

If you operate your CPU without a backup battery (if maintenance-free operation is
necessary), the CPU memory is automatically reset and a warm restart executed
after the power is turned on or when power returns following a power outage. The
user program must be located on a flash EPROM (memory card).

Hot Restart
Following a power outage in RUN mode followed by a return of power, S7-400
CPUs run through an initialization routine and then automatically execute a hot
restart. During a hot restart, the user program is resumed at the point at which its
execution was interrupted. The section of user program that had not been executed
before the power outage is known as the remaining cycle. The remaining cycle can
also contain time-driven and interrupt-driven program sections.
A hot restart is only permitted when the user program was not modified in STOP
mode (for example, by reloading a modified block) and when there are no other
reasons for a warm restart. Both a manual and automatic hot restart are possible.

Manual Hot Restart

A manual hot restart is only possible with the appropriate parameter settings in the
parameter set of the CPU and when the STOP resulted from the following causes:
• The mode selector was changed from RUN to STOP.
• User-programmed STOPs, STOPs after calling OBs that are not loaded.
• The STOP mode was the result of a command from the programming device or
a communication function.
A manual hot restart can be triggered by the following:
• The mode selector
The CRST/WRST must be set to WRST.
• The corresponding command on the programming device or by communication
functions (mode selector set to RUN or RUN-P).
• When a manual hot restart is set in the parameter set of the CPU.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-6 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Automatic Hot Restart

An automatic hot restart can be triggered following power up in the following
situations:
• The CPU was not in STOP or HOLD mode when the power outage occurred.
• The mode selector is set to RUN or RUN-P.
• Automatic hot restart following power up is set in the parameter set of the CPU.
The CRST/WRST switch has no effect on an automatic hot restart.

Retentive Data Areas Following Power Down

S7-300 and S7-400 CPUs react differently to power up following a power outage.
S7-300 CPUs (with the exception of the CPU 318) are only capable of a warm
restart. With STEP 7, you can, however, specify memory bits, timers, counters, and
areas in data blocks as retentive to avoid data loss caused by a power outage.
When the power returns, an automatic warm restart with memory is executed.
S7-400 CPUs react to the return of power depending on the parameter settings
either with a warm restart (following retentive or non-retentive power on) or a hot
restart (only possible following retentive power on).
The following table shows the data that are retained on S7-300 and S7-400 CPUs
during a warm restart, cold restart, or hot restart.
X means data retained
VC means logic block retained in EPROM,
any overloaded logic blocks are lost
VX means data block is retained only if on EPROM,
retentive data are taken from the NV-RAM
loaded or created data blocks in the RAM are lost)
0 means data are reset or erased (content of DBs)
V means data are set to the initialization value taken from the EPROM memory
--- means not possible as no NV-RAM available

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-7
Appendix

EPROM (Memory Card or Integrated)

CPU with Backup Battery CPU without Backup Battery

Data Blocks DB in Memory Memory Blocks DB in DB in Memory Memory

in load work bits, bits, in load work work bits, bits,
memory memo- timers, timers, memory memory memory timers, timers,
ry counters counters counters counters
(defined (defined (defined (defined (defined (defined
as as as re- as as re- as
retentive) non-re- tentive) non-re- tentive) non-re-
tentive) tentive) tentive)
Warm
restart X X X 0 VC VX V X 0
on
S7-300
Warm
restart X X X 0 VC --- V 0 0
on
S7400
Cold
restart
X X 0 0 VC V V 0 0
on
S7-300
Cold
restart
X X 0 0 VC --- V 0 0
on
S7-400
Hot re-
start on X X X X Only warm per-
S7-400 restart mitted

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-8 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Startup Activities
The following table shows which activities are performed by the CPU during
startup:

Activities in Order of Execution In Warm In Cold In Hot Restart

Restart Restart
Clear I stack/B stack X X 0
Clear non-retentive memory bits, timers, X 0 0
counters
Clear all memory bits, timers, counters 0 X 0
Clear process-image output table X X selectable

Reset outputs of digital signal modules X X selectable

Discard hardware interrupts X X 0
Discard time-delay interrupts x x 0
Discard diagnostic interrupts X X X
Update the system status list (SZL) X X X
Evaluate module parameters and transfer to X X X
modules or transfer default values
Execution of the relevant startup OB X X X
Execute remaining cycle (part of the user 0 0 X
program not executed due to the power
down)
Update the process-image input table X X X
Enable digital outputs (cancel OD signal) X X X
after transition to RUN
X means is performed
0 means is not performed

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-9
Appendix

Aborting a Startup
If an error occurs during startup, the startup is aborted and the CPU changes to or
remains in STOP mode.
An aborted warm restart must be repeated. After an aborted restart, both a warm
restart and a hot restart are possible.
A startup (warm restart or hot restart) is not executed or it is aborted in the
following situations:
• The keyswitch of the CPU is set to STOP.
• A memory reset is requested.
• A memory card with an application code that is not permitted for STEP 7 is
plugged in (for example, STEP 5).
• More than one CPU is inserted in the single-processor mode.
• If the user program contains an OB that the CPU does not recognize or that
has been disabled.
• If, after power on, the CPU recognizes that not all the modules listed in the
configuration table created with STEP 7 are actually inserted (difference
between preset and actual parameter assignment not permitted).
• If errors occur when evaluating the module parameters.
A hot restart is not executed or it is aborted in the following situations:
• The CPU memory was reset (only a warm restart is possible after memory
reset).
• The interruption time limit has been exceeded (this is the time between exiting
RUN mode until the startup OB including the remaining cycle has been
executed).
• The module configuration has been changed (for example module replaced).
• The parameter assignment only permits a warm restart.
• When blocks have been loaded, deleted, or modified while the CPU was in
STOP mode.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-10 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Sequence of Activities
The following figure shows the activities of the CPU during STARTUP and RUN:

STOP User data STARTUP RUN

Delete
PII/PIQ, retentive
and
non-retentive
memory bits,
timers, and
counters Cold restart - OB102
Request for a
cold restart Initialize with load
values
all DBs

Peripheral
outputs
are switched to a
safe state .
(see 1)

User data Transfer PIQ

Delete to I/O
Request for a Warm restart-
PII/PIQ, OB100 modules
warm restart non-retentive
memory bits,
timers, counters
Peripheral -
outputs
Retained
outside of the
retentive memory
process-
bits, timers,
image
counters, and DBs
(see 1)
(see 5)

Peripheral
Outputs
outputs are
are switched to a enabled
safe state. (see 4)
(see 1)
Read in process-
image input table
User data (PII)
Retained
Request for a PII/PIQ
retentive and non- Hot restart - OB101 Process the user
hot restart
retentive memory program
bits, timers, (see 3)
counters, and DBs Remaining scan
(see 2) cycle

Output the process-

Periphal image output table
outputs (PIQ)
Reset the process-image
are switched to a outputs and peripheral
safe state. outputs. (parameters can
(see 1) be assigned)

Yes Interruption time limit No

STOP exceeded?

= Behavior can be influenced by user actions

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-11
Appendix

Key to the figure "Activities of the CPU during STARTUP and RUN"
1. All peripheral outputs are switched to a safe state (default value = 0) on the
hardware side by the I/O modules. This switch takes place regardless of
whether the user program employs the outputs inside the process-image area
or outside of it.
If you are using signal modules that have substitute value capability, you can
assign parameters to the behavior of the outputs, such as Keep Last Value.
2. Necessary for processing the remaining scan cycle.
3. A current process-image input table is also available to the interrupt OBs the
first time that they are called up.
4. You can determine the status of the local and distributed peripheral outputs in
the first scan cycle of the user program by taking the following steps:
- Use output modules to which you can assign parameters to enable the
output of substitute values or to keep the last value.
- For a hot restart: activate the CPU startup parameter "Reset outputs during
hot restart" in order to output a 0 (corresponds to the default setting).
- Preset the outputs in the startup OB (OB100, OB101, OB102).
5. In S7-300 systems that are not backed up, only those DB areas that were
configured as retentive are retained.

A.1.4 RUN Mode

In RUN mode, the CPU executes the cyclic, time-driven, and interrupt-driven
program, as follows:
• The process image of the inputs is read in.
• The user program is executed.
• The process-image output table is output.
The active exchange of data between CPUs using global data communication
(global data table) and using communication SFBs for configured connections and
using communication SFCs for non-configured connections is only possible in RUN
mode.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-12 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

The following table shows an example of when data exchange is possible in

different operating modes:

Type of Communication Mode of CPU 1 Direction of Data Mode of CPU 2

Exchange
Global data communication RUN ↔ RUN
RUN → STOP/HOLD
STOP ← RUN
STOP X STOP
HOLD X STOP/HOLD
One-way communication RUN → RUN
with communication SFBs RUN → STOP/HOLD
Two-way with RUN ↔ RUN
communication SFBs
One-way communication RUN → RUN
with communication SFCs RUN → STOP/HOLD
Two-way with RUN ↔ RUN
communication SFCs
↔ means data exchange is possible in both directions
→ means data exchange is possible in only one direction
X means data exchange is not possible

A.1.5 HOLD Mode

The HOLD mode is a special mode. This is only used for test purposes during
startup or in RUN mode. The HOLD mode means the following:
• All timers are frozen: timers and run-time meters are not processed, monitoring
times are stopped, the basic clock pulses of the time-driven levels are stopped.
• The real-time clock runs.
• Outputs are not enabled but can be enabled explicitly for test purposes.
• Inputs and outputs can be set and reset.
• If a power outage occurs on a CPU with a backup battery while in HOLD mode,
the CPU changes to stop when the power returns but does not execute an
automatic hot restart or warm restart. CPUs without battery backup execute an
automatic warm restart when power returns.
• Global data can be received and passive one-way communication using
communication SFBs for configured connections and communication SFCs for
non-configured connections is possible (see also table in RUN Mode).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-13
Appendix

A.2 Memory Areas of S7 CPUs

A.2.1 Distribution of the Memory Areas

The memory of an S7 CPU can be divided into three areas (see figure below):
• The load memory is used for user programs without symbolic address
assignments or comments (these remain in the memory of the programming
device). The load memory can be either RAM or EPROM.
• Blocks that are not marked as required for startup will be stored only in the
load memory.
• The work memory (integrated RAM) contains the parts of the S7 program
relevant for running your program. The program is executed only in the work
memory and system memory areas.
• The system memory (RAM) contains the memory elements provided by every
CPU for the user program, such as the process-image input and output tables,
bit memory, timers, and counters. The system memory also contains the block
stack and interrupt stack.
• In addition to the areas above, the system memory of the CPU also provides
temporary memory (local data stack) that contains temporary data for a block
when it is called. This data only remains valid as long as the block is active.

Distribution of the Memory Areas

CPU
Work memory (RAM)
contains the executable user
program
Dynamic load memory (RAM, (for example logic and data blocks)
integrated or on a memory card):
contains the user program

System memory (RAM) contains:

Process-image input/output tables,

Retentive load memory (FEPROM, bit memory, timers, counters
on memory card or integrated in S7-
Local data stack
300 CPUs):
contains the user program Block stack

Interrupt stack

Diagnostic buffer

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-14 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.2.2 Load Memory and Work Memory

When you download the user program from the programming device to the CPU,
only the logic and data blocks are loaded in the load and work memory of the CPU.
The symbolic address assignment (symbol table) and the block comments remain
on the programming device.

Dividing Up the User Program

To ensure fast execution of the user program and to avoid unnecessary load on
the work memory that cannot be expanded, only the parts of the blocks relevant for
program execution are loaded in the work memory.
Parts of blocks that are not required for executing the program (for example, block
headers) remain in the load memory.
The following figure shows a program being loaded in the CPU memory.

S7-400
Programming
device S7-300

Load memory Work memory

Logic blocks
Entire logic Parts of logic and
blocks data blocks
Data blocks relevant to
Entire data program execution
blocks
Comments

Symbols

Saved on the hard disk

Note
Data blocks that are created in the user program with the help of system functions
(for example, SFC22 CREAT_DB) are saved entirelyin the work memory by the
CPU.
Some CPUs have separately managed areas for code and data in the work
memory. The size and assignment of these areas is shown in the "Memory" tab of
the Module Information for these CPUs.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-15
Appendix

Identifying Data Blocks as "Not Relevant for Execution"

Data blocks that were programmed in a source file as part of an STL program can
be identified as ”Not Relevant for Execution" (keyword UNLINKED). This means
that when they are downloaded to the CPU, the DBs are stored only in the load
memory. The content of such blocks can, if necessary, be copied to the work
memory using SFC20 BLKMOV.
This technique saves space in the work memory. The expandable load memory is
then used as a buffer (for example, for formulas for a mixture: only the formula for
the next batch is loaded in the work memory).

Load Memory Structure

The load memory can be expanded using memory cards. Refer to your "S7-300
Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation Manual" and your "S7-400,
M7-400 Programmable Controllers Module Specifications Reference Manual" for
the maximum size of the load memory.
The load memory can also have an integrated EPROM part as well as an
integrated RAM part in S7-300 CPUs. Areas in data blocks can be declared as
retentive by assigning parameters in STEP 7 (see Retentive Memory Areas on S7-
300 CPUs).
In S7-400 CPUs, it is imperative that you use a memory card (RAM or EPROM) to
expand the load memory. The integrated load memory is a RAM memory and is
mainly used to reload and correct blocks. With the new S7-400 CPUs, additional
work memory can also be plugged in.

Load Memory Behavior in RAM and EPROM Areas

Depending on whether you select a RAM or an EPROM memory card to expand
the load memory, the load memory may react differently during downloading,
reloading, or memory reset.
The following table shows the various loading methods:

Memory Type Method of Loading Type of Loading

RAM Downloading and deleting individual PG-CPU connection
blocks
Downloading and deleting an entire PG-CPU connection
S7 program
Reloading individual blocks PG-CPU connection
Integrated (S7-300 Downloading entire S7 programs PG-CPU connection
only) or plug-in
EPROM
Plug-in EPROM Downloading entire S7 programs Uploading the EPROM to
the PG and inserting the
memory card in the CPU
Downloading the EPROM
to the CPU

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-16 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Programs stored in RAM are lost when you reset the CPU memory (MRES) or if
you remove the CPU or RAM memory card.
Programs saved on EPROM memory cards are not erased by a CPU memory
reset and are retained even without battery backup (transport, backup copies).

A.2.3 System Memory

A.2.3.1 Using the System Memory Areas

The system memory of the S7 CPUs is divided into address areas (see table
below). Using instructions in your program, you address the data directly in the
corresponding address area.

Address Area Access via Units of S7 Notation Description

Following Size (IEC)
Process image Input (bit) I At the beginning of the scan cycle,
input table the CPU reads the inputs from the
input modules and records the
values in this area.
Input byte IB
Input word IW
Input double word ID
Process image Output (bit) Q During the scan cycle, the program
output table calculates output values and places
them in this area. At the end of the
scan cycle, the CPU sends the
calculated output values to the
output modules.
Output byte QB
Output word QW
Output double word QD
Bit memory Memory (bit) M This area provides storage for
interim results calculated in the
program.
Memory byte MB
Memory word MW
Memory double word MD
Timers Timer (T) T This area provides storage for
timers.
Counters Counter (C) C This area provides storage for
counters.
Data block Data block, opened with DB Data blocks contain information for
"OPN DB": the program. They can be defined
for general use by all logic blocks
(shared DBs) or they are assigned
to a specific FB or SFB (instance
DB).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-17
Appendix

Address Area Access via Units of S7 Notation Description

Following Size (IEC)
Data bit DBX
Data byte DBB
Data word DBW
Data double word DBD
Data block, opened with DI
"OPN DI":
Data bit DIX
Data byte DIB
Data word DIW
Data double word DID
Local data Local data bit L This area contains the temporary
data of a block while the block is
being executed. The L stack also
provides memory for transferring
block parameters and for recording
interim results from Ladder Logic
networks.
Local data byte LB
Local data word LW
Local data double word LD
Peripheral (I/O) Peripheral input byte PIB The peripheral input and output
area: areas allow direct access to central
and distributed input and output
inputs modules (DP).
Peripheral input word PIW
Peripheral input double PID
word
Peripheral (I/O) Peripheral output byte PQB
area:
outputs
Peripheral output word PQW
Peripheral output double PQD
word

Refer to the following CPU manuals or instruction lists for information on which
address areas are possible for your CPU:
• "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation" Manual
• "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual
• "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Instruction List"
• "S7-400 Programmable Controller, Reference Guide"

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-18 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.2.3.2 Process-Image Input/Output Tables

If the input (I) and output (Q) address areas are accessed in the user program, the
program does not scan the signal states on the digital signal modules but accesses
a memory area in the system memory of the CPU and distributed I/Os. This
memory area is known as the process image.
The process image is divided into two parts: the process-image input table and the
process-image output table.

Requirement for Accessing the Process Image

The CPU can only access the process image of the modules that you have
configured with STEP 7.

Updating the Process Image

The process image is updated cyclically by the operating system. The following
figure shows the processing steps within a scan cycle, showing a comparison
between the existing CPUs and the new CPUs available from October 1998.

.Scan cycle on existing CPUs .Scan cycle on new CPUs

(10/98)

Startup program Startup program

... ...
Read the inputs from the modules
Transfer the values of the process-
and update the data in the process-
image output table to the modules
image input table
Free scan cycle

Free scan cycle

Execute the user program (OB1 Read the inputs from the modules
and all the blocks called in it) and update the data in the process-
image input table

Transfer the values of the process- Execute the user program (OB1
image output table to the modules and all the blocks called in it)

... ...

Advantages of the Process Image

Compared with direct access to the input/output modules, the main advantage of
accessing the process image is that the CPU has a consistent image of the
process signals for the duration of one program cycle. If a signal state on an input
module changes while the program is being executed, the signal state in the
process image is retained until the process image is updated again in the next
cycle. Access to the process image also requires far less time than direct access to
the signal modules since the process image is located in the internal memory of the
CPU.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-19
Appendix

Part Process Images (Process-Image Partitions)

Besides the (entire) process image (process-image input table, PII, and process-
image output table, PIQ), you can assign parameters to a maximum of 15 partial
process images for an S7-400 CPU (CPU-specific, no. 1 to no. 15, see the S7-300
Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation Manual and the S7-400,
M7-400 Programmable Controllers Module Specifications Reference Manual). This
means that you can update sections of the process-image table, when necessary,
independently of the cyclic updating of the process image table.
Each input/output address that you assign with STEP 7 to a process-image
partition no longer belongs to the OB1 process-image input/output tables.
You define process-image partition with STEP 7 when you assign addresses
(which input/output addresses of the modules are listed in which process-image
partition). The process-image partition is updated either with SFCs or by the
system by means of connecting to an OB.

Note
For S7-300 CPUs, unassigned process-image inputs and outputs can be used as
additional bit memory areas. Programs that use this capability can run on older
(that is, before 4/99) S7-400 CPUs only under one of the following conditions:
For these S7-400 CPUs
• The process image areas used as bit memory must be located outside of the
parameter assignment for "Size of the Process Image" or.
• must be located in a process-image partition that is updated neither by the
system nor by SFC26/SFC27.

Updating Part Process Images (Process-Image Partitions) with SFCs

You can use SFCs to update the entire process image or a process-image partition
from your user program.
• Requirement: The process image in question is not updated by the system.
• SFC26 UPDAT_PI: Update process-image input table
• SFC27 UPDAT_PO: Update process-image output table.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-20 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

System Update of the Part Process Images (Process-Image Partitions)

You can also have the system update process-image partitions automatically by
calling an OB – similar to the (entire) process image, which is updated cyclically
before or after OB1 is processed. You can assign this function as a parameter only
for specific CPUs.
During operation, the assigned process-image partition is updated automatically:
• Before the OB is processed, the process-image partition for inputs
• After the OB is processed, the process-image partition for the outputs
You assign the parameters for the CPU, along with the priority of the OBS, to
indicate which process-image partition is assigned to which OB.

OB
Event that leads to an
interruption
Reading the inputs from the
configured process-image partition
of the modules
Point of interruption in the
user program Processing of the user program
(interrupt OB and all blocks called
in that OB)

Writing of the outputs from the

configured process-image
partition into the modules

I/O Access Error (PZF) during Update of the Process Image

The default reaction of the CPU families (S7-300 and S7-400) to an error during
the update of the process image varies:
• S7-300: No entry is made in the diagnostic buffer, no OB is called, the
corresponding input/output bytes are reset to 0.
• S7-400: An entry is made in the diagnostic buffer and OB85 is started for each
I/O access for each update of the corresponding process image. The faulty
input/output bytes are reset to 0.
For new CPUs (as of 4/99), you can reassign parameters for the reaction to I/O
access errors so that the CPU functions in one of the following manners:
• Generates an entry in the diagnostic buffer and starts OB85 only for incoming
and outgoing PZF
• Produces the default reaction of an S7-300 (does not call OB85)
• Produces the default reaction of an S7-400 (calls OB85 for each individual
access)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-21
Appendix

How Often Does OB85 Start?

In addition to the reaction to PZF that is assigned as a parameter
(incoming/outgoing, or for each I/O access), the address space of a module also
influences how often OB85 starts:
For a module with an address space of up to a double word, OB85 starts once, for
example, for a digital module with a maximum of 32 inputs or outputs, or for an
analog module with two channels.
For modules with a larger address space, OB85 starts as often as access has to be
made to it with double word commands, for example, twice for an analog module
with four channels.

A.2.3.3 Local Data Stack

The L stack saves the following:
• The temporary variables of the local data of blocks
• The start information of the organization blocks
• Information about transferring parameters
• Interim results of the logic in Ladder Logic programs
When you are programming organization blocks, you can declare temporary
variables (TEMP) that are only available when the block is executed and are then
overwritten again. Before you access the local data stack for the first time, the local
data must be initialized. In addition to this, every organization block also requires
20 bytes of local data for its start information.
The CPU has a limited amount of memory for the temporary variables (local data)
of blocks currently being executed. The size of this memory area, the local data
stack, is dependent on the CPU. The local data stack is divided up equally among
the priority classes (default). This means that every priority class has its own local
data area, thus guaranteeing that higher priority classes and their OBs also have
space available for their local data.
The following figure shows the assignment of local data to the priority classes in an
example in which in the L stack OB1 is interrupted by OB10 which is then
interrupted by OB81.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-22 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

OB 81 SFC L stack
Priority class 26 needs 20 Bytes in
the L-Stack

OB 10 FB
Priority class 2 needs 20 Bytes in
the L-Stack

OB 1 FB FC
Priority
needs 20 Bytes
class 1 in the L-Stack

Caution
! All the temporary variables (TEMP) of an OB and its associated blocks are saved
in the L stack. If you use too many nesting levels when executing your blocks, the
L stack can overflow.
S7 CPUs change to STOP mode if the permitted L stack size for a program is
exceeded.
Test the L stack (the temporary variables) in your program.
The local data requirements of synchronous error OBs must be taken into
consideration.

Assigning Local Data to Priority Classes

Not every priority class requires the same amount of memory in the local data
stack. By assigning parameters in STEP 7, you can set different sized local data
areas for the individual priority classes for S7-400 CPUs and for the CPU 318. Any
priority classes you do not required can be deselected. With S7-400 CPUs and the
CPU 318 the memory area for other priority classes is then increased. Deactivated
OBs are ignored during program execution and save cycle time.
With the other S7-300 CPUs every priority class is assigned a fixed amount of local
data (256 bytes) that cannot be changed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-23
Appendix

A.2.3.4 Interrupt Stack

If program execution is interrupted by a higher priority OB, the operating system
saves the current contents of the accumulators and address registers, and the
number and size of the open data blocks in the interrupt stack.
Once the new OB has been executed, the operating system loads the information
from the I stack and resumes execution of the interrupted block at the point at
which the interrupt occurred.
When the CPU is in STOP mode, you can display the I stack on a programming
device using STEP 7. This allows you to find out why the CPU changed to STOP
mode.

A.2.3.5 Block Stack

If processing of a block is interrupted by the call of another block or by a higher
priority class (interrupt/error servicing), the B stack stores the following data:
• Number, type (OB, FB, FC, SFB, SFC), and return address of the block that
was interrupted.
• Numbers of the data blocks (from the DB and DI register) that were open when
the block was interrupted.
Using this data, the user program can then be resumed after the interrupt.
If the CPU is in STOP mode, you can display the B stack with STEP 7 on a
programming device. The B stack lists all the blocks that had not been completely
executed when the CPU changed to STOP mode. The blocks are listed in the order
in which processing was started (see figure below).

Order in which the FB1 FC2 FC3

blocks are called

Block stack (B stack)

Data of FC 3: Local data stack (L stack)

• Block number
• Return address
The number of Local data of FC 3
blocks that can be
Data of FC 2: stored in the B
• Block number stack (per priority
• Return address class) depends on Local data of FC 2
the CPU
Data of FB 1:
• Block number
• Return address Local data of FB 1

DB and DI register:
• No. of open DB
• No. of open instance DB

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-24 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Data Block Registers

There are two data block registers. These contain the numbers of opened data
blocks, as follows:
• The DB register contains the number of the open shared data block
• The DI register contains the number of the open instance data block.

A.2.3.6 Diagnostic Buffer

The diagnostic buffer displays the diagnostic messages in the order in which they
occur. The first entry contains the newest event. The number of entries in the
diagnostic buffer is dependent on the module and its current operating mode.
Diagnostic events include the following:
• Faults on a module
• Errors in the process wiring
• System errors in the CPU
• Mode transitions on the CPU
• Errors in the user program
• User-defined diagnostic events (via the system function SFC52).

A.2.3.7 Evaluating the Diagnostic Buffer

One part of the system status list is the diagnostic buffer that contains more
information about system diagnostic events and user-defined diagnostic events in
the order in which they occurred. The information entered in the diagnostic buffer
when a system diagnostic event occurs is identical to the start information
transferred to the corresponding organization block.
You cannot clear the entries in the diagnostic buffer and its contents are retained
even after a memory reset.
The diagnostic buffer provides you with the following possibilities:
• If the CPU changes to STOP mode, you can evaluate the last events leading
up to the STOP and locate the cause.
• The causes of errors can be detected far more quickly increasing the
availability of the system.
• You can evaluate and optimize the dynamic system response.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-25
Appendix

Organizing the Diagnostic Buffer

The diagnostic buffer is designed to act as a ring buffer for a maximum number of
entries which is dependent on the individual module. This means that when the
maximum number of entries is reached, the next diagnostic buffer event causes the
oldest entry to be deleted. All entries then move back one place. This means that
the newest entry is always the first entry in the diagnostic buffer. For the S7-300
CPU 314 the number of possible entries is 100:

1 2 99 100
101st 100 99 2 1
entry

The number of entries displayed in the diagnostic buffer is dependent on the

module and its current operating mode. With some CPUs, it is possible to set the
length of the diagnostic buffer.

Diagnostic Buffer Content

The upper list box contains a list of all the diagnostic events that occurred with the
following information:
• Serial number of the entry (the newest entry has the number 1)
• Time and date of the diagnostic event: The time and date of the module are
displayed if the module has an integrated clock. For the time data in the buffer
to be valid, it is important that you set the time and date on the module and
check it regularly.
• Short description of the diagnostic event
In the lower text box, all the additional information is displayed for the event
selected in the list in the upper window. This information includes:
• Event number
• Description of the event
• Mode transition caused by the diagnostic event
• Reference to the location of the error in a block (block type, block number,
relative address) which caused the entry in the buffer
• Event state being entered or left
• Additional information specific to the event
With the ”Help on Event" button you can display additional information on the event
selected in the upper list box.
Information on event IDs can be found in the Reference Help on System Blocks
and System Functions (Jumps to Language Descriptions and Help on Blocks and
System Attributes)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-26 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Saving the Contents in a Text File

Using the "Save As" button in the "Diagnostic Buffer" tab of the "Module
Information" dialog box you can save the contents of the diagnostic buffer as ASCII
text.

Displaying the Diagnostic Buffer

You can display the contents of the diagnostic buffer on the programming device
via the "Diagnostic Buffer" tab in the "Module Information" dialog box or in a
program using the system function SFC51 RDSYSST.

Last Entry before STOP

You can specify that the last diagnostic buffer entry before the transition from RUN
to STOP is automatically sent to a logged on monitoring device (for example, PG,
OP, TD) in order to locate and remedy the cause of the change to STOP more
quickly.

A.2.3.8 Retentive Memory Areas on S7-300 CPUs

If a power outage occurs or the CPU memory is reset (MRES), the memory of the
S7-300 CPU (dynamic load memory (RAM), work memory, and system memory) is
reset and all the data previously contained in these areas is lost. With S7-300
CPUs, you can protect your program and its data in the following ways:
• You can protect all the data in the load memory, work memory, and in parts of
the system memory with battery backup.
• You can store your program in the EPROM (either memory card or integrated
on the CPU, refer to the "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and
Installation" Manual).
• You can store a certain amount of data depending on the CPU in an area of
the non-volatile NVRAM.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-27
Appendix

Using the NVRAM

Your S7-300 CPU provides an area in the NVRAM (non-volatile RAM) (see figure
below). If you have stored your program in the EPROM of the load memory, you
can save certain data (if there is a power outage or when the CPU changes from
STOP to RUN) by configuring your CPU accordingly.

Non-Volatile Memory Area on S7-300 CPUs

Dynamic load Configurable

memory Work memory System
(RAM) memory (NVRAM) memory
Static load
memory
Plug-in FEPROM- CPU
(FEPROM)
cartridge (optional)

To do this set the CPU so that the following data are saved in the non-volatile
RAM:
• Data contained in a DB (this is only useful if you have also stored your program
in an EPROM of the load memory)
• Values of timers and counters
• Data saved in bit memory.
On every CPU, you can save a certain number of timers, counters, and memory
bits. A specific number of bytes is also available in which the data contained in DBs
can be saved.
The MPI address of your CPU is stored in the NVRAM. This makes sure that your
CPU is capable of communication following a power outage or memory reset.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-28 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Using Battery Backup to Protect Data

By using a backup battery, the load memory and work memory are retentive during
a power outage. If you configure your CPU so that timers, counters, and bit
memory are saved in the NVRAM, this information is also retained regardless of
whether you use a backup battery or not.

Configuring the Data of the NVRAM

When you configure your CPU with STEP 7, you can decide which memory areas
will be retentive.
The amount of memory that can be configured in the NVRAM depends on the CPU
you are using. You cannot back up more data than specified for your CPU.

A.2.3.9 Retentive Memory Areas on S7-400 CPUs

Operation Without Battery Backup

If you operate your system without battery backup, when a power outage occurs or
when you reset the CPU memory (MRES), the memory of the S7-400 CPU
(dynamic load memory (RAM), work memory, and system memory) is reset and all
the data contained in these areas is lost.
Without battery backup, only a warm restart is possible and there are no retentive
memory areas. Following a power outage, only the MPI parameters (for example,
the MPI address of the CPU) are retained. This means that the CPU remains
capable of communication following a power outage or memory reset.

Operation With Battery Backup

If you use a battery to back up your memory:
• The entire content of all RAM areas is retained when the CPU restarts
following a power outage.
• During a warm restart, the address areas for bit memory, timers, and counters
is cleared. The contents of data blocks are retained.
• The contents of the RAM work memory are also retained apart from bit
memory, timers, and counters that were designed as non-retentive.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-29
Appendix

Configuring Retentive Data Areas

You can declare a certain number of memory bits, timers, and counters as
retentive (the number depends on your CPU). During a warm restart when you are
using a backup battery, this data is also retained.
When you assign parameters with STEP 7, you define which memory bits, timers,
and counters should be retained during a warm restart. You can only back up as
much data as is permitted by your CPU.
For more detailed information about defining retentive memory areas, refer to your
"S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual.

Configurable Memory Objects in the Work Memory

With some CPUs the size of objects such as local data or the diagnostic buffer can
be set under "Configuring Hardware." If, for example, reduce the size of the preset
values, a larger percentage of the work memory will be available elsewhere. You
will find the settings for these CPUs in the "Memory" tab of the "Module
Information" dialog box ("Details" button).
When you change the memory configuration and download the new configuration
to the programmable controller, a cold restart is required on the CPU for the
changes to come into effect.

A.2.3.10 Configurable Memory Objects in the Work Memory

With some CPUs, the size of objects such as local or the diagnostic buffer can be
set in HW Config. If, for example, you reduce the default values, a larger section of
the work memory is made available elsewhere. The settings for these CPUs can be
displayed in the "Memory" tab of the Module Information ("Details" button).
After the memory configuration has been changed and downloaded to the
programmable controller, you must perform a cold restart in order for the changes
to become effective.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-30 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.3 Data Types and Parameter Types

A.3.1 Introduction to Data Types and Parameter Types

All the data in a user program must be identified by a data type. The following data
types are available:
• Elementary data types provided by STEP 7
• Complex data types that you yourself can create by combining elementary data
types
• Parameter types with which you define parameters to be transferred to FBs or
FCs

General Information
Statement List, Ladder Logic, and Function Block Diagram instructions work with
data objects of specific sizes. Bit logic instructions work with bits, for example.
Load and transfer instructions (STL) and move instructions (LAD and FBD) work
with bytes, words, and double words.
A bit is a binary digit "0" or "1." A byte is made up of eight bits, a word of 16 bits,
and a double word of 32 bits.
Math instructions also work with bytes, words, or double words. In these byte,
word, or double word addresses you can code numbers of various formats such as
integers and floating-point numbers.
When you use symbolic addressing, you define symbols and specify a data type for
these symbols (see table below). Different data types have different format options
and number notations.
This chapter describes only some of the ways of writing numbers and constants.
The following table lists the formats of numbers and constants that will not be
explained in detail.

Format Size in Bits Number Notation

Hexadecimal 8, 16, and 32 B#16#, W#16#, and DW#16#
Binary 8, 16, and 32 2#
IEC date 16 D#
IEC time 32 T#
Time of day 32 TOD#
Character 8 ’A’

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-31
Appendix

A.3.2 Elementary Data Types

Each elementary data type has a defined length. The following table lists the
elementary data types.

Type and Size Format Options Range and Number Notation Example
Description in (lowest to highest value)_
Bits
BOOL(Bit) 1 Boolean text TRUE/FALSE TRUE
BYTE 8 Hexadecimal B16#0 to B16#FF L B#16#10
(Byte) number L byte#16#10
WORD 16 Binary number 2#0 to L 2#0001_0000_0000_0000
(Word) 2#1111_1111_1111_1111
Hexadecimal W#16#0 to W#16#FFFF L W#16#1000
number L word16#1000
C#0 to C#999 L C#998
BCD B#(0.0) to B#(255.255) L B#(10,20)
Decimal number L byte#(10,20)
unsigned
DWORD 32 Binary number 2#0 to 2#1000_0001_0001_1000_
(Double 2#1111_1111_1111_1111 1011_1011_0111_1111
word) 1111_1111_1111_1111
Hexadecimal DW#16#0000_0000 to L DW#16#00A2_1234
number DW#16#FFFF_FFFF L dword#16#00A2_1234
Decimal number B#(0,0,0,0) to L B#(1, 14, 100, 120)
unsigned B#(255,255,255,255) L byte#(1,14,100,120)
INT 16 Decimal number -32768 to 32767 L1
(Integer) signed
DINT 32 Decimal number L#-2147483648 to L L#1
(Integer, 32 signed L#2147483647
bits)
REAL 32 IEEE Upper limit: ±3.402823e+38 L 1.234567e+13
(Float.- Floating-point Lower limit: ±1.175 495e-38
pt. number) number
S5TIME 16 S7 time in S5T#0H_0M_0S_10MS to L S5T#0H_1M_0S_0MS
(SIMATIC steps of S5T#2H_46M_30S_0MS and L S5TIME#0H_1H_1M_0S_
time) 10 ms (default) S5T#0H_0M_0S_0MS 0MS
TIME 32 IEC time in steps T#24D_20H_31M_23S_648MS L T#0D_1H_1M_0S_0MS
(IEC time) of 1 ms, integer to L TIME#0D_1H_1M_0S_0M
signed T#24D_20H_31M_23S_647MS S
DATE 16 IEC date in steps D#1990-1-1 to L D#1996-3-15
(IEC date) of 1 day D#2168-12-31 L DATE#1996-3-15
TIME_OF_ 32 Time in steps of TOD#0:0:0.0 to L TOD#1:10:3.3
DAY (Time) 1 ms TOD#23:59:59.999 L TIME_OF_DAY#1:10:3.3
CHAR 8 ASCII characters ’A’,’B’ etc. L ’E’
(Character)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-32 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.3.2.1 Format of the Data Type INT (16-Bit Integers)

An integer has a sign that indicates whether it is a positive or negative integer. The
space that an integer (16 bits) occupies in the memory is one word. The following
table shows the range of an integer (16 bits).

Format Range
Integer (16 bits) –32 768 to +32 767

The following figure shows the integer +44 as a binary number.

Bits 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Sign Decimal values: 32 + 8 + 4 = 44

A.3.2.2 Format of the Data Type DINT (32-Bit Integers)

An integer has a sign that indicates whether it is a positive or negative integer. The
space that a double integer occupies in the memory is two words. The following
table shows the range of a double integer.

Format Range
Integer (32 bits) –2 147 483 648 to +2 147 483 647

The following figure shows the integer –500 000 as a binary number. In the binary
system, the negative form of an integer is represented as the twos complement of
the positive integer. You obtain the twos complement of an integer by reversing the
signal states of all bits and then adding +1 to the result.

Bits
31 28 27 24 23 20 19 16 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Sign

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-33
Appendix

A.3.2.3 Format of the Data Type REAL (Floating-Point Numbers)

Numbers in floating-point format are represented in the general form "number =
m * b to the power of E." The base "b" and the exponent "E" are integers; the
mantissa "m" is a rational number.
This type of number representation has the advantage of being able to represent
both very large and very small values within a limited space. With the limited
number of bits for the mantissa and exponent, a wide range of numbers can be
covered.
The disadvantage is in the limited accuracy of calculations. For example, when
forming the sum of two numbers, the exponents must be matched by shifting the
mantissa (hence floating decimal point) since only numbers with the same
exponent can be added.

Floating-point number format in STEP 7

Floating-point numbers in STEP 7 conform to the basic format, single width,
described in the ANSI/IEEE standard 754–1985, IEEE Standard for Binary
Floating-Point Arithmetic. They consist of the following components:
• The sign S
• The exponent e = E + bias, increased by a constant (bias = +127)
• The fractional part of the mantissa m.
The whole number part of the mantissa is not stored with the rest, because it is
always equal to 1 within the valid number range.
The three components together occupy one double word (32 bits):

Bit
31 28 27 24 23 20 19 16 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0

S e f

Sign (1 bit) Exponent: e Mantissa: m

(8 bits) (23 bits)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-34 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

The following table shows the values of the individual bits in floating-point format.

Component of the Floating- Bit Number Value

Point Number
Sign S 31
Exponent e 30 2 to the power of 7
... ... ...
Exponent e 24 2 to the power of 1
Exponent e 23 2 to the power of 0
Mantissa m 22 2 to the power of –1
... ... ...
Mantissa m 1 2 to the power of –22
Mantissa m 0 2 to the power of –23

Using the three components S, e, and m, the value of a number represented in this
form is defined by the formula:
Number = 1.m ∗ 2 to the power of (e - bias)
Where:
• e: 1 ≤ e ≤ 254
• Bias: bias = 127. This means that an additional sign is not required for the
exponent.
• S: for a positive number, S = 0 and for a negative number, S = 1.

Value Range of Floating-Point Numbers

Using the floating-point format shown above, the following results:
• The smallest floating-point number = 1.0 ∗ 2 to the power of (1-127) = 1.0 ∗ 2
to the power of (-126)
= 1.175 495E–38 and
• The largest floating-point number = 2-2 to the power of (-23) ∗ 2 to the power of
(254-127) = 2-2 to the power of (-23) ∗ 2 to the power of (+127)
= 3.402 823E+38
The number zero is represented with e = m = 0; e = 255 and m = 0 stands for
"infinite."

1)
Format Range
Floating-point numbers according to the –3.402 823E+38 to –1.175 495E–38
ANSI/IEEE standard and 0 and
+1.175 495E–38 to +3.402 823E+38

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-35
Appendix

The following table shows the signal state of the bits in the status word for the
results of instructions with floating-point numbers that do not lie within the valid
range:

Invalid Range for a Result CC1 CC0 OV OS

-1.175494E-38 < result < -1.401298E-45 (negative number) 0 0 1 1
underflow
+1.401298E-45 < result < +1.175494E-38 (positive number) 0 0 1 1
underflow
Result < -3.402823E+38 (negative number) overflow 0 1 1 1
Result > 3.402823E+38 (positive number) overflow 1 0 1 1
Not a valid floating-point number or invalid instruction (input 1 1 1 1
value outside the valid value range)

Note when using mathematical operations:

The result "Not a valid floating-point number" is obtained, for example, when you
attempt to extract the square root from –2. You should therefore always evaluate
the status bits first in math operations before continuing calculations based on the
result.
Note when modifying variables:
If the values for floating-point operations are stored in memory double words, for
example, you can modify these values with any bit patterns. However, not every bit
pattern is a valid number.

Accuracy when Calculating Floating-Point Numbers

Caution
! Calculations involving a long series of values including very large and very small
numbers can produce inaccurate results.

The floating-point numbers in STEP 7 are accurate to 6 decimal places. You can
therefore only specify a maximum of 6 decimal places when entering floating-point
constants.

Note
The calculation accuracy of 6 decimal places means, for example, that the
addition of number1 + number2 = number1 if number1 is greater than number2 ∗
10 to the power of y, where y>6:

100 000 000 + 1 = 100 000 000.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-36 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Examples of Numbers in Floating-Point Format

The following figure shows the floating-point format for the following values:
• 10.0
• p (3.141593)
• Square root of 2 (p2 = 1.414214)
The number 10.0 in the first example results from its floating-point format
(hexadecimal representation: 4120 0000) as follows:
e = 2 to the power of 1 + 2 to the power of 7 = 2 + 128 = 130
m = 2 to the power of (-2) = 0.25
This results in: 1.m ∗ 2 to the power of (e – bias) = 1.25 ∗ 2 to the power of
(130 - 127) = 1.25 ∗ 2 to the power of 3 = 10.0.

Decimal value 10.0

Hexadecimal
value 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0
Bits 31 28 27 24 23 20 19 16 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sign of Exponent: e Mantissa: m

Mantissa: s (8 bits) (23 bits)
(1 bit)
e = 27 + 21 = 130 f = 2-2 = 0.25
1.f _ 2e-bias = 1.25 _ 23 = 10.0
[1.25 _ 2(130-127) = 1.25 _ 23 = 10.0]

Decimal value 3.141593

Hexadecimal
value 4 0 4 9 0 F D C
Bits 31 28 27 24 23 20 19 16 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

Sign of Exponent: e Mantissa: m

Mantissa: s (1 (8 bits) (23 bits)
bit)

Decimal value 1.414214

Hexadecimal
value 3 F B 5 0 4 F 7
Bits 31 28 27 24 23 20 19 16 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

Sign of Exponent: e Mantissa: m

Mantissa: s (8 bits) (23 bits)
(1 bit)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-37
Appendix

A.3.2.4 Format of the Data Types WORD and DWORD in Binary Coded
Decimal Numbers
The binary-coded decimal (BCD) format represents a decimal number by using
groups of binary digits (bits). One group of 4 bits represents one digit of a signed
decimal number or the sign of the decimal number. The groups of 4 bits are
combined to form a word (16 bits) or double word (32 bits). The four most
significant bits indicate the sign of the number (1111 indicates minus and 0000
indicates plus). Commands with BCD-coded addresses only evaluate the
highest-value bit (15 in word, 31 in double word format). The following table shows
the format and range for the two types of BCD numbers.

Format Range
Word –999 to +999
(16 bits, three-digit BCD number with sign)
Double word –9 999 999 to +9 999 999
(32 bits, seven-digit BCD number with sign)

The following figures provide an example of a binary coded decimal number in the
following formats:
• Word format

+310 (Decimal format)

Bits 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Sign Hundreds Tens Ones
(102) (101) (100)

• Double word format

-9 999 999 (Decimal format)

Bits
31 28 27 24 23 20 19 16 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Sign Millions Hundreds of Tens of Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
(106) Thousands Thousands (103) (102) (101) (100)
(105) (104)

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-38 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.3.2.5 Format of the Data Type S5TIME (Time Duration)

When you enter time duration using the S5TIME data type, your entries are stored
in binary coded decimal format. The following figure shows the content of the time
address with a time value of 127 and a time base of 1 s.

15... ...8 7... ...0

x x 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

1 2 7

Time base Time value in BCD (0 to 999)

1 second

Irrelevant: These bits are ignored when the timer is started.

When working with S5TIME, you enter a time value in the range of 0 to 999 and
you indicate a time base (see the following table). The time base indicates the
interval at which a timer decrements the time value by one unit until it reaches 0.
Time base for S5TIME

Time Base Binary Code for Time Base

10 ms 00
100 ms 01
1s 10
10 s 11

You can pre-load a time value using either of the following syntax formats:
• L1) W#16#wxyz
- Where w = time base (that is, the time interval or resolution)
- Where xyz = the time value in binary coded decimal format
• 1)
L S5T#aH_bbM_ccS_dddMS
- Where a = hours, bb = minutes, cc = seconds, and dd = milliseconds
- The time base is selected automatically and the value is rounded to the
next lower number with that time base.
The maximum time value that you can enter is 9,990 seconds, or 2H_46M_30S.
1)
= L only to be specified in STL programming

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-39
Appendix

A.3.3 Complex Data Types

Complex data types define data groups that are larger than 32 bits or data groups
consisting of other data types. STEP 7 permits the following complex data types:
• DATE_AND_TIME
• STRING
• ARRAY
• STRUCT
• UDT (user-defined data types)
• FBs and SFBs
The following table describes the complex data types. You define structures and
arrays either in the variable declaration of the logic block or in a data block.

Data Type Description

DATE_AND_TIME Defines an area with 64 bits (8 bytes). This data type saves in binary
DT coded decimal format:
STRING Defines a group with a maximum of 254 characters (data type
CHAR). The standard area reserved for a character string is 256
bytes long. This is the space required to save 254 characters and a
header of 2 bytes. You can reduce the memory required for a string
by defining the number of characters that will be stored in the
character string (for example: string[9] ’Siemens’).
ARRAY Defines a multi-dimensional grouping of one data type (either
elementary or complex). For example: ”ARRAY [1..2,1..3] OF INT"
defines an array in the format 2 x 3 consisting of integers. You
access the data stored in an array using the Index (”[2,2]"). You can
define up to a maximum of 6 dimensions in one array. The index can
be any integer (-32768 to 32767).
STRUCT Defines a grouping of any combination of data types. You can, for
example, define an array of structures or a structure of structures and
arrays.
UDT Simplifies the structuring of large quantities of data and entering data
types when creating data blocks or declaring variables in the variable
declaration. In STEP 7, you can combine complex and elementary
data types to create your own ”user-defined" data type. UDTs have
their own name and can therefore be used more than once.
FB, SFB You determine the structure of the assigned instance data block and
allow the transfer of instance data for several FB calls in one instance
DB.

Structured data types are saved in accordance with word limits (WORD aligned).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-40 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.3.3.1 Format of the Data Type DATE_AND_TIME

When you enter date and time using the DATE_AND_TIME data type (DT), your
entries are stored in binary coded decimal format in 8 bytes. The
DATE_AND_TIME data type has the following range:
DT#1990-1-1-0:0:0.0 to DT#2089-12-31-23:59:59.999
The following examples show the syntax for the date and time for Thursday,
December 25, 1993, at 8:01 and 1.23 seconds in the morning. The following two
formats are possible:
• DATE_AND_TIME#1993–12–25–8:01:1.23
• DT#1993-12-25-8:01:1.23
The following special IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standard
functions are available for working with the DATE_AND_TIME data type:
• Convert date and time of day to the DATE_AND_TIME format
FC3: D_TOD_DT
• Extract the date from the DATE_AND_TIME format
FC6: DT_DATE
• Extract the day of the week from the DATE_AND_TIME format
FC7: DT_DAY
• Extract the time of day from the DATE_AND_TIME format
FC8: DT_TOD
The following table shows the contents of the bytes that contain the date and time
information for the example Thursday, December 25, 1993, at 8:01 and 1.23
seconds in the morning.

Byte Contents Example

0 Year B#16#93
1 Month B#16#12
2 Day B#16#25
3 Hour B#16#08
4 Minute B#16#01
5 Second B#16#01
6 Two most significant digits of MSEC B#16#23
7 Two least significant digits of MSEC B#16#0
(4MSB)
7 Day of week B#16#5
(4LSB) 1 = Sunday
2 = Monday
...
7 = Saturday

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-41
Appendix

The permitted range for the data type DATE_AND_TIME is:

• min.: DT#1990-1-1-0:0:0.0
• max.: DT#2089-12-31-23:59:59.999

Possible Value Range BCD Code

Year 1990 – 1999 90h – 99h
2000 – 2089 00h – 89h
Month 1 – 12 01h – 12h
Day 1 – 31 01h – 31h
Hour 00 – 23 00h – 23h
Minute 00 – 59 00h – 59h
Second 00 – 59 00h – 59h
Millisecond 0 – 999 000h – 999h
Day of week Sunday – Saturday 1h – 7h

A.3.3.2 Using Complex Data Types

You can create new data types by combining the elementary and complex data
types to create the following complex data types:
• Array (data type ARRAY): an array combines a group of one data type to form
a single unit.
• Structure (data type STRUCT): a structure combines different data types to
form a single unit.
• Character string (data type STRING): a character string defines a
one-dimensional array with a maximum of 254 characters (data type CHAR). A
character string can only be transferred as a unit. The length of the character
string must match the formal and actual parameter of the block.
• Date and time (data type DATE_AND_TIME): the date and time data type
stores the year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds, and day of
the week.
The following figure shows how arrays and structures can structure data types in
one area and save information. You define an array or a structure either in a DB or
in the variable declaration of an FB, OB, or FC.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-42 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Structures
STRUCT
INT Integer
BYTE Byte
CHAR Character
REAL
Real number
BOOL
Boolean value

Arrays
1,1 Integer

1,2 Integer

1,3 Integer
ARRAY [1..2,1..3]
INTEGER 2,1 Integer

2,2 Integer

2,3 Integer

A.3.3.3 Using Arrays to Access Data

Arrays
An array combines a group of one data type (elementary or complex) to form a
unit. You can create an array consisting of arrays. When you define an array, you
must do the following:
• Assign a name to the array.
• Declare an array with the keyword ARRAY.
• Specify the size of the array using an index. You specify the first and last
number of the individual dimensions (maximum 6) in the array. You enter the
index in square brackets with each dimension separated by a comma and the
first and last number of the dimension by two periods. The following index
defines, for example, a three-dimensional array:
[1..5,–2..3,30..32]
• You specify the data type of the data to be contained in the array.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-43
Appendix

Example: 1
The following figure shows an array with three integers. You access the data stored
in an array using the index. The index is the number in square brackets. The index
of the second integer, for example, is Op_temp[2].
An index can be any integer (-32768 to 32767) including negative values. The
array in the following figure could also be defined as ARRAY [-1..1]. The index of
the first integer would then be Op_temp[-1], the second would be Op_temp[0], and
the third integer would then be Op_temp[1].

Address Name Type Init. Value Comment

0.0 STRUCT
+0.0 Op_Temp ARRAY[1..3]
*2.0 INT
=3.0 END_STRUCT

1 Op_Temp[1]
Op_Temp = ARRAY [1..3] Op _Temp[2]
2
INTEGER
3 Op _Temp[3]

Example 2
An array can also describe a multi-dimensional group of data types. The following
figure shows a two-dimensional array of integers.

1,1 Integer

1,2 Integer
1,3 Integer
Op_Temp = ARRAY [1..2,1..3]
INTEGER Integer
2,1
2,2 Integer

2,3 Integer

You access the data in a multi-dimensional array using the index. In this example,
the first integer is Op_temp[1,1], the third is Op_temp[1,3], the fourth is
Op_temp[2,1], and the sixth is Op_temp[2,3].
You can define up to a maximum of 6 dimensions (6 indexes) for an array. You
could, for example, define the variable Op_temp as follows as a six-dimensional
array:
ARRAY [1..3,1..2,1..3,1..4,1..3,1..4]
The index of the first element in this array is Op_temp[1,1,1,1,1,1]. The index of the
last element Op_temp[3,2,3,4,3,4].

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-44 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Creating Arrays
You define arrays when you declare the data in a DB or in the variable declaration.
When you declare the array, you specify the keyword (ARRAY) followed by the
size in square brackets, as follows:
[lower limit value..upper limit value]
In a multi-dimensional array you also specify the additional upper and lower limit
values and separate the individual dimensions with a comma. The following figure
shows the declaration for creating an array of the format 2 x 3.

Address Name Type Init. Value Comment

0.0 STRUCT
+0.0 Heat_2x3 ARRAY[1..2,1..3]
*2.0 INT
=6.0 END_STRUCT

Entering Initial Values for an Array

You can assign an initial value to every array element when you create arrays.
STEP 7 provides two methods for entering initial values:
• Entry of individual values: for each element of the array, you specify a value
that is valid for the data type of the array. You specify the values in the order of
the elements: [1,1]. Remember that the individual elements must be separated
from each other by a comma.
• Specifying a repetition factor: with sequential elements that have the same
initial value, you can specify the number of elements (the repetition factor) and
the initial value for these elements. The format for entering the repetition factor
is x(y), where x is the repetition factor and y is the value to be repeated.
If you use the array declared in the above figure, you can specify the initial value
for all six elements as follows: 17, 23, -45, 556, 3342, 0. You could also set the
initial value of all six elements to 10 by specifying 6(10). You could specify specific
values for the first two elements and then set the remaining four elements to 0 by
specifying the following: 17, 23, 4(0).

Accessing Data in an Array

You access data in an array via the index of the specific element in the array. The
index is used with the symbolic name.
Example: If the array declared in the above figure begins at the first byte of DB20
(motor), you access the second element in the array with the following address:
Motor.Heat_2x3[1,2].

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-45
Appendix

Using Arrays as Parameters

You can transfer arrays as parameters. If a parameter is declared in the variable
declaration as ARRAY, you must transfer the entire array (and not individual
elements). An element of an array can, however be assigned to a parameter when
you call a block, providing the element of the array corresponds to the data type of
the parameter.
If you use arrays as parameters, the arrays do not need to have the same name
(they do not even need a name). Both arrays (the formal parameter and the actual
parameter) must however have the same structure. An array in the format 2 x 3
consisting of integers, for example, can only be transferred as a parameter when
the formal parameter of the block is defined as an array in the format 2 x 3
consisting of integers and the actual parameter that is provided by the call
operation is also an array in the format 2 x 3 consisting of integers.

A.3.3.4 Using Structures to Access Data

Structures
A structure combines various data types (elementary and complex data types,
including arrays and structures) to form one unit. You can group the data to suit
your process control. You can therefore also transfer parameters as a data unit and
not as single elements. The following figure illustrates a structure consisting of an
integer, a byte, a character, a floating-point number, and a Boolean value.

STRUCT
INT Integer
BYTE Byte
CHAR Character
REAL
Real number
BOOL

Boolean value

A structure can be nested to a maximum of 8 levels (for example, a structure

consisting of structures containing arrays).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-46 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Creating a Structure
You define structures when you declare data within a DB or in the variable
declaration of a logic block.
The following figure illustrates the declaration of a structure (Stack_1) that consists
of the following elements: an integer (for saving the amount), a byte (for saving the
original data), a character (for saving the control code), a floating-point number (for
saving the temperature), and a Boolean memory bit (for terminating the signal).

Address Name Type Init. Value Comment

0.0 Stack_1 STRUCT
+0.0 Amount INT 100
+2.0 Original_data BYTE
+4.0 Control_code CHAR
+6.0 Temperature REAL 120
+8.1 End BOOL FALSE
=10.0 END_STRUCT

Assigning Initial Values for a Structure

If you want to assign an initial value to every element of a structure, you specify a
value that is valid for the data type and the name of the element. You can, for
example, assign the following initial values (to the structure declared in the above
figure):
Amount = 100
Original_data = B#(0)
Control_code = ’C’
Temperature = 120
End = False

Saving and Accessing Data in Structures

You access the individual elements of a structure. You can use symbolic
addresses (for example, Stack_1.Temperature). You can, however, specify the
absolute address at which the element is located (example: if Stack_1 is located in
DB20 starting at byte 0, the absolute address for amount is DB20.DBW0 and the
address for temperature is DB20.DBD6).

Using Structures as Parameters

You can transfer structures as parameters. If a parameter is declared as STRUCT
in the variable declaration, you must transfer a structure with the same
components. An element of a structure can, however, also be assigned to a
parameter when you call a block providing the element of the structure
corresponds to the data type of the parameter.
If you use structures as parameters, both structures (for the formal parameters and
the actual parameters) must have the same components, in other words the same
data types must be arranged in the same order.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-47
Appendix

A.3.3.5 Using User-Defined Data Types to Access Data

User-Defined Data Types

User-defined data types (UDTs) can combine elementary and complex data types.
You can assign a name to UDTs and use them more than once. The following
figure illustrates the structure of a user-defined data type consisting of an integer, a
byte, a character, a floating-point number, and a Boolean value.

UDT20
INT Integer
BYTE Byte
CHAR Character
REAL
Real number
BOOL

Boolean value

Instead of entering all the data types singly or as a structure, you only need to
specify ”UDT20" as the data type and STEP 7 automatically assigns the
corresponding memory space.

Creating a User-Defined Data Type

You define UDTs with STEP 7. The following figure shows a UDT consisting of the
following elements: an integer (for saving the amount), a byte (for saving the
original data), a character (for saving the control code), a floating-point number (for
saving the temperature), and a Boolean memory bit (for terminating the signal).
You can assign a symbolic name to the UDT in the symbol table (for example,
process data).

Address Name Type Init. Value Comment

0.0 Stack_1 STRUCT
+0.0 Amount INT 100
+2.0 Original_data BYTE
+4.0 Control_code CHAR
+6.0 Temperature REAL 120
+8.1 End BOOL FALSE
=10.0 END_STRUCT

Once you have created a UDT, you can use the UDT like a data type if, for
example, you declare the data type UDT200 for a variable in a DB (or in the
variable declaration of an FB).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-48 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

The following figure shows a DB with the variables process_data_1 with the data
type UDT200. You only specify UDT200 and process_data_1. The arrays shown in
italics are created when you compile the DB.

Address Name Type Init. Value Comment

0.0 STRUCT
+6.0 Process_data_1 UDT200
=6.0 END_STRUCT

Assigning Initial Values for a User-Defined Data Type

If you want to assign an initial value to every element of a user-defined data type,
you specify a value that is valid for the data type and the name of the element. You
can, for example, assign the following initial values (to the user-defined data type
declared in the above figure):
Amount = 100
Original_data = B#(0)
Control_code = ’C’
Temperature = 120
End = False
If you declare a variable as a UDT, the initial values of the variables are the values
you specified when you created the UDT.

Saving and Accessing Data in a User-Defined Data Type

You access the individual elements of a UDT. You can use symbolic addresses (for
example Stack_1.Temperature). You can, however specify the absolute address at
which the element is located (example: if Stack_1 is located in DB20 starting at
byte 0, the absolute address for amount is DB20.DBW0 and the address for
temperature is DB20.DBD6).

Using User-Defined Data Types as Parameters

You can transfer variables of the data type UDT as parameters. If a parameter is
declared as UDT in the variable declaration, you must transfer a UDT with the
same structure. An element of a UDT can, however, also be assigned to a
parameter when you call a block providing the element of the UDT corresponds to
the data type of the parameter.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-49
Appendix

Advantages of DBs with an Assigned UDT

By using UDTs you have created once, you can generate a large number of data
blocks with the same data structure. You can then use these data blocks to enter
different actual values for specific tasks.
If, for example, you structure a UDT for a formula (for example, for blending
colors), you can assign this UDT to several DBs each containing different amounts.

DB17 "DARK_BLUE"

User-defined data type DB22 "LIGHT_BLUE"

UDT1 “Formula"

DB 23 "TURQUOISE"

The structure of the data block is determined by the UDT assigned to it.

A.3.4 Parameter Types

In addition to elementary and complex data types, you can also define parameter
types for formal parameters that are transferred between blocks. STEP 7
recognizes the following parameter types:
• TIMER or COUNTER: this specifies a particular timer or particular counter that
will be used when the block is executed. If you supply a value to a formal
parameter of the TIMER or COUNTER parameter type, the corresponding
actual parameter must be a timer or a counter, in other words, you enter "T" or
"C" followed by a positive integer.
• BLOCK: specifies a particular block to be used as an input or output. The
declaration of the parameter determines the block type to be used (FB, FC, DB
etc.). If you supply values to a formal parameter of the BLOCK parameter type,
specify a block address as the actual parameter. Example: ”FC101" (when
using absolute addressing) or ”Valve" (with symbolic addressing).
• POINTER: references the address of a variable. A pointer contains an address
instead of a value. When you supply a value to a formal parameter of the
parameter type POINTER, you specify an address as the actual parameter. In
STEP 7, you can specify a pointer in the pointer format or simply as an
address (for example, M 50.0). Example of a pointer format for addressing the
data beginning at M 50.0: P#M50.0
• ANY: this is used when the data type of the actual parameter is unknown or
when any data type can be used. For more information about the ANY
parameter type, refer to the sections "Format of the Parameter Type ANY" and
"Using the Parameter Type ANY".

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-50 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A parameter type can also be used in a user-defined data type (UDT). For more
information about UDTs, refer to the section "Using User-Defined Data Types to
Access Data".

Parameter Capacity Description

TIMER 2 bytes Indicates a timer to be used by the program in the called logic
block.
Format: T1
COUNTER 2 bytes Indicates a counter to be used by the program in the called
logic block.
Format: C10
BLOCK_FB 2 bytes Indicates a block to be used by the program in the called logic
BLOCK_FC block.
BLOCK_DB Format: FC101
BLOCK_SDB DB42
POINTER 6 bytes Identifies the address.
Format: P#M50.0
ANY 10 Bytes Is used when the data type of the current parameter is
unknown.
Format: P#M50.0 BYTE 10 ANY format for
P#M100.0 WORD 5 data types

L#1COUNTER 10 ANY format for

parameter types

A.3.4.1 Format of the Parameter Types BLOCK, COUNTER, TIMER

STEP 7 stores the parameter types BLOCK, COUNTER, and TIMER as binary
numbers in a word (32 bits). The following figure shows the format of these
parameter types.

Bits 15 8 7 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Byte 0 Byte 1

The permitted number of blocks, timers, and counters is dependent on the type of
your S7 CPU. You will find more information on the permitted number of timers and
counters and on the maximum number of available blocks in the data sheets for
your CPU in the "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation
Manual" or in the "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Hardware and
Installation Manual."

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-51
Appendix

A.3.4.2 Format of the Parameter Type POINTER

The following figure shows the type of data that is stored in each byte.

Pointer format
15... ...8 7... ...0
Byte 0 DB number (or 0) Byte 1

Byte 2 Memory area 0 0 0 0 0 b b b Byte 3

Byte 4 b b b b b b b b b b b b b x x x Byte 5

b = Byte address x = Bit address

The parameter type POINTER stores the following information:

• DB number (or 0 if the data are not stored in a DB)
• Memory area in the CPU (the following table shows the hexadecimal codes of
the memory areas for the parameter type POINTER)

Hexadecimal Code Memory Area Description

b#16#81 I Input area
b#16#82 Q Output area
b#16#83 M Bit memory area
b#16#84 DB Data block
b#16#85 DI Instance data block
b#16#86 L Local data (L stack)
b#16#87 V Previous local data

• Address of the data (in the format Byte.Bit)

STEP 7 provides the pointer format: p#memory_area byte.bit_address. (If the
formal parameter was declared as the parameter type POINTER, you only
need to indicate the memory area and the address. STEP 7 automatically
reformats your entry into pointer format.) The following examples show how
you enter the parameter type POINTER for the data that start at M50.0:
• P#M50.0
• M50.0 (if the formal parameter was declared as POINTER).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-52 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.3.4.3 Using the Parameter Type POINTER

A pointer is used to point to an address. The advantage of this type of addressing
is that you can modify the address of the statement dynamically during program
processing.

Pointer for Memory-Indirect Addressing

Program statements that work with memory-indirect addressing are made up of an
instruction, an address identifier, and an offset (the offset must be given in square
brackets).
Example of a pointer in double word format:

L P#8.7 Load the value of the pointer into accumulator 1.

T MD2 Transfer the pointer to MD2.
A I [MD2] Query the signal state at input bit I 8.7 and
= Q [MD2] assign the signal state to output bit Q 8.7.

Pointer for Area-Internal and Area-Crossing Addressing

The program statements that work with these types of addressing are comprised of
an instruction and the following parts: address identifier, address register identifier,
offset.
The address register (AR1/2) and the offset must be specified together in square
brackets.

Example for Area-Internal Addressing

The pointer contains no indication of a memory area:

L P#8.7 Load the value of the pointer into accumulator 1.

LAR1 Load the pointer from accumulator 1 into AR1.
A I [AR1, P#0.0] Query the signal state at input bit I 8.7 and
= Q [AR1, P#1.1] assign the signal state to output bit Q 10.0.

The offset 0.0 has no influence. Output 10.0 is calculated from 8.7 (AR1) plus the
offset 1.1. The result is 10.0 and not 9.8, see pointer format.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-53
Appendix

Example for Area-Crossing Addressing

In area-crossing addressing the memory area is indicated in the pointer (in the
example I and Q).

L P# I8.7 Load the value of the pointer and the area

identification in accumulator 1.
LAR1 Load memory area I and the address 8.7 into AR1.
L P# Q8.7 Load the value of the pointer and the area
identification in accumulator 1.
LAR2 Load memory area Q and the address 8.7 into AR2.
A [AR1, P#0.0] Query the signal state at input bit I 8.7 and
= [AR2, P#1.1] assign the signal state to output bit Q 10.0.

The offset 0.0 has no influence. Output 10.0 is calculated from 8.7 (AR2) plus the
offset 1.1. The result is 10.0 and not 9.8, see pointer format.

A.3.4.4 Block for Changing the Pointer

Using the sample block FC3 "Routing Pointers" it is possible to change the bit or
byte address of a pointer. The pointer to be changed is transferred to the variable
"pointer" when the FC is called (area-internal and area-crossing pointers in double
word format can be used).
With the parameter "Bit-Byte" you can change the bit or byte address of the pointer
(0: bit address, 1: byte address). The variable "Inc_Value" (in integer format)
specifies the number that should be added to or subtracted from the address
contents. You can also specify negative numbers to decrement the address.
With a bit address change, there is a carry over to the byte address (also when
decrementing), for example:
• P#M 5.3, Bit_Byte = 0, Inc_Value = 6 => P#M 6.1 or
• P#M 5.3, Bit_Byte = 0, Inc_Value = -6 => P#M 4.5.
The area information of the pointer is not influenced by the function.
The FC intercepts an overflow/underflow of the pointer. In this case the pointer is
not changed and the output variable "RET_VAL" (error handling possible) is set to
"1" (until the next correct processing of FC3). This is the case where:
• 1. Bit address is selected and Inc_Value >7, or <-7
• 2. Bit or byte address is selected and the change would result in a "negative"
byte address
• 3. Bit or byte address is selected and the change would result in an illegally
large byte address.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-54 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Sample Block in STL to Change the Pointer

FUNCTION FC 3: BOOL
TITLE =Routing Pointers
//FC3 can be used to change pointers.
AUTHOR : AUT1CS1
FAMILY : INDADDR
NAME : ADDRPOINT
VERSION : 0.0

VAR_INPUT
Bit_Byte : BOOL ; //0: Bit address, 1: byte address
Inc_Value : INT ; //Increment (if value neg. => decrement/if value pos. =>
increment)
END_VAR

VAR_IN_OUT
Pointer : DWORD ; //Pointer to be changed
END_VAR
VAR_TEMP
Inc_Value1 : INT ; //Interim value increment
Pointer1 : DWORD ; //Interim value pointer
Int_Value : DWORD ; //Auxiliary variable
END_VAR
BEGIN
NETWORK
TITLE =
//The block intercepts changes that change the area information of the pointer
//or that lead to "negative" pointers automatically.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-55
Appendix

SET ; //Set RLO to 1 and

R #RET_VAL; //reset overflow
L #Pointer; //Supply value to temporary
T #Pointer1; //interim value pointer
L #Inc_Value; //Supply value of temporary
T #Inc_Value1; //interim value increment
A #Bit_Byte; //If =1, byte address instruction
JC Byte; //Jump to byte address calculation
L 7; //If value of increment > 7,
L #Inc_Value1;
<I ;
S #RET_VAL; //then set RET_VAL and
JC End; //jump to End
L -7; //If value of increment < -7,
<I ;
S #RET_VAL; //then set RET_VAL and
JC End; //jump to End
A L 1.3; //If bit 4 of the value = 1 (Inc_Value negative)
JC neg; //then jump to bit address subtraction
L #Pointer1; //Load pointer address information
L #Inc_Value1; //and add the increment
+D ;
JU test; //Jump to test for negative result
neg: L #Pointer1; //Load pointer address information
L #Inc_Value1; //Load the increment
NEGI ; //Negate the negative value,
-D ; //subtract the value
JU test; //and jump to test

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-56 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Byte: L 0; //Start of byte address change

L #Inc_Value1; //If increment >=0, then
<I ;
JC pos; //jump to addition, otherwise
L #Pointer1; //Load pointer address information,
L #Inc_Value1; //load the increment,
NEGI ; //negate the negative value,
SLD 3; //shift the increment 3 digits to the left,
–D ; //subtract the value,
JU test; //and jump to test
pos: SLD 3; //Shift the increment 3 digits to the left
L #Pointer1; //Load pointer address information
+D ; //Add increment
test: T #Int_Value; //Transfer results of calculation to Int_Value
A L 7.3; //If invalid byte address (too large or
S #RET_VAL; //negative), then set RET_VAL
JC End; //and jump to End,
L #Int_Value; //otherwise transfer result
T #Pointer; //to pointer
End: NOP 0;
END_FUNCTION

A.3.4.5 Format of the Parameter Type ANY

STEP 7 stores the parameter type ANY in 10 bytes. When constructing a
parameter of the type ANY, you must ensure that all 10 bytes are occupied
because the called block evaluates the whole contents of the parameter. If, for
example, you specify a DB number in byte 4, you must also explicitly specify the
memory area in byte 6.
STEP 7 manages the data of elementary and complex data types differently from
the data for parameter types.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-57
Appendix

ANY Format for Data Types

For elementary and complex data types STEP 7 stores the following data:
• Data types
• Repetition factor
• DB number
• Memory area in which the information is stored
• Start address of the data

Data from elementary and complex data types

15... ...8 7... ...0
Byte 0 10h for S7 Data type Byte 1
Byte 2 Repetition factor Byte 3
Byte 4 DB number (or 0) Byte 5
Byte 6 Memory area 0 0 0 0 0 b b b Byte 7
Byte 8 b b b b b b b b b b b b b x x x Byte 9

b = Byte address x = Bit address

The repetition factor identifies a quantity of the indicated data type to be transferred
by the parameter type ANY. This means you can specify a data area and also use
arrays and structures in conjunction with the parameter type ANY. STEP 7
identifies arrays and structures as a number (with the help of the repetition factor)
of data types. If, for example, 10 words are to be transferred, the value 10 must be
entered for the repetition factor and the value 04 must be entered for the data type.
The address is stored in the format Byte.Bit where the byte address is stored in bits
0 to 2 of byte 7, in bits 0 to 7 of byte 8, and in bits 3 to 7 of byte 9. The bit address
is stored in bits 0 to 2 of byte 9.
With a null pointer of the type NIL all bytes from byte 1 are assigned 0.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-58 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

The following tables show the coding of the data types or of the memory areas for
the parameter type ANY.

Coding of the Data Types

Hexadecimal Code Data Type Description
b#16#00 NIL Null pointer
b#16#01 BOOL Bits
b#16#02 BYTE Bytes (8 bits)
b#16#03 CHAR Characters (8 bits)
b#16#04 WORD Words (16 bits)
b#16#05 INT Integers (16 bits)
B#16#06 DWORD Words (32 bits)
b#16#07 DINT Double integers (32 bits)
b#16#08 REAL Floating-point numbers (32 bits)
b#16#09 DATE Date
b#16#0A TIME_OF_DAY (TOD) Time of day
b#16#0B TIME Time
b#16#0C S5TIME Data type S5TIME
b#16#0E DATE_AND_TIME (DT) Date and time (64 bits)
b#16#13 STRING String

Coding of the Memory Areas

Hexadecimal Code Area Description
b#16#81 I Input area
b#16#82 Q Output area
b#16#83 M Bit memory area
b#16#84 DB Data block
b#16#85 DI Instance data block
b#16#86 L Local data (L stack)
b#16#87 V Previous local data

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-59
Appendix

ANY Format for Parameter Types

For parameter types STEP 7 stores the data type and the address of the
parameters. The repetition factor is always 1. Bytes 4, 5, and 7 are always 0. Bytes
8 and 9 indicate the number of the timer, counter, or block.

Data from parameter types (timers, counters, blocks)

15... ...8 7... ...0

Byte 0 10h for S7 Data type Byte 1

Byte 2 Repetition factor = 1 Byte 3

Byte 4 0 Byte 5

Byte 6 Data type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Byte 7

Byte 8 Number of timer, counter or block Byte 9

The following table shows the coding of the data types for the parameter type ANY
for parameter types.

Hexadecimal Code Data Type Description

b#16#17 BLOCK_FB FB number
b#16#18 BLOCK_FC FC number
b#16#19 BLOCK_DB DB number
b#16#1A BLOCK_SDB SDB number
b#16#1C COUNTER Counter number
b#16#1D TIMER Timer number

A.3.4.6 Using the Parameter Type ANY

You can define formal parameters for a block that are suitable for actual
parameters of any data type. This is particularly useful when the data type of the
actual parameter that is provided when the block is called is unknown or can vary
(and when any data type is permitted). In the variable declaration of the block, you
declare the parameter as data type ANY. You can then assign an actual parameter
of any data type in STEP 7.
STEP 7 assigns 80 bits of memory for a variable of the ANY data type. If you
assign an actual parameter to this formal parameter, STEP 7 codes the start
address, the data type, and the length of the actual parameter in the 80 bits. The
called block analyzes the 80 bits of data saved for the ANY parameter and obtains
the information required for further processing.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-60 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Assigning an Actual Parameter to an ANY Parameter

If you declare the data type ANY for a parameter, you can assign an actual
parameter of any data type to the formal parameter. In STEP 7, you can assign the
following data types as actual parameters:
• Elementary data types: you specify the absolute address or the symbolic name
of the actual parameter.
• Complex data types: you specify the symbolic name of the data with a complex
data type (for example, arrays and structures).
• Timers, counters, and blocks: you specify the number (for example, T1, C20,
or FB6).
• The following figure shows how data are transferred to an FC with parameters
of the ANY data type.

FB10 with DB10

Variable declaration
STAT Speed INT

CALL FC100 FC100

in_par1 := #Speed
in_par2 := MW100 Variable declaration
in_par3 := DB10.DBD40
IN in_par1 ANY
IN in_par2 ANY
FB11 with DB20 IN in_par3 ANY
Variable declaration
TEMP Thermo ARRAY [1..3]
REAL

FC100
#Thermo in_par1
M 1.3 in_par2
T2 in_par3

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-61
Appendix

In this example, FC100 has three parameters (in_par1, in_par2, and in_par3)
declared as the ANY data type.
• When FB10 calls FC100, FB10 transfers an integer (the static variable speed),
a word (MW100), and a double word to DB10 (DB10.DBD40).
• When FB11 calls FC10, FB11 transfers an array of real numbers (the
temporary variable "Thermo"), a Boolean value (M 1.3), and a timer (T2).

Specifying a Data Area for an ANY Parameter

You can assign not only individual addresses (for example, MW100) to an ANY
parameter but you can also specify a data area. If you want to assign a data area
as the actual parameter, use the following format of a constant to specify the
amount of data to be transferred:
p# Area ID Byte.Bit Data Type Repetition Factor
For the data type element, you can specify all elementary data types and the data
type DATE_AND_TIME in the format for constants. If the data type is not BOOL,
the bit address of 0 (x.0) must be specified. The following table illustrates examples
of the format for specifying memory areas to be transferred to an ANY parameter.

Actual Parameter Description

p# M 50.0 BYTE 10 Specifies 10 bytes in the byte memory area:
MB50 to MB59.
p# DB10.DBX5.0 S5TIME 3 Specifies 3 units of data of the data type S5TIME, that are
located in DB10:
DB byte 5 to DB byte 10.
p# Q 10.0 BOOL 4 Specifies 4 bits in the output area:
Q 10.0 to Q 10.3.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-62 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Example for Using the Parameter Type ANY

The following example shows how you can copy a memory area of 10 bytes using
the parameter type ANY and the system function SFC20 BLKMOV.

STL Explanation
FUNCTION FC10: VOID
VAR_TEMP
Source : ANY;
Target : ANY;
END_VAR
BEGIN
LAR1 P#Source; Load the start address of the ANY pointer in AR1.

L B#16#10; Load the syntax ID and

T LB[AR1,P#0.0]; transfer it to the ANY pointer.

L B#16#02; Load data type Byte and

T LB[AR1,P#1.0]; transfer it to the ANY pointer.

L 10; Load 10 bytes and

T LW[AR1,P#2.0]; transfer them to the ANY pointer.

L 22; Source is DB22, DBB11

T LW[AR1,P#4.0];
L P#DBX11.0;
T LD[AR1,P#6.0];

LAR1 P#Target; Load the start address of the ANY pointer in AR1.

L B#16#10; Load the syntax ID and

T LB[AR1,P#0.0]; transfer it to the ANY pointer.

L B#16#02; Load data type Byte and

T LB[AR1,P#1.0]; transfer it to the ANY pointer.

L 10; Load 10 bytes and

T LW[AR1,P#2.0]; transfer them to the ANY pointer.

L 33; Target is DB33, DBB202

T LW[AR1,P#4.0];
L P#DBX202.0;
T LD[AR1,P#6.0];

CALL SFC 20 ( Call the system function BLKMOV

SRC BLK := Source,
RET_VAL := MW 12, Evaluate the BR bit and MW12
DSTBLK := Target
);
END FUNCTION

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-63
Appendix

A.3.4.7 Assigning Data Types to Local Data of Logic Blocks

With STEP 7, the data types (elementary and complex data types and parameter
types) that can be assigned to the local data of a block in the variable declaration
are restricted.

Valid Data Types for the Local Data of an OB

The following table illustrates the restrictions (–) for declaring local data for an OB.
Since you cannot call an OB, an OB cannot have parameters (input, output, or
in/out). Since an OB does not have an instance DB, you cannot declare any static
variables for an OB. The data types of the temporary variables of an OB can be
elementary or complex data types and the data type ANY.
The valid assignments are shown by the l symbol.

Declaration Elementary Complex Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter

Type Data Types Data Types Type Type Type Type Type
TIMER COUNTER BLOCK POINTER ANY
Input — — — — — — —
Output — — — — — — —
In/out — — — — — — —
Static — — — — — — —
Temporary l(1) l(1) — — — — l(1)
(1)
Located in the L stack of the OB.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-64 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Valid Data Types for the Local Data of an FB

The following table illustrates the restrictions (–) for declaring local data for an FB.
Due to the instance DB, there are less restrictions when declaring local data for an
FB. When declaring input parameters there are no restrictions whatsoever; for an
output parameter you cannot declare any parameter types, and for in/out
parameters only the parameter types POINTER and ANY are permitted. You can
declare temporary variables as the ANY data type. All other parameter types are
illegal.
The valid assignments are shown by the l symbol.

Declaration Elementary Complex Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter

Type Data Types Data Types Type Type Type Type Type
TIMER COUNTER BLOCK POINTER ANY
Input l l l l l l l
Output l l — — — — —
In/out l l(1)(3) — — — l l
Static l l — — — — —
Temporary l(2) l(2) — — — — l(2)
1
Stored as a reference (48-bit pointer) in the instance data block.
2
Located in the L stack of the FB.
3
STRINGS can be defined in the default length only.

Valid Data Types for the Local Data of an FC

The following table illustrates the restrictions (–) for declaring local data for an FC.
Since an FC does not have an instance DB, it also has no static variables. For
input, output, and in/out parameters of an FC, only the parameter types POINTER
and ANY are permitted. You can also declare temporary variables of the ANY
parameter type.
The valid assignments are shown by the l symbol.

Declaration Elementary Complex Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter

Type Data Types Data Types Type Type Type Type Type
TIMER COUNTER BLOCK POINTER ANY
Input l l(2) l l l l l
Output l l(2) — — — l l
In/out l l(2) — — — l l
Temporary l(1) l(1) — — — — l(1)
1
Located in the L stack of the FC.
2
STRINGS can be defined in the default length only.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-65
Appendix

A.3.4.8 Permitted Data Types when Transferring Parameters

Rules for Transferring Parameters Between Blocks

When you assign actual parameters to formal parameters, you can specify either
an absolute address, a symbolic name, or a constant. STEP 7 restricts the valid
assignments for the various parameters. Output and in/out parameters, for
example, cannot be assigned a constant value (since the purpose of an output or
an in/out parameter is to change its value). These restrictions apply particularly to
parameters with complex data types to which neither an absolute address nor a
constant can be assigned.
The following tables illustrate the restrictions (–) involving the data types of actual
parameters that are assigned to formal parameters.
The valid assignments are shown by the l symbol.

Elementary Data Types

Declaration Absolute Symbolic Name Temporary Local Constant
Type Address (in the Symbol Table) Symbol
Input l l l l
Output l l l —
In/out l l l —

Complex Data Types

Declaration Absolute Symbolic Name of the DB Temporary Local Constant
Type Address Element Symbol
(in the Symbol Table)
Input — l l —
Output — l l —
In/out — l l —

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-66 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Valid Data Types for the Call of a Function by a Function

You can assign the formal parameters of a calling FC to the formal parameters of a
called FC. The following figure illustrates the formal parameters of FC10 that are
assigned as actual parameters to the formal parameters of FC12.

Function (FC) –-------- Call ---------- Function (FC)

FC10 FC12

Variable declaration Variable declaration

Param_1 Input A_Param Input
Param_2 Output B_Param Output
Param_3 In/out C_Param In/out

Call FC12
A_Param := Param_1
B_Param := Param_2
C_Param := Param_3

STEP 7 restricts the assignment of formal parameters of an FC as actual

parameters for the formal parameters of a different FC. You cannot, for example,
assign parameters with complex data types or a parameter type as the actual
parameter.
The following table shows the permitted data types (l) when one FC calls another
FC.

Declaration Type Elementary Complex Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter

Data Types Data Type Type Type Type Type
Types
TIMER COUNTER BLOCK POINTER ANY

Input → Input l — — — — — —
Input → Output — — — — — — —
Input → In/out — — — — — — —
Output → Input — — — — — — —
Output → Output l — — — — — —
Output → In/out — — — — — — —
In/out → Input l — — — — — —
In/out → Output l — — — — — —
In/out → In/out l — — — — — —

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-67
Appendix

Valid Data Types for the Call of a Function by a Function Block

You can assign the formal parameters of a calling FB to the formal parameters of a
called FC. The following figure illustrates the formal parameters of FB10 that are
assigned as actual parameters to the formal parameters of FC12.

Function Block (FB) ------------- Call ------------- Function (FC)

FB10 with DB10 FC12

Variable declaration Variable declaration

Param_1 Input A_Param Input
Param_2 Output B_Param Output
Param_3 In/out C_Param In/out

Call FC12
A_Param := Param_1
B_Param := Param_2
C_Param := Param_3

STEP 7 restricts the assignment of the formal parameters of an FB to the formal

parameters of an FC. You cannot, for example, assign parameters of the
parameter type as actual parameters. The following table shows the permitted data
types (l) when an FB calls an FC.

Declaration Elementary Complex Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter

Type Data Types Data Type Type Type Type Type
Types
TIMER COUNTER BLOCK POINTER ANY
Input → Input l l — — — — —
Input → Output — — — — — — —
Input → In/out — — — — — — —
Output → Input — — — — — — —
Output → Output l l — — — — —
Output → In/out — — — — — — —
In/out → Input l — — — — — —
In/out → Output l — — — — — —
In/out → In/out l — — — — — —

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-68 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Valid Data Types for the Call of a Function Block by a Function

You can assign the formal parameters of a calling FC to the formal parameters of a
called FB. The following figure illustrates the formal parameters of FC10 that are
assigned as actual parameters to the formal parameters of FB12.

Function (FC) ------------ Call ----------- Function Block (FB)

FC10 FB12 with DB11

Variable declaration Variable declaration

Param_1 Input A_Param Input
Param_2 Output B_Param Output
Param_3 In/out C_Param In/out

Call FB12,DB11
A_Param := Param_1
B_Param := Param_2
C_Param := Param_3

STEP 7 restricts the assignment of formal parameters of an FC to the formal

parameters an FB. You cannot, for example, assign parameters with a complex
data type as actual parameters. You can, however, assign input parameters of the
parameter types TIMER, COUNTER, or BLOCK to the input parameters of the
called FB.
The following table shows the permitted data types (l) when an FC calls an FB.

Declaration Elementary Complex Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter

Type Data Types Data Type Type Type Type Type
Types
TIMER COUNTER BLOCK POINTER ANY
Input → Input l — l l l — —
Input → Output — — — — — — —
Input → In/out — — — — — — —
Output → Input — — — — — — —
Output → Output l — — — — — —
Output → In/out — — — — — — —
In/out → Input l — — — — — —
In/out → Output l — — — — — —
In/out → In/out l — — — — — —

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-69
Appendix

Valid Data Types for the Call of a Function Block by a Function Block
You can assign the formal parameters of a calling FB to the formal parameters of a
called FB. The following figure illustrates the formal parameters of FB10 that are
assigned as actual parameters to the formal parameters of FB12.

Function Block (FB) ---------- Call ---------- Function Block (FB)

FB10 with DB10 FB12 with DB11

Variable declaration Variable declaration

Param_1 Input A_Param Input
Param_2 Output B_Param Output
Param_3 In/out C_Param In/out

Call FB12,DB11
A_Param := Param_1
B_Param := Param_2
C_Param := Param_3

STEP 7 restricts the assignment of the formal parameters of an FB to the formal

parameters of another FB. You cannot, for example, assign input and output
parameters with complex data types as the actual parameters for the input and
output parameters of a called FB. You can, however, assign input parameters of
the parameter types TIMER, COUNTER, or BLOCK to the input parameters of the
called FB.
The following table shows the permitted data types (l) when an FB calls another
FB.

Declaration Elementary Complex Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter

Type Data Types Data Type Type Type Type Type
Types
TIMER COUNTER BLOCK POINTER ANY
Input → Input l l l l l — —
Input → Output — — — — — — —
Input → In/out — — — — — — —
Output → Input — — — — — — —
Output → Output l l — — — — —
Output → In/out — — — — — — —
In/out → Input l — — — — — —
In/out → Output l — — — — — —
In/out → In/out l — — — — — —

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-70 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.3.4.9 Transferring to IN_OUT Parameters of a Function Block

When complex data types are transferred to IN_OUT parameters of a function
block (FB) the address of the variable is transferred (call by reference).
When elementary data types are transferred to IN_OUT parameters of a function
block the values are copied into the instance data block before the function block is
started and copied out of the instance data block after the function block is ended.
This means IN_OUT variables of elementary data type can be initialized with a
value.
It is not possible, however, to specify a constant in place of an IN_OUT variable as
the actual parameter in a call because a constant cannot be written to.
Variables of the data type STRUCT or ARRAY cannot be initialized because only
one address is in the instance data block in this case.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-71
Appendix

A.4 Working with Older Projects

A.4.1 Converting Version 1 Projects

You can re-use projects you created with version 1 of STEP 7. To do this, you have
to convert the version 1 projects to version 2 projects.
The following components of a version 1 project are retained:
• Project structure with programs
• Blocks
• STL source files
• Symbol table
The configuration of the hardware is not converted. You can copy the program
components contained in the project to other projects. You can also add a station
to the new project and configure and assign parameters to it.
Once you have converted to version 2 you can decide in a dialog box whether you
now want to convert this version 2 project to a project in your current STEP 7
version.

Note
The individual blocks stay as version 1 blocks as regards their properties. The
code generated in version 1 is not changed and the blocks cannot therefore be
used in conjunction with multiple instances.
If you want to declare multiple instances in the converted blocks, generate STL
source files from the converted blocks first using the "LAD/STL/FBD:
Programming Blocks" application and then compile them back into blocks.
Programming multiple instances is a new feature of STEP 7 version 2 used to
create function blocks (FB). If you want to continue using function blocks created
with version 1 in the same way in a version 2 project, you do not need to convert
them.

Procedure
To convert version 1 projects, proceed as follows:
1. Select the menu command File > Open Version 1 Project.
2. In the dialog box which appears, select the version 1 project which you want to
use in version 2. You recognize a version 1 project by its extension *.s7a.
3. Then, in the next dialog box, enter the name of the new project to which you
want the version 1 project to be converted.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-72 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.4.2 Converting Version 2 Projects

In STEP 7 you can also open version 2 projects using the menu command File >
Open.
Version 2 projects/libraries can be converted (migrated) to your current STEP 7
version using the menu command File > Save As and the option "Rearrange
before saving." The project is then saved as a project with the current STEP 7
version.
You can edit projects and libraries from older STEP 7 versions retaining their
format and save them by selecting the older STEP 7 version as the file type in the
"Save Project As" dialog box. For example, to edit the objects with STEP 7 version
2.1, select "Project 2.x" or "Library 2.x" here (it is not possible to save as Version 2
as from Version 5.1 on. Also refer to Editing Version 2 projects and libraries).

Designation of the File Type

STEP 7 V3 From STEP 7 V4

File type of the current Project3.x Project
version Library3.x Library
File type of the older Project2.x Project2.x
version Library2.x Library2.x

This means you only have access to the scope of functions of the older STEP 7
version. You can, however, still continue to manage the projects and libraries with
the older STEP 7 version.

Note
The upgrade from version 3 to versions 4 and higher only involves a change in name: the
format has remained identical. Therefore there is no file type "Project3.x" in STEP 7 V4.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-73
Appendix

Procedure
To convert version 2 projects to the format of the current STEP 7 version, proceed
as follows:
1. Execute the ”Save As" command in the File menu with the "Rearrange before
saving" option for the project.
2. Select the file type "Project" in the "Save Project As" dialog box and click the
"Save" button.
To convert version 2 projects to the current STEP 7 version while retaining their
format, proceed as follows:
1. Execute step 1 above if necessary.
2. Select the file type of the older STEP 7 version in the "Save Project As" dialog
box and click the "Save" button.

A.4.3 Notes on STEP 7 V.2.1 Projects with GD Communication

• If you want to convert a project with global data from STEP 7 V2.1 to STEP 7
V5, you must first open the GD table with STEP 7 V5.0 in the STEP 7 V2.1
project. The communication data configured previously are automatically
converted into the new structure via GD communication.
• When you archive STEP 7 V2.1 projects, older programs (ARJ, PKZIP...) may
issue an error message if the project contains files with names which are more
than eight characters in length. This message also appears if the MPI network
in the STEP 7 V2.1 project was edited with an ID which is more than 8
characters in length. In STEP 7 V2.1 projects with global data, edit a name for
the MPI network which is a maximum of eight characters in length before you
start to configure global data communication for the first time.
• If you want to rename a STEP 7 V2.1 project, you must reassign the headings
of the columns (CPUs) in the GD table by re-selecting the appropriate CPU. If
you restore the old project name, the assignments are displayed once more.

A.4.4 Expanding DP Slaves That Were Created with Previous Versions

of STEP 7

Constellations That Can Be Formed by Importing New *.GSE Files

New DP slaves can be accepted by the HW Config if you install new device
database files (*.GSE files) into the Hardware Catalog. After installation, they are
available in the Other Field Devices folder.
You cannot reconfigure or expand a modular DP slave with STEP 7, Service Pack
3, in the usual manner if all of the following conditions exist:
• The slave was configured with a previous version of STEP 7.
• The slave was represented in the Hardware Catalog by a type file rather than a
*.GSE file.
• A new *.GSE file was installed over the slave.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-74 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Remedy
If you want to use the DP slave with new modules that are described in the
*.GSE file:
• Delete the DP slave and configure it again. Then the DP slave is described
completely by the *.GSE file, not by the type file.
If you do not want to use any new modules that are described only in the
*.GSE file:
• Under PROFIBUS-DP in the Hardware Catalog window, select the Other Field
Devices/Compatible PROFIBUS-DP Slaves folder. STEP 7 moves the "old"
type files into this folder when they are replaced by new *.GSE files. In this
folder you will find the modules with which you can expand the already
configured DP slave.

A.4.5 DP Slaves with Missing or Faulty GSE Files

If you process older station configurations with STEP 7 Version 5.1, it is possible in
rare cases that the GSE file of a DP slave is missing or cannot be not compiled (for
example, due to syntax errors in the GSE file).
In this case STEP 7 generates a "dummy" slave which represents the configured
slave, for example after a station download to the programming device or after an
older project has been opened and processed further. This "dummy" slave can only
be processed to a limited extent. You cannot change the slave structure (DP
identifiers) and the slave parameters. However, renewed downloading to the
station is possible. The original configuration of the slave is retained. The complete
DP slave can also be deleted.

Reconfiguring and Parameterizing the DP Slave

If you wish to reconfigure or reparameterize the DP slave, you have to request an
up-to-date GSE file for this DP slave from the manufacturer and make it available
by using the menu command Options > Install New GSE.
After the correct GSE file has been installed, it is used to represent the DP slave.
The DP slave contains its data and can be processed again completely.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-75
Appendix

A.5 Sample Programs

A.5.1 Sample projects and samle programs

The installation CD contains a number of sample projects. For the projects that are
not described in this chapter, a description is included with the corresponding OB1.

Examples and Sample Projects Included Described Description in

on CD in this OB1 in IEC/
Chapter International
"ZEn01_08_STEP7_Mix" project • •
(industrial blending process)
"ZEn01_01_STEP7_*" to • Separate •
"ZEn01_06_STEP7_*" projects (getting Manual
started and exercises)
"ZEn01_09_STEP7_Zebra" project • •
(traffic signal control at a zebra crossing)
"Zen01_10_STEP7_COM_SFB" project • •
(data exchange between two S7-400 CPUs)
"Zen01_11_STEP7_COM_SFC1" and • •
"Zen01_12_STEP7_COM_SFC2" project
(data exchange using communication SFCs
for non-configured connections)
Example of handling time-of-day interrupts •
Example of handling time-delay interrupts •
Example of masking and unmasking •
synchronous errors
Example of disabling and enabling interrupts •
and asynchronous errors
Example of the delayed processing of •
interrupts and asynchronous errors

The emphasis of the examples is not on teaching a particular programming style or

the specialist knowledge needed to control a particular process. The examples are
simply intended to illustrate the steps that must be followed to design a program.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-76 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Deleting and Installing the Supplied Sample Projects

The supplied sample projects can be deleted in the SIMATIC Manager and then
reinstalled. To install the sample projects, you must start the STEP 7 V5.0 setup
program. The sample projects can be installed selectively at a later date.

Note
When STEP 7 is installed, the supplied sample projects are copied, unless
otherwise specified. If you have edited the supplied sample projects, these
modified projects are overwritten with the originals when STEP 7 is reinstalled.
For this reason, you should copy the supplied sample projects before making any
changes and then only edit the copies.

A.5.2 Sample Program for an Industrial Blending Process

The sample program is makes use of information that you have already read in part
1 of the manual about controlling an industrial blending process.

Task
Two ingredients (ingredient A and ingredient B) are mixed together in a mixing tank
by an agitator. The finished product is drained from the tank through a drain valve.
The following figure shows a diagram of the sample process.

Area: Ingredient A
M M
Area: Mixing tank

Agitator motor
Inlet Feed Feed Flow
valve pump valve sensor M

Switch for tank

level measuring

Area: Ingredient B

M M

Inlet Feed Feed

valve pump valve Area: Drain

Drain valve

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-77
Appendix

Describing the Parts of a Process

Part 1 of the manual included a description of how you divide up the sample
process into functional areas and individual tasks. The individual areas are
described below.
The area for ingredients A and B:
• The pipes for each of the ingredients are equipped with an inlet and a feed
valve and feed pump.
• The inlet pipes also have flow sensors.
• Turning on the feed pumps must be interlocked when the tank level sensor
indicates that the tank is full.
• The activation of the feed pumps must be interlocked when the drain valve is
open.
• The inlet and feed valves must be opened at the earliest 1 second after starting
the feed pump.
• The valves must be closed immediately after the feed pumps stop (signal from
the flow sensor) to prevent ingredients leaking from the pump.
• The activation of the feed pumps is combined with a time monitoring function,
in other words, within 7 seconds after the pumps start, the flow sensor must
report a flow.
• The feed pumps must be turned off as quickly as possible if the flow sensor no
longer signals a flow while the feed pumps are running.
• The number of times that the feed pumps are started must be counted
(maintenance interval).
Mixing tank area:
• The activation of the agitator motor must be interlocked when the tank level
sensor indicates ”level below minimum" or the drain valve is open.
• The agitator motor sends a response signal after reaching the rated speed. If
this signal is not received within 10 seconds after the motor is activated, the
motor must be turned off.
• The number of times that the agitator motor starts must be counted
(maintenance interval).
• Three sensors must be installed in the mixing tank:
- Tank full: a normally closed contact. When the maximum tank level is
reached, the contact is opened.
- Level in tank above minimum: a normally open contact. If the minimum
level is reached, the contact is closed.
- Tank not empty: a normally open contact. If the tank is not empty, the
contact is closed.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-78 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Drain area:
• Drainage of the tank is controlled by a solenoid valve.
• The solenoid valve is controlled by the operator, but must be closed again at
the latest when the ”tank empty" signal is generated.
• Opening the drain valve is interlocked when
- the agitator motor is running
- the tank is empty

Operator Station
To allow an operator to start, stop, and monitor the process, an operator station is
also required. The operator station is equipped with the following:
• Switches for controlling the most important stages of the process. Using the
"reset maintenance display" switch, you can turn off the maintenance display
lamps for the motors due for maintenance and reset the corresponding
counters for the maintenance interval to 0.
• Display lamps to indicate the status of the process.
• The emergency stop switch.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-79
Appendix

A.5.2.1 Defining Logic Blocks

You structure the program by distributing the user program in various blocks and
by establishing a hierarchy for block calls.

Hierarchy of the Block Calls

The following figure shows the hierarchy of the blocks to be called in the structured
program.

OB 1 DB 1

Ingredient A
Feed pump
ingredient A
FB1 DB 2
Feed pump Motor
ingredient B Ingredient B

DB 3
Agitator
motor Agitator
motor

Inlet valves
A and B
FC1

Feed Valves
valves
A and B

Drain valve

• OB1: The interface to the operating system of the CPU and contains the main
program. In OB1 the blocks FB1 and FC1 are called and the specific
parameters required to control the process are transferred.
• FB1: The feed pump for ingredient A, the feed pump for ingredient B and the
agitator motor can be controlled by a single function block because the
requirements (on, off, count applications etc.) are identical.
• Instance DB 1-3: The actual parameters and the static data for controlling the
feed pumps for ingredient A, ingredient B and for the agitator motor are
different and are therefore stored in three instance DBs associated with FB1.
• FC1: The inlet and feed valves for ingredients A and B and the drain valve also
use a common logic block. As only the function "open and close" must be
programmed, one single FC is sufficient.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-80 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.5.2.2 Assigning Symbolic Names

Defining Symbolic Names

Symbols are used in the sample program and they must be defined in the symbol
table using STEP 7. The following tables show the symbolic names and the
absolute addresses of the program elements used.

Symbolic Addresses for Feed Pump, Agitator Motor, and Inlet Valves
Symbolic Name Address Data Type Description
Feed_pump_A_start I0.0 BOOL Starts the feed pump for ingredient A
Feed_pump_A_stop I0.1 BOOL Stops the feed pump for ingredient A
Flow_A I0.2 BOOL Ingredient A flowing
Inlet_valve_A Q4.0 BOOL Activates the inlet valve for ingredient A
Feed_valve_A Q4.1 BOOL Activates the feed valve for ingredient A
Feed_pump_A_on Q4.2 BOOL Lamp for ”feed pump ingredient A
running"
Feed_pump_A_off Q4.3 BOOL Lamp for ”feed pump ingredient A not
running"
Feed_pump_A Q4.4 BOOL Activates the feed pump for ingredient A
Feed_pump_A_fault Q4.5 BOOL Lamp for ”feed pump A fault"
Feed_pump_A_maint Q4.6 BOOL Lamp for ”feed pump A maintenance"
Feed_pump_B_start I0.3 BOOL Starts the feed pump for ingredient B
Feed_pump_B_stop I0.4 BOOL Stops the feed pump for ingredient B
Flow_B I0.5 BOOL Ingredient B flowing
Inlet_valve_B Q5.0 BOOL Activates the inlet valve for ingredient A
Feed_valve_B Q5.1 BOOL Activates the feed valve for ingredient B
Feed_pump_B_on Q5.2 BOOL Lamp for ”feed pump ingredient B
running"
Feed_pump_B_off Q5.3 BOOL Lamp for ”feed pump ingredient B not
running"
Feed_pump_B Q5.4 BOOL Activates the feed pump for ingredient B
Feed_pump_B_fault Q5.5 BOOL Lamp for ”feed pump B fault"
Feed_pump_B_maint Q5.6 BOOL Lamp for ”feed pump B maintenance"
Agitator_running I1.0 BOOL Response signal of the agitator motor
Agitator_start I1.1 BOOL Agitator start button
Agitator_stop I1.2 BOOL Agitator stop button
Agitator Q8.0 BOOL Activates the agitator
Agitator_on Q8.1 BOOL Lamp for "agitator running"
Agitator_off Q8.2 BOOL Lamp for "agitator not running"
Agitator_fault Q8.3 BOOL Lamp for ”agitator motor fault"
Agitator_maint Q8.4 BOOL Lamp for ”agitator motor maintenance"

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-81
Appendix

Symbolic Addresses for Sensors and Displaying the Level of the Tank
Symbolic Name Address Data Type Description
Tank_below_max I1.3 BOOL Sensor ”mixing tank not full"
Tank_above_min I1.4 BOOL Sensor ”mixing tank above minimum
level"
Tank_not_empty I1.5 BOOL Sensor ”mixing tank not empty"
Tank_max_disp Q9.0 BOOL Lamp for "mixing tank full"
Tank_min_disp Q9.1 BOOL Lamp for "mixing tank below minimum
level"
Tank_empty_disp Q9.2 BOOL Lamp for "mixing tank empty"

Symbolic Addresses for the Drain Valve

Symbolic Name Address Data Type Description
Drain_open I0.6 BOOL Button for opening the drain valve
Drain_closed I0.7 BOOL Button for closing the drain valve
Drain Q9.5 BOOL Activates the drain valve
Drain_open_disp Q9.6 BOOL Lamp for "drain valve open"
Drain_closed_disp Q9.7 BOOL Lamp for "drain valve closed"

Symbolic Addresses for the Other Program Elements

Symbolic Name Address Data Type Description
EMER_STOP_off I1.6 BOOL EMERGENCY STOP switch
Reset_maint I1.7 BOOL Reset switch for the maintenance lamps on all
motors
Motor_block FB1 FB1 FB for controlling pumps and motor
Valve_block FC1 FC1 FC for controlling the valves
DB_feed_pump_A DB1 FB1 Instance DB for controlling feed pump A
DB_feed_pump_B DB2 FB1 Instance DB for controlling feed pump B
DB_agitator DB3 FB1 Instance DB for controlling the agitator motor

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-82 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.5.2.3 Creating the FB for the Motor

What is Required of the FB?

The FB for the motor contains the following logical functions:
• There is a start and a stop input.
• A series of interlocks allow the operation of the devices (pumps and agitator
motor). The status of the interlocks is saved in the temporary local data
(L stack) of OB1 (”Motor_enable," ”Valve_enable") and is logically combined
with the start and stop inputs when the FB for the motor is processed.
• Feedback from the devices must appear within a certain time. Otherwise, it is
assumed that an error or fault has occurred. The function then stops the motor.
• The point in time and the duration of the response or error/fault cycle must be
specified.
• If the start button is pressed and the motor enabled, the device switches itself
on and runs until the stop button is pressed.
• When the device is switched on, a timer starts to run. If the response signal
from the device is not received before the timer has expired, the device stops.

Specifying the Inputs and Outputs

The following figure shows the inputs and outputs of the general FB for the motor.

Start Fault
Stop Start_Dsp
Response Stop_Dsp
Reset_Maint Maint
Motor
Timer_No
Response_Time

Motor

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-83
Appendix

Defining the Parameters for the FB

If you use a multiple instance FB for the motor (for controlling both pumps and the
motor) you must define general parameter names for the inputs and outputs.
The FB for the motor in the sample process requires the following:
• It must have signals from the operator station to stop and start the motor and
pumps.
• It requires a response signal from the motor and pumps to indicate that the
motor is running.
• It must calculate the time between sending the signal to activate the motor and
receiving the response signal. If no response signal is received in this time, the
motor must be switched off.
• It must turn the lamps on the operator station on and off.
• It supplies a signal to activate the motor.
These requirements can be specified as inputs and outputs to the FB. The
following table shows the parameters of the FB for the motor in our sample
process.

Parameter Name Input Output In/Out

Start n
Stop n
Response n
Reset_maint n
Timer_No n
Response_Time n
Fault n
Start_Dsp n
Stop_Dsp n
Maint n
Motor n

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-84 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Declaring the Variables of the FB for the Motor

You must declare the input, output, and in/out parameters of the FB for the motor.

Address Declaration Name Type Initial Value

0.0 IN Start BOOL FALSE
0.1 IN Stop BOOL FALSE
0.2 IN Response BOOL FALSE
0.3 IN Reset_Maint BOOL FALSE
2.0 IN Timer_No TIMER
4.0 IN Response_Time S5TIME S5T#0MS
6.0 OUT Fault BOOL FALSE
6.1 OUT Start_Dsp BOOL FALSE
6.2 OUT Stop_Dsp BOOL FALSE
6.3 OUT Maint BOOL FALSE
8.0 IN_OUT Motor BOOL FALSE
10.0 STAT Time_bin WORD W#16#0
12.0 STAT Time_BCD WORD W#16#0
14.0 STAT Starts INT 0
16.0 STAT Start_Edge BOOL FALSE

With FBs, the input, output, in/out, and static variables are saved in the instance
DB specified in the call statement. The temporary variables are stored in the
L stack.

Programming the FB for the Motor

In STEP 7, every block that is called by a different block must be created before
the block containing its call. In the sample program, you must therefore create the
FB for the motor before OB1.
The code section of FB1 appears as follows in the STL programming language:

Network 1 Start/stop and latching

A(
O #Start
O #Motor
)
AN #Stop
= #Motor

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-85
Appendix

Network 2 Startup monitoring

A #Motor
L #Response_Time
SD #Timer_No
AN #Motor
R #Timer_No
L #Timer_No
T #Timer_bin
LC #Timer_No
T #Timer_BCD
A #Timer_No
AN #Response
S #Fault
R #Motor
Network 3 Start lamp and fault reset
A #Response
= #Start_Dsp
R #Fault
Network 4 Stop lamp
AN #Response
= #Stop_Dsp
Network 5 Counting the starts
A #Motor
FP #Start_Edge
JCN lab1
L #Starts
+ 1
T #Starts
lab1: NOP 0
Network 6 Maintenance lamp
L #Starts
L 50
>=I
= #Maint
Network 7 Reset counter for number of starts
A #Reset_Maint
A #Maint
JCN END
L 0
T #Starts
END: NOP 0

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-86 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Creating the Instance Data Blocks

Create three data blocks and open them one after another. In the "New Data
Block" dialog box select the option "Data block referencing a function block." In the
"Reference" list box select "FB1." The data blocks are then specified as instance
data blocks with a fixed assignment to FB1.

A.5.2.4 Creating the FC for the Valves

What is Required of the FC?

The function for the inlet and feed valves and for the drain valve contains the
following logical functions:
• There is an input for opening and an input for closing the valves.
• Interlocks allow the valves to be opened. The state of the interlocks is saved in
the temporary local data (L stack) of OB1 (”Valve_enable") and is logically
combined with the inputs for opening and closing when the FC for the valves is
processed.

The following table shows the parameters that must be transferred to the FC.

Parameters for the Valves Input Output In/Out

Open á
Close á
Dsp_Open á
Dsp_Closed á
Valve á
Specifying the Inputs and Outputs
The following figure shows the inputs and outputs of the general FC for the valves.
The devices that call the FB for the motor transfer input parameters. The FC for the
valves returns output parameters.

Open Dsp_Open
Close Dsp_Closed
Valve

Valve

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-87
Appendix

Declaring the Variables of the FC for the Valves

Just as with the FB for the motor, you must also declare the input, output, and
in/out parameters for the FC for the valves (see following variable declaration
table).

Address Declaration Name Type Initial Value

0.0 IN Open BOOL FALSE
0.1 IN Close BOOL FALSE
2.0 OUT Dsp_Open BOOL FALSE
2.1 OUT Dsp_Closed BOOL FALSE
4.0 IN_OUT Valve BOOL FALSE

With FCs, the temporary variables are saved in the L stack. The input, output, and
in/out variables are saved as pointers to the logic block that called the FC.
Additional memory space in the L stack (after the temporary variables) is used for
these variables.

Programming the FC for the Valves

The FC1 function for the valves must be created before OB1 since the called
blocks must be created before the calling blocks.
The code section of FC1 appears as shown below in the STL programming
language:

Network 1 Open/close and latching

A(
O #Open
O #Valve
)
AN #Close
= #Valve
Network 2 Display "valve open"
A #Valve
= #Dsp_Open
Network 3 Display "valve closed"
AN #Valve
= #Dsp_Closed

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-88 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.5.2.5 Creating OB1

OB1 decides the structure of the sample program. OB1 also contains the
parameters that are transferred to the various functions, for example:
• The STL networks for the feed pumps and the agitator motor supply the FB for
the motor with the input parameters for starting ("Start"), stopping ("Stop"), for
the response ("Response"), and for resetting the maintenance display
("Reset_Maint"). The FB for the motor is processed in every cycle of the PLC.
• If the FB for the motor is processed, the inputs Timer_No and Response_Time
inform the function of the timer being used and which time must be measured.
• The FC for the valves and the FB for the motors are processed in every
program cycle of the programmable controller because they are called in OB1.
The program uses the FB for the motor with different instance DBs to handle the
tasks for controlling the feed pumps and the agitator motor.

Declaring Variables for OB1

The variable declaration table for OB1 is shown below. The first 20 bytes contain
the start information of OB1 and must not be modified.

Address Declaration Name Type

0.0 TEMP OB1_EV_CLASS BYTE
1.0 TEMP OB1_SCAN1 BYTE
2.0 TEMP OB1_PRIORITY BYTE
3.0 TEMP OB1_OB_NUMBR BYTE
4.0 TEMP OB1_RESERVED_1 BYTE
5.0 TEMP OB1_RESERVED_2 BYTE
6.0 TEMP OB1_PREV_CYCLE INT
8.0 TEMP OB1_MIN_CYCLE INT
10.0 TEMP OB1_MAX_CYCLE INT
12.0 TEMP OB1_DATE_TIME DATE_AND_TIME
20.0 TEMP Enable_motor BOOL
20.1 TEMP Enable_valve BOOL
20.2 TEMP Start_fulfilled BOOL
20.3 TEMP Stop_fulfilled BOOL
20.4 TEMP Inlet_valve_A_open BOOL
20.5 TEMP Inlet_valve_A_closed BOOL
20.6 TEMP Feed_valve_A_open BOOL
20.7 TEMP Feed_valve_A_closed BOOL
21.0 TEMP Inlet_valve_B_open BOOL
21.1 TEMP Inlet_valve_B_closed BOOL
21.2 TEMP Feed_valve_B_open BOOL
21.3 TEMP Feed_valve_B_closed BOOL
21.4 TEMP Open_drain BOOL
21.5 TEMP Close_drain BOOL
21.6 TEMP Valve_closed_fulfilled BOOL

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-89
Appendix

Creating the Program for OB1

In STEP 7, every block that is called by a different block must be created before
the block containing its call. In the sample program, you must therefore create both
the FB for the motor and the FC for the valves before the program in OB1.
The blocks FB1 and FC1 are called more than once in OB1; FB1 is called with
different instance DBs:

OB 1

Feed pump FB 1
ingredient A
Instance DB 1

Inlet valve A FC 1

Feed valve A FC 1

Feed pump
ingredient B FB 1
Operating system

Instance DB 2

Inlet valve B FC 1

Feed valve B FC 1

Agitator motor FB 1

Instance DB 3

Drain valve FC 1

Switch for tank level

measurement

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-90 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

The code section of OB1 appears as shown below in the STL programming
language:

Network 1 Interlocks for feed pump A

A "EMER_STOP_off"
A "Tank_below_max"
AN "Drain"
= #Enable_Motor
Network 2 Calling FB Motor for ingredient A
A "Feed_pump_A_start"
A #Enable_Motor
= #Start_Fulfilled
A(
O "Feed_pump_A_stop"
ON #Enable_Motor
)
= #Stop_Fulfilled
CALL "Motor_block", "DB_feed_pump_A"
Start :=#Start_Fulfilled
Stop :=#Stop_Fullfilled
Response :="Flow_A"
Reset_Maint :="Reset_maint"
Timer_No :=T12
Reponse_Time:=S5T#7S
Fault :="Feed_pump_A_fault"
Start_Dsp :="Feed_pump_A_on"
Stop_Dsp :="Feed_pump_A_off"
Maint :="Feed_pump_A_maint"
Motor :="Feed_pump_A"
Network 3 Delaying the valve enable ingredient A
A "Feed_pump_A"
L S5T#1S
SD T 13
AN "Feed_pump_A"
R T 13
A T 13
= #Enable_Valve

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-91
Appendix

Network 4 Inlet valve control for ingredient A

AN "Flow_A"
AN "Feed_pump_A"
= #Close_Valve_Fulfilled
CALL "Valve_block"
Open :=#Enable_Valve
Close :=#Close_Valve_Fulfilled
Dsp_Open :=#Inlet_Valve_A_Open
Dsp_Closed:=#Inlet_Valve_A_Closed
Valve :="Inlet_Valve_A"
Network 5 Feed valve control for ingredient A
AN "Flow_A"
AN "Feed_pump_A"
= #Close_Valve_Fulfilled
CALL "Valve_block"
Open :=#Enable_Valve
Close :=#Close_Valve_Fulfilled
Dsp_Open :=#Feed_Valve_A_Open
Dsp_Closed:=#Feed_Valve_A_Closed
Valve :="Feed_Valve_A"
Network 6 Interlocks for feed pump B
A "EMER_STOP_off"
A "Tank_below_max"
AN "Drain"
= "Enable_Motor
Network 7 Calling FB Motor for ingredient B
A "Feed_pump_B_start"
A #Enable_Motor
= #Start_Fulfilled
A(
O "Feed_pump_B_stop"
ON #Enable_Motor
)
= #Stop_Fulfilled
CALL "Motor_block", "DB_feed_pump_B"
Start :=#Start_Fulfilled
Stop :=#Stop_Fullfilled
Response :="Flow_B"
Reset_Maint :="Reset_maint"
Timer_No :=T14
Reponse_Time:=S5T#7S
Fault :="Feed_pump_B_fault"
Start_Dsp :="Feed_pump_B_on"
Stop_Dsp :="Feed_pump_B_off"
Maint :="Feed_pump_B_maint"
Motor :="Feed_pump_B"

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-92 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Network 8 Delaying the valve enable ingredient B

A "Feed_pump_B"
L S5T#1S
SD T 15
AN "Feed_pump_B"
R T 15
A T 15
= #Enable_Valve
Network 9 Inlet valve control for ingredient B
AN "Flow_B"
AN "Feed_pump_B"
= #Close_Valve_Fulfilled
CALL "Valve_block"
Open :=#Enable_Valve
Close :=#Close_Valve_Fulfilled
Dsp_Open :=#Inlet_Valve_B_Open
Dsp_Closed:=#Inlet_Valve_B_Closed
Valve :="Inlet_Valve_B"
Network 10 Feed valve control for ingredient B
AN "Flow_B"
AN "Feed_pump_B"
= #Close_Valve_Fulfilled
CALL "Valve_block"
Open :=#Enable_Valve
Close :=#Close_Valve_Fulfilled
Dsp_Open :=#Feed_Valve_B_Open
Dsp_Closed:=#Feed_Valve_B_Closed
Valve :="Feed_Valve_B"
Network 11 Interlocks for agitator
A "EMER_STOP_off"
A "Tank_above_min"
AN "Drain"
= #Enable_Motor

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-93
Appendix

Network 12 Calling FB Motor for agitator

A "Agitator_start"
A #Enable_Motor
= #Start_Fulfilled
A(
O "Agitator_stop"
ON #Enable_Motor
)
= #Stop_Fulfilled
CALL "Motor_block", "DB_Agitator"
Start :=#Start_Fulfilled
Stop :=#Stop_Fullfilled
Response :="Agitator_running"
Reset_Maint :="Reset_maint"
Timer_No :=T16
Reponse_Time:=S5T#10S
Fault :="Agitator_fault"
Start_Dsp :="Agitator_on"
Stop_Dsp :="Agitator_off"
Maint :="Agitator_maint"
Motor :="Agitator"
Network 13 Interlocks for drain valve
A "EMER_STOP_off"
A "Tank_not_empty"
AN "Agitator"
= "Enable_Valve
Network 14 Drain valve control
A "Drain_open"
A #Enable_Valve
= #Open_Drain
A(
O "Drain_closed"
ON #Enable_Valve
)
= #Close_Drain
CALL "Valve_block"
Open :=#Open_Drain
Close :=#Close_Drain
Dsp_Open :="Drain_open_disp"
Dsp_Closed :="Drain_closed_disp"
Valve :="Drain"
Network 15 Tank level display
AN "Tank_below_max"
= "Tank_max_disp"
AN "Tank_above_min"
= "Tank_min_disp"
AN "Tank_not_empty"
= "Tank_empty_disp"

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-94 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.5.3 Example of Handling Time-of-Day Interrupts

A.5.3.1 Structure of the User Program "Time-of-Day Interrupts"

Task
Output Q 4.0 should be set in the time from Monday, 5.00 am to Friday, 8.00 pm.
In the time from Friday, 8.00 pm to Monday, 5.00 am the output Q 4.0 should be
reset.

Translating into a User Program

The following table shows the sub-tasks of the blocks used.

Block Sub-Task
OB1 Calls the function FC12
FC12 Depending on the state of the output Q 4.0, the time-of-day interrupt
status, and the inputs I 0.0 and I 0.1
• Specify the starting time
• Set the time-of-day interrupt
• Activate the time-of-day interrupt
• CAN_TINT
OB10 Depending on the current day of the week
• Specify the starting time
• Set or reset output Q 4.0
• Set next time-of-day interrupt
• Activate next time-of-day interrupt
OB80 Set output Q 4.1
Store start event information of OB80 in bit memory area

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-95
Appendix

Addresses Used
The following table shows the shared addresses used. The temporary local
variables are declared in the declaration section of the respective block.

Address Meaning
I0.0 Input to enable "set time-of-day interrupt" and "activate time-of-day
interrupt"
I0.1 Input to cancel a time-of-day interrupt
Q4.0 Output set/reset by the time-of-day interrupt OB (OB10)
Q4.1 Output set by a time error (OB80)
MW16 STATUS of the time-of-day interrupt (SFC31 "QRY_TINT")
MB100 to Memory for start event information of OB10 (time-of-day only)
MB107
MB110 to Memory for start event information of OB80 (time error)
MB129
MW200 RET_VAL of SFC28 "SET_TINT"
MB202 Binary result (status bit BR) buffer for SFCs
MW204 RET_VAL of SFC30 "ACT_TINT"
MW208 RET_VAL of SFC31 "QRY_TINT"

System Functions and Functions Used

The following system functions are used in the programming example:
• SFC28 "SET_TINT" : Set Time-of-Day Interrupt
• SFC29 "CAN_TINT" : Cancel Time-of-Day Interrupt
• SFC30 "ACT_TINT" : Activate Time-of-Day Interrupt
• SFC31 "QRY_TINT" : Query Time-of-Day Interrupt
• FC3 "D_TOD_DT" : Combine DATE and TIME_OF_DAY to DT

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-96 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.5.3.2 FC12

Declaration Section
The following temporary local variables are declared in the declaration section of
FC12:

Variable Name Data Type Declaration Comment

IN_TIME TIME_OF_DAY TEMP Start time
IN_DATE DATE TEMP Start date
OUT_TIME_DATE DATE_AND_TIME TEMP Start date/time converted
OK_MEMORY BOOL TEMP Enable for setting time-of-day
interrupt

STL Code Section

Enter the following STL user program in the code section of FC12:

STL (FC12) Explanation

Network 1
CALL SFC 31 SFC QRY_TINT
OB_NO := 10 Query STATUS of time-of-day interrupts
RET_VAL:= MW 208
STATUS := MW 16

Network 2:
AN Q 4.0 Specify start time dependent on Q 4.0
JC mond (in variable
L D#1995–1–27 #IN_DATE and #IN_TIME)
T #IN_DATE Start date is a Friday
L TOD#20:0:0.0
T #IN_TIME
JU cnvrt
mond: L D#1995–1–23
T #IN_DATE Start date is a Monday
L TOD#5:0:0.0
T #IN_TIME
cnvrt: NOP 0

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-97
Appendix

STL (FC12) Explanation

Network 3:
CALL FC 3 Convert format from DATE and TIME_OF_DAY
IN1 := #IN_DATE to DATE_AND_TIME (for setting time-of-
IN2 := #IN_TIME day interrupt)
RET_VAL := #OUT_TIME_DATE
Network 4:
A I 0.0 All requirements for setting time-of-day
AN M 17.2 interrupt fulfilled? (Input for enable
A M 17.4 set and time-of-day interrupt not active
= #OK_MEMORY and time-of-day interrupt OB is loaded)
Network 5: If so, set time-of-day interrupt...
A #OK_MEMORY
JNB m001
CALL SFC 28
OB_NO := 10
SDT := #OUT_TIME_DATE
PERIOD := W#16#1201
RET_VAL := MW 200
m001 A BR
= M 202.3 ...and activate time-of-day interrupt.
Network 6:
A #OK_MEMORY
JNB m002
CALL SFC 30
OB_NO := 10
RET_VAL := MW 204
m002 A BR
= M 202.4 If input for canceling time-of-day
Network 7: interrupts is set, cancel time-of-day
A I 0.1 interrupt.
JNB m003
CALL SFC 29
OB_NO := 10
RET_VAL := MW 210
m003 A BR
= M 202.5

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-98 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.5.3.3 OB10

Declaration Section
In contrast to the default declaration section of OB10 the following temporary local
variables are declared:
• Structure for the entire start event information (STARTINFO)
• Within the STARTINFO structure a structure for the time (T_STMP)
• Other temporary local variables WDAY, IN_DATE, IN_TIME, and
OUT_TIME_DATE

Variable Name Data Type Declaration Comment

STARTINFO STRUCT TEMP Entire start event information of
OB10 declared as structure
E_ID WORD TEMP Event ID:
PR_CLASS BYTE TEMP Priority class
OB_NO BYTE TEMP OB number
RESERVED_1 BYTE TEMP Reserved
RESERVED_2 BYTE TEMP Reserved
PERIOD WORD TEMP Periodicity of time-of-day
interrupt
RESERVED_3 DWORD TEMP Reserved
T_STMP STRUCT TEMP Structure for time-of-day details
YEAR BYTE TEMP
MONTH BYTE TEMP
DAY BYTE TEMP
HOUR BYTE TEMP
MINUTES BYTE TEMP
SECONDS BYTE TEMP
MSEC_WDAY WORD TEMP
END_STRUCT TEMP
END_STRUCT TEMP
WDAY INT TEMP Day of the week
IN_DATE DATE TEMP Input variable for FC3
(conversion of time format)
IN_TIME TIME_OF_DAY TEMP Input variable for FC3
(conversion of time format)
OUT_TIME_DATE DATE_AND_TIM TEMP Output variable for FC3 and
E input variable for SFC28

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-99
Appendix

STL Code Section

Enter the following STL user program in the code section of OB10:

STL (OB10) Explanation

Network 1
L #STARTINFO.T_STMP.MSEC_WDAY Select day of week
L W#16#F
AW
T #WDAY and store.
Network 2:
L #WDAY If day of week is not Monday, then
L 2 specify Monday, 5.00 am as next starting
<>I time and reset output Q 4.0.
JC mond
Network 3:
L D#1995–1–27 Otherwise, if day of week is Monday,
T #IN_DATE specify Friday, 8.00 pm (20.00) as next
L TOD#20:0:0.0 starting time and set output Q 4.0.
T #IN_TIME
SET
= Q 4.0
JU cnvrt

mond: L D#1995–1–23
T #IN_DATE
L TOD#5:0:0.0
T #IN_TIME
CLR
= Q 4.0 Starting time specified.
Convert specified starting time to
cnvrt: NOP 0 format DATE_AND_TIME (for SFC28).
Network 4:
CALL FC 3
IN1 := #IN_DATE Set time-of-day interrupt.
IN2 := #IN_TIME
RET_VAL := #OUT_TIME_DATE
Network 5:
CALL SFC 28
OB_NO := 10
SDT := #OUT_TIME_DATE
PERIOD := W#16#1201
RET_VAL := MW 200
A BR
= M 202.1
Network 6:
CALL SFC 30 Activate time-of-day interrupt.
OB_NO := 10
RET_VAL := MW 204
A BR
= M 202.2
Network 7:
CALL SFC 20 Block transfer: save time of day from
SRCBLK := #STARTINFO.T_STMP start event information of OB10 to the
RET_VAL := MW 206 memory area MB100 to MB107.
DSTBLK := P#M 100.0 BYTE 8

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-100 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.5.3.4 OB1 and OB80

As the start event information of OB1 (OB for cyclic program) is not evaluated in
this example, only the start event information of OB80 is displayed.

OB1 Code Section

Enter the following STL user program in the code section of OB1:

STL (OB1) Explanation

CALL FC 12 Calls the function FC12

OB80 Declaration Section

In contrast to the default declaration section of OB80 the following temporary local
variables are declared:
• Structure for the entire start event information (STARTINFO)
• Within the STARTINFO structure a structure for the time (T_STMP)

Variable Name Data Type Declaration Comment

STARTINFO STRUCT TEMP Entire start event information of OB80
declared as structure
E_ID WORD TEMP Event ID:
PR_CLASS BYTE TEMP Priority class
OB_NO BYTE TEMP OB number
RESERVED_1 BYTE TEMP Reserved
RESERVED_2 BYTE TEMP Reserved
A1_INFO WORD TEMP Additional information about the event
that caused the error
A2_INFO DWORD TEMP Additional information about the event
ID, priority class, and OB no. of the
error
T_STMP STRUCT TEMP Structure for time-of-day details
YEAR BYTE TEMP
MONTH BYTE TEMP
DAY BYTE TEMP
HOUR BYTE TEMP
MINUTES BYTE TEMP
SECONDS BYTE TEMP
MSEC_WDAY WORD TEMP
END_STRU TEMP
CT
END_STRU TEMP
CT

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-101
Appendix

OB80 Code Section

Enter the following STL user program in the code section of OB80 that is called by
the operating system if a time error occurs:

STL (OB80) Explanation

Network 1
AN Q 4.1 Set output Q 4.1 if time error occurred.
S Q 4.1
Block transfer: save entire start event
CALL SFC 20 information to memory area MB110 to
SRCBLK := #STARTINFO MB129.
RET_VAL := MW 210
DSTBLK := P#M 110.0 Byte 20

A.5.4 Example of Handling Time-Delay Interrupts

A.5.4.1 Structure of the User Program "Time-Delay Interrupts"

Task
When input I 0.0 is set, output Q 4.0 should be set 10 seconds later. Every time
input I 0.0 is set, the delay time should be restarted.
The time (seconds and milliseconds) of the start of the time-delay interrupt should
appear as a user-specific ID in the start event information of the time-delay
interrupt OB (OB20).
If I 0.1 is set in these 10 seconds, the organization block OB20 should not be
called; meaning the output Q 4.0 should not be set.
When input I 0.2 is set, output Q 4.0 should be reset.

Translating into a User Program

The following table shows the sub-tasks of the blocks used.

Block Sub-Task
OB1 Read current time and prepare for start of time-delay interrupt
Dependent on edge change at input I 0.0, start time-delay interrupt
Depending on the status of the time-delay interrupt and the edge change
at input I 0.1, cancel time-delay interrupt
Dependent on the state of input I 0.2, reset output Q 4.0
OB20 Set output Q 4.0
Read and prepare current time
Save start event information to bit memory area

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-102 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Addresses Used
The following table shows the shared addresses used. The temporary local
variables are declared in the declaration section of the respective block.

Address Meaning
I0.0 Input to enable "start time-delay interrupt"
I0.1 Input to cancel a time-delay interrupt
I0.2 Input to reset output Q 4.0
Q4.0 Output set by the time-delay interrupt OB (OB20)
MB1 Used for edge flag and binary result (status bit BR) buffer for SFCs
MW4 STATUS of time-delay interrupt (SFC34 "QRY_TINT")
MD10 Seconds and milliseconds BCD-coded from the start event
information of OB1
MW 100 RET_VAL of SFC32 "SRT_DINT"
MW102 RET_VAL of SFC34 "QRY_DINT"
MW104 RET_VAL of SFC33 "CAN_DINT"
MW106 RET_VAL of SFC20 "BLKMOV"
MB120 to MB139 Memory for start event information of OB20
MD140 Seconds and milliseconds BCD-coded from the start event
information of OB20
MW144 Seconds and milliseconds BCD-coded from the start event
information of OB1; acquired from start event information of OB20
(user-specific ID SIGN)

System Functions Used

The following SFCs are used in the user program "time-delay interrupts:"
• SFC32 "SRT_DINT" : Start Time-Delay Interrupt
• SFC33 "CAN_DINT" : Cancel Time-Delay Interrupt
• SFC34 "QRY_DINT" : Query Status of a Time-Delay Interrupt

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-103
Appendix

A.5.4.2 OB20

Declaration Section
In contrast to the default declaration section of OB20 the following temporary local
variables are declared:
• Structure for the entire start event information (STARTINFO)
• Within the STARTINFO structure a structure for the time (T_STMP)

Variable Name Data Type Declaration Comment

STARTINFO STRUCT TEMP Start information for OB20
E_ID WORD TEMP Event ID:
PC_NO BYTE TEMP Priority class
OB_NO BYTE TEMP OB number
D_ID 1 BYTE TEMP Data ID 1
D_ID 2 BYTE TEMP Data ID 2
SIGN WORD TEMP User-specific ID
DTIME TIME TEMP Time with which the time-
delay interrupt is started
T_STMP STRUCT TEMP Structure for time-of-day
details
(time stamp)
YEAR BYTE TEMP
MONTH BYTE TEMP
DAY BYTE TEMP
HOUR BYTE TEMP
MINUTES BYTE TEMP
SECONDS BYTE TEMP
MSEC_WDAY WORD TEMP
END_STRUCT TEMP
END_STRUCT TEMP

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-104 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Code Section
Enter the following STL user program in the code section of OB20:

STL (OB20) Explanation

Network 1
SET Set output Q 4.0 unconditionally
= Q 4.0
Network 2:
L QW 4 Activate output word immediately
T PQW 4
Network 3:
L #STARTINFO.T_STMP.SECONDS Read seconds from start event
T MW 140 information
L #STARTINFO.T_STMP.MSEC_WDAY Read milliseconds and day of week from
T MW 142 start event information
L MD 140
SRD 4 Eliminate day of week and
T MD 140 write milliseconds back (now BCD-coded
in MW 142)
Network 4: Read starting time of time-delay
L #STARTINFO.SIGN interrupt (= call SFC32) from start
T MW 144 event information

Network 5: Copy start event information to memory

CALL SFC 20 area (MB120 to MB139)
SRCBLK := STARTINFO
RET_VAL := MW 106
DSTBLK := P#M 120.0 Byte 20

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-105
Appendix

A.5.4.3 OB1

Declaration Section
In contrast to the default declaration section of OB1 the following temporary local
variables are declared:
• Structure for the entire start event information (STARTINFO)
• Within the STARTINFO structure a structure for the time (T_STMP)

Variable Name Data Type Declaration Comment

STARTINFO STRUCT TEMP Start information for OB1
E_ID WORD TEMP Event ID:
PC_NO BYTE TEMP Priority class
OB_NO BYTE TEMP OB number
D_ID 1 BYTE TEMP Data ID 1
D_ID 2 BYTE TEMP Data ID 2
CUR_CYC INT TEMP Current cycle time
MIN_CYC INT TEMP Minimum cycle time
MAX_CYC INT TEMP Maximum cycle time
T_STMP STRUCT TEMP Structure for time-of-day
details (time stamp)
YEAR BYTE TEMP
MONTH BYTE TEMP
DAY BYTE TEMP
HOUR BYTE TEMP
MINUTES BYTE TEMP
SECONDS BYTE TEMP
MSEC_WDAY WORD TEMP
END_STRUCT TEMP
END_STRUCT TEMP

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-106 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Code Section
Enter the following STL user program in the code section of OB1:

STL (OB1) Explanation

Network 1
L #STARTINFO.T_STMP.SECONDS Read seconds from start event
T MW 10 information
L #STARTINFO.T_STMP.MSEC_WDAY Read milliseconds and day of week from
T MW 12 start event information
L MD 10 Eliminate day of week and
SRD 4 write milliseconds back (now BCD-coded
T MD 10 in MW 12)
Network 2: Positive edge at input I 0.0?
A I 0.0
FP M 1.0
= M 1.1
Network 3: If so, start time-delay interrupt
A M 1.1 (starting time of time-delay interrupt
JNB m001 assigned to the parameter SIGN)
CALL SFC 32
OB_NO := 20
DTME := T#10S
SIGN := MW 12
RET_VAL:= MW 100
m001: NOP 0
Query status of time-delay interrupt
Network 4: (SFC QRY_DINT)
CALL SFC 34
OB_NO := 20
RET_VAL:= MW 102
STATUS := MW 4 Positive edge at input I 0.1?
Network 5:
A I 0.1
FP M 1.3
= M 1.4
...and time-delay interrupt is activated
Network 6: (bit 2 of time-delay interrupt STATUS)?
A M 1.4 Then cancel time-delay interrupt
A M 5.2
JNB m002
CALL SFC 33
OB_NO := 20 Reset output Q 4.0 with input I 0.2
RET_VAL:= MW 104
m002: NOP 0
A I 0.2
R Q 4.0

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-107
Appendix

A.5.5 Example of Masking and Unmasking Synchronous Errors

The following example of a user program illustrates how to mask and unmask
synchronous errors. Using SFC36 "MSK_FLT" the following errors are masked in
the programming error filter:
• Area length error when reading
• Area length error when writing
With a second call of SFC36 "MSK_FLT" an access area can also be masked:
• I/O access error when writing
With SFC38 "READ_ERR" the masked synchronous errors are queried. The "I/O
access error when writing" is unmasked again with SFC37 "DMSK_FLT."

Code Section
Below you will find the OB1 in which the example of the user program was
programmed in Statement List.

STL (Network 1) Explanation

AN M 255.0 Non-retentive memory bit M 255.0 (only
in first run = 0)
JNB m001
CALL SFC 36 SFC36 MSK_FLT (mask synchronous errors)
Bit 2 = Bit 3 = 1 (BLFL and BLFS are
PRGFLT_SET_MASK :=DW#16#C masked)
All bits=0 (no access errors are masked)
ACCFLT_SET_MASK :=DW#16#0 Return value
Output current programming error filter
RET_VAL :=MW 100 to MD10
PRGFLT_MASKED :=MD 10 Output current access error filter to
MD14
ACCFLT_MASKED :=MD 14
Set M255.0 if masking successful
m001: A BR
S M 255.0

STL (Network 2) Explanation

CALL SFC 36 SFC36 MSK_FLT (mask synchronous errors)
All bits=0 (no further programming
PRGFLT_SET_MASK :=DW#16#0 errors masked)
Bit 3 = 1 (write access errors are
ACCFLT_SET_MASK :=DW#16#8 masked)
Return value
RET_VAL :=MW 102 Output current programming error filter
PRGFLT_MASKED :=MD 20 to MD20
Output current access error filter to
ACCFLT_MASKED :=MD 24 MD24

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-108 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

STL (Network 3) Explanation

AN M 27.3 Block end if write access error (bit 3
BEC in ACCFLT_MASKED) not masked

STL (Network 4) Explanation

L B#16#0
T PQB 16 Write access (with value 0) to PQB 16

STL (Network 5) Explanation

CALL SFC 38 SFC38 READ_ERR (query synchronous
errors)
PRGFLT_QUERY :=DW#16#0 All bits=0 (no programming errors
queried)
ACCFLT_QUERY :=DW#16#8 Bit 3 = 1 (write access error queried)
Return value
RET_VAL :=MW 104 Output current programming error filter
PRGFLT_CLR :=MD 30 to MD30
Output current access error filter to
ACCFLT_CLR :=MD 34 MD34
No error occurred and write access error
A BR detected

A M 37.3 Invert RLO

NOT M 0.0=1 if PQB 16 present
= M 0.0

STL (Network 6) Explanation

L B#16#0
T PQB 17 Write access (with value 0) to PQB 17

STL (Network 7) Explanation

CALL SFC 38 SFC38 READ_ERR (query synchronous
errors)
PRGFLT_QUERY :=DW#16#0 All bits=0 (no programming errors
queried)
ACCFLT_QUERY :=DW#16#8 Bit 3 = 1 (write access error queried)
Return value
RET_VAL :=MW 104 Output current programming error filter
PRGFLT_CLR :=MD 30 to MD30
Output current access error filter to
ACCFLT_CLR :=MD 34 MD34
No error occurred and write access error
A BR detected

A M 37.3 Invert RLO

NOT M 0.1=1 if PQB 17 present
= M 0.1

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-109
Appendix

STL (Network 8) Explanation

L B#16#0
T PQB 18 Write access (with value 0) to PQB 18

STL (Network 9) Explanation

CALL SFC 38 SFC38 READ_ERR (query synchronous
errors)
PRGFLT_QUERY :=DW#16#0 All bits=0 (no programming errors
queried)
ACCFLT_QUERY :=DW#16#8 Bit 3 = 1 (write access error queried)
Return value
RET_VAL :=MW 104 Output current programming error filter
PRGFLT_CLR :=MD 30 to MD30
Output current access error filter to
ACCFLT_CLR :=MD 34 MD34
No error occurred and write access error
A BR detected

A M 37.3 Invert RLO

NOT M 0.2=1 if PQB 18 present
= M 0.2

STL (Network 10) Explanation

L B#16#0
T PQB 19 Write access (with value 0) to PQB 19

STL (Network 11) Explanation

CALL SFC 38 SFC38 READ_ERR (query synchronous
errors)
PRGFLT_QUERY :=DW#16#0 All bits=0 (no programming errors
queried)
ACCFLT_QUERY :=DW#16#8 Bit 3 = 1 (write access error queried)
Return value
RET_VAL :=MW 104 Output current programming error filter
PRGFLT_CLR :=MD 30 to MD30
Output current access error filter to
ACCFLT_CLR :=MD 34 MD34
No error occurred and write access error
A BR detected

A M 37.3 Invert RLO

NOT M 0.3=1 if PQB 19 present
= M 0.3

STL (Network 12) Explanation

CALL SFC 37 SFC37 DMSK_FLT (unmask synchronous
errors)
PRGFLT_RESET_MASK :=DW#16#0 All bits=0 (no further programming
errors unmasked)
ACCFLT_RESET_MASK :=DW#16#8 Bit 3 = 1 (write access error unmasked)
Return value
RET_VAL :=MW 102 Output current programming error filter
PRGFLT_MASKED :=MD 20 to MD20
Output current access error filter to
ACCFLT_MASKED :=MD 24 MD24

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-110 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

STL (Network 13) Explanation

A M 27.3 Block end if write access error (bit 3
BEC in ACCFLT_MASKED) not unmasked

STL (Network 14) Explanation

A M 0.0
JNB m002
L IB 0 Transfer IB0 to PQB 16 if present
T PQB 16
m002: NOP 0

STL (Network 15) Explanation

A M 0.1
JNB m003
L IB 1 Transfer IB1 to PQB 17 if present
T PQB 17
m003: NOP 0

STL (Network 16) Explanation

A M 0.2
JNB m004
L IB 2 Transfer IB2 to PQB 18 if present
T PQB 18
m004: NOP 0

STL (Network 17) Explanation

A M 0.3
JNB m005
L IB 3 Transfer IB3 to PQB 19 if present
T PQB 19
m005: NOP 0

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-111
Appendix

A.5.5.1 Example of Disabling and Enabling Interrupts and Asynchronous

Errors (SFC39 and SFC40)
In this example of a user program, a program section is assumed that cannot be
interrupted by interrupts. For this program section, OB35 calls (time-of-day
interrupt) are disabled using SFC39 "DIS_IRT" and later enabled again using
SFC40 "EN_IRT".
SFC39 and SFC40 are called in OB1:

STL (OB1) Explanation

A M 0.0 Program section that can be interrupted
S M 90.1 without problems:
A M 0.1
S M 90.0
:
: Program section that must not be
interrupted by interrupts:
CALL SFC 39 Disable and discard interrupts
MODE :=B#16#2 Mode 2: disable individual interrupt OBs
OB_NO :=35 Disable OB35
RET_VAL :=MW 100
:
:
L PIW 100
T MW 200
L MW 90
T MW 92
:
:
CALL SFC 40 Enable interrupts
MODE :=B#16#2 Mode 2: enable individual interrupt OBs
OB_NO :=35 Enable OB35
RET_VAL :=MW 102
Program section that can be interrupted
without problems:
A M 10.0
S M 190.1
A M 10.1
S M 190.0
:
:

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-112 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.5.5.2 Example of the Delayed Processing of Interrupts and

Asynchronous Errors (SFC41 and SFC42)
In this example of a user program, a program section is assumed that cannot be
interrupted by interrupts. For this program section, interrupts are delayed using
SFC41 "DIS_AIRT" and later enabled again using SFC42 "EN_AIRT."
SFC41 and SFC42 are called in OB1:

STL (OB1) Explanation

A M 0.0 Program section that can be interrupted
S M 90.1 without problems:
A M 0.1
S M 90.0
:
: Program section that must not be
interrupted by interrupts:
CALL SFC 41 Disable and delay interrupts
RET_VAL :=MW 100
L PIW 100
T MW 200
L MW 90
T MW 92
:
:
:
CALL SFC 42 Enable interrupts
RET_VAL :=MW 102
L MW 100 The number of set interrupt disables is
in the return value
DEC 1
L MW 102 The number of set interrupt disables is
in the return value
<>I The number must have the same value
after the interrupt is enabled
JC err as before the interrupt disable (here
"0")

A M 10.0
S M 190.1 Program section that can be interrupted
A M 10.1 without problems:
S M 190.0
:
:
BEU
err: L MW 102
T QW 12 The number of set interrupt disables is
displayed

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-113
Appendix

A.6 Accessing Process and I/O Data Areas

A.6.1 Accessing the Process Data Area

The CPU can access inputs and outputs of central and distributed digital
input/output modules either indirectly using the process image tables or directly via
the backplane/P bus.
The CPU accesses inputs and outputs of central and distributed analog
input/output modules directly via the backplane/P bus.

Addressing Modules
You assign the addresses used in your program to the modules when you
configure the modules with STEP 7, as follows:
• With central I/O modules: arrangement of the rack and assignment of the
modules to slots in the configuration table.
• For stations with a distributed I/O (PROFIBUS-DP): arrangement of the
DP slaves in the configuration table ”master system" with the PROFIBUS
address and assignment of the modules to slots.
By configuring the modules, it is no longer necessary to set addresses on the
individual modules using switches. As a result of the configuration, the
programming device sends data to the CPU that allow the CPU to recognize the
modules assigned to it.

Peripheral I/O Addressing

There is a separate address area for inputs and outputs. This means that the
address of a peripheral area must not only include the byte or word access type but
also the I identifier for inputs and Q identifier for outputs.
The following table shows the available peripheral address areas.

Address Area Access via Units of Following S7 Notation (IEC)

Size
Peripheral (I/O) Peripheral input byte PIB
area: inputs Peripheral input word PIW
Peripheral input double word PID
Peripheral (I/O) Peripheral output byte PQB
area: outputs Peripheral output word PQW
Peripheral output double word PQD

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-114 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

To find out which address areas are possible on individual modules, refer to the
following manuals:
• S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation" Manual
• S7-300, M7-300 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual
• "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual

Module Start Address

The module start address is the lowest byte address of a module. It represents the
start address of the user data area of the module and is used in many cases to
represent the entire module.
The module start address is, for example, entered in hardware interrupts,
diagnostic interrupts, insert/remove module interrupts, and power supply error
interrupts in the start information of the corresponding organization block and is
used to identify the module that initiated the interrupt.

A.6.2 Accessing the Peripheral Data Area

The peripheral data area can be divided into the following:

• User data and
• Diagnostic and parameter data.
Both areas have an input area (can only be read) and an output area (can only be
written).

User Data
User data is addressed with the byte address (for digital signal modules) or the
word address (for analog signal modules) of the input or output area. User data can
be accessed with load and transfer commands, communication functions (operator
interface access), or by transferring the process image. User data can be any of
the following:
• Digital and analog input/output signals from signal modules
• Control and status information from function modules
• Information for point-to-point and bus connections from communication
modules (only S7-300)
When transferring user data, a consistency of a maximum of 4 bytes can be
achieved (with the exception of DP standard slaves, see Setting the Operating
Behavior). If you use the ”transfer double word" statement, four contiguous and
unmodified (consistent) bytes are transferred. If you use four separate ”transfer
input byte" statements, a hardware interrupt OB could be inserted between the
statements and transfer data to the same address so that the content of the
original 4 bytes is changed before they were all transferred.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-115
Appendix

Diagnostic and Parameter Data

The diagnostic and parameter data of a module cannot be addressed individually
but are always transferred in the form of complete data records. This means that
consistent diagnostic and parameter data are always transferred.
The diagnostic and parameter data is accessed using the start address of the
module and the data record number. Data records are divided into input and output
data records. Input data records can only be read, output data records can only be
written. You can access data records using system functions or communication
functions (user interface). The following table shows the relationship between data
records and diagnostic and parameter data.

Data Description
Diagnostic data If the modules are capable of diagnostics, you obtain the diagnostic data
of the module by reading data records 0 and 1.
Parameter data If the modules are configurable, you transfer the parameters to the
module by writing data records 0 and 1.

Accessing Data Records

You can use the information in the data records of a module to reassign
parameters to configurable modules and to read diagnostic information from
modules with diagnostic capability.
The following table shows which system functions you can use to access data
records.

SFC Purpose
Assigning parameters to modules
SFC55 WR_PARM Transfers the modifiable parameters (data record 1) to the addressed
signal module
SFC56 Transfers parameters from SDBs 100 to 129 to the addressed signal
WR_DPARM module
SFC57 Transfers parameters from SDBs 100 to 129 to the addressed signal
PARM_MOD module
SFC58 WR_REC Transfers any data record to the addressed signal module
Reading out diagnostic information
SFC59 RD_REC Reads the diagnostic data

Addressing S5 Modules
You can access S5 modules as follows:
• By connecting an S7-400 to SIMATIC S5 expansion racks using the interface
module IM 463-2
• By plugging in certain S5 modules in an adapter casing in the central rack of
the S7-400
How you address S5 modules with SIMATIC S7 is explained in the "S7-400,
M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Hardware and Installation" Manual or the
description supplied with the adapter casing.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-116 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

A.7 Setting the Operating Behavior

A.7.1 Setting the Operating Behavior

This chapter explains how you can modify certain properties of S7-300 and S7-400
programmable controllers by setting system parameters or using system functions
(SFCs).
You will find detailed information on the module parameters in the STEP 7 online
help and in the following manuals:
• "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation" Manual
• "S7-300, M7-300 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual
• "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual
You will find all you need to know about SFCs in the "System Software for S7-300
and S7-400, System and Standard Functions" Reference Manual.

Addressing DP Standard Slaves

If you want to exchange data longer than 4 bytes with DP standard slaves, you
must use special SFCs for this data exchange.

SFC Purpose
Assigning parameters to modules
SFC15 Transfers any data to the addressed signal module
DPWR_DAT
Reading out diagnostic information
SFC13 Reads the diagnostic information (asynchronous read access)
DPNRM_DG
SFC14 DPRD_DAT Reads consistent data (length 3 or greater than 4 bytes)

When a DP diagnostic frame arrives, a diagnostic interrupt with 4 bytes of

diagnostic data is signaled to the CPU. You can read out these 4 bytes using
SFC13 DPNRM_DG.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-117
Appendix

A.7.2 Changing the Behavior and Properties of Modules

Default Settings
• When supplied, all the configurable modules of the S7 programmable controller
have default settings suitable for standard applications. With these defaults,
you can use the modules immediately without making any settings. The default
values are explained in the module descriptions in the following manuals:
• "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation" Manual
• "S7-300, M7-300 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual
• "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual

Which Modules Can You Assign Parameters To?

You can, however, modify the behavior and the properties of the modules to adapt
them to your requirements and the situation in your plant. Configurable modules
are CPUs, FMs, CPs, and some of the analog input/output modules and digital
input modules.
There are configurable modules with and without backup batteries.
Modules without backup batteries must be supplied with data again following any
power down. The parameters of these modules are stored in the retentive memory
area of the CPU (indirect parameter assignment by the CPU).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-118 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Setting and Loading Parameters

You set module parameters using STEP 7. When you save the parameters,
STEP 7 creates the object ”System Data Blocks" that is downloaded to the CPU
with the user program and transferred to the modules when the CPU starts up.

Which Settings Can Be Made?

The module parameters are divided into parameter blocks. Which parameter
blocks are available on which CPU is explained in the "S7-300 Programmable
Controller, Hardware and Installation" Manual and the "S7-400, M7-400
Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference Manual.

Examples of parameter blocks:

• Startup behavior
• Cycle
• MPI
• Diagnostics
• Retentive data
• Clock memory
• Interrupt handling
• On-board I/Os (only for the S7-300)
• Protection level
• Local data
• Real-time clock
• Asynchronous errors

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-119
Appendix

Parameter Assignment with SFCs

In addition to assigning parameters with STEP 7, you can also include system
functions in the S7 program to modify module parameters. The following table
shows which SFCs transfer which module parameters.

SFC Purpose
SFC55 WR_PARM Transfers the modifiable parameters (data record 1) to the
addressed signal module
SFC56 WR_DPARM Transfers the parameters from the corresponding SDBs to the
addressed signal module
SFC57 PARM_MOD Transfers all parameters from the corresponding SDBs to the
addressed signal module
SFC58 WR_REC Transfers any data record to the addressed signal module

The system functions are described in detail in the "System Software for S7-300
and S7-400, System and Standard Functions" Reference Manual.
Which module parameters can be modified dynamically is explained in the
following manuals:
• "S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation" Manual
• "S7-300, M7-300 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual
• "S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers, Module Specifications" Reference
Manual

A.7.3 Using the Clock Functions

All S7-300/S7-400 CPUs are equipped with a clock (real-time clock or software
clock). The clock can be used in the programmable controller both as clock master
or clock slave with external synchronization. The clock is required for time-of-day
interrupts and run-time meters.

Time Format
The clock always indicates the time (minimum resolution 1 s), date, and weekday.
With some CPUs it is also possible to indicate milliseconds (refer to the "S7-300
Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation" Manual and "S7-400, M7-400
Programmable Controllers Module Specifications" Reference Manual).

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-120 A5E00069873-03
 Appendix

Setting and Reading the Time

You set the time and date for the CPU clock by calling SFC0 SET_CLK in the user
program or with a menu option on the programming device to start the clock. Using
SFC1 READ_CLK or a menu option on the programming device, you can read the
current date and time on the CPU.
Note: To prevent the time from being displayed differently on HMI systems, you
should set winter time on the CPU.

Assigning Parameters for the Clock

If more than one module equipped with a clock exists in a network, you must set
parameters using STEP 7 to specify which CPU functions as master and which as
slave when the time is synchronized. When setting these parameters, you also
decide whether the time is synchronized via the communication bus or via the
multipoint interface and the intervals at which the time is automatically
synchronized.

Synchronizing the Time

To make sure that the time is the same on all modules in the network, the slave
clocks are synchronized by the system program at regular (selectable) intervals.
You can transfer the date and time from the master clock to the slave clocks using
system function SFC48 SFC_RTCB.

Using a Run-Time Meter

A run-time meter counts the operating hours of connected equipment or the total
run-time hours of the CPU.
In STOP mode, the run-time meter is stopped. Its count value is retained even after
a memory reset. During a warm restart, the run-time meter must be restarted by
the user program; during a hot restart, it continues automatically if it had already
been started.
You can set the run-time meter to an initial value using SFC2 SET_RTM. You can
start or stop the run-time meter with SFC3 CTRL_RTM. You can read the current
total operating hours and the state of the counter ("stopped" or ”counting") with
SFC4 READ_RTM.
A CPU can have up to eight run-time meters. Numbering starts at 0.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 A-121
Appendix

A.7.4 Using Clock Memory and Timers

Clock Memory
The clock memory is a memory byte that changes its binary state periodically at a
pulse-pause ratio of 1:1. You select which memory byte is used on the CPU when
you assign parameters for the clock memory using STEP 7.

Uses
You can use clock memory bytes in the user program, for example, to activate
flashing lights or to trigger periodic activities (for example, measuring an actual
value).

Possible Frequencies
Each bit of the clock memory byte is assigned a frequency. The following table
shows the assignment:

Bit of the Clock 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Memory Byte
Period Duration (s) 2.0 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1
Frequency (Hz) 0.5 0.625 1 1.25 2 2.5 5 10

Note
Clock memory bytes are not synchronous with the CPU cycle, in other words, in long
cycles, the state of the clock memory byte may change several times.

Timers
Timers are a memory area of the system memory. You specify the function of a
timer in the user program (for example, on-delay timer). The number of timers
available depends on the CPU.

Note
• If you use more timers in your user program than the CPU permits, a
synchronous error is signaled and OB121 started.
• On the S7-300 (with the exception of the CPU 318), timers can be started and
updated simultaneously only in OB1 and OB100; in all other OBs timers can
only be started.

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A-122 A5E00069873-03
Index

Absolute and Symbolic Addressing .............. 7-1 Outputs and Bit Memory (I/Q/M).............. 12-6
Access Rights ............................................16-3 Asynchronous Errors ................................ 21-25
Access Rights to Blocks and Source Files .... 9-3 OB81 ..............................21-26, 21-27, 21-28
Accessible Nodes .......................................16-1 Using OBs to React to Errors .................. 4-33
Displaying...............................................16-1 Asynchronous Events................................. 4-15
ACT_TINT..................................................4-25 Attributes for Blocks and Parameters .......... 8-14
Activating ...................................................7-11 Authorization................................................2-1
Display of Symbols in the Block...............7-11 First Installation ........................................2-2
Activating the Display of Symbols in Guidelines ................................................2-4
the Block ................................................7-11 Handling...................................................2-4
Actual Parameters ......................................4-16 Installing...................................................2-2
Address Assignments Losing ......................................................2-1
Checking ................................................2-13 Original Diskette .......................................2-1
Address Priority Removing.................................................2-4
Setting..................................................... 7-5 Restoring .................................................2-4
Addresses Transferring..............................................2-1
Inserting in a Variable Table ....................18-4 Uninstalling ..............................................2-1
Rewiring .................................................8-14 Upgrading ................................................2-3
Without Symbols...................................12-11 Authorization Diskette.............. 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4
Addresses and Data Types Permitted in Authorization Program..................................2-3
the Symbol Table..................................... 7-7 Authorizations Number .................................2-6
Addresses Without Symbols .......................12-8 AuthorsW.....................................................2-2
Addressing .................................................. 7-1 AUTHORSW.EXE ........................................2-1
Absolute ............................................7-1, 7-2 Avoiding Errors when Calling Blocks ........... 9-25
Symbolic.....................................7-1, 7-2, 7-4 Background OB
Archive Priority ................................................... 4-31
CPU Messages............... 14-22, 14-23, 14-24 Programming.......................................... 4-32
Archiving Background OB (OB90).............................. 4-31
Procedure...............................................22-6 Background Organization Block (OB90) ...... 4-31
Projects and Libraries .............................22-5 Basic Information on Data Blocks................ 10-1
Requirements .........................................22-6 Basic Information on Programming in
Uses.......................................................22-5 STL Source Files .................................... 11-1
Assigning and Editing Block-Related Basic Procedure
Messages ...............................................14-7 for Determining the Cause of a STOP ... 21-13
Assigning and Editing Symbol-Related Planning an Automation Project ................3-1
Messages .............................................14-16 when Printing ......................................... 22-2
Assigning Message Numbers......................14-6 Basic Procedure for Creating Logic Blocks ....9-1
Assigning Parameters Bit Memory ....................................... 12-5, 12-6
Signal Modules with Hardware Interrupt Assignment List ............................. 12-5, 12-6
Capability............................................4-29 Bit Messaging ................................... 14-1, 14-2
Assigning Parameters to the PG/PC Block Setting the Call Environment ............. 19-8
Interface .................................................2-12 Block Calls ...................................................4-8
Assignment List ..........................................12-5 Block Comment.......................................... 9-13
for Inputs Block Folder............................................... 5-12

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 Index-1
Index

Block Folder Object.................................... 5-12 Editing ....................................................9-11

Block Folder Properties .............................. 8-13 Search Function for Errors ......................9-14
Displaying Block Lengths........................ 8-13 Structure.................................................9-11
Block Lengths ................................... 8-13, 8-14 Coils Positioning .........................................9-16
Displaying .............................................. 8-13 Combination Box
Block Properties................. 8-11, 8-12, 8-13, 9-1 Definition ................................................5-19
Block Property Comment Character ...................................18-4
Time Stamp ........................................... 13-3 Comment Line ............................................18-4
Block Title......................................... 9-13, 9-14 Comment Lines
Blocks ........................................4-2, 13-1, 13-2 Inserting .................................................18-7
Access Rights .......................................... 9-3 Comments
Attributes ............................................... 8-14 for Blocks ...............................................9-13
Creating with S7-GRAPH ......................... 8-7 for Networks ...........................................9-13
Deleting on the Programmable Communication ...................... 17-8, 17-9, 17-10
Controller ......................................... 17-19 Communication Error (OB87) ....................21-38
Entering in STL ...................................... 9-12 Communication Error Organization Block ..21-38
Reloading in the Programmable Communication Load ..................................4-15
Controller ........................................... 17-5 Communication Processes..........................4-14
Rewiring ................................................ 8-14 Communication Redundancy Error (OB73) 21-32
Saving ................................................... 9-24 Compiling .................................................11-17
Uploading from an S7 CPU................... 17-14 STL Source Files ..................................11-17
Blocks Folder............................................. 8-10 Compressing ............................................17-21
Blocks for Reporting System Errors the Memory Contents of an S7 CPU ......17-21
Generating........................................... 14-29 Compressing the User Memory .................17-20
Blocks in the User Program .......................... 4-2 Compressing the User Memory (RAM) after
Boxes Multiple Delete or Reload Operations ....17-20
Positioning .................................... 9-16, 9-20 Configuration
Removing Downloading..................................17-7, 17-8
Changing ............................................... 9-20 Uploading .............................................17-16
Breakpoint Bar ........................................... 19-5 Configuration Data.............................15-1, 15-2
Browser ............................................ 5-24, 5-25 Transferring ................................. 14-21, 15-5
Buttons in the Toolbar ................................ 5-18 Configuration Diagram
Call Hierarchy in the User Program............... 4-8 Creating .................................................3-10
Calling the Module Information from Configuring.................................................25-1
the Project View (Online) ........................ 21-6 Configuring CPU Messages ......................14-24
Calling the Help Functions............................ 5-3 Configuring Messages for System Errors...14-25
Calling the Quick View ............................... 21-5 Configuring Operator Control and Monitoring
CAN_TINT................................................. 4-25 Attributes via the Symbol Table ...............15-3
CFC............................................................. 8-9 Configuring the Reporting of System
CFC Program ............................................ 24-1 Errors ...................................................14-25
CFC Programming Language ....................... 8-2 Configuring Variables for Operator Control and
Changing Monitoring ..............................................15-1
Window Arrangement of Symbol Tables.. 5-26 Connection Resources................................1-10
Changing Operator Control and Monitoring Connection Table ................................1-12, 6-5
Attributes with CFC ................................ 15-4 Connection to the CPU
Changing the Operating Mode.................... 16-5 Establishing ..........................................18-12
Checking ................................................. 11-16 Connections
Consistency in STL Source Files........... 11-16 Uploading .............................................17-17
Checking Block Consistency ...................... 13-1 Consistency Check of a Station
Checking Scan Cycle Times to Avoid Time Configuration ..........................................17-7
Errors .................................................. 21-15 Context-Sensitive Help ................................ 5-3
Choosing a Messaging Method .................. 14-3 Continuous Function Chart.....................8-2, 8-9
Code Section ........................................ 9-1, 9-5 Copy Protection........................................... 2-1

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

Index-2 A5E00069873-03
 Index

Copying/Moving Variable Tables .................18-3 Data Blocks................................................ 10-1

Correcting the Interfaces in a Function ........9-24 Basic Information.................................... 10-1
Function Block Data View............................................... 10-3
or UDT ...................................................9-24 Declaration View..................................... 10-2
Counters ....................................................12-7 Editing Data Values in the Data View ...... 10-7
Assignment List ......................................12-7 Format Table........................................ 11-12
Upper Limits for Entering.........................18-7 Resetting Data Values to their Initial
CPU ...........................................................20-1 Values................................................ 10-8
Resetting ..............................................17-18 Saving.................................................... 10-8
Simulating ..............................................20-1 Data Blocks (DB)..........................................4-2
CPU Hardware Fault (OB84).....................21-36 Instance Data Blocks .............................. 4-16
CPU Hardware Fault Organization Block ...21-36 Data Blocks in STL Source Files ............... 11-24
CPU Messages Example.................................... 11-24, 11-25
Archive Size..........................................14-23 Data Cycle Time......................................... 1-10
Displaying.............................................14-22 Data Type .................................................. 8-11
CPU Parameter "Scan Cycle Load from User-Defined .......................................... 8-11
Communication"......................................4-14 Data Types
CPU Redundancy Error (OB72) ................21-31 FB
Creating .....................................................5-20 SFB ....................................................... 4-16
Objects...................................................5-20 Data Values ............................................... 10-7
STL Source Files ..................................11-13 Editing in the Data View of Data Blocks ... 10-7
User Programs ........................................ 9-1 Resetting to their Initial Values ................ 10-8
Variable Table ........................................18-2 Data View of Data Blocks ........................... 10-3
Creating a Configuration Diagram ...............3-10 DB .................................................... 4-21, 4-22
Example of Industrial Blending Process ...3-10 Deactivating
Creating a Project........................................ 6-3 Time-of-Day Interrupt.............................. 4-24
Creating an I/O Diagram for the Motors ........ 3-6 Declaration Table
Creating an I/O Diagram for the Valves ........ 3-7 Entering a Multiple Instance .................... 9-10
Creating an Input Diagram for the Motors ..... 3-6 Declaration Type
Creating an Input Diagram for the Valves ..... 3-7 Changing .................................................9-6
Creating an Object......................................5-20 Declaration View of Data Blocks ................. 10-2
Creating an Output Diagram for the Motors .. 3-6 Default Settings for the LAD/STL/FBD
Creating an Output Diagram for the Valves... 3-7 Program Editor .........................................9-2
Creating and Editing User-defined Diagnostic Defining ..................................................... 7-11
Messages .............................................14-17 Symbols when Programming .................. 7-11
Creating and Managing Objects ..................5-20 the Trigger for Modifying Variables ........ 18-16
Creating Block-Related Messages.............14-11 the Trigger for Monitoring Variables....... 18-13
Cross-Reference List .........................12-2, 12-3 Delaying
Current Modules .........................................1-10 Start Events ........................................... 4-34
Cycle........................................................... 4-5 Deleting
Cycle Monitoring Time .......................4-10, 4-13 S7 Blocks on the Programmable
Cyclic Interrupt Controller ......................................... 17-19
Rules......................................................4-27 STEP 7 Objects...................................... 5-20
Starting...................................................4-27 Describing the Individual Functional Areas ....3-4
Cyclic Interrupt Organization Blocks (OB30 to Describing the Operator Console
OB38).....................................................4-27 Example of Industrial Blending Process.....3-9
Cyclic Interrupts..........................................4-27 Describing the Required Operator Displays
Cyclic Program Execution ............................ 4-3 and Controls.............................................3-9
Data Block Detectable Errors ..................................... 21-24
Shared ..........................................4-21, 4-22 Determining the Cause of a STOP ............ 21-13
Structure.................................................4-21 Diagnosing Hardware................................. 21-1
Data Block (DB) Detailed Diagnostic View ........................ 21-8
Instance Data Blocks ..............................4-19 Quick View ............................................. 21-5

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 Index-3
Index

Diagnostic Buffer Requirements .........................................17-1

Contents .............................................. 21-21 User Programs .......................................17-3
Reading ............................................... 21-16 Downloading a Configuration to a
Diagnostic Data on Modules ..................... 21-19 Programmable Controller ........................17-7
Diagnostic Event ...................................... 21-21 Downloading Changes to the Network
Diagnostic Functions................................ 21-21 Configuration ........................................17-10
Diagnostic Interrupt (OB82) ...................... 21-34 Downloading the Global Data
Diagnostic Interrupt Organization Configuration ........................................17-11
Block .........................................21-34, 21-36 Downloading the Network Configuration
Diagnostic Message for the First Time.....................................17-8
Sending to Nodes................................. 21-20 Downloading the Network Configuration
Writing Your Own ................................. 21-20 to a Programmable Controller..................17-9
Diagnostic Status Data............................. 21-19 Downloading via EPROM Memory Cards ....17-6
Diagnostics Symbols.................................. 21-3 DP Master Systems ....................................1-10
in the Online View .................................. 21-3 Editing........................................................7-12
Dialog Boxes ............................................. 5-19 Data Values in the Data View of Data
Differences Between Saving and Blocks.................................................10-7
Downloading Blocks ............................... 17-2 S7 Source Files ....................................11-13
DIS_AIRT .................................................. 4-34 the Symbol Table...........................7-11, 7-12
DIS_IRT .................................................... 4-34 Editing a Project .......................................... 6-8
Display Language .................................... 14-18 Editing Uploaded Blocks in the PG/PC ......17-15
Displaying Editor
Accessible Nodes................................... 16-1 Settings for STL ....................................... 9-2
Addresses Without Symbols ................. 12-11 Elements in Dialog Boxes ...........................5-19
Block Information for LAD Emergency Authorization ............................. 2-1
FBD EN_AIRT....................................................4-34
and STL................................................. 12-9 EN_IRT ......................................................4-34
Block Lengths ........................................ 8-13 Engineering Tools.......................................1-15
Data Structure of Data Blocks Entering .....................................................10-4
Referencing an (Instance DBs) ........... 10-4 Data Structure of Data Blocks
Deleted Blocks ....................................... 12-5 Referencing an FB (Instance DBs).......10-4
Lists in Additional Working Windows ..... 12-11 Data Structure of User-Defined
Maximum Local Data Requirement in Data Types (UDT) ...............................10-6
the Tree Structure............................... 12-5 Shared Symbols in a Program .................9-13
Missing Symbols .................................. 12-11 Single Shared Symbols in a Dialog Box ...7-11
Module Information................................. 21-1 Entering a Multiple Instance in the Variable
Program Structure ................................ 12-11 Declaration Table....................................9-10
Reference Data ............... 12-10, 12-11, 12-12 Entering and Displaying the Structure
Shared or Local Symbols.......................... 7-4 of Data Blocks Referencing a UDT ..........10-6
Unused Addresses ............................... 12-11 Entering Multiple Shared Symbols in
Displaying CPU Messages and User-Defined the Symbol Table....................................7-12
Diagnostic Messages ........................... 14-22 Entering Shared Symbols ...........................7-10
Displaying Stored CPU Messages ............ 14-25 Entering Statements in STL Source Files.....11-2
Displaying the Operating Mode................... 16-5 Rules......................................................11-2
Dividing a Process into Tasks and Areas Entering Symbols .......................................7-12
for Example of Industrial Entering the Data Structure of Shared Data
Blending Process ................................. 3-2 Blocks ....................................................10-4
Dividing the Process into Tasks and Areas ... 3-2 Erasing.....................................................17-18
DMSK_FLT................................................ 4-34 Load/Work Memory...............................17-18
Documentation....... 1-1, 1-4, 5-5, 5-6, 22-1, 22-2 Erasing the Load/Work Memory and Resetting
Download Methods Dependent on the Load the CPU................................................17-18
Memory ................................................. 17-4 Error Detection
Downloading OB Types OB81....................................21-24

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

Index-4 A5E00069873-03
 Index

Sample Programs Faults ........................................................ 21-2

Substitute Values ..................................21-29 Locating ................................................. 21-1
Using Error OBs to React to Errors ..........4-33 FB ........................................... 4-16, 4-17, 4-18
Error Handling Organization Blocks FBD ...................................................... 8-4, 8-5
(OB70 to OB87 / OB121 to OB122) .........4-33 Displaying Block Information ................... 12-9
Error OB............................. 21-24, 21-25, 21-26 Rules ..................................................... 9-20
OB Types FBD Elements............................................ 9-20
OB121 and OB122..................................4-34 Representation ....................................... 9-19
OB70 and OB72 .....................................4-33 Rules for Entering................................... 9-20
OB80 to OB87 ........................................4-33 FBD Layout................................................ 9-19
Using Error OBs to React to Events.........4-33 FC ............................................................. 4-16
Error OBs ............................... 4-33, 4-34, 14-30 File Formats for Importing/Exporting
Error OBs as a Reaction to Detected a Symbol Table ...................................... 7-15
Errors ...................................................21-24 Filtering Symbols........................................ 7-12
Error Search Finding Address Locations in the Program
in Blocks.................................................9-14 Quickly................................................. 12-12
Establishing Flash-File System ........................................2-9
Online Connection via the Flow
"Accessible Nodes" Window ................16-1 of Diagnostic Information ...................... 21-16
Online Connection via the Online Folder ........................................................ 8-10
Window of the Project .........................16-2 Blocks .................................................... 8-10
Online Connections.................................16-1 Force Values.............................................. 18-9
Establishing a Connection to the CPU .......18-12 Examples of Entering.............................. 18-9
Establishing the Safety Requirements .......... 3-8 Forcing Variables ..................................... 18-18
Evaluating the Output Parameter Introduction .......................................... 18-18
RET_VAL .............................................21-23 Safety Measures .................................. 18-20
Events........................................................4-15 Formal Parameters
Asynchronous.........................................4-15 System Attributes
Example...................................................11-19 and Message Blocks............................... 14-9
Entering a Contiguous Address Area .......18-8 Format Table of Data Blocks..................... 11-12
Entering Addresses in Variable Tables ....18-8 Format Table of Function Blocks............... 11-10
of Data Blocks in STL Source Files........11-24 Format Table of Functions ........................ 11-11
of Function Blocks in STL Source Files ..11-22 Format Table of Organization Blocks .......... 11-9
of Functions in STL Source Files ...........11-20 Formats for Blocks in STL Source Files....... 11-9
of Organization Blocks in STL Function
Source Files......................................11-19 Correcting the Interface .......................... 9-24
of User-Defined Data Types in Function Block
STL Source Files ..............................11-25 Correcting the Interface .......................... 9-24
Example of Working with Address Function Block Diagram ...............................8-4
Locations..............................................12-13 Function Block Diagram Programming
Examples ...................................................18-9 Language (FBD).......................................8-4
Entering Modify and Force Values ...........18-9 Function Block Diagram(FBD) ......................8-2
of Declaring Variables in STL Source Function Blocks........................................ 11-10
Files .................................................11-18 Format Table........................................ 11-10
Exchanging Modules...................................25-1 Function Blocks (FB) ........................... 4-2, 4-16
Exchanging Modules in the Configuration Actual Parameters ......................... 4-17, 4-18
Table......................................................25-1 Application ............................................. 4-16
Exporting Function Blocks in STL Source Files ......... 11-22
Symbol Table..........................................7-15 Example............................................... 11-22
Extended Uses of the STEP 7 Standard Functional Scope of Report System Errors 14-26
Package .................................................1-14 Functions ................................................... 22-2
External Source Files................................11-14 Format Table........................................ 11-11
Inserting ...............................................11-14 Functions (FC) .................................... 4-2, 4-16

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 Index-5
Index

Application ............................................. 4-16 Information Functions ...................... 1-10, 21-11

Functions in STL Source Files .................. 11-20 Information Functions in the Diagnostic
Example............................................... 11-21 View .......................................................21-8
Gaps in the User Memory (RAM).............. 17-20 Information Functions in the Quick View ......21-5
General Notes on Variable Declaration Inputs.........................................................12-6
Tables...................................................... 9-8 Assignment List ......................................12-5
General Tips Insert/Remove Module Interrupt (OB83) ....21-35
on Entering Symbols .............................. 7-10 Insert/Remove Module Interrupt
Generated Error OBs (Reporting System Errors) Organization Block................................21-35
............................................................ 14-30 Inserting
Generating............................................... 11-15 Addresses or Symbols in a Variable
Reference Data .................................... 12-11 Table ..................................................18-4
STL Source Files from Blocks............... 11-15 Block Templates in STL Source Files.....11-14
Generating and Displaying Reference Comment Lines.......................................18-7
Data..................................................... 12-11 External Source Files ............................11-14
Generating Blocks for Reporting System Modify Values .........................................18-5
Errors .................................................. 14-29 Substitute Values for Error Detection .....21-29
Global Data Configuration Inserting an S7/M7 Program ........................ 6-5
Downloading ........................................ 17-11 Inserting Block Templates in STL
Globale Symbols Source Files .........................................11-14
Entering in a Program............................. 9-13 Inserting Stations......................................... 6-4
Handling Errors........................................ 21-22 Installation Errors......................................... 2-9
Handling Large Projects ............................. 25-2 Installation Procedure .................................. 2-9
Hardware................................................... 21-1 Installation Requirements............................. 2-7
Diagnosing............................................. 21-1 Installing
Hardware Catalog ...................................... 1-10 STEP 7..............................................2-7, 2-8
Hardware Interrupt ..................................... 4-28 Installing and Removing the Authorization .... 2-1
Priority ................................................... 4-29 Installing STEP 7 ......................................... 2-7
Rules ..................................................... 4-29 Installing the Authorization after Setup ......... 2-1
Starting .................................................. 4-28 Installing the Authorization during Setup....... 2-1
Hardware Interrupt Organization Blocks Instance ................................... 4-19, 4-20, 4-21
(OB40 to OB47) ..................................... 4-28 Instance Data Blocks ..................................4-19
Hardware Interrupts .......................... 4-28, 4-29 Creating Multiple Instances for an FB ......4-16
Headers and Footers ................................. 22-2 Time Stamps ..........................................13-6
Help (Online) Instance DB.............................. 4-19, 4-20, 4-21
Calling ..................................................... 5-4 Instructions from the Program Element
Topics...................................................... 5-3 Catalog.................................................... 9-3
Hierarchical Structure of Libraries ............... 8-16 Interrupt Assignments
HiGraph....................................................... 8-2 Checking ................................................2-11
Human Machine Interface........................... 1-18 Interrupt OBs..............................................4-24
I/O Access Error (OB122)......................... 21-39 Using......................................................4-24
I/O Access Error Organization Block ......... 21-39 Interrupt-Driven Program Execution ............. 4-3
I/O Redundancy Error (OB70) .................. 21-31 Interruptions ...............................................21-1
I/O Redundancy Error Organization Block. 21-31 Introduction to Forcing Variables ...............18-18
Icons for Objects in the SIMATIC Manager ... 5-5 Introduction to Testing with the Variable
ID Number Table......................................................18-1
Entering ................................................... 2-9 Key Combinations
Illegal Logic Operations in Ladder............... 9-18 for Access to Online Help ........................5-32
Importing for Menu Commands...............................5-29
External Source File ................................. 6-5 for Moving the Cursor..............................5-30
Symbol Table ......................................... 7-15 for Selecting Text ....................................5-31
Incomplete and Non-Unique Symbols in the Key Combinations for Toggling between
Symbol Table ........................................... 7-9 Windows.................................................5-32

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

Index-6 A5E00069873-03
 Index

Keyboard Control........................................5-28 Objects ............... 5-20, 5-21, 5-22, 5-23, 5-24

L Stack Managing Texts in More than One
Storing Temporary Variables ...................4-16 Language.................................................6-9
LAD............................................................. 8-4 Masking
Displaying Block Information ...................12-9 Start Events ........................................... 4-33
Ladder Elements Maximum Cycle Time ................................. 4-13
Representation .......................................9-15 Maximum Scan Cycle Time ........................ 4-10
Ladder Layout ............................................9-15 Memory Card
Ladder Logic ............................................... 8-4 Assigning Parameters............................. 2-10
Guidelines ..............................................9-16 Message
Ladder Logic (LAD)...................................... 8-2 Example................................................. 14-5
Ladder Logic Programming Language Parts ...................................................... 14-5
(LAD) ...................................................... 8-4 Message Blocks
Language Overview................................................ 14-7
for Display ............................................14-18 Message Configuration
Language Editors SIMATIC Components ............................ 14-4
Starting.................................................... 8-2 Transferring Data to WinCC .................. 14-21
Large Projects ............................................25-2 Message Numbering .................................. 14-2
Libraries ...................................................... 6-6 Message Template................................... 14-10
Archiving ................................................22-5 Message Templates and Messages .......... 14-10
Hierarchical Structure..............................8-16 Message-Type Block ................................ 14-11
Rearranging............................................25-3 Messaging Numbers .................................. 14-6
Working with...........................................8-15 Assigning ............................................... 14-6
Library......................................................... 5-7 Minimum Cycle Time.................................. 4-13
Library Object .............................................. 5-7 Minimum Scan Cycle Time ......................... 4-15
Linear Programming .................................... 4-3 Mnemonics
List Box ......................................................5-19 Setting ................................................... 9-22
Listing In/Outs ............................................. 3-6 Modify Values ............................................ 18-9
Listing Inputs ............................................... 3-6 Examples of Entering.............................. 18-9
Outputs Inserting ................................................. 18-5
and In/Outs.............................................. 3-6 Modifying
Listing Outputs ............................................ 3-6 Basic Procedure ..................................... 18-2
Lists Modifying Variables
of User Texts ........................................14-18 Defining the Trigger .............................. 18-16
Load Memory ....................................17-3, 17-4 Introduction .......................................... 18-15
Load Memory and Work Memory in Module....................................................... 20-1
the CPU..................................................17-3 Simulating .............................................. 20-1
Local Data Requirements............................12-3 Module Exists/Type Monitoring
Locating Faults ...........................................21-1 Startup OBs ........................................... 4-30
Logic Blocks Module Information............................ 1-12, 21-2
in the Incremental Editor .......................... 9-1 Calling from the Project View (Online) ..... 21-6
Saving ....................................................9-24 Displaying .............................................. 21-2
Structure.................................................. 9-1 Options for Displaying............................. 21-9
Time Stamps ..........................................13-4 Updating .............................................. 21-11
Lost Authorization........................................ 2-1 Module Information Functions................... 21-10
M7 Program ................................................ 6-7 Module Status .......................................... 21-11
M7 Programming Information Functions ........................... 21-10
Optional Software ...................................24-3 Monitoring
M7-300/M7-400 Basic Procedure ..................................... 18-2
Operating Systems .................................24-1 Monitoring Times........................................ 4-31
M7-300/M7-400 Operating Systems ............24-6 Monitoring Variables................................. 18-13
Make (see Checking Block Consitency).......13-1 Defining theTrigger ............................... 18-13
Managing Introduction .......................................... 18-13

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 Index-7
Index

Motors ......................................................... 3-6 Establishing via the "Accessible Nodes"

Creating an I/O Diagram........................... 3-6 Window ..............................................16-1
Moving Establishing via the Online Window
Object ................. 5-20, 5-21, 5-22, 5-23, 5-24 of the Project ......................................16-2
MPI Card for PG/PC................................... 2-11 Online Help
MPI Interface ............................................... 2-7 Calling ..................................................... 5-3
MPI-ISA Card (Auto) .................................. 2-11 Changing the Font Size............................ 5-4
MSK_FLT .................................................. 4-34 Topics ..................................................... 5-3
Multiple Instance........................................ 4-16 Online View ................................................21-3
Entering in the Variable Diagnostic Symbols ................................21-4
Declaration Table ............................... 9-10 Opening
Multiple Instances ...................................... 4-20 Symbol Table..........................................7-12
Rules ..................................................... 9-10 Variable Table ........................................18-2
Usage ...................................................... 9-9 Operating Mode
Multi-User Configuration............................. 23-1 Displaying and Changing ........................16-5
Multi-User Configuration in Windows NT..... 23-1 Operating Mode STOP .............................21-13
Naming Conventions.................................. 15-1 Stack Contents .......................... 21-13, 21-14
for Configuration Data ............................ 15-1 Operating Philosophy .................................5-17
Nesting Depth.............................................. 4-8 Operating System
Network Comment ..................................... 9-13 Tasks ...................................................... 4-1
Network Configuration Operating System of the CPU .....................4-15
Downloading Changes ......................... 17-10 Operator Console ........................................ 3-9
Uploading ............................................ 17-17 Operator Control and Monitoring Attributes ..15-1
Network Server .......................................... 23-1 CFC .......................................................15-4
Network Title..................................... 9-13, 9-14 Configuring with STL, LAD, FBD .............15-2
Networks ..................................................... 8-4 Configuring with Symbol Table ................15-3
Ladder Logic .......................................... 9-16 Operator Displays and Controls
OB....................................4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7 Example of Industrial Blending Process .... 3-9
OB 86...................................................... 21-37 Optional Package .......................................20-1
OB1 Scan Cycle Time................................ 4-15 Optional Software for M7 Programming .......24-3
OB70....................................................... 21-31 Options for Displaying the Module
OB80....................................................... 21-33 Information .............................................21-9
OB82.............................................21-34, 21-35 Organization Block (OB) .............................4-31
OB83....................................................... 21-36 Background OB (OB90) ........................... 4-3
OB84....................................................... 21-36 Organization Block for Cyclic Program
OB85....................................................... 21-37 Processing (OB1) ...................................4-10
OB87....................................................... 21-38 Organization Blocks....................................11-9
Object Definition ................................................. 4-3
Cutting, Copying, Pasting ....................... 5-22 Error Detection
Deleting, Selecting ................................. 5-24 OB122
Moving................................................... 5-23 Substitute Values ..................................21-29
Opening................................................. 5-20 Format Table ..........................................11-9
Properties ..................................... 5-21, 5-22 Priority Classes...........................4-3, 4-5, 4-6
Renaming ..................................... 5-22, 5-23 Reacting to Errors ...................................4-33
Object Hierarchy .......................................... 5-5 Organization Blocks (OB)............................. 4-2
Building.................................................. 5-21 Organization Blocks and Program Structure . 4-3
Objects ................................................. 5-5, 5-6 Organization Blocks for Interrupt-Driven
as Carriers of Functions............................ 5-5 Program Processing ...............................4-24
as Carriers of Properties........................... 5-5 Organization Blocks in STL Source File.....11-19
as Folders................................................ 5-5 Example ...............................................11-19
Managing............................................... 5-20 Outdoor......................................................1-10
Objects and Object Hierarchy ....................... 5-5 Output Parameter .......................... 21-23, 21-24
Online Connection Evaluating RET_VAL ............................21-23

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

Index-8 A5E00069873-03
 Index

Outputs ......................................................12-6 Printing Project Documentation................... 22-1

Assignment List ......................................12-5 Priority
Overview .................................... 1-4, 12-1, 14-7 Background OB...................................... 4-31
Message Blocks......................................14-7 Hardware Interrupt......................... 4-28, 4-29
of the Available Reference Data ..............12-1 Time-Delay Interrupt ............................... 4-27
Overview of STEP 7 .................................... 1-1 Time-of-Day Interrupt.............................. 4-24
Overview of the Available Reference Data ...12-1 Procedure .................................................. 22-6
Overview of the Standard Libraries..............8-17 for Archiving/Retrieving........................... 22-6
Overwrite Mode ..........................................9-14 for Entering Statements .......................... 9-12
Page Format for M7 Systems ...................................... 24-1
Setting...........................................22-3, 22-4 Process
Parameters ................................................8-14 Dividing into Tasks ...................................3-2
Attributes ................................................8-14 Process Image ......................... 4-10, 4-13, 4-14
Parent/Child Structure............... 12-3, 12-4, 12-5 Clearing ................................................. 4-30
Parts of a Message.....................................14-5 Updating ....................................... 4-12, 4-14
Password ...................................................16-3 Process Mode ................................... 4-14, 4-16
Password Protection for Access to Process Monitoring............................ 15-1, 18-2
Programmable Controllers.......................16-3 PROFIBUS DP........................................... 1-10
PC Station..................................................1-10 Profiles ...................................................... 1-10
PCS7 Message Configuration ........ 14-14, 14-15 Program Creation
Permitted Block Properties for General Procedure ...................................1-1
Each Block Type.....................................11-6 Program Elements
PG/PC Interface .........................................2-13 Inserting ...................................................9-3
Parameter Assignment............................2-12 Program Elements Catalog.................... 9-3, 9-4
Phase Offset .....................................4-27, 4-28 Program Execution
Planning an Automation Project Cyclic .................................. 4-3, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7
Basic Procedure ...................................... 3-1 Interrupt-Driven ........................................4-3
Creating a Configuration Diagram............3-10 Program Measures for Handling Errors ..... 21-22
Creating an I/O Diagram for the Motors .... 3-6 Program Processing................................... 4-24
Creating an I/O Diagram for the Valves..... 3-7 Interrupt-Driven ...................................... 4-24
Describing the Individual Function Areas .. 3-4 Program Sequence Error (OB85) .............. 21-37
Describing the Required Operator Program Sequence Error Organization
Displays and Controls .......................... 3-9 Block.................................................... 21-37
Dividing the Process into Tasks and Areas 3-2 Program Status
Establishing the Safety Requirements....... 3-8 Testing with............................................ 19-1
Listing Inputs, Outputs, and In/Outs .......... 3-6 Program Status Display .............................. 19-3
Positioning Program Status of Data Blocks ................... 19-7
Boxes ............................................9-20, 9-21 Program Structure ............................. 12-3, 12-4
Power Flow ................................................9-18 Displaying ............................................ 12-11
Power Supply Error (OB81).......................21-34 Programmable Controller
Power Supply Error Organization Block .....21-34 Reloading Blocks.................................... 17-5
Preventing Personal Injury ........................18-18 Programmable Module Object Folder ............5-9
Preventing Property Damage ....................18-18 Programming
Printer Background OB ...................................... 4-31
Setting Up ..............................................22-2 Transferring Parameters ......................... 4-16
Printing Using Data Blocks .................................. 4-16
Blocks ....................................................22-1 Programming Error (OB121) ..................... 21-39
Configuration Table.................................22-1 Programming Error Organization Block ..... 21-39
Diagnostic Buffer Content........................22-1 Programming Language
Global Data Table ...................................22-1 Selecting ..................................................8-2
Reference Data.......................................22-1 Programming Languages................ 1-6, 1-8, 1-9
Symbol Table..........................................22-1 Function Block Diagram (FBD)..................8-4
Variable Table ........................................22-1 Ladder Logic (LAD) ..................................8-4

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 Index-9
Index

S7 CFC.................................................... 8-9 Data Values to their Initial Values ............10-8

S7 HiGraph .............................................. 8-8 the CPU..................................... 17-18, 17-19
S7 SCL .................................................... 8-6 Restoring
S7-GRAPH .............................................. 8-7 Authorization ........................................... 2-1
STL.......................................................... 8-5 Window Arrangement..............................5-27
Programming Steps S7 ................................ 1-4 Retrieving Procedure ..................................22-6
Programs in a CPU ...................................... 4-1 Rewiring.....................................................8-14
Project.................................................. 5-6, 5-7 Addresses ..............................................8-14
Copying ................................................... 6-8 Blocks ....................................................8-14
Creating Manually .................................... 6-3 Rights of Use............................................... 2-1
Creating Using the Wizard ........................ 6-3 RPL_VAL .................................................21-29
Deleting ................................................... 6-8 Rules .........................................................7-15
Opening................................................... 6-8 Cyclic Interrupt........................................4-27
Project Documentation FBD........................................................9-20
Printing .................................................. 22-1 for Declaring Multiple Instances ...............9-10
Project Object .............................................. 5-6 for Declaring Variables in STL
Project Structure .......................................... 6-2 Source Files........................................11-3
Project View................................................. 6-1 for Entering Statements in STL
Project Window..................................... 6-1, 6-2 Source Files........................................11-2
Projects ..................................................... 22-5 for Exporting the Symbol Table................7-15
Archiving................................................ 22-5 for Importing the Symbol Table................7-15
Rearranging ........................................... 25-3 for Setting Block Properties in
Renaming .............................................. 5-20 STL Source Files ................................11-5
Projects with a Large Number of for Setting System Attributes in
Networked Stations ................................ 25-2 STL Source Files ................................11-4
QRY_TINT................................................. 4-24 Hardware Interrupt ..................................4-28
Querying Ladder Logic...........................................9-16
Time-of-Day Interrupt ............................. 4-24 Statement List................................9-22, 11-2
Quick View of the Diagnostic Information .... 21-5 Time-Delay Interrupt ...............................4-26
Rack Failure (OB86) ................................ 21-37 Time-of Day-Interrupt ..............................4-24
Rack Failure Organization Block............... 21-37 Rules for Block Order in STL Source Files ...11-4
RDSYSST .....................................21-16, 21-18 Rules for Entering FBD Elements ................9-20
Rearranging Projects and Libraries............. 25-3 Rules for Entering Ladder Logic Elements ...9-16
Reference Data.......................................... 12-1 Rules for Entering STL Statements .............9-22
Application ............................................. 12-1 Run-Time Software.....................................1-17
Displaying ..................................12-10, 12-12 S7 CFC Programming Language.................. 8-9
Generating........................................... 12-11 S7 HiGraph ................................................. 8-8
Relationship between the Variable S7 HiGraph Programming Language
Declaration Table and the Code Section ... 9-6 (State Graph)........................................... 8-8
Reloading Blocks in the Programmable S7 Program Inserting ................................... 6-7
Controller ............................................... 17-5 S7 SCL Programming Language.................. 8-6
Renaming Projects............................ 5-20, 5-22 S7 Source Files .......................................11-13
Report System Errors............................... 14-26 Editing ..................................................11-13
Supported Components........................ 14-26 S7/M7 Program ..........................................5-11
Reporting System Errors ................14-25, 14-31 S7/M7 Program Folder................................5-11
Representation S7/M7 Program without a Station or CPU ....5-16
FBD Elements........................................ 9-19 S7-GRAPH............................................8-2, 8-7
Ladder Elements .................................... 9-15 S7-GRAPH Programming Language
STL........................................................ 9-22 (Sequential Control) ................................. 8-7
Requirements ............................................ 17-1 Safety Measures When Forcing Variables .18-20
Archiving................................................ 22-6 Safety Requirements ................................... 3-8
for Downloading ..................................... 17-1 Example of an Industrial Blending Process 3-8
Resetting ................................................... 10-8 Sample Programs

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

Index-10 A5E00069873-03
 Index

Industrial Blending Process Entering ID Number ..................................2-9

Creating a Configuration Diagram............3-10 Flash-File System.....................................2-9
Describing the Individual Functional Areas 3-4 Memory Card Parameters....................... 2-11
Describing the Individual Tasks and SFB ........................................................... 4-22
Areas Creating an I/O Diagram............. 3-6 SFB20 STOP ............................................. 4-10
Describing the Operator Displays and SFB33 .............................................. 14-7, 14-8
Controls............................................... 3-9 SFB34 .............................................. 14-7, 14-8
Describing the Safety Requirements......... 3-8 SFB35 .............................................. 14-7, 14-8
Dividing the Process into Tasks and Areas 3-2 SFB36 .............................................. 14-7, 14-8
Inserting Substitute Values ....................21-29 SFB37 .............................................. 14-7, 14-8
Reaction to Battery Error.......................21-24 SFC ........................................................... 4-23
Substitute Values ..................................21-29 SFC 26 UPDAT_PI..................................... 4-10
Saving SFC 27 UPDAT_PO................................... 4-10
Blocks ....................................................9-24 SFC 44 RPL_VAL .................................... 21-29
Data Blocks ............................................10-8 SFC 46 STP............................................... 4-10
Logic Blocks ...........................................9-24 SFC 51 RDSYSST ........................ 21-16, 21-17
STL Source Files ..................................11-16 SFC 52 WR_USMSG ............................... 21-20
Uses.......................................................22-5 SFC17/18 .................................................. 14-7
Variable Table ........................................18-3 SFC28 SET_TINT ...................................... 4-24
Window Arrangement..............................5-27 SFC29 CAN_TINT...................................... 4-24
Scan Cycle.................................................4-10 SFC30 ACT_TINT ...................................... 4-24
Scan Cycle Load from Communication ........4-10 SFC31 QRY_TINT ..................................... 4-24
Scan Cycle Monitoring Time .......................4-10 SFC32 SRT_DINT...................................... 4-26
Scan Cycle Time ...................... 4-12, 4-14, 4-15 SFC36 MSK_FLT....................................... 4-33
SCAN Message ........................................14-16 SFC37 DMSK_FLT .................................... 4-33
SCL.......................................................8-3, 8-6 SFC39 DIS_IRT ......................................... 4-33
Scope of the Module Type-Dependent SFC40 EN_IRT .......................................... 4-33
Information ...........................................21-11 SFC41 DIS_AIRT....................................... 4-33
Search Function for Errors in the SFC42 EN_AIRT........................................ 4-33
Code Section ..........................................9-14 Shared and Local Symbols ...........................7-3
Selecting Shared Data Blocks.................................... 10-4
Editing Method......................................... 8-1 Entering the Data Structure..................... 10-4
Programming Language........................... 8-2 Time Stamps .......................................... 13-5
Selecting Objects in a Browser....................5-24 Shared Data Blocks (DB)............................ 4-21
Sending Short Circuit
Your Own Diagnostic Messages ............21-20 Ladder Logic
Sequential Control ....................................... 8-7 Illegal Logic Operations .......................... 9-18
Session Memory.........................................5-26 Signal Module ............................................ 20-1
SET_CLK ...................................................4-26 Simulating .............................................. 20-1
SET_TINT ..................................................4-25 Signal Modules with Hardware Interrupt
Setting Capability
Address Priority ....................................... 7-5 Assigning Parameters............................. 4-29
the Call Environment for a Block..............19-8 SIMATIC Components................................ 14-4
Time and Date ........................................16-6 SIMATIC Manager........................................5-1
Virtual Work Memory...............................25-5 Displaying Block Lengths ........................ 8-13
Setting the Mnemonics ...............................9-22 SIMATIC PC Station................................... 1-10
Setting the PG/PC Interface ........................2-11 Simulating a CPU or Signal Module ............ 20-1
Settings for Function Block Diagram Simulation Program.................................... 20-1
Programming ..........................................9-19 Sorting in the Cross Reference List ............. 12-2
Settings for Ladder Logic Programming.......9-15 Sorting Symbols ......................................... 7-12
Settings for Reporting System Erros..........14-28 Source File Folder ...................................... 5-15
Settings for Statement List Programming.....9-22 Source File Folder Object ........................... 5-15
Setup Source Files

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 Index-11
Index

Access Rights .......................................... 9-3 Errors During Installation.......................... 2-9

External ................................................... 6-7 Installation .........................................2-7, 2-8
S7-GRAPH .............................................. 8-7 Removing ...............................................2-14
Source Files(External).............................. 11-14 Standard Software ................................... 1-6
Inserting............................................... 11-14 Starting the Software................................ 5-1
Special Note on Printing the Object Tree..... 22-4 Uninstalling.............................................2-14
SRT_DINT................................................. 4-26 User Interface .........................................5-18
SSL ......................................................... 21-17 STEP 7 Programming Languages ................ 1-6
Stack Contents in STOP Mode ................. 21-13 STL ............................................................. 8-5
Standard Libraries...................................... 8-17 Displaying Block Information ...................12-9
Overview................................................ 8-17 Entering Blocks.......................................9-12
Standard Library .......................................... 6-5 STL Editor
Start Events Settings ................................................... 9-2
Delaying ................................................ 4-33 STL Source File..........................................11-9
Masking ................................................. 4-34 Formats for Blocks ..................................11-9
Startup OBs ........................................... 4-29 STL source files
Starting Creating ...............................................11-13
Cyclic Interrupt .............................. 4-27, 4-28 STL Source Files ........................................11-1
Hardware Interrupt ................................. 4-28 Basic Information on Programming ..........11-1
Time-Delay Interrupt............................... 4-26 Checking Consistency...........................11-16
Time-of-Day Interrupt ............................. 4-26 Compiling .............................................11-17
Starting STEP 7 Installation.......................... 2-9 Example of Data Blocks ........................11-24
Starting STEP 7 with Default Start Example of Function .............................11-20
Parameters .............................................. 5-2 Example of Function Blocks ..................11-22
Startup OBs ............................................... 4-29 Example of Organization Blocks ............11-19
Module Exists/Type Monitoring ............... 4-31 Example of User-Defined Data Types ....11-25
Start Events ........................................... 4-30 Examples of Declaring Variables ...........11-18
Startup Organization Blocks (OB100 / Generating from Blocks.........................11-15
OB101 / OB102)..................................... 4-29 Inserting Block Templates .....................11-14
Startup Program ........................................ 4-30 Rules for Block Order..............................11-4
State Graph ................................................. 8-8 Rules for Declaring Variables ..................11-3
Statement List..................................... 8-5, 9-22 Rules for Setting Block Properties ...........11-5
Representation....................................... 9-22 Rules for Setting System Attributes..........11-4
Rules ............................................ 9-22, 11-2 Saving ..................................................11-16
Statement List (STL) .................................... 8-2 Structure of Blocks..................................11-7
Statement List Programming Language Structure of Data Blocks..........................11-8
(STL) ....................................................... 8-5 Structure of Logic Blocks.........................11-7
Statements Structure of User-Defined Data Types .....11-8
Entering Syntax for Blocks ....................................11-9
Procedure .............................................. 9-12 Troubleshooting ....................................11-16
Statements from the Program Element Structure ....................................................8-11
Catalog .................................................... 9-3 Blocks in STL Source Files......................11-7
Station.................................................. 5-8, 5-9 Cross-Reference List .....................12-2, 12-3
Inserting................................................... 6-5 Data Blocks in STL Source Files..............11-8
Uploading ............................................ 17-14 Logic Blocks in STL Source Files.............11-7
Station Configuration of the Code Section ................................9-11
Uploading ............................................ 17-16 UDT .......................................................8-11
Station Object .............................................. 5-8 User-Defined Data Type (UDT) ...............8-11
Status Bar User-Defined Data Types in STL
Example................................................. 5-18 Source Files........................................11-8
STEP 7 Structure and Components of the
Error OBs Symbol Table........................................... 7-6
Reacting to Errors .................................. 4-33 Structure of the Variable Declaration Table... 9-6

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

Index-12 A5E00069873-03
 Index

Structured Control Language ....................... 8-6 Reading ............................................... 21-18

Structured Program ..................................... 4-2 Tabs in Dialog Boxes.................................. 5-19
Structured Programming .............................. 4-3 Tasks
Substitute Value Example of Industrial Blending Process.....3-2
Using SFC44 (RPL_VAL) ......................21-29 Tasks and Areas
Supported Components and Functional Example of Industrial Blending Process.....3-4
Scope...................................................14-26 Testing....................................................... 18-1
Symbol Table .............................................. 7-4 Using Program Status............................. 19-1
File Formats for Importing/Exporting ........7-15 using the Simulation Program (Optional
for Shared Symbols ................................. 7-6 Package)............................................ 20-1
Opening .................................................7-12 with the Variable Table ........................... 18-1
Permitted Addresses................................ 7-7 Testing in Single-Step Mode .............. 19-4, 19-5
Permitted Data Types .............................. 7-7 Testing with the Variable Table ................... 25-4
Structure and Components....................... 7-6 Text Libraries ........................................... 14-19
Symbolic Addressing ................................... 7-4 Translating ........................................... 14-19
Symbol-Related Messages Text Lists
Assigning to Symbol Table ....................14-16 see Lists of User Texts ......................... 14-18
Signals .................................................14-16 The Message Concept................................ 14-1
Symbols ................................ 7-1, 7-2, 7-4, 7-13 The STEP 7 Standard Package ....................1-6
Defining when Programming ...................7-11 Time and Date ........................................... 16-6
Entering..................................................7-12 Setting ................................................... 16-6
Filtering ..................................................7-12 Time Error (OB80).................................... 21-33
for the Program Structure ...............12-3, 12-4 Time Error Organization Block .................. 21-33
Inserting in a Variable Table ....................18-4 Time Stamp Conflicts ................................. 13-3
Local ....................................................... 7-3 Time Stamps.............................................. 13-5
Shared .................................................... 7-3 as a Block Property ................................ 13-3
Sorting....................................................7-12 in Instance Data Blocks .......................... 13-6
STEP 7 Objects ....................................... 5-5 in Logic Blocks ....................................... 13-4
Unused...................................................12-8 in Shared Data Blocks ............................ 13-5
Upper and Lower Case ...........................7-13 Time stamps in UDTs and Data Blocks
Symbols for Objects in the Derived from UDTs................................. 13-7
SIMATIC Manager ................................... 5-5 Time-Delay Interrupt
Synchronous Errors Priority ................................................... 4-27
Using OBs to React to Errors ..................4-33 Rules ..................................................... 4-26
Syntax for Blocks in STL Source Files .........11-9 Starting .................................................. 4-27
System Architecture....................................4-10 Time-Delay Interrupt Organization Blocks
Scan Cycle ........................... 4-12, 4-14, 4-15 (OB20 to OB23)...................................... 4-26
System Attributes Time-Delay Interrupts ................................. 4-26
for Message Configuration ......................14-9 Time-of-Day Interrupt
for Parameters......................................... 9-5 Changing the Time ................................. 4-24
Symbol Table.....................................7-6, 7-7 Deactivating ........................................... 4-25
System Data.............................................21-18 Priority ................................................... 4-26
System Diagnostics Querying ................................................ 4-25
Extending .............................................21-20 Rules ..................................................... 4-25
System Error ............................................21-21 Starting .................................................. 4-25
System Function Blocks..............................4-22 Time-of-Day Interrupt Organization Blocks
System Function Blocks (SFB) ..................... 4-2 (OB10 to OB17)...................................... 4-24
System Function Blocks (SFB) and System Time-of-Day Interrupts................................ 4-24
Functions (SFC)......................................4-22 Timers ....................................................... 12-7
System Functions .......................................4-22 Assignment List ...................................... 12-7
System Functions (SFC) .............................. 4-2 Upper Limits for Entering ........................ 18-6
System Status List .............. 21-17, 21-18, 21-19 Tips and Tricks1-10, 25-1, 25-2, 25-3, 25-4, 25-5
Contents...............................................21-17 Titles

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 Index-13
Index

for Blocks............................................... 9-13 Uploading from the Programmable Controller

for Networks........................................... 9-13 to the PG/PC ........................................17-12
Toggling between Windows........................ 5-32 Upper and Lower Case ......................7-13, 7-14
Toolbar Symbols ........................................7-13, 7-14
Buttons .................................................. 5-18 Upper Limits for Entering Counters..............18-7
Transferring Configuration Data to the Operator Upper Limits for Entering Timers .................18-6
Interface Programmable Controller ......... 15-5 User Interface.............................................5-18
Transferring Configuration Data to the User Memory............................................17-20
Programmable Controller...................... 14-21 Compressing ........................................17-20
Transferring Parameters User Program
Saving the Transferred Values................ 4-16 Elements ................................................. 4-2
Translating and Editing Tasks ...................................................... 4-1
User Texts ........................................... 14-18 User Programs
Translating and Editing User Texts ........... 14-18 Downloading...........................................17-3
Tree Structure................................... 12-3, 12-4 User Rights ................................................. 2-1
Trigger Conditions for Recording the User Texts
Program Status ...................................... 19-8 Exporting/Importing...............................14-18
Trigger for Modifying Variables Requirements .......................................14-18
Defining ............................................... 18-16 User-Defined Data Type
Trigger for Monitoring Variables Correcting the Interface...........................9-24
Defining ............................................... 18-13 User-Defined Data Types (UDT) .................8-11
Trigger Frequency.................................... 18-13 Entering the Structure .............................10-6
Trigger Point User-Defined Data Types in STL Source
Setting ................................................. 18-13 Files .....................................................11-25
Troubleshooting ......................................... 21-1 Example ...............................................11-25
Sample Programs ................................ 21-24 User-defined Diagnostic Messages
Troubleshooting in STL Source Files ........ 11-16 Creating and Editing .............................14-17
TTR Type .................................................. 1-10 User-Defined Diagnostic Messages
Types of Interrupt......................................... 4-3 Displaying.............................................14-22
UDT........................................................... 8-11 Uses for Saving/Archiving ...........................22-5
Uninstalling Using Multiple Instances .............................. 9-9
Authorization........................2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4 Using the Variable Declaration in Logic
Uninstalling STEP 7 ................................... 2-14 Blocks ..................................................... 9-5
Unmasking Valves ......................................................... 3-7
Start Events ........................................... 4-33 Creating an I/O Diagram .......................... 3-7
Unused Addresses Variable Declaration Table .......... 9-1, 9-5, 21-27
Displaying ............................................ 12-11 Code Section ........................................... 9-6
Unused Symbols........................................ 12-8 Entering a Multiple Instance ....................9-10
UPDAT_PI................................................. 4-14 for OB81...............................................21-24
UPDAT_PO ............................................... 4-14 Purpose................................................... 9-5
Updating Structure.................................................. 9-6
Process Image ....................................... 4-10 System Attributes for Parameters ............. 9-5
Updating Block Calls .................................. 9-23 Variable Table ............................................18-3
Updating the Window Contents .................. 16-4 Copying/Moving ......................................18-3
Upgrading Creating and Opening .............................18-2
Authorization............................................ 2-1 Editing ....................................................18-4
Uploaded Blocks Example ........................................18-4, 18-5
Editing in the PG/PC ............................ 17-15 Example of Entering Addresses...............18-8
Uploading Inserting Addresses or Symbols ..............18-4
Blocks from an S7 CPU........................ 17-14 Maximum Size ........................................18-5
Station ................................................. 17-13 Saving ...........................................18-1, 18-3
Uploading a Configuration from a Station .. 17-16 Syntax Check .........................................18-5
Uploading a Network Configuration........... 17-17 Using......................................................18-1

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

Index-14 A5E00069873-03
 Index

Variables ...........................................15-1, 15-2 Which Message Blocks Exist? .................... 14-7

Modifying..............................................18-15 Window Arrangement ................................. 5-18
Monitoring ............................................18-13 Restoring ............................................... 5-27
Operator Control and Monitoring ....15-1, 15-2 Saving.................................................... 5-27
Virtual Work Memory Window Arrangement of Symbol Tables...... 5-26
Setting....................................................25-5 Changing ............................................... 5-26
What Are the Different Messaging Window Contents ....................................... 16-4
Methods? ...............................................14-1 Updating ................................................ 16-4
What You Should Know About HOLD Mode 19-6 Windows .................................................... 5-32
What You Should Know About Testing in Toggling ................................................. 5-32
Single-Step Mode/Breakpoints ................19-4 Windows NT .............................................. 23-1
What You Should Know About the HOLD Work Memory.................................... 17-3, 17-4
Mode ......................................................19-6 Working with Libraries ................................ 8-15
What’s New in STEP 7 Version 5.1?............1-10 WR_USMSG............................................ 21-20
Which Message Blocks Are Available? ........14-7

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 Index-15
Index

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

Index-16 A5E00069873-03
Siemens AG
A&D AS E 81
Oestliche Rheinbrueckenstr. 50
76181 Karlsruhe

From:
Your Name:...............................................................................................................................
Your Title: .................................................................................................................................
Company Name:.........................................................................................................................
Street: .................................................................................................................................
Country: ..............................................................................................................................
Phone: ................................................................................................................................

Please check any industry that applies to you:

❐ Automotive ❐ Pharmaceutical

❐ Chemical ❐ Plastic

❐ Electrical Machinery ❐ Pulp and Paper

❐ Food ❐ Textiles

❐ Instrument and Control ❐ Transportation

❐ Nonelectrical Machinery ❐ Other....................................................

❐ Petrochemical

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

A5E00069873-03 1
Remarks Form

Remarks Form
Your comments and recommendations will help us to improve the quality and usefulness of our
publications. Please take the first available opportunity to fill out this questionnaire and return it
to Siemens.

Please give each of the following questions your own personal mark within the range from 1
(very good) to 5 (poor).

1. Do the contents meet your requirements? o

2. Is the information you need easy to find? o
3. Is the text easy to understand? o
4. Does the level of technical detail meet your requirements? o
5. Please rate the quality of the graphics/tables: o

Additional comments:
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................

Programming with STEP 7 V5.1

2 A5E00069873-03