4 EXPERIMENT - 4-Physical and Chemical Changes

EXPERIMENT
AIM
To carry out the following reactions and classify them as physical or chemical
changes.
1. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water

2. Burning of magnesium in air
3. Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
4. Heating of copper sulphate
5. Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.
(1) Reaction between Iron and Copper Sulphate solution in water
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Two iron nails, CuS04 solution, test tube, clamp stand, thread.
THEORY
Pure iron is greyish in colour. Pure copper is reddish brown in colour. Due to the
presence of Cu2+ ions, aqueous C solution of copper sulphate is blue. Due to the
presence of Fe2+ ions, aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate is pale green. Iron being
more reactive than copper displaces copper from its salt solution.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean an iron nail by rubbing with sand paper so that it appears greyish.
2. Take two test tubes and labelled them as A and B. In both test tubes, add 10
ml of freshly prepared copper sulphate solution and fix these test tubes in two
separate clamp stands (Fig 4.1).
3. Tie a thread to the nail and hang it in test tube B. Care should be taken so that
the iron nail is completely immersed in CuS04 solution. Tie other end of thread
to stand as shown in Fig 4.1.
4. Keep the other iron nail on a white sheet of paper.
5. Leave the set-up undisturbed for sometime.
6. Remove the nail from the solution and keep it along the side of second iron nail
on sheet of paper. Record your observations.
OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE
RESULT
The reaction between Fe and CuS04 shows that Fe is more reactive than Cu and the
reaction is a displacement reaction.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Clean the iron nail properly by rubbing with sand paper.

2. Copper sulphate solution is poisonous, so, handle it with care.
3. During experiment, the test tubes should not be touched or disturbed.
4. After completing experiment, iron nail coated with copper should not be
touched.
(2) Burning of Magnesium in air
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Magnesium Ribbon, burner, tongs, watch glass, pH paper strip/red litmus paper.
THEORY
Magnesium is a very active metal. It reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
During this process two elements viz, magnesium and oxygen combine together to
form a single compound magnesium oxide. Such type of reactions are called
combination reactions.
Magnesium oxide is basic in nature because when this is dissolved in water it forms
magnesium hydroxide which is basic in nature.
Magnesium oxide turns red litmus solution blue.
PROCEDURE, OBSERVATION AND INTERFENCE
RESULT
Mg burns in air giving out a flash of bright white light and combines with oxygen to
form basic magnesium oxide. MgO is basic in nature
PRECAUTIONS
1. Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned by rubbing with sand paper.

2. Hold magnesium ribbon using tongs while burning it.
3. Do not look at the bright light associated with burning Mg directly. Use sun
glasses.
4. White powder or magnesium oxide should not be touched.
(3) Reaction of Zn with dil. Sulphuric Acid
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Zinc granules, dil. H2S04 , clamp stand, boiling tube, cork fixed with a fine capillary
tube.
THEORY
Zinc being more reactive or lying above hydrogen in the reactivity series, displaces
hydrogen from dil. acids.
Zn(s) + H2S04 (aq) → ZnS04 (aq) +H2(g)
PROCEDURE,OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE

RESULT
Zinc reacts with sulphuric acid to produce hydrogen gas and zinc sulphate.
Zn(s) + H2S04 (aq) → ZnS04 (aq) +H2(g)
PRECAUTIONS
1. Handle the chemicals with care.

2. Use a small jet to test hydrogen gas, as hydrogen gas burns instantaneously
with an explosion.
(4) Heating of Copper Sulphate
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Hydrated copper sulphate, test tube, test tube holder, burner, pH paper or blue
litmus paper.
THEORY
Chemical formula of copper sulphate pentahydrate is CuS04.5H20 . It contains five
moles of water per mole of copper sulphate. Because of water of hydration, the
colour of copper sulphate pentahydrate is blue. When it is heated, it loses water
molecules and turns to white coloured anhydrous copper sulphate.
The above process can be reversed. When water is added to anhydrous copper
sulphate, its colour changes to blue. This shows that coloured hydrated copper
sulphate has regained.
On further heating, anydrous copper sulphate decomposes to form sulphur trioxide

gas and copper oxide.
The whole change of heating of copper sulphate pentahydrate can be given by the
following equation:
The reaction in which a substance breaks down to form more than one products is
called decomposition reaction.
PROCEDURE,OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE
RESULT
The hydrated copper sulphate loses water of crystallisation on gentle heating and
becomes dirty white. On further heating strongly, it decomposes to black copper
oxide and pungent smelling sulphur trioxide.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Copper sulphate is a poisonous substance. Do not touch or taste it.

2. Sulphur trioxide coming in contact with atmospheric moisture forms sulphuric
acid. So, contact with sulphur trioxide must be avoided.
3. In the beginning of experiment, copper sulphate should be heated gently. But
after the formation of anhydrous copper sulphate test tube should be heated
strongly.
(5) Reaction between Sodium Sulphate and Barium Chloride in the form of
their Aqueous Solutions
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Test tube, test tube holders, aqueous solution of sodium sulphate and barium
chloride.
THEORY
On mixing the solutions of sodium sulphate and barium chloride, a white precipitate
of barium sulphate is formed which in insoluble in water. This chemical change can
be represented by the following chemical equation:
In this reaction, white precipitate of BaS04 is formed by the reaction ofS0 42-and Ba2+.
The other product formed is sodium chloride which remains in the solution. Such
reactions in which there is an exchange of ions between the reactants are called
double displacement reactions.
PROCEDURE, OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE
RESULT
The reaction between Na2S04 (aq) and BaCl2 (aq) yields an insoluble white precipitate
of BaS04, indicating that the reaction is a double displacement reaction.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Use the chemicals in small amounts.

2. Wash your hands with soap after completing the experiment.

4 EXPERIMENT - 4-Physical and Chemical Changes

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EXPERIMENT

1. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water

(1) Reaction between Iron and Copper Sulphate solution in water

OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE

1. Clean the iron nail properly by rubbing with sand paper.

(2) Burning of Magnesium in air

Magnesium oxide turns red litmus solution blue.

PROCEDURE, OBSERVATION AND INTERFENCE

1. Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned by rubbing with sand paper.

Zn(s) + H2S04 (aq) → ZnS04 (aq) +H2(g)

PROCEDURE,OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE

1. Handle the chemicals with care.

(4) Heating of Copper Sulphate

On further heating, anydrous copper sulphate decomposes to form sulphur trioxide

PROCEDURE,OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE

1. Copper sulphate is a poisonous substance. Do not touch or taste it.

PROCEDURE, OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE

1. Use the chemicals in small amounts.

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