Youth and Age
Youth and Age
Youth and Age
Shakespeare, throughout ‘Romeo and Juliet’, uses the theme of youth and age as a
mechanism to develop characters and through their reactions, drive forward the plot. In
Elizabethan England, adults and the elderly – especially those of higher class- were seen as
wise and were entitled to authority over the youth who were deemed irresponsible and
irrational. Shakespeare presents the dangers of going against society’s expectations with the
death of Romeo and Juliet who disobey direct commands from their parents and wise
figures like the Friar (who also has religious wisdom).
The most outward exemplification of irrational youth is in Romeo and Juliet’s haste and lack
of consideration for the consequences of their actions. The impulsiveness of their
relationship speaks to this, as the “star crossed” lovers meet on a Sunday and get married on
a Monday. Juliet in particular displays many youthful tendencies which ironically, are also the
reasons she matures into a woman. For example, despite her young age, she is eager to
sexually explore and enter the world of relationships: “And learn me how to lose a winning
match / Played for a pair of stainless maidenhoods”. On the surface, “lose a winning match”
means to “win” at a relationship and “lose” one’s virginity; however, a deeper interpretation
could suggest that this is symbolic of their love winning as they die and live on in eternal
unity but their loss is their lives and the negative consequences of their actions throughout
the play: such as the deaths of Mercutio and Tybalt – both of which significantly impacted
the outcome of the play.
Shakespeare also elucidates the theme of youth and age in the differing approaches of older
characters compared to younger characters. For example, the Friar advises the couple that
they should have a calm and measured approach to their relationships and that “violent
delights have violent ends” whilst Juliet insists that they should be wed immediately. The
Friar dispenses sage advice in this scene, their intense passion for each other is the ‘violent
delights’ and ‘violent end’ foreshadows their deaths in act five. Similarly, the nurse wants to
slow down the process of marriage whereas Juliet wishes to hasten the process: “fie my
bones ache”. The nurse’s reluctance is more physical incapability as her bones “ache” whilst
the Friar’s is from foresight and wisdom. However, the nurse also has this ‘foresight’ when in
“she’s not fourteen” where she is able to recognise that Juliet is only a child and not ready
for marriage.
Finally, the older characters in the play also act as advisors and parental figures to Romeo
and Juliet. Romeo finds a paternal companionship within the Friar who gives insightful help
to Romeo: “philosophy, adversity’s sweet milk!”. In Elizabethan England, powerful women
did not wean their children and so this was the job of a wet nurse. The Nurse acts as a
maternal figure to Juliet and Juliet is able to confide in the nurse about her marriage
because she cannot do so with her biological mother. Juliet trusts the nurse due to her
experience and age: “Go girl seek happy nights to happy days”.