History 3.

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18 August 2020
07:12

Edward VI
Henry was succeeded by his 9-year-old son Edward. Since he was too young to rule his uncle, Edward
Seymour, Duke of Somerset, was made protector and ruled in his stead.
However Edward was sickly and it was clear he was not going to live long.
When Edward died in 1553 Northumberland had Lady Jane Grey crowned queen. However the
people rose in favour of Mary and Lady Jane Grey was imprisoned.

Mary I
Mary was Catherine of Aragon's daughter. Mary was a devout Catholic and she detested the religious
changes of Henry VIII. Mary was determined to undo the religious changes of the two previous reigns.
In 1555 Mary began burning Protestants, which earned her the nickname 'bloody Mary'. The first
martyr was John Rogers who was burned on 4 February 1555. Over the next 3 years almost 300
Protestants were martyred. (Most of them were from Southeast England where Protestantism had
spread most widely). Many more Protestants fled abroad.

A loveless marriage to the King of Spain produced no children.

So when Mary died she was succeeded by her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth.

Elizabeth I was crowned in January 1559. She restored Protestantism to England. The Act of
Supremacy was restored in April 1559 and further Acts replaced Catholic practices. However it was a
moderate Protestantism. Elizabeth disliked extremists. She disapproved of the Puritans. (They were
people who wanted to 'purify' the Church of England of its remaining Catholic elements). However most
of the population (not all) accepted the religious settlement. People could be fined for not attending
church. Nevertheless some Catholics continued to practice their religion in secret.

Elizabeth's reign brought in one of the most

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Elizabeth's reign brought in one of the most
glorious eras of British history.
Exploration, colonization, victory in war, and
growing world importance.
The Arts flourished, this was the age of
Shakespeare and Bacon.
It was the age of Drake and Raleigh

Defeating the Spanish Armada

• Phillip II, King of Spain, wanted England

to be a Catholic country again so decided
to invade
• He sent 131 ships with 33,000 soldiers,
to attack England’s shores
• Sir Francis Drake was made the head of
the Navy and told by Elizabeth I, despite
having only half their strength, to keep
the Armada at bay
• He was successful for two reasons:
1. He was a great tactician and out-
thought his enemy
2. The Northerly winds did not help
the Spanish and pushed them into
the English ships

War with Spain

Philip of Spain assembled the largest fleet the world

had seen, and in 1588 it set sail to invade England.
The Armada reached Calais and anchored. The English
sent in fireships (crammed with burning tar and
gunpowder).
50 ships and 20,000 men perished. Spain was
humiliated on the world stage.

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 War with Spain

Philip of Spain assembled the largest fleet the world

had seen, and in 1588 it set sail to invade England.
The Armada reached Calais and anchored. The English
sent in fireships (crammed with burning tar and
gunpowder).
50 ships and 20,000 men perished. Spain was
humiliated on the world stage.

Elizabethan England
 Renaissance
 The word renaissance means “rebirth.” During
this time in Europe, there was a rebirth of
humanism, or the classical ideal that humans were
heroic, although certainly below the gods.

 This was a time of prosperity in Europe. Individual

countries were gaining autonomy and power. They
were actively trading with each other, with Russia,
the New World, and the Far East and India. It was
a time of nationalism, exploration and discovery.

Elizabeth I died on 24 March 1603.

James I
In 1603 King James VI of Scotland became James I of England. He began a new dynasty - the Stuarts.
James I never had the same charisma as Elizabeth I and never enjoyed the same popularity. However
among his achievements he ended the long war with Spain in 1604. He was also responsible for a new
translation of the Bible, the King James Version, which was published in 1611.
However James came into conflict with parliament.

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James Stuart believed in the "Divine Right" to rule as
he pleased. This brought him into conflict with the
English Parliament.
The failed Catholic Gunpowder Plot to blow up
Parliament in 1605 led to anti catholic riots. The
failure of both James and his son Charles I to
understand the English tradition of parliamentary
liberty led eventually to civil war.

The Gunpowder plot

The Gunpowder Conspiracy of 1605, as it was then
known, (also known as The Powder Treason or The
Gunpowder Plot) was a failed assassination attempt
by a group of provincial English Catholics against King
James I.
The plot intended to kill the King and most of the
Protestant aristocracy by blowing up the Houses of
Parliament during the State Opening on 5 November
1605.

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 The Gunpowder plot
The Gunpowder Conspiracy of 1605, as it was then
known, (also known as The Powder Treason or The
Gunpowder Plot) was a failed assassination attempt
by a group of provincial English Catholics against King
James I.
The plot intended to kill the King and most of the
Protestant aristocracy by blowing up the Houses of
Parliament during the State Opening on 5 November
1605.

James died in 1625. Charles I immediately came in to

conflict with Parliament.
He tried to rule without summoning parliament for 11
years, but eventually ran out of money, and
summoned Parliament in 1640 Parliament was
naturally peeved about his neglect of their rights.
They refused him money, and the country split
between supporters of the king and supporters of
parliament.

Charles I
Like his father Charles I was firm believer in the divine right of kings. From the start he quarrelled with
parliament. For 11 years Charles ruled without parliament. This period was called the eleven years
tyranny.

Fought between 1642–1651, the English Civil War saw King Charles I (1600–1649)
battle Parliament for control of the English government. The war began as a result of a conflict over the
power of the monarchy and the rights of Parliament. During the early phases of the war, the
Parliamentarians expected to retain Charles as king, but with expanded powers for Parliament. Though
the Royalists won early victories, the Parliamentarians ultimately triumphed.
As the conflict progressed, Charles was executed and a republic formed. Known as the Commonwealth
of England, this state later became the Protectorate under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell
(1599–1658)

A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the
monarchy, and Charles II (the eldest surviving child of Charles I ) was invited to return to Britain. On
29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal
documents were drafted and he succeeded his father as king.

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documents were drafted and he succeeded his father as king.

The Act of Union

1707 – the Union of the parliaments. The Scottish
parliament becomes one of the first parliaments ever
to vote itself out of existence
Structure of Scots Law to be preserved (separate laws
for England and Scotland)

1801: Official Union. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is established

The Industrial Revolution

The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural.
The technologicalchanges included the following: (1) the use of new basic materials,
chieflyironand steel, (2) the use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such
as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine, (3) the inventionof
new machines, such as the spinning jennyand the power loomthat permitted increased production with
a smaller expenditure of human energy, (4) a new organization of work known as the factory system,
which entailed increased division of labour and specialization of function, (5) important developments
intransportationand communication, including the steam locomotive,
steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio, and (6) the increasing application of science to
industry. These technological changes made possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources
and the mass productionof manufactured goods.

Britain in the 19th Century

During the 19th century Britain was transformed by the industrial revolution. In 1801, at the time of the
first census, only about 20% of the population lived in towns. By 1851 the figure had risen to over 50%.
By 1881 about two thirds of the population lived in towns.

Queen Victoria (1819-1901)Reign: 1837-1901

 She had the longest reign in British
history
 Became queen at the age of 18; she was
graceful and self-assured. She also had
a gift for drawing and painting
 Throughout her reign, she maintained a
sense of dignity that restored the
average person’s high opinion of the
monarchy after a series of horrible,
ineffective leaders
 1840-Victoria married a German prince,
Albert, who became not king, but
Prince-consort
 After he died in 1861, she sank into a
deep depression and wore black everyHistory 3 Page 6
 Queen Victoria (1819-1901)Reign: 1837-1901
 She had the longest reign in British
history
 Became queen at the age of 18; she was
graceful and self-assured. She also had
a gift for drawing and painting
 Throughout her reign, she maintained a
sense of dignity that restored the
average person’s high opinion of the
monarchy after a series of horrible,
ineffective leaders
 1840-Victoria married a German prince,
Albert, who became not king, but
Prince-consort
 After he died in 1861, she sank into a
deep depression and wore black every
day for the rest of her life

The First World War

Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914.

World War I (1914–1918)

 Imperial, territorial, and economic rivalries led to

the “Great War” between the Central Powers
(Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and
Turkey) and the Allies (U.S., Britain, France,
Russia, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Romania,
Montenegro, Portugal, Italy, and Japan). About
10 million combatants killed, 20 million
wounded.

In the Spring of 1918 Germany launched a series of offensives in northern France. The allies fought on
with the 'backs against the wall' and in August the British launched a counter-attack using tanks. The
Germans were gradually pushed back and on 11 November they signed an armistice (cease-fire).

The Depression
In 1929 the world was plunged into a severe economic recession.
By 1932 22.8% of insured workers were unemployed. However unemployment began to fall in 1933.
By January 1936 it stood at 13.9%. By 1938 it stood at around 10%.
World War II
When war began on 3 September 1939 it was feared that the Germans would bomb British cities
causing great loss of life. The bombing raid on British cities failed to materialise - at first. Rationing in
Britain began in September 1939 when petrol was rationed. As the war continued rationing became
stricter and stricter. In January 1940 butter, sugar, bacon and ham were rationed. Tea was rationed
from July 1940. Then in May 1941 cheese was rationed and from June 1941 eggs were rationed. From

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from July 1940. Then in May 1941 cheese was rationed and from June 1941 eggs were rationed. From
July 1941 clothes were rationed and you had to save up coupons to buy them. From July 1942 sweets
were rationed. On 7 September 1940 the Germans began bombing London and by 1 January 1941
over 13,000 Londoners were killed. Other cities heavily bombed during the 'blitz' included Birmingham,
Coventry, Bristol, Portsmouth and Plymouth.
German bombing lessened after mid-1941 when Hitler invaded Russia.

“... We shall go on to the end...We shall fight in the

seas and oceans...We shall fight on the beaches, we
shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in
the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills;
we shall never surrender...”

— Winston Churchill

German bombing f ailed to dent British morale and it failed to seriously affect industrial output.
About 1 million houses were destroyed or severely damaged during World War II. About 40,000
civilians were killed. After the war Britain was left with a severe shortage of housing.
Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945.

Post War Years

 Joined NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
 Built Nuclear weapons and was the first to build nuclear power plants

Active part in joining the United Nations

UN charter of 1945 stressed self-government

1947 – Lost India Lost colonies in Africa, most of them

without bloodshed.

1945 1965
Half a billon people got their own governments

www.thoughtco.com

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