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    Network-Addressing

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    Sooraj S
    The document discusses the network layer and IP addressing, explaining that IP addresses are made up of a network prefix and host identifier, and that classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) allows network prefixes to be any length rather than restricted classes, improving address space utilization. IP addresses can be grouped by their shared network prefix and subnet masks are used to determine the prefix bits in an IP address.

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    Network-Addressing

    Uploaded by

    Sooraj S
    15 views21 pages
    The document discusses the network layer and IP addressing, explaining that IP addresses are made up of a network prefix and host identifier, and that classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) allows network prefixes to be any length rather than restricted classes, improving address space utilization. IP addresses can be grouped by their shared network prefix and subnet masks are used to determine the prefix bits in an IP address.

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    The document discusses the network layer and IP addressing, explaining that IP addresses are made up of a network prefix and host identifier, and that classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) allows network prefixes to be any length rather than restricted classes, improving address space utilization. IP addresses can be grouped by their shared network prefix and subnet masks are used to determine the prefix bits in an IP address.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views21 pages

    Network-Addressing

    Uploaded by

    Sooraj S
    The document discusses the network layer and IP addressing, explaining that IP addresses are made up of a network prefix and host identifier, and that classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) allows network prefixes to be any length rather than restricted classes, improving address space utilization. IP addresses can be grouped by their shared network prefix and subnet masks are used to determine the prefix bits in an IP address.

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    of 21

    CS 352

    Network Layer: Intro


    CS 352, Lecture 14.1
    http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~sn624/352

    Srinivas Narayana

    1
    Transport

    Application HTTPS FT HTTP SMTP DNS


    P

    Transport TC UD
    P P

    IP
    Network

    802.1 X.25 … ATM


    Host-to-Net 1
    Endpoint

    The network layer


    • Main function: Move data from sending to receiving
    endpoint Process

    • on sending endpoint: encapsulate transport segments into


    datagrams
    • on receiving endpoint: deliver datagrams to transport
    layer Network Layer
    • The network layer also runs in every router
    • The router examines header fields in all network-layer
    datagrams passing through it
    Process

    Endpoint
    Two key network-layer functions
    • Forwarding: move packets from Analogy: taking a road trip
    router’s input to appropriate
    router output ▪ Forwarding: process of
    getting through single
    interchange
    • Routing: determine route taken
    by packets from source to
    destination
    • routing algorithms ▪ Routing: process of
    planning trip from
    • The network layer solves the source to destination
    routing problem.
    4
    Data plane and Control Plane
    Data plane = Forwarding Control plane = Routing
    • local, per-router function • network-wide logic
    • determines how datagram arriving • determines how datagram is routed
    on router input port is forwarded to along end-to-end path from source to
    router output port destination endpoint
    • two control-plane approaches:
    • Distributed routing algorithm
    values in arriving running on each router
    packet header
    • Centralized routing algorithm
    011 1 running on a (logically) centralized
    1
    3
    2 server
    CS 352
    Internet Addressing
    CS 352, Lecture 14.2
    http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~sn624/352

    Srinivas Narayana

    7
    The Internet needs addresses
    • Addresses allow endpoints to identify, and hence talk to each other
    • E.g., like people have names

    • Addresses allow routers to determine how to move a packet


    • E.g., like the postal system

    • Network layer addresses are designed to help routers perform the


    forwarding and routing functions efficiently
    • Specifically, we’ll look at Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.
    • Most popular: IP version 4 or IPv4. (Coming up later: IPv6)
    IPv4 Addresses
    • 32 bits long
    • Identifier for a network interface
    • An IP address corresponds to the point of attachment of an endpoint to
    the network.
    • An IP address is NOT an identifier for the endpoint
    • Dotted quad notation: each byte is written in decimal in MSB order,
    separated by dots. Example:
    10000000 11000011 00000001 01010000
    128 . 95 . 1 . 80
    Grouping IP addresses by prefixes
    • IP addresses can be grouped based on a shared prefix of a specified
    length

    • Example: consider two IP addresses:


    • 128.95.1.80 and 128.95.1.4
    • The addresses share a prefix of (bit) length 24: 128.95.1
    • The addresses have different suffixes of (bit) length 8

    • IP addresses: prefix corresponds to the network component and the


    suffix to an endpoint/host component of the address
    IP addresses use hierarchy to scale routing
    NJ
    • IP addresses of endpoint interfaces in a network (e.g.,
    Rutgers Busch campus) share a prefix of some length
    • Each interface/endpoint has a different suffix, and hence
    a different 32-bit IP address
    • Using prefixes reduces the amount of information needed
    to forward packets over the Internet
    • IP prefixes are like zip codes: routers don’t need to store
    info for each endpoint, just each prefix
    • Prefixes also allow IP addresses to be delegated from one
    network to another (more on this later)
    IP addresses use hierarchy to scale routing
    NJ
    • Postal envelopes should show clearly delineated zip
    codes.

    • Q: How to identify the prefix from a 32-bit IP


    address?

    • Two methods:
    • Old: Classful addressing
    • New: Classless addressing (also called classless
    inter-domain routing, or CIDR)
    Classful IPv4 addressing
    Classful IPv4 addressing
    Class 32 bits

    A 0 Net Host 0.x.x.x – 127.x.x.x


    Unicast: single endpoint dest
    1
    B
    0
    Net Host 128.x.x.x – 191.x.x.x
    Unicast: single endpoint dest
    11
    C
    0
    Net Host 192.x.x.x – 223.x.x.x
    Unicast: single endpoint dest
    D 111 224.x.x.x – 239.x.x.x
    Multicast address
    0
    Destination is a group of hosts
    111
    E Reserved 240.x.x.x – 255.x.x.x
    1
    8 bit 16 bit 24 bit First octet of IP address gives you
    prefix prefix prefix the prefix length.
    Classful IPv4 addressing
    • Class A:
    • For very large organizations
    • 224 = 16 million hosts allowed
    • Class B:
    • For large organizations
    • 216 = 65 thousand hosts allowed
    • Class C
    • For small organizations
    • 28 = 255 hosts allowed
    • Class D
    • Multicast addresses
    • No network/host hierarchy
    Problems with classful addressing
    • IP prefixes are allocated to organizations (e.g., Rutgers) by Internet
    Registry organizations (e.g., ARIN, in North America)
    • Many organizations required something bigger than class C address, but
    smaller than a class A (or even B) address
    • However, the Internet was running out of class B addresses
    • Too many networks required multiple class C addresses
    • Not enough nets in class A for large + medium organizations
    • Key issue: Classful addressing is too coarse-grained: The addressing
    strategy must allow for greater diversity of network sizes
    Classless IPv4 addressing
    (CIDR)
    Classless IPv4 addressing
    • Also called classless inter-domain routing (CIDR)
    • Key idea: Network component of the address (ie: prefix) can have any
    length (usually from 8—32)
    • Address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is the prefix length
    • Customary to use 0s for all suffix bits

    network host
    part part
    11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000
    200.23.16.0/23
    CIDR
    •An ISP can obtain a block of addresses and 200.8.0.0/16
    partition this further to its customers
    •Say an ISP has 200.8.0.0/16 address (65K
    addresses).
    200.8.0.0
    •The ISP has customer who needs only 64 200.8.0.1
    addresses starting from 200.8.4.128 200.8.4.128/26
    …
    •Then that block can be specified as 200.8.1.0
    200.8.4.128/26 200.8.1.1
    …
    •200.8.4.128/26 is “inside” 200.8.0.0/16
    200.8.255.255
    Netmask (or subnet mask)
    • An alternative to denote the IP prefix length of an organization
    • 32 bits: a 1-bit denotes a prefix bit position. 0 is the host part.

    network host
    part part
    11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000
    200.23.16.0/23
    network part Host part of
    of mask mask
    11111111 11111111 11111110
    00000000
    Netmask: 255.255.254.0
    Detecting addresses from same network
    • Given IP addresses A and B, and netmask M.
    1. Compute logical AND (A & M).
    2. Compute logical AND (B & M).
    3. If (A & M) == (B & M) then A and B are
    on the same subnet.

    • Ex: A = 165.230.82.52, B = 165.230.24.93, M = 255.255.128.0

    • A and B are in the same network according to the netmask


    • A & M == B & M == 165.230.0.0

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