A Report on

Unit Attachment Programme

RAWE & AIA (RAWEP-411), 2022-23

By
Name of the Student-KUNDAN KUMAR
Regn. No.-1941901115
7th Semester, 4th Yr. B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (IAS)

Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University)
Bhubaneswar, Odisha

1
 A Report on
Unit Attachment Programme
RAWE & AIA (RAWEP-411), 2022-23
Submitted to
RAWE & AIA Committee 2022-23

1. Dr. Santosh Kumar Rout, Additional Dean, FAS (IAS). (Chairman)

2. Dr. Anshuman Jena, Associate Professor, Agril. Ext. &

Comm.(Coordinator)

Members

3. Dr. Manas Ranjan Patel, Assistant Professor, Horticulture

4. Mr. Bhubananada Adhikary, Assistant Professor, Entomology

5. Dr. Soumya Mishra, Assistant Professor, Crop Physiology

6. Dr. Diptanu Dutta, Assistant Professor, Plant Pathology

7. Ms. Kajal Samantaray, Assistant Professor, Genetics & Plant Breeding

8. Dr. Ramkrishna Bastia, Assistant Professor, Seed science & Technology

9. Mr. Kumar Sambhav Giri, Assistant Professor, Agronomy

10. Dr. Simantini Sashani, Assistant Professor, Agril. Ext. & Comm.

11. Dr. Pranoy Ray, Assistant Professor, Agril. Ext. & Comm.

12. Dr. Sabyasachi Pradhan, Assistant Professor, Agril. Ext. & Comm.

13. Mr. Surya Sidhant Rath, Assistant Professor, Agril. Economics

14. Dr. Ram Prasad Nandy,Assistant Professor,Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry

15. Ms. Sudarshana Kar, Assistant Professor, Agril. Engineering

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report on Unit Attachment Programme prepared

and submitted under RAWE & AIA (Rural Agricultural Work Experience &
Agro Industrial Attachment) 2022-23 by Mr./Ms. KUNDAN
KUMAR_____________________, Regn. No.-
1941901115______________is based on the day to day activities performed by
his/her from 05/09/2022_____ to 05/11/2022___________ at
____(Institution/Organisation)MAA MATI(I CONCEPT
INITIATIVES)___________. All sorts of help and sources of information
availed during this programme have been duly acknowledged.

(Dr. Anshuman Jena) (Dr. Santosh Kumar Rout)

Coordinator, RAWE & AIA Chairman, RAWE & AIA

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (IAS)

Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express gratitude to Dr. Bijoy Kumar Sahoo Sir, Dean, IAS, SOADU,
Professor,Department of Extension Dr. Santosh Kumar Rout, Chairman, RAWE & AIA. College
of Agriculture, IAS, SOADU Bhubaneswar. Dr. Anshuman Jena Sir (Assoc.Professor),
Department of Extension Education and Programme Coordinator, RAWE & AIA Institute of
Agricultural sciences, SOADU, Bhubaneswar and the Committee members for providing me a
great chance for learning and professional development under Student- Rural Entrepreneurship
Awareness Development Yojana (READY). I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I
was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to
attend the orientation programme held in the college, guided by our professors.

I would also like to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to Director of I Concept
Initiatives Mr. Prabodh Kumar Mohanty & Supervisers Miss Suryakanti Dash and Mr. Deepak
Kumar Mohanty, who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with her duties, took time out to
hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my project at their
esteemed organization and extending during the training.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use
gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their
improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives.

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 CONTENTS

SL TOPIC PAGE
NO. NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 6-10
2 ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED 11
3 SOIL TREATMENT AND NUTRIENT 11-19
MANAGEMENT

4 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMENT 20-26

5 FRUIT AND FLOWER DEVELOPEMENT 27-31

6 PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT 32-44
7 SEED TREATMENT AND PRESERVATION 45-48
8 VERMICOMPOST 49-52
9 MUSHROOM 53-56
10 DEMONSTRATION 57-60
11 SUCCESS STORIES 61-64

12 CONCLUSION 65

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 INTRODUCTION

MAA MATI

 Maa Mati is a Training,Research ,farming organization that practices Integrated Organic

Farming System.
 It is backed by it’s Mother Organisation I CONCEPT INITIATIVE which is a
NGO.(Registered in MAY 4 2005).
 Also awarded by NABARD-Award name-POPI(Producer Organization Promoting
Institution).
 In 2004,Mr. Prabodh Kumar Mohanty left his job and intreseted towards organic farming
sector.
 He started practicing organic farming in a small scale manner and later with due course
of time Maa Mati Campus finally established in 2017.
 Main campus is at Kothabada,Dandamukundapur,Pipili along with a FPO named
KOTHABDA FARMER PRODUCER COMPANY LIMITED.
 This Organisation supports FPO in districts such as
Puri,Nayagarh,Dhenkanal,Kendrapara and Bolangir.
 Currently this organization is promoting 2 new technology i.e. PEDAL PUMP and
School Nutrition Garden along with Organic Farming.

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SEVERAL UNITS PRESENT IN CAMPUS

 Crop production unit

 Nursery unit
 Manure unit
 Mushroom unit
 Vermicompost unit
 Apiary unit
 Diary unit
 Goatery unit
 Poultry unit
 Duckery unit
 Fishery unit

STAFF MEMBERS:-

CENTRAL(BHUBANESWAR)

 Mr.Prabodh Kumar Mohanty (Director of I concept Initiative)

 Mr.Deepak Kumar Mohanty(Superviser)
 Miss Suryakanti Dash(Superviser)

MAA MATI

 Mukunda Rao(manager)
 Deepak Khillar(care taker and Store manager)
 Susant Jena (Nursery and Horticultural crop manager)
 Pintu Mangaraj (Farmer)
 Jagat Sarangi (poultry manager)
 Dilu Majhi(Food Department)

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PURI

 Pravin Upadhaya (District lead of Puri)

 Harekrushna Behera (FPO,CEO,Puri)

 Laxman Behera(SNG educator,Puri)

 Haribandhu Barik(Farmer)

 Jyoti (SNG educator)

 Bijaylaxmi Rath (SNG Manager,Puri)

BOLANGIR

 Dhiren Mohanty (District Lead,Bolangir)

 Dholeswar (CRP member)
 Bhuban Boe (SNG member)

DHENKANAL

 Gagan Ch pany (District lead)

 Ashutosh Panda

KENDRAPARA

 Nrushingha Samal (District lead)

 Gitendra Roy (SNG manager)

 Biswanath (SNG member)

NAYAGARH

 Rabinarayan Panda(district lead )

 Sudhanshu sekhar sahoo (SNG manager)

 Pintu behera (CRP member)

 Chhita pradhan (CRP member)

 Sameer sahoo (CRP member)

 Batakrushana behera(Farmer)

 Arta behera(Farmer)

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INTERNEE

 Gayatri Badjena

 Muskan Mishra

 Shriya Jashmine Behera

 Pratyusha Mishra

 Tanmaya Sekhar Nayak

 Janmejaya Sahoo

 Kundan Kumar

 Aditya Narayan Behera

 Jaydeep Panda

 Siddhartha Pattanaik

 Sritam Kumar Sahoo

DISCUSSION ON ACTION PLAN

On the very first day we had a productive discussion with the members of the organization.

We self introduced ourselves with them and vice versa.

The internship programme conducted in 3 phases

I.Self Learning (14days)

Include-theory ,pratical,application,documentation

II.Demonstration to farmer and Experiment(30days)

Creating awareness about benefits of organic farming system, demonstrating procedure of

making different organic manure and their application ,experimenting manures and observation

III.Reflection and Documentation( 7 days)

Final submission of observation sheet and report

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10
 ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED

SOIL TREATMENT AND NUTRIENTMENT MANAGEMENT

With the increase in demand of crops, farmers have started using excessive fertilizers which is
affecting the acid-base balance in the soil. Plants do not grow well when the soil is either too
acidic or too basic. This process of restoring the acid-base balance in the soil is called soil
treatment.

 Soil management is the application of operations, practices, and treatments to protect soil
and enhance its performance.
 It includes soil conservation, soil amendment, and optimal soil health. Soil management
is the application of operations, practices, and treatments to protect soil and enhance its
performance
 Soil should be enriched with natural fertilizers such as organic and green manure and
compost. Natural fertilizers are healthier for soil, plants, water, air and people than
chemical fertilizers.
 Soil: a multi-phase mixture. Usually all three phases (solid, liquid and gaseous) are
encountered in the soil. Similarly, all three phases can be affected by contamination. Soil
treatment requires a holistic approach which takes all three phases in the soil and their
complex interactions into account
 The main objective of soil treatment is to protect the groundwater and – as far as possible
– to restore the original function of the contaminated soil.

ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC SOIL TREATMENT

 Works Long, Stays Longer
Although chemical and organic fertilizers add almost the same nutrients to the soil, the later
one works in a different way. Organic Fertilizers for soil works longer than the synthetic
fertilizers by providing required nutrients to growing plants at the same time feeding the soil
as well.

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 Well-Balanced Content
Organic fertilizers offer a well-balanced blend of nutrient sources that are essential for
the important microorganisms and earthworms living in the soil. These subterranean
organisms are one of the many reasons for a fruitful and healthy soil structure. They help
the plants to absorb nutrients effectively.
 Wide Variety Availability
Being extremely beneficial to the plants and crops, organic fertilizers are available in the
number of varieties as per the targeted crops, unique requirement of farms, soil
conditions, etc. It can be produced from natural waste, biomass products, fish emulsion,
manure teas, sea-weed extract, etc.
 Environmentally Safe
Organic Fertilizers are way far safer to use as they are not as concentrated as synthetic
fertilizers. Being ecologically and environmentally safe and non-toxic in nature, organic
fertilizers are the best fertilizers for plants and crops in farming. Their regular usage
doesn’t lead to pollution and contributes to the better tomorrow.
 Eliminates Contaminations
Use of organic fertilizers for farming helps in eliminating the unwanted and harmful
contamination in the environment like surface water contaminations, underground water
table, etc. They effectively help in the degradation of other natural substances present in
the soil thereby enriching the soil contents. Moreover, one can never harm the plants by
over-fertilizing the soil as organic fertilizers come without any side effects.
 Full of Nutrients
Unlike synthetic fertilizers that offer only primary nutrients to the plants, organic
fertilizers go further with the micronutrients as well. Along with Nitrogen, Phosphorus
and Potassium, it also comes with adequate levels of micronutrients such as calcium,
magnesium, zinc, sulfur, and copper.
 Improves the Soil Condition
Organic fertilizers break down to improve the core structure of the soil and increase its
ability to contain water and important nutrients for a longer period of time. Over a period
of time, the regular and proper use of these natural fertilizers can result in healthy and
stronger plants.

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  Pocket-Friendly Fertilizers
These fertilizers are very friendly to the pockets of farmers, landscapers, and gardeners.
Even homeowners can efficiently use natural fertilizers for personal gardens and have
better results. These fertilizers come in a huge variety and too cheap as compared to over-
expensive man-made fertilizers.
 Easy to Use
Organic fertilizers are extremely easy to use and offer harmless operations. These natural
products can be easily applied without having any protective clothing or gadgets, which
come pretty expensive these days. Its usage demands no professional knowledge and can
be used by even an amateur farmer as well.
 Higher Percentage of Yield
Records show that proper and efficient application of organic fertilizers for farming and
agriculture results in a greater and better percentage of yielding. Numbers of farmers are
enjoying the endless benefits of fertilizers for their crops and plants. With time, natural
plant food are proved to be very effective and beneficial to agricultural crops and plants.

TRAINING
SOIL TREATMENT:-
MATI SODHAKA(ମାଟି ଶ ାଧକ)

PANCHATIKTA(ପଞ୍ଚତିକ୍ତ)

SOIL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

HUMIC ACID(ହିଉମିକ୍ ଏସି ଡ)

JIBANU SHAKTI(ଜୀବାଣୁ କ୍ତି )

MATI SODHAKA(ମାଟି ଶ ାଧକ)

Ingredients: (FOR 1 ACRE)

 Alum(fitkiri)- 5kg
 Cow Urine – 10 L
 Neem leaf, tulsi leaf, wood apple leaf, doob grass- each of 250 g (all 1 kg)

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 Preparation:

 Break the alum into power form and add it to cow urine.
 If the whole leaves are added the preparation of mati sodhaka will take 72 hrs. and if the
leaves are made into a paste then it is kept in it for 7 days.

Application :

 Can be applied mixing it with cow dung manure.

 Can also be applied by mixing it with 150-200L water.

Benefits:

 Prevention of soil from diseases .

 Used for the destruction of non-beneficial microbes and to increases the population of
beneficial microbes .
 Prevention from wilting and root rot.

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Each component benefits:
 Alum (fitkiri)- has anti bacterial and anti fungal properties.
 Cow urine - has 95% water, 2.5% urea, minerals, 24 types of salts, hormones, and 2.5%
enzymes. It also contains iron, calcium, phosphorus, carbonic acid, potash, nitrogen,
ammonia, manganese, iron, sulfur, phosphates, potassium, urea, uric acid, amino acids,
enzymes, cytokine and lactose which are very beneficial for the plant growth and
development.
 All green leaves contains ample amount of N and has anti-bacterial antifungal, pest
repellent properties.

PANCHATIKTA(ପଞ୍ଚତିକ୍ତ)
Ingredients:-(for 1 acre)

 Neem leaf, bitter gourd leaf, wild lemon leaf, karanja leaf, chireita leaf (2 kg each).
 Cow urine (20L)

Preparation :
 Mix all the leaves in cow urine and keep it in shade.
 After 7 days PANCHATIKTA is ready to be applied in the field.

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Application:
 Can be applied before sowing.
 Mix it with 100-150L of water and apply it as per the requirement in the soil.
Benefits:-

 Prevention from diseases.

 Increases the population of beneficial microbes.

Each component benefits:

 Cow urine - has 95% water, 2.5% urea, minerals, 24 types of salts, hormones, and 2.5%
enzymes. It also contains iron, calcium, phosphorus, carbonic acid, potash, nitrogen,
ammonia, manganese, iron, sulphur, phosphates, potassium, urea, uric acid, amino acids,
enzymes, cytokine and lactose which are very beneficial for the plant growth and
development.
 All green leaves contains ample amount of N and has anti-bacterial anti-fungal, pest
repellent properties.

HUMIC ACID(ହିଉମିକ୍ ଏସି ଡ)

Ingredients:-

 Fresh cow dung (5kg)

 Curd (250g) Jaggery (1kg)
 Soil under Banyan tree (1kg)
 Cow urine (5L)

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Preparation:

 1st mix cow dung + curd

 Then add other ingredients in it for 78 hrs but covering it with a cloth in shade.
 If it is kept for more than 7 days then add jaggery.

Application:-

 Use if before ploughing by mixing it in the ratio of 1:10 with water.

 Can also be applied after ploughing or after sowing(when there is loose soil).
Benefits:-

 Increases organic C content in the soil.

 Helps to retains moisture.
 Increase the beneficial microbes in the soil.
 Keeps roots white which indicated healthy roots

Each Component Benefits:

 Cow dung :- It can enhance soil fertility, improve the quality of earthworms, and
promote crop health by acting as an organic fertilizer.
 Cow urine - has 95% water, 2.5% urea, minerals, 24 types of salts, hormones, and 2.5%
enzymes. It also contains iron, calcium, phosphorus, carbonic acid, potash, nitrogen,
ammonia, manganese, iron, sulphur, phosphates, potassium, urea, uric acid, amino acids,
enzymes, cytokine and lactose which are very beneficial for the plant growth and
development.
 Soil of Banyan tree: the soil has beneficial microorganisms that helps in plant growth
and development.

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  Curd: has anti-fungal properties.

 Jaggery:- acts as a decomposer and acts as food for beneficial microbes present in the
mixture.

JIBANU SHAKTI(ଜୀବାଣୁ କ୍ତି )

Ingredients:

 Ghee (100g)

 Curd (250 g)

 Jaggery (1kg)

 Soil from Banyan tree, peepal tree ,mango tree, Jackfruti tree, custrd apple, tulsi plant,
karanja plant, neem tree ( 1 kg each)

 Sesame (100-200 g)

 Black gram powder (250g)

 Milk (1L)

 Cow dung (1kg)

 POND WATER (100-150L)

 200 L Drum

Preparation:

 1st add cow dung and ghee in a separate container with hands.

 Then add curd + jaggery in it and keep it aside for 1 day.

 Then after 1 day add other ingredients along with the cow dung mix into a drum and
keep it for 48-72 hrs in the shade by covering it with cloth.

 Then apply it in the field.

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Application:-

 Can be used it before ploughing by mixing it with 100L water and releasing it along with
the irrigation channel.

Benefits :-

 Increases the fertility.

 Lowers the chemicals present in the soil.

 Increases the beneficial microbes in the soil.

 Increases the organic content of the soil.

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PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Plant growth plays an important role in fruit and flower development.Plant gets it’s nutients from
soil.

In the greed of getting higher yield farmers are applying chemical fertiliser which is harmful for
both plant and soil.

Major elements for plant growth

NITROGEN:- It is also an essential constituent of chlorophyll and enhances the growth of leafy
vegetables.

PHOSPOROUS:-Promotes root growth,plays important role in cell division and formation in

new tissues.

POTASSIUM:-Plays important role in movement of nutrients to all parts of plants.

Harmful Effects of Chemical Fertiliser

 Serious soil degradation

 Nitrogen leaching

 Soil compaction

 Reduction in soil organic matter, and loss of soil carbon.

 Efficency of chemical fertilizers on crop yield has been decreasing over time .

Benefits of Organic Fertiliser

 Offer the best nutrients for effective plant growth.

 Much more gentle than chemical fertilizers.
 Less likely to overfeed your plants.
 Not immediately absorbed into the plants.
 Can withstand heavy rainstorms and irrigation sessions that could wash away chemical
fertilizer.

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  Soil structure is improved.
 Helps for soil to retain nutrients and moisture.
 Long-term environmental benefits as they are less likely to contaminate lands and waters.
 Far safer to the overall crop for both grazers and farmers.

TRAINING

PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Jeevamruta(ଜୀବାମୃତ)

Amruta Jala(ଅମୃତ ଜଳ)

Peja Shakti(ପେଜ ଶକ୍ତି )

Bela tonic(ପବଲ ଟନିକ)

Jeevamruta(ଜୀବାମୃତ)

Ingredients(for 1 acre)

 Cow dung:-10kg
 Cow urine:-10litre
 Besan/Gram flour:-500gm
 Hunka mati/Termite soil:-500gm
 Jaggery:-500gm

Procedure:-

 1st we will take container or drum and add cow urine and cow dung and stir it slowly
and in one direction.
 Then we slowly add besan or chickpea flour,water and jiggery to it and stir it slowly.
 Take hunka mati and powder it then add to this mixture.
 After properly mixing,cover the container or drum with a gunny bag or cloth and leave
it for 3-4 days in shaddy area.

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  Every morning and evening stir this liquid with a bamboo stick ,slowly and in one
direction. Then this mixture will be ready within 7-10days for application.

Application:-

 Soil application by mixing with 150 litres of water.

 Can also be released in irrigation channel.

Benefits:-

 Source of N,P,K.
 Also acts as soil treatment medicine.

Each component benefits:-

 Cow dung and Cow urine:-Contains all types of plant growth nutrients and beneficial
microorganisms.
 Besan:-Provides food to the microorganisms.
 Jaggery:-Helps in decomposition process and also provides nutrients.
 Hunka mati:-Contains beneficial micro organisms which helps to control soil borne
disease and provides nutrients to plants.

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Amruta Jala(ଅମୃତ ଜଳ)

Ingredients(for 1 acre):-

 Water:-39litre

 Cow dung:-5kg

 Cow urine:-5litre

 Jaggery:-1kg

Preparation:-

 1st take 50 Li capacity drum or container in shady area .

 Add cow dung ,cow urine and water mix it properly and slowly .

 Then take another container in which jiggery is mixed with water to dissolve it and add
this liquid in drum and mix it properly.

 Then cover this container with cloth or gunny bag and keep in shady area for 1 hour.
After 2-3 hours it is ready to applied.

Application:-

 Soil application by mixing with 200 litres of water.

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Benefits:-

 It is instantly prepared and act as alternative to Jeevamruta.

Each component benefits:-

 Cow dung and cow urine:- Contains all types of plant growth nutrients and beneficial
microorganisms.
 Jaggery:- Helps in decomposition process and also provides nutrients.

Peja Shakti(ପେଜ ଶକ୍ତି )

Ingredients:-

 Peja(without casein):-10litre
 Curd:-250-500ml.
 Jaggery:-1kg
 Cow Urine:-5litre

Procedure:-

 Take peja and remove it’s casin and then mix it with curd properly ,cover it and keep
it for 24hours.

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  Take a container or drum add this mixture with cow urine and jiggery and leave it for
10-15days.

Application:-

 Soil application by mixing with 100-150litre of water.

 Can be applied directly in plants.

Benefits:-

 Source of Nitrogen.
 Given to plants when nitrogen deficiency is there.

Each component benefits:-

 Peja:-Contains excess amount of nitrogen.

 Curd:-Anti fungal properties
 Jaggery:- Helps in decomposition process and also provides nutrients.
 Cow urine:- Contains all types of plant growth nutrients and beneficial
microorganisms.

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Bela tonic(ପବଲ ଟନିକ)

Ingredients(for 1 acre)

 Wood apple(10-12)
 Water(20 litre)
 Jaggery(1kg)

Procedure:-

 Take bela fruit ,if unripe then 1st boil it and then remove the seeds and this liquid it
taken in another container where water and jaggery is mixed.

 If fruit is ripe then take pulp and remove seeds and mixed with water and jaggery.
Leave it for 45 days and after 45 days it is ready for use.

Application:-

 Sprayed by mixing with 150 litres of water

Benefits:-

 Increases the weight of the economic part of the crop.

 Source of potash.

Each component benefits:-

 Bael:-Contains excess amount of potassium.

 Jaggery:- Helps in decomposition process and also provides nutrients.

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FRUIT AND FLOWER DEVELOPMENT

Fruit and flower development is an important aspect in crop production as flower is the site of
pollination and fruit is the economic part of the crop.

Hormones play an important role in fruit and flower development.

Potash, a form of potassium oxide, is vital to plants throughout their life cycle. As it's water
soluble and aided in the breakdown process by soil bacteria, potash is easily absorbed by plants
and helps them flower and bear fruit.

Phosphorus (P) is needed for developing flowers, fruits, and root systems. Potassium (K) keeps
roots healthy and also aids flowers and fruits.

TRAINING

Egg tonic(ଅଣ୍ଡା ଟନିକ)

Fish tonic(ମାଛ ଟନିକ)

ପିଆଜ ଶକ୍ତି

Garbage enzyme(ଗାରବେଜ ଏନଯାଇମ)

Egg tonic(ଅଣ୍ଡା ଟନିକ)

Ingredients:-

 Egg 4-5
 Lemon 20-30
 Jaggery 150-200gm

Procedure:-

 First take a glass jar and extract all the juice of lemon from it properly and immerse raw
eggs Completely with lemon juice extracts.

27
  Then cover the jar with the lid properly and keep under shade for 10 days.
 After 10 days add 150-200 gram of jaggery along with little warm water to egg and
lemon and mix it up.
 After mixing up again keep it for 10 days ( all ingredients should be of equal
concentration) The mixture is being prepared and ready for use with20-30 days.

Application:-

 Spray by mixing 30-40ml in 1 litre of water.

 Best for horticultural crops.

Benefits:-

 Helps in plant growth and early fruit and flowering.

Benefit of each component:-

 Egg:-Source of Calcium.
 Lemon:-Source of citric acid.
 Jaggery:-Provides nutrients and helps in faster decomposition.

Fish tonic(ମାଛ ଟନିକ)

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Ingredients:-

 Fish: 1kg
 Jaggery: 1kg
 Fresh soil
 Glass jar
Preparation:-
 Cut fishes into small uniform pieces and keep in the jar.
 For 1 kg fish add 1 kg jaggeryif fish intestine then add 1.5kg jaggery to it.
 Mix up the pieces of fish with jaggery properly and keep under shade in a safe
place for 5 days.
 After 5 dayskeep a check out for the odour produce from the mixture so keep
it away from flies.
 Stir it at regular interval and after 30 days a good odour is been given by the
mixture.
 After the mixture become ideal without any leaving any odour then its being
prepared and ready for use.
 After the solution being prepared it should be filter and can be stored for 6
months.
 Residual remains of fish products are good source of hormone when applied
at the root zone of any plants.
Benefits:
It contains high amount of Phosporous and potassium in it. Contains amino acids,
micro nutrients,proteins and essential minerals which makes the soil light and porous
improves plant growth rate.

ପିଆଜ ଶକ୍ତି

Ingredients:-

 Onion peel(5kg)

29
  Cow urine(5 litre)

Procedure:-

 Firstly mix the onion peels with cow urine(for better decompostion) mix
properly and keep for 48-72 hours.
 After that dilute with water and filter it to separate the semi-solid materials.Its
being prepared after dilution and ready for use on plants, apply it through
sprayer.

Application:-
 For 1 acre, in 20L of water add 100-150ml of the solution.
 Apply it to the plants depending on its condition.
 It can be applied to both the root and shoot zones of the plants.

30
Benefits:-

 Enhances the taste of the fruit.

 Also act as curative purpose for Blast disease in rice.

Garbage enzyme(ଗାରବେଜ ଏନଯାଇମ)

Ingredients:-

 Wastage fruits and vegetables3 -3kg

 Jaggery-1kg

Preparation:-

 Collect all the waste residual remains of fruits and vegetables in clean
container handle with care.
 Mix all the residual remain with 1kg jaggery depending upon the requirement.
 Stir in one direction at regular interval of time for 2 -3 days for proper
mixture formation.
 Keep it cover for 30 days at a safe place covering with the lid.
 Then after 30days of make it dilute with required amount and filter it and
apply to plants.
Application:-
 Add 20ml in 1 litre of water and spray it in plants.
Benefits:-

 It gives shining property to the fruits and vegetables.

 It also promotes better growth.

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PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

The organic farming method is low cost which combines scientific knowledge and
modern technology with traditional farming practices. The pest and disease
management in organic farming are heavily dependent on preventive measures
rather than curative practices that are ecologically safer management methods.

Preventive control methods attempt to reduce the number of pests while the
curative measure attempts the destruction of pests in host plant.

TRAINING

Handi Ousadha(ହାଣ୍ଡି ଔଷଧ)

Pejastra(ପେଯାସ୍ତ୍ର)

Mati Bisodhaka poka niyantrana(ମାଟି ବିପ ାଧକ ପୋକ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ)

Brahmastra(ବ୍ରହ୍ମାସ୍ତ୍ର)

Achuyk(ଆଚ୍ୟ ୁକ)

Dahi drabana(ଦହି ଦ୍ରଵଣ)

Handi Ousadha(ହାଣ୍ଡି ଔଷଧ)

Ingredients:-

 Cow urine → 5 ltr.

 Cow dung → 1 Kg
 Leaves of Neem (Azadirachta indica), Arkh (Calotropis gigantea), Karanja
(Millettia pinnata) → 1 kg each
 Jaggery → 50 gm
 Drum → 15 ltr.
Preparation:-

32
  Take a 15 ltr. drum in it add 5 ltr. cow urine along with 1 kg cow dung.
 Next chop all the leaves into small pieces and add them into the drum.
 Followed by adding 50 gm jaggery into the mixture.
 Stir the mixture in a single direction (preferably in clockwise direction),
cover the drum with a cloth and leave it for 7-15 days for complete
decomposition.
 Label the drum immediately after preparation for later identification. Stir
the mixture at certain regular interval for better mixing.
 After 7-15 days filter out the slurry through mosquito net for application
in the field @ 30 ltr./1 ltr. water with the help of a sprayer.

Application:-
Handi ausadha is applied on the field @ 30 ltr./1 ltr. water with the help of a
sprayer.

Benefits:-

It controls mostly stem borers, swarming caterpillars, caseworms etc.

Benefits of each component:-

 Cow urine – Cow urine contains 95% water, 2.5% urea, minerals, 24 types
of salts, hormones, and 2.5% enzymes. It consists of Ammonia along with
micro nutrients that increase soil fertility.
 Cow dung – It consists of 24 micro nutrients that enhance growth of
microorganisms.

33
  Neem- Neem leaves include- protein (7.1%), carbohydrates (22.9%),
minerals, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, carotene etc. It also contains
glutamic acid, tyrosine, aspartic acid, and cystine like amino acids, and
several fatty acids (dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, elcosanic, etc). Azadirachtin
and salannin are the major components of neem oil with insecticidal
properties.
 Arkh- Extracts from parts like leaf, stem, root, fruit and seeds biologically
control fungal infection in field by preventing attack of fungal pathogens.
 Karanja- It has broad pesticidal application due to presence of various
bioactive constituents – Karanjin and pongamol. It is also rich in protein
hence used as cattle feed.
 Jaggery- Jaggery is rich in glucose and sucrose, acts as good promoter to
increase absorption of nutrients by plant also helps in increasing
population of microorganisms.

Pejastra(ପେଯାସ୍ତ୍ର)

Ingredients:-

 Kanji of rice → 10 ltr.

 Turmeric powder → 50-100 gm.
 Curd → 250 gm
 Hing → 5 gm
 Leaves of Neem (Azadirachta indica) , Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Bael
(Aegle marmelos), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) → 250 gm each
 Cow urine → 1 ltr.
 Alum → 50 gm.
 20 ltr. drum

Preparation:-

34
  Remove the upper layer of Kanji Put all the ingredients in a 20 ltr. drum
along with water except cow urine and alum.

 In a small bucket- 50 gm alum was mixed with 1 ltr. cow urine which
took about 15-20 min for being prepared.

 Which was then poured to the 20 ltr. drum containing the rest of the
ingredients.

 Filter the liquid and stir it for 1-2 minutes, then cover the drum with the
help of a cloth and keep it in shade for preventing flies from sitting on it.
This process takes about 7-10 days for its preparation after which it can be
used for 3 months.

Application:-
For 1 acre land, 250 ml of the mixture is diluted with 15 ltr. water for application
in spray form.

Benefits:- It can be applied at the time of pest infestation.

Benefits of each components:-

 Turmeric powder – It has natural bactericidal and antifungal properties,

that protect the plants from flies and ants.

 Curd- It consists of Calcium, Vitamin D and Lactic acid that provides

phosphorus and nitrogen to the plants and increased production of crops.

35
  Hing – It act as a pesticide to control many pests and insects including
termites, also to repel rodents and animals from the field and also treat
some plant diseases like leaf curl virus or leaf curl disease .
 Neem- Neem leaves include- protein (7.1%), carbohydrates (22.9%),
minerals, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, carotene etc. It also contains
glutamic acid, tyrosine, aspartic acid, and cystine like amino acids, and
several fatty acids (dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, elcosanic, etc). Azadirachtin
and salannin are the major components of neem oil with insecticidal
properties.
 Tulsi - Aerial portion of the plant contain eugenol as the major constituent.
Other compounds identified were nerol, eugenol, terpinene pinene and
carvacrol. The leaves have also been reported to contain ursolic acid,
apigenin, luteolin and orientin.
 Bael - The fruits, bark, leaves, seeds, and roots of bael contain bioactive
compounds such as coumarin, xanthotoxol, imperatorin, aegeline, and
marmeline. These compounds possess insecticidal activities. Bael is also
essential as a species for reforestation, especially in the unfertile marginal
lands.
 Bermuda grass - It is a valuable fodder grass that can be grazed. It is
useful for hay, silage and pelletizing.

Mati Bisodhaka poka niyantrana(ମାଟି ବିପ ାଧକ ପୋକ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ)

Ingredients:-
 Leaves of Mango, Neem , Champa→ 2 Kg Tulsi→ 1 Kg
 Pond water → 100 ltr.
Preparation:-

36
Mix all the ingredients in a drum and keep it for 20-25 days to decompose
properly and when the solution turns greenish in colouration it becomes ready for
application.

Application:-

It can be applied before as well as after the ploughing. Best when applied after
ploughing.

Benefits:-

 Improves soil fertility.

 Increases beneficial microorganisms in soil.
 Possesses both Antibacterial as well as antifungal properties against pest
and disease attack.

Benefits of each components used:-

 Mango - Mango leaves contain several beneficial plant compounds,

including Polyphenols and Terpenoid. Terpenoids protect human cells
from harmful molecules called free radicals. Polyphenols have antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory properties.
 Neem - Neem leaves include- protein (7.1%), carbohydrates (22.9%),
minerals, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, carotene etc. It also contains
glutamic acid, tyrosine, aspartic acid, and cystine like amino acids, and
several fatty acids (dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, elcosanic, etc). Azadirachtin
and salannin are the major components of neem oil with insecticidal
properties.
 Champa - The extract of the flowers, leaves and seeds possesses
antimicrobial, antioxidant properties that immunize plant from pest attack.
 Tulsi - Aerial portion of the plant contain eugenol as the major
constituent. Other compounds identified were nerol, eugenol, terpinene
pinene and carvacrol. The leaves have also been reported to contain ursolic
acid, apigenin, luteolin and orientin.

37
  Pond water – Rich in vitamin K, Phosphorus and Nitrogen.

Brahmastra(ବ୍ରହ୍ମାସ୍ତ୍ର)

Ingredients:-

 Leaves of Guava ,Neem, Arkh, Poka sungha → 2 Kg each

 Cow urine/decomposer → 15 ltr.
 Drum →20 ltr.

Preparation:-

 All the leaves were collected in a 20 ltr. drum to which 15 ltr. cow urine
was added and stirred.
 It was then kept for 10-15 days.
 For application on same day of preparation, the leaves were to be chopped
into small pieces and boiled which takes about 8-10 hrs for its preparation.
 Before application filter the liquid using mosquito net.
 Label the drum immediately in which it is stored for future use.

Application:-

It is applied @ of 250-500 ml in 15 ltr. of water in sprayer.

38
Benefits:-

 Acts as preventive measure for pest control mainly sucking pests and fruit
and pod borers.
 It destroys eggs, larva and reduce the number of insects attacking the crop.

39
Benefits of each components used:-

 Guava - Fresh guava leaves are packed with antioxidants, antibacterial,

and antiinflammatory properties. Guava leaves are rich in various nutrients
including tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and carotenoids, which have
been used to treat multiple diseases.
 Neem - Neem leaves include- protein (7.1%), carbohydrates (22.9%),
minerals, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, carotene etc. It also contains
glutamic acid, tyrosine, aspartic acid, and cystine like amino acids, and
several fatty acids (dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, elcosanic, etc). Azadirachtin
and salannin are the major components of neem oil with insecticidal
properties
 . Arkh - Extracts from parts like leaf, stem, root, fruit and seeds
biologically control fungal infection in field by preventing attack of fungal
pathogens.
 Poka sungha - Have antibacterial and anti fungal property that heals
minor injury.
 Cow urine- Cow urine contains 95% water, 2.5% urea, minerals, 24 types
of salts, hormones, and 2.5% enzymes. It consists of Ammonia along with
micro nutrients that increase soil fertility.

Achuyk(ଆଚ୍ୟ ୁକ)

Ingredients:-

 Leaves of Custard apple→ 2 kg

 Leaves of Champa → 2 Kg
 Leaves of Datura→ 1 Kg
 Leaves of Arkh → 1 Kg
 Leaves of Duba→ 500 gm
 Garlic → 250 gm

40
  Cow urine → 10 ltr.
 Kerosene → 100 ml

Preparation:-

 Separate out Bermuda grass, Arkh and Kerosene first.

 Mix all other leaves with 10 ltr. cow urine.
 Then mix 250 garlic paste with 100 ml kerosene.
 Mix the leaf of Cynodon dactylon with 2 ltr. warm water and make the
solution to 500 gm.
 Mix the ingredients in appropriate proportion and keep for 7 days in shade.
 Cover the drum and label the drum for further reference.
Application:-
 In paddy field as well as brinjal it is applied @ 500 ml in 15 ltr. water.
 For other vegetables and creepers it is applied @ 250 ml in 15 ltr. water.

Benefits:-

 Controls stem borers, caseworms etc

Each component benefits:-

 Custard apple:-Rich in vitamins,minerals and nutrients.

 Champa:-Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
 Datura - Flowers that attract and reward hawk moth pollinators.
 Arkh - Extracts from parts like leaf, stem, root, fruit and seeds biologically
control fungal infection in field by preventing attack of fungal pathogens.
 Bermuda grass - It is a valuable fodder grass that can be grazed. It is
useful for hay, silage and pelletizing.
 Garlic – Repeal insects and pests.

41
  Cow urine - Cow urine contains 95% water, 2.5% urea, minerals, 24 types
of salts, hormones, and 2.5% enzymes. It consists of Ammonia along with
micro nutrients that increase soil fertility.

 Kerosene – Repeals insects and pests.

Dahi drabana(ଦହି ଦ୍ରଵଣ)

Ingredients:-

 Tender coconut water → 2-3.

 Curd → 4 ltr.

 Hing → 25 gm.

 Jaggery → 250 gm.

 Local turmeric powder → 100 gm.

 Young leaves of Neem, Tulsi, Aloe vera → 400 gm.

 Rotten fruits and vegetables → 500 gm

Preparation:-

 Add the chopped young leaves in 20 ltr. Drum.

 Then add 4 ltr. curd along with 250 gm jaggery and 25 gm hing.

 Addition of turmeric powder was made followed by rotten fruits and

vegetables.

 Tender coconut water was added and the solution prepared was kept in an
earthen pot for 15-20 days for formation of lactic acid.

 Cover the drum with the lid and label it after preparation during storage
for identification.

42
Application:-
The solution is filtered out and applied @ of 1 ltr. in 15 ltr. water.
Benefits:-
Best for aphids,jassids and fungal disease.
Each component benefit:-

 Tender coconut water – provides essential minerals to microorganisms for

faster decomposition.

43
 Curd - It consists of Calcium, Vitamin D and Lactic acid that provides
phosphorus and nitrogen to the plants and increased production of
crops.Has antifungal properties.

 Hing - It act as a pesticide to control many pests and insects including

termites, also to repel rodents and animals from the field and also treat
some plant diseases like leaf curl virus or leaf curl disease .

 Local turmeric powder - It has natural bactericidal and antifungal

properties, which protect the plants from flies and ants.

 Young leaves of Neem, Tulsi, and Aloe vera - Insecticidal properties.

 Rotten fruits and vegetables - Faster decomposition and food to

microorganisms.

44
SEED TREATMENT AND PRESERVATION

The purpose of any seed treatment is to improve seed performance in one or more of the
following ways:- (1) eradicate seed borne pathogens or protect from soil borne pathogens, (2)
optimize ease of handling and accuracy of planting (reduce gaps in stand or the need for thinning
of seedlings, particularly when mechanical planters are used) and (3) improve germination rates.
In conventional production, seed is often treated with chemical fungicides which reduce seed and
seedling losses due to seed borne and soil borne disease. Most seed protectants are not an option
for organic growers; however, there are some seed treatments, such as priming, pelletizing, and
the use of hot water or NOP-compliant protectants that can be used by organic farmers to
improve seed performance.
Advantages Of Seed Treatment:
1. Protects germinating seeds and seedlings against soil and seed borne pathogens/insects.
2. Seed germination enhancement.
3. Early and uniform establishment and growth
4. Enhances nodulation in legume crop.
5. Better than soil and foliar application.
6. Uniform crop stand, even in adverse conditions (less/high moisture).

TRAINING
Nimba sodhaka(ନିମ୍ବ ଶ ୋଧୋକ)

Trishakti(ତ୍ରି କ୍ତି )

Amruta Dhara(ଅମୃତ ଧୋରୋ)

Nimba sodhaka(ନିମ୍ବ ଶ ୋଧୋକ)

Ingredients:-
 Neem leaves 2kg
 Cow urine 20litre
Preparation:-
 In a drum mix all the neem leaves and cow urine stir it properly and keep for 7 days
under shade.

45
  After 7 days it prepared for seed treatment. If the paste of neem leaves extract mixed with
cow urine then it's kept for 3 days and after that it can be used.
Application:-
Based on crops 2-types:
 For paddy, dilute it in a ratio of 1:2 by adding water and dip the seeds for 5 minutes for
the process of seed treatment.
 For vegetables, dip both the hands in the solution and accordingly mix with the seeds in
hand and keep for 10-15 minutes under shade. After the seeds are being treated then it's
ready to be used.
Benefits-
Anti bacterial, antifungal property.

Trishakti(ତ୍ରି କ୍ତି )
Ingredients:-
 Cow dung-5kg
 Ash-5kg
 Hunka mati-5kg
 Cow urine as per requirement.
Preparation:-
 Mix all ingredients throughly with cow urine stir properly and make a slurry.
 keep the slurry for 48 hours under the shade, then after that it's ready to use.
 It can be stored upto 3 months for seed treatment.

46
Application:-
 For thin seeded seed coat.i.e. groundnut and other vegetables, dip both the hands into the
slurry and the required amount of mixed solution present stick to hand with the help of
that treat the seeds and keep seeds for 10-15 minutes under the shade.
 For vegetables, Add 100g of water to 50g of solution dilute the slurry in by adding water
dip the mosquito net or cloth holding seeds for 5 mins and bring out.
 For Thick seed coat dilute it in ratio 1:10.If we add water to the solution then accordingly
we have to dip the seeds for 20 -25 minutes for its treatment.
 If we add cow urine then dip then seeds for 5 minutes only.

Amruta Dhara(ଅମୃତ ଧୋରୋ)

Ingredients:-
Peppermint,Ajwain flowers and Shree Camphor each of equal amount.
Preparation:-
 Add all the 3 ingredients in equal proportions to a glass bottle and mix it throughly till it
changes to liquid state from solid state, all ingredients should mix properly then it's fully
prepared.
 It takes 5 minutes to be prepared sometimes little more time depending on the purity
content of the ingredients.
 It can be stored for longer period of time.

47
Application :-
For Paddy, 1st spread a sheet and spread the seeds over the sheet and add the solution in a drop
wise manner all over it then mix it light through the hand. After that bring out all the seeds
together along with the sheet then tie it upper open end let the fragrance remain inside the he
sheet bag in order to preserve the seeds for long from the attack of insect pest. Keep the sheet
covered bag in a safe place as storage.
For vegetables seeds, take 1-2 drops in hand and mix it throughly with the seeds and then let it
to store and preserve in a safe place.
Benefits :- It's fragrance or aroma act as insect pest repellent.
Precaution :- Preparation is preferable on a glass bottle with air tight container. Take as per the
requirements as excess might hamper the seeds. Sometimes check the preserved seeds for any
insect pest attack if then carry out the same process again as per requirement.

48
PREPARATION OF VERMICOMPOST

Vermicompost:- Vermicomposting is a method of preparing enriched compost with the use of

earthworms.It is one of the easiest methods to recycle agricultural wastes and to produce quality
compost.It contains water-soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient rich organic fertilizer and
soil conditioner. Earthworms consume biomass and excrete it in digested form called worm
casts. The casts are rich in nutrients, growth promoting substances, beneficial soil micro flora
and having properties of inhibiting pathogenic microbes. The worm castings are very important
to the fertility of the soil. The castings contain high amounts of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus,
calcium, and magnesium. Vermicompost is stable, fine granular organic manure, containing
water-soluble nutrients which enriches soil quality by improving its physicochemical and
biological properties. It is highly useful in raising seedlings and for crop
production.Vermicompost is becoming popular as a major component of organic farming
system.

Vermicomposting materials:-Decomposable organic wastes such as animal excreta, kitchen

waste, farm residues and forest litter are commonly used as composting materials. In general,
animal dung mostly cow dung and dried chopped crop residues are the key raw materials.
Mixture of leguminous and non-leguminous crop residues enriches the quality of vermicompost.

Types of vermicomposting

The types of vermicomposting depend upon the amount of production and composting
structures. Small-scale vermicomposting is done to meet the personal requirement and farmer
can harvest 5-10 tonnes of vermicompost annually. While, large-scale vermicomposting is done
at commercial scale by recycling large quantity of organic waste with the production of more
than 50 – 100 tonnes annually.

Methods of vermicomposting

Vermicomposting is done by various methods, among them bed and pit methods are more
common.

 Bed method : Composting is done on the pucca / kachcha floor by making bed (6x2x2
feet size) of organic mixture. This method is easy to maintain and to practice.

49
Pit method: Composting is done in the cemented pits of size 5x5x3 feet. The unit is covered with
thatch grass or any other locally available materials. This method is not preferred due to poor
aeration, water logging at bottom, and more cost of production.

Selection Of Site:-Vermicomposting can be produced in any place with shade, high humidity
and cool. Abandoned cattle shed or poultry shed or unused buildings can be used. If it is to be
produced in open area, shady place is selected. A thatched roof may be provided to protect the
process from direct sunlight.

Classification of Earthworms:-

There are different species of earthworms (i)Eisenia foetida(Red worm), (ii)Eudrillus

eugenial(night crawler). These type of earthworms have high tolerance to summer,winter and
rain .Eudrillus eugenial produces higher production of vermicompost in short period of time and
more young ones in the composting period. Red earthworm is preferred because of its high
multiplication rate and thereby converts the organic matter into vermicompost within 45-50 days.
Since it is a surface feeder it converts organic materials into vermicompost from top.

Preparation Of Bed:

Tank Preparation:- Normally the bed size wide 3ft and length 10 ft (depending upon the
requirement) and height 2.5-3ft. The Vermicompost is being prepared within 2-3months.

Ingredients Required:- Cow Dung, Crop residues, Weed biomass,Neem leaves, Vegetable
waste, Biodegradable portion of urban and rural wastes, metal stones, polythene sheet.

Procedure: Spread the polythene sheet belowPlace some metal stones with certain gaps in-
between them and spread neem leaves over it, then spread decomposed straw, dry broken pieces
of sticks of 2 inch. 6 inch semi-solid thick layer of 10-15 days old cow dung. A layer of green
manure is being laid over it. And then sprinkle dilution of cow dung.Again according to this 4-5
layered process is maintained and covered up with the help of fresh cow dung. After few days or
10 days check the inside temperature of bed by dipping the hand a little then accordingly
introduce the earthworms into it ( if it's temperature is warm then it's unfavorable condition only
when temperature is down to normal then it's favourable condition for introduction of

50
earthworms).Water should be sprinkled with can immediately after the release of worms. Beds
should be kept moist by sprinkling of water (daily) and by covering with gunny bags/polythene.

51
Collection Of Vermicompost:-

 When raw material is completely decomposed the colour of the upper layer of compost
changes it appears black and light weight granular formation type, it no more produces
any odour.
 The compost should be kept over a heap of partially decomposed cow dung so that
earthworms could migrate to cow dung from compost or we have to mark when the
worms stick to the covering material after 2-3months.
 Then we stop sprinkling water to bed for 3-4days so that worm reach to the lower layer
leaving the upper layer at top then the compost is being prepared then after two days
compost can be separated and sieved for use.

Application:

The doses of vermicompost application depend upon the type of crop grown in the field/nursery.
For fruit crops, it is applied in the tree basin. It is added in the pot mixture for potted ornamental
plants and for raising seedlings. Vermicompost should be used as a component of integrated
nutrient supply system.

52
MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

Introduction

Mushroom cultivation is a technology of growing mushrooms using plant, animal and industrial
waste. In short it is wealth out of waste technology. This technology has gained importance
worldwide because of its dietary fibres and proteins value. Mushroom is a fungi belonging to
basidiomycetes. It is rich in protein, fibre, vitamin and minerals. The cultivation takes one to
three months.

-Paddy straw mushroom is the most popular in Southeast Asia .Several species of Volvariella
have been grown for food.

-V. bombycina and V. diplasia have been cultivated in India. V. diplasia is white -V.volvacea is
blackish (common in India).

Advantages of Mushroom Cultivation

 Mushroom cultivation can help reduce vulnerability poverty and strenghtens livelihoods
through the generation of a fast yielding and nutritious source of food and a reliable
source of income.
 Paddy straw mushroom contains good amount of protein, crude fibres and ash, all make
it a health diet along with superior composition of various elements and essential amino
acids.
 It is very beneficial for small and marginal farmers as it requires only 10 -12days to fully
grow and can be used as cash crop.
 Paddy straw mushrooms are rich in nutrients and has a distinct flavour, pleasant taste.
 Low production costs Mushroom can grow well in both outdoor and indoor conditions
Yield of indoor mushroom production is higher and more stable, as such, indoor growing
is preferred.
 Minimal Maintenance Cultivation of mushrooms doesn’t require any complicated
machinery.

Materials Required

 Paddy Straw Bundles

53
 Spawn bottle
 ChokadaBesan or Chickpea flour
 Chuna or CaCO³ or Slaked lime
 Container
 Polythene Sheet

Procedure

 Dry paddy straw was taken and cut into length of 2feet (length should be according
to supporting frame's length on which bed will be prepared).
 Paddy straw was then soaked into calcium carbonate solution in a concrete pit for 24
hours.
 After 24 hours , Paddy Straws are taken out and it is kept in the standing position so
that excess water can be drained.
 With proper soaking, the straw becomes dark brown.
 To check proper moisture in paddy straw we will squeeze the paddy straw bundle
with hand, if water comes out then it is not suitable and it should be kept for more
time to drain excess water but if no water comes out but hand feels little bit wet then
it ready for bed preparation.
 First we will sterilise the frame with paste of calcium carbonate or by spraying to
avoid bacterial and wild fungal growth.
 Place the bundles over the platform with their butt end on one side.Build the second
layer by placing the butt end towards the other direction and it is repeated for 1 more
layer making it 3 layer bed.
 The open ends of bundles from opposite side should overlap in middle.
 We used 7 bottles of spawn and then spawns are separated from glass bottles by
breaking it from downward portion of bottle and then it is cleaned with cotton to
remove small glass pieces.
 Then spawns are crushed and properly mixed with ଚକଡ(500g), and besan (100g).
 Place the a small quantity of spawn 8-12 cm inside the margin at an interval of 10- 15
cm all along the periphery and repeat it for 3 layers.
 Place another layer of straw bundle over this and do not apply spawn.

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  Pressure the bed to make it as compact as possible and cover it with a transparent
polythene to maintain moisture and temperature it it.
 Then polythene is tied at ends of supporting frame and rest portion is tucked under
the bed.
 Keep the beds undisturbed for a 2 -3 days.Then uncover the polythene sheet to check
the minimum growth of spawn, then it is dried for better growth.

Harvesting stage

 First harvesting is within 10-12 days.

 Harvesting is to be done at the button stage itself,since the opened sporocarp will be more
fibrous.
 Usually, 1-2 kg of mushroom can be harvested from 10 kg substrate.

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56
DEMONSTRATION AND PREPARATION IN FARMER’S FIELD

ଶ୍ୟାମସୁନ୍ଦର ସାହୁ ମାଟି ଶଶ୍ାଧକ

ଦୁ ର୍ଗାପୁର

ନିମାପଡା

ମାଟି ଶଶ୍ାଧକ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁ ତି

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ସନାତନ ସାହୁ
ଜୀବାମୃତ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁ ତି
ମାଣ୍ଡି ଆକୁଦ, ନିମାପଡା

ଜୀବାମୃତ ପ୍ରଶ ାର୍

ଅମୃତ ଜଳ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁ ତି ଶପଜ ଶ୍କ୍ତି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁ ତି

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ପି ଆଜ ଶ୍କ୍ତି ମାଛ ଶଟାନିକ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁ ତି
ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁ ତି

ଆଗ୍ରହୀ ଚାଷୀଙ୍କୁ
ପି ଆଜ ଶ୍କ୍ତି ପ୍ରଶ ାର୍
ଶଜୈବକ
ି ଚାଷ ର ସୂଚନା

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ହାଣ୍ଡି ଔଷଧ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁ ତି ଦହି ଦ୍ରବଣ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁ ତି

ବ୍ରହ୍ମାସ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି

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 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

1. PEDAL PUMP
 It is installed in remote places where electricity is the main problem.
 It is of 2 types i.e. Floor model and Astral model
 It is operated by legs.
 Currently farmers in Puri,Nayagarh,Dhenkanal,Kendrapara and Bolangir are using
Pedal Pump for irrigation purpose.
 The organisation is planning to expand this service to all districts of Odisha.

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 2. School Nutrition Garden

Objectives of school nutrition garden

 To help in addressing malnutrition & micro nutrient deficiencies by consumption of
freshly grown vegetables.
 To give children first-hand experience with nature and gardening.
 To enhance the knowledge of children regarding nutritional aspects of vegetables and
harmful effects of junk food.

Currently the organisation is starting this concept which they have learnt from Switzerland.

Their ground level staffs are working on different districts.

At this stage they are demonstrating in different schools.

They are planning to collaborate with State government to work on this TECHNOLOGY.

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 SUCCESS STORY
SUCCESS STORY OF A FARMER AND RESEARCH PERSON

 Laxman Behera (age 42) used to work in a construction company.Then after the havoc hit
of Fani , he lost his job and was searching for the opportunity for his income.
 Fortunately he as there was scarcity of food due to the effect of Fani , MR. Probodh ku.
Mohanty (director of I Concept Inititive) came to visit his village to distribute food.
 He talked about his financial problems and wanted to dedicate himself toward farming.
So he was instructed to submit his biodata to Mr. Probodh .
 After that he was invited to receive training on Organic farming and mushroom
production.
 As he received training and made himself fully equipped with the knowledge he was
promoted as a research person in Puri for research on organic substitutes for inorganic
substances.

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SUCCESSFUL ORGANIC FARMER

Mr.Haribandhu Barik is a small farmer of Dalabhanapur village.He has other business other
than farming.He was planning to give his small land in lease to other.He then came across Maa
mati,where he took the training and was very much interested to practice organic farming.

He then practiced organic farming with daily in touch with the organisation.He became
successful and sets example that one cane become successful with organic farming.

With this he started demonstrating to other farmers in his village.He is now a member of
organisation and lead trainer in the FPO.

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 CONCLUSION

Experience Gained:-

During this internship programme,there is a complete exposure to on-field situations,which

involves the utilisation of theoretical knowledge. RAWE UNIT Attachment programme also
helped me a lot in improving my speaking and listening skills on a personal ground as well as
building a good amount of self-confidence, problem solving and decision-making skills. This
experience is a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use gained skills and
knowledge in the best possibleway, and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to
attain desired career objectives.

Suggestion and Feedback:-

Famers are doing the same cultivation practices.They are quite reluctant to bring any change.So
proper steps should be taken to ensure better crop production and economy.

In the educational institution,the students should be given more and more exposure to outside
such as research station,frming organisation so as to develop many skills.

In the agriculture department everyday there should be review meetings.

THANK YOU

SUBMITTED BY:-

KUNDAN KUMAR

1941901115

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